Skip to main content Accessibility help
×
Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-7cvxr Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-27T14:12:34.953Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Part II - Dependent Relationships

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  14 November 2024

Ericka Albaugh
Affiliation:
Bowdoin College, Maine
Linda Cardinal
Affiliation:
Université de l'Ontario français
Rémi Léger
Affiliation:
Simon Fraser University, British Columbia
Get access
Type
Chapter
Information
States of Language Policy
Theorizing Continuity and Change
, pp. 125 - 206
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2024

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

References

Albaugh, E. A. (2020). Discovering Dyula: The Reach of a Lingua Franca in Burkina Faso. National Identities, 22(3), 301324.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Albaugh, E. A. (2014). State-Building and Multilingual Education in Africa. New York: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Albaugh, E. A. and de Luna, K. M.. (2018). Tracing Language Movement in Africa. New York: Oxford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ansah, M. A. and Agyeman, N. A.. (2015). Ghana Language-in-Education Policy: The Survival of Two South Guan Minority Dialects. Per Linguam, 31(1), 89104.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Arrêté No. 1633 Réorganisant le service de l’Enseignement dans la colonie de Haut-Sénégal et Niger (November 2, 1912). Journal Officiel de l’A.O.F., 413(9), 712.Google Scholar
Bayart, J.-F. (2000). Africa in the World: A History of Extraversion. African Affairs, 99(395), 217267.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bayart, J.-F. (2009). The State in Africa: The Politics of the Belly, 2nd ed. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley-Blackwell.Google Scholar
Bretuo, P. (2021). Using Language to Improve Learning: Teachers’ and Students’ Perspectives on the Implementation of Bilingual Education in Ghana. Language, Culture and Curriculum, 34(3), 257272.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Boone, C. (2003). Political Topographies of the African State: Rural Authority and Institutional Choice. New York: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Calvet, L.-J. (1993). Francophonie et Géopolitique. In de Robillard, D. and Beniamino, M., eds., Le français dans l’espace francophone. Paris: Champion, pp. 483495.Google Scholar
Cardinal, L. and Sonntag, S., eds. (2015). State Traditions and Language Regimes. Montreal: McGill-Queen’s University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chabal, P. and Daloz, J.-P.. (1999). Africa Works: Disorder as a Political Instrument. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.Google Scholar
Clapham, C. (2003). The Global-Local Politics of State Decay. In Rotberg, R., ed., When States Fail. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, pp. 7792.Google Scholar
Cooper, F. (2002). The Recurrent Crisis of the Gatekeeper State. In Africa Since 1940: The Past of the Present. New York: Cambridge University Press, pp. 156190.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cowan, L. G., O’Connell, J., and Scanlon, D. G., eds. (1965). Education and Nation Building in Africa. New York: Frederick A. Praeger.Google Scholar
de la Vergne de Tressan, M. (1953). Inventaire Linguistique de l’Afrique Occidentale Française et du Togo. Dakar: IFAN. (Maps are dated 1952)Google Scholar
DGESS/MENA Burkina Faso. (2016). Annuaire Statistique de l’Enseignement Primaire 2015/2016. Ouagadougou: Direction Générale des Études et des Statistiques Sectorielles.Google Scholar
Englebert, P. (1998). Burkina Faso: Unsteady Statehood in West Africa. New York: Routledge.Google Scholar
Englebert, P. (2000). State Legitimacy and Development in Africa. Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Geschiere, P. (1993). Chiefs and Colonial Rule in Cameroon: Inventing Chieftaincy, French and British Style. Africa, 63(2), 151175.Google Scholar
Geschiere, P. (2009). The Perils of Belonging: Autochthony, Citizenship, and Exclusion in Africa and Europe. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Grimes, B. (1996). Ethnologue: Languages of the World, 13th ed. Dallas: SIL International.Google Scholar
Grimes, B. (2000). Ethnologue: Languages of the World, 14th ed. Dallas: SIL International.Google Scholar
Grimes, B. (2005). Ethnologue: Languages of the World, 15th ed. Dallas: SIL International.Google Scholar
Harsch, E. (2014). Thomas Sankara: An African Revolutionary. Athens: Ohio University Press.Google Scholar
Haut Commissariat de l’Afrique Occidentale Française. (1951?). Haute-Volta: Population en 1949–1950 Par Canton & Groupe Ethnique (Chiffres Provisoires). Dakar: Service de la Statistique Générale.Google Scholar
Haut Conseil de la Francophonie. (1994). Etat de la Francophonie dans le monde. Paris: La Documentation française.Google Scholar
Herbst, J. (2015). States and Power in Africa: Comparative Lessons in Authority and Control, 2nd ed. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Horowitz, D. L. (2000). Ethnic Groups in Conflict, 2nd ed. Berkeley: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Jackson, R. H. (1990). Quasi-States, Sovereignty, International Relations and the Third World. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Jerven, M. (2015). Africa: Why Economists Get It Wrong. London: Zed Books.Google Scholar
Laponce, J. (1987). Languages and Their Territories. Toronto: University of Toronto Press.Google Scholar
Laponce, J. (2001). Politics and the Law of Babel. Social Science Information, 40(2), 179194.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lewis, P. (2009). Ethnologue: Languages of the World, 16th ed. Dallas: SIL International.Google Scholar
Lüpke, F. and Storch, A.. (2012). Repertoires and Choices in African Languages. Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton.Google Scholar
MacLean, L. (2010). Informal Institutions and Citizenship in Rural Africa: Risk and Reciprocity in Ghana and Côte d’Ivoire. New York: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mamdani, M. (1996). Citizen and Subject: Contemporary Africa and the Legacy of Late Colonialism. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Mitchell, B. R. (2007). International Historical Statistics: Africa, Asia, and Oceana 1750–2005, 5th ed. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.Google Scholar
Mkandawire, T. (2010). Aid, Accountability, and Democracy in Africa. Social Research, 77(4), 11491182.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mufwene, S. (2001). The Ecology of Language Evolution. New York: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Napon, A. (2007). Les obstacles sociolinguistiques à l’introduction des langues nationales dans l’enseignement primaire au Burkina Faso. In Compaoré, F., Compaoré, M., Lange, M.-F., and Pilon, M., eds., La question éducative au Burkina Faso: Regards Pluriels. Burkina Faso: CNRST, pp. 253264.Google Scholar
“Native States” of The Gold Coast. (1946). t00001–139.jpg (5111×5645) (africa-spatial-inequalities.net)Google Scholar
Nikiema, N. (2011). A First-Language-First Multilingual Model to Meet the Quality Imperative in Formal Basic Education in Three “Francophone” West African Countries. International Review of Education, 57, 599616.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nikiema, N. and Kaboré-Paré, A.. (2010). Les Langues de Scolarisation dans l’Enseignement Fondamental en Afrique Subsaharienne Francophone: Cas du Burkina Faso. June. LASCOLAF. www.burkinadoc.milecole.org/Pieces_Jointes/PDFs/Education/Langues_de_scolarisations_BF.pdf.Google Scholar
Nocus, I., Guimard, P., and Florin, A.. (2016). Synthèse de l’évaluation des acquis des élèves: ELAN-Afrique Phase 1, 2013–2015. www.elan-afrique.org/ressources/publications/synthese-de-levaluation-acquis-eleves-du-projet-pilote-elan-afrique.Google Scholar
Ostler, N. (2010). The Last Lingua Franca: English Until the Return of Babel. London: Allen Lane.Google Scholar
Ouedraogo, L. (2018). Mediated Sankarism: Reinventing a Historical Figure to Reimagine the Future. African Studies Quarterly, 18(1), 1929.Google Scholar
Owu-Ewie, C. (2017). Language, Education and Linguistic Human Rights in Ghana. Legon Journal of the Humanities, 28(2), 151172.Google Scholar
Peterson, D. (2018). Vernacular Language and Political Imagination. In Albaugh, E. and de Luna, K. M., eds., Tracing Language Movement in Africa. New York: Oxford University Press, pp. 165186.Google Scholar
Phillipson, R. (1992). Colonial Linguistic Inheritance. In Linguistic Imperialism. New York: Oxford University Press, pp. 109135.Google Scholar
Posner, D. (2003). The Colonial Origins of Ethnic Cleavages: The Case of Linguistic Divisions in Zambia. Comparative Politics, 35(2), 127146.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Posner, D. (2004). Measuring Ethnic Fractionalization in Africa. American Journal of Political Science, 48(4), 849863.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Simons, G. F. and Fennig, C. D., eds. (2018). Ethnologue: Languages of the World, 21st ed. Dallas: SIL International.Google Scholar
Sutton, F. X. (1965). Education and the Making of Modern Nations. In Coleman, J., ed., Education and Political Development. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, pp. 5174.Google Scholar
Trudell, B. (2012). Of Gateways and Gatekeepers: Language, Education and Mobility in Francophone Africa. International Journal of Educational Development, 32, 368375.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Turcotte, D. (1983). Lois, Règlements et Textes Administratifs sur l’Usage des Langues en Afrique Occidentale Française (1826–1959). Québec: University of Laval.Google Scholar
UNESCO. (2017). Accountability in Education: Meeting Our Commitments. Global Education Monitoring Report.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
UNESCO, Institute for Statistics. Website. http://uis.unesco.org/en/country/bf.Google Scholar
Vail, L. (1989). The Creation of Tribalism in Southern Africa. London: Currey; Berkeley: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Van de Walle, N. (2013). The Path from Patrimonialism: Democracy and Clientelism in Africa Today. In Bach, D. and Gazibo, M., eds., Neopatrimonialism in Africa and Beyond. London: Routledge, pp. 111123.Google Scholar
Whitehead, C. (2005). The Historiography of British Imperial Education Policy. Part I: Africa and the Rest of the Colonial Empire. History of Education, 34, 441454.Google Scholar
Wiredu, K. (1997). Democracy and Consensus in African Traditional Politics: A Plea for a Non-Party Polity. In Eze, E. C., ed., Postcolonial African Philosophy: A Critical Reader. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley-Blackwell, pp. 303312.Google Scholar
Yamada, S. (2009). “Traditions” and Cultural Production: Character Training at the Achimota School in Colonial Ghana. History of Education, 38, 2959.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Young, C. (1994). The African Colonial State in Comparative Perspective. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.Google Scholar
Young, Crawford. (2012). The Postcolonial State in Africa: Fifty Years of Independence, 1960–2010. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press.Google Scholar

References

Addi, L. (2012). Sociologie politique d’un populisme autoritaire. Confluences Médittérannée, 81(2), 2740.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ait-Aoudia, M. (2015). L’expérience démocratique en Algérie: 1988–1992. Paris: Les Presses de Sciences Po.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Albaugh, E. (2014). State-Building and Multilingual Education in Africa. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Anderson, B. (1996). Imagined Communities. Reflections on the Origin and Spread of Nationalism. London: Verso.Google Scholar
Arkoun, M. (1992). Réflexions sur un destin historique. Revue du monde musulman et de la Méditerranée, 65(1), 197207.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ashcroft, B., Griffiths, G. and Tiffin, H. (2012). L’Empire vous répond: Théorie et pratique des littératures postcoloniales. Pessac: Presses universitaires de Bordeaux.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bailey, F. G. (1971). Les règles du jeu politique: étude anthropologique. Paris: Presses universitaires de France.Google Scholar
Bhabha, H. K. (2007). Les lieux de la culture. Une théorie postcoloniale. Paris: Payot.Google Scholar
Bayart, J.-F. (2010). Les études postcoloniales: un carnaval académique. Paris: Karthala.Google Scholar
Benrabah, M. (2014). Competition between Four “World” Languages in Algeria. Journal of World Languages, 1(1), 3859.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Benrabah, M. (2013). Language Conflict in Algeria. From Colonialism to Post-Independence. Bristol: Multilingual Matters.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Benrabah, M. (2010). Language and Politics in Algeria. Nationalism and Ethnic Politics, 10(1), 5978.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Benrabah, M. (2009). Devenir langue dominante mondiale. Un défi pour l’arabe. Geneva: Librairie Droz.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bessadi, N. (2012). Le droit en Algérie entre héritage colonial et tentative(s) d’Algérianisation. In Mohand-Amer, A. and Benzenine, B., eds., Le Maghreb et l’indépendance de l’Algérie. Paris: Karthala, pp. 1734.Google Scholar
Bhabha, H. K. (2007). Les lieux de la culture. Une théorie postcoloniale. Paris: Payot.Google Scholar
Brubaker, R. (1997). Citoyenneté et nationalité en France et en Allemagne. Paris: Belin.Google Scholar
Burbank, J. and Cooper, F. (2008). Empires, droits, et citoyenneté, de 212 à 1946. Annales. Histoire, Science sociales, 3, 495531.Google Scholar
Capano, G. (2018). Reconceptualizing Layering: From Mode of Institutional Change to Mode of Institutional Design: Types and Outputs. Public Administration, 97(3), 590604. https://doi.org/10.1111/padm.12583.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cardinal, L. and Sonntag, S.. (2015). State Traditions and Language Regimes. Montreal: McGill-Queen’s University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cardinal, L. and Sonntag, S. (2016). Traditions étatiques et régimes linguistiques : comment et pourquoi s’opèrent les choix de politiques linguistiques? Revue internationale de politique comparée, 22(1), 115131.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chaker, S. (2022). Imaziɣen ass-a d uzekka, Berbères aujourd’hui et demain. Algiers: Koukou.Google Scholar
Chaker, S. (2002). Kabylie: De la revendication linguistique à l’autonomie régionale. In Bistolfi, R. and Giordan, H., eds., Les langues de la Méditerranée. Paris: L’Harmattan, pp. 201212.Google Scholar
Chaker, S. (1989). Berbères aujourd’hui. Paris: L’Harmattan.Google Scholar
Chaker, S. (1987). L’affirmation identitaire berbère à partir de 1900. Constantes et mutations (Kabylie). Revue de l’Occident musulman et de la Méditerranée, 44(1), 1334.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chih, A. (October 9, 2021). L’Académie de langue amazighe est en jachère. Liberté, www.liberte-algerie.com/actualite/l-academie-de-langue-amazighe-est-en-jachere-366357.Google Scholar
Chikh, D. (2018). Le régime linguistique algérien à travers l’étude du militantisme pour la langue amazighe: un contexte de sens entre imaginaire et pratiques. Unpublished PhD thesis, University of Ottawa and Université Paris Saclay.Google Scholar
Chikh, D. (2016). La mise en conflit des langues dans l’espace postcolonial francophone: le cas de la langue amazighe en Algérie. Le/The Journal, 5, Special Edition, 79.Google Scholar
Cubertafond, B. (1981). L’Algérie du président Chadli. Politique étrangère, 1, 151162.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Djabi, N. (2019). Les mouvements Amazighs en Afrique du Nord : élites, formes d’expression et défis. Algiers: Chihab.Google Scholar
Elimam, A. (2003). Le Maghribi Alias Ed-darija (La langue consensuelle du Maghreb). Oran: Dar El Gharb.Google Scholar
Galvin, D. J. and Hacker, J. S.. (2020). The Political Effects of Policy Drift: Policy Stalemate and American Political Development. Online: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Gellner, E. (1983). Nations and Nationalism. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.Google Scholar
Grandguillaume, G. (2001). Les débats et les enjeux linguistiques. In Henry, J.-R. and Mahiou, A., eds., Où va l’Algérie? Paris: Karthala, pp. 273287.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Guenoun, A. (1999). Chronologie du mouvement berbère 1945–1990. Algiers: Casbah.Google Scholar
Fanon, F. (1971). Peau noir, masques blancs. Paris: Seuil.Google Scholar
Halaoui, N. (2011). Politique linguistique: faits et théorie. Paris: Écriture.Google Scholar
Hallward, P. (2001). Absolutely Postcolonial: Writing between the Singular and the Specific. Manchester: Manchester University Press.Google Scholar
Harbi, M. (2007). Culture et démocratie en Algérie: retour sur une histoire. Le mouvement social, 2(219–220), 2534.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Harguindéguy, J.-B. and Itçaina, X.. (2015). State Tradition and Regional Languages in France: The Basque Case. In Cardinal, L. and Sonntag, S. K., eds., State Traditions and Language Regimes. Montreal: McGill-Queen’s University Press, pp. 170188.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Houdebine, A.-M. (2016). Le centralisme linguistique. Brève histoire d’une norme prescriptive. La linguistique, 1(52), 3554. https://doi.org/10.3917/ling.521.0035.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ilikoud, O. (2006). FFS et RCD: partis nationaux ou partis kabyle? Revue des mondes musulmans et de la Méditerranée, 111–112, 163182.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Laitin, D. (2007). Language Repertoires and State Construction in Africa. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Lapierre, J.-W. (1988). Le pouvoir politique. Paris: Presses universitaires de France.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Laroussi, F. (2003). Glottopolitique, idéologies linguistiques et État-nation au Maghreb. Revue de sociolinguistique en ligne, 1, 139150.Google Scholar
Leclerc, J. (2021). La Révolution française et la langue nationale. www.axl.cefan.ulaval.ca/francophonie/HIST_FR_s8_Revolution1789.htm.Google Scholar
Le Cour Grandmaison, O. (2005). Coloniser. Exterminer. Sur la guerre et l’État colonial. Paris: Fayard.Google Scholar
Le Saout, D. (2017). Les associations amazighes au défi de l’institutionnalisation au Maroc et en Algérie: entre logique consensuelle et logique protestataire. In Les revendications amazighes dans la tourmente des “printemps arabes”: Trajectoires historiques et évolutions récentes des mouvements identitaires en Afrique du Nord. Rabat: CJB OpenEdition.Google Scholar
Loughlin, J. (2005). Les changements de paradigmes de l’État et les politiques publiques envers les minorités linguistiques et culturelles en Europe de l’Ouest. In Wallot, J.-P. (ed.), La gouvernance linguistique: Le Canada en perspective. Ottawa: Presses de l’Université d’Ottawa, pp. 1938.Google Scholar
Maddy-Weitzman, B. (2006). Ethno-politics and Globalisation in North Africa: The Berber Cultural Movement. Journal of North African Studies, 11(1), 7183.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Miller, C. and Haeri, N.. (2008). Pourquoi un numéro consacré à la question du rapport entre langues, religions, et modernité dans l’espace musulman? Revue des mondes musulmans et de la Méditerranée, 124, 1324.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Monbeig, O. (1992). Une opposition politique dans l’impasse. Le FFS de Hocine Aït-Ahmed. Revue du monde musulman et de la Méditérranée, 65, 125140.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mohand-Amer, A. (2014). Les wilayas dans la crise du FLN de l’été 1962. Insaniyat, 65–66, 105124.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Morsly, D. (1990). Attitudes et représentations linguistiques. La linguistique, 26(2), 7786.Google Scholar
Person, Y. (1981). L’État-Nation et l’Afrique. Revue française d’histoire d’outre-mer, 68(250), 274282.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pouchepadass, J. (2007). Le projet critique des Postcolonial Studies entre hier et demain. In Smouts, M.-C., ed., La situation postcoloniale: les Postcolonial Studies dans le débat Français. Paris: Presses de Science Po, pp. 173227.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rouadjlia, A. (1990). Les Frères et la Mosquée. Enquête sur le mouvement islamiste en Algérie. Paris: Karthala.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Saada, E. (2007). Le ‘modèle républicain de la citoyenneté’ au miroir de la colonisation. In Stora, B. and Héméry, D., eds., Actes de colloque Histoires coloniales, héritages et transmissions. Paris: Bibliothèque publique d’information Centre Pompidou, pp. 7582.Google Scholar
Saïd, E. (1980). L’Orientalisme. L’Orient créé par l’Occident. Paris: Seuil.Google Scholar
Schirru, G. (2016). L’hégémonie de Gramsci entre la sphère politique et la sphère symbolique. MEFRIM, 128(2). https://doi.org/10.4000/mefrim.2967.Google Scholar
Smouts, M.-C. (2007). La situation postcoloniale. Les Postcolonial Studies dans les débats français. Paris: Presses de Sciences Po.Google Scholar
Souriau, C. (1975). L’arabisation en Algérie. In Introduction à l’Afrique du Nord contemporaine. Aix-en-Provence: CRNS. https://books.openedition.org/iremam/141.Google Scholar
Spivak, G. C. (1988). Les subalternes peuvent-elles parler? Paris: Amsterdam.Google Scholar
Taleb Ibrahimi, K. (1995). Algérie: l’arabisation, lieu de conflits multiples. Monde arabe: Maghreb Machrek, 150, 5771.Google Scholar
Thelen, K. (2003). How Institutions Evolve: Insights from Comparative Historical Analysis. In Mahoney, J. and Rueschemeyer, D., eds., Comparative Historical Analysis in the Social Sciences. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 208240.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tilly, C. (2000). Spaces of Contention. Mobilization: An International Quarterly, 5(2), 135159.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wæchter, M. (2007). Le jacobinisme: la fin d’une tradition politique? l’Europe en Formation, 3–4, 99–107.Google Scholar
Zenati, J. (2004). L’Algérie à l’épreuve de ses langues et de ses identités: histoire d’un échec répété. Mots. Les langages du politique, 74, 137145.Google Scholar

References

Adeney, K. (2007). Federalism and Ethnic Conflict Regulation in India and Pakistan. New York: Palgrave.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Austin, G. (1966). The Indian Constitution: Cornerstone of a Nation. Bombay: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Banyan, . (2018). Divide and Kill. The Economist (July 7), 30.Google Scholar
Baruah, S. (1999). India against Itself: Assam and the Politics of Nationality. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.Google Scholar
Brass, P. R. (1974). Language, Religion and Politics in North India. London: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Brass, P. R. (1990). The Politics of India since Independence. Indian ed, New Delhi: Foundation Books.Google Scholar
Brass, P. R. (2009). Elite Interests, Popular Passions, and Social Power in the Language Politics of India. In Sarangi, A., ed., Language and Politics in India. New Delhi: Oxford University Press, pp. 183217.Google Scholar
Chatterjee, P. (1993). The Nation and Its Fragments. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Chatterjee, P. (2004). The Politics of the Governed. New York: Columbia University Press.Google Scholar
Cohn, B. S. (1996). Colonialism and Its Forms of Knowledge. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Das Gupta, J. (1970). Language Conflict and National Development: Group Politics and National Language Policy in India. Berkeley: University of California Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Das Gupta, J. (1976). Practice and Theory of Language Planning: The Indian Policy Process. In O’Barr, W. M. and O’Barr, J. F., eds., Language and Politics. The Hague: Mouton, pp. 195212.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dutta, U. (2016). Sarbabhoumo Asom: Three Public Discourses. In Gogoi, D., ed., Unheeded Hinterland: Identity and Sovereignty in Northeast India. New York: Routledge, pp. 4969.Google Scholar
Errington, J. (2008). Linguistics in a Colonial World: A Story of Language, Meaning, and Power. Malden, MA: Blackwell Publishing.Google Scholar
Gupta, R. S. and Abbi, A.. (1995). The Eighth Schedule: A Critical Introduction. In Gupta, R. S., Abbi, A., and Aggarwal, K. S., eds., Language and the State: Perspectives on the Eighth Schedule. New Delhi: Creative Books, pp.17.Google Scholar
Harrison, S. S. (1960). India: The Most Dangerous Decades. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kaviraj, S. (2010). The Imaginary Institution of India: Politics and Ideas. Ranikhet: Permanent Black.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Khubchandani, L. M. (1994). Language Profile of India. In Koul, O. N., ed., Language Development and Administration. New Delhi: Creative Books, pp. 1026.Google Scholar
King, R. D. (1998). Nehru and the Language Politics of India. New Delhi: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Krishna, G. (1996). The Development of the Indian National Congress as a Mass Organization, 1918–1923. The Journal of Asian Studies, 25(3), 413430.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Krishnamurti, B. (1995). Official Language Policies with Special Reference to the Eighth Schedule of the Constitution of India. In Gupta, R. S., Abbi, A., and Aggarwal, K. S., eds., Language and the State: Perspectives on the Eighth Schedule. New Delhi: Creative Books, pp. 823.Google Scholar
Kumar, K. (1991). Foul Contract. Seminar, 377, 4346.Google Scholar
Laitin, D. D. (1988). Language Games. Comparative Politics, 20(3), 282302.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Laitin, D. D. (1989). Language Policy and Political Strategy in India. Policy Sciences, 2, 415436.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Leach, E. (1954). Political Systems of Highland Burma. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Lijphart, A. (1996). The Puzzle of Indian Democracy: A Consociational Interpretation. American Political Science Review, 90(2), 258268.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mayank, . (1980). Urdu: A Victim of Linguistic Racialism. Secular Democracy, 13(4), 2223.Google Scholar
Metcalf, T. R. (1995). Ideologies of the Raj. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mir, F. (2010). The Social Space of Language: Vernacular Culture in British Colonial Punjab. Berkeley: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Mitchell, L. (2010). Language, Emotion, and Politics in South India. Indian ed. Ranikhet: Permanent Black.Google Scholar
Montaut, A. (2005). Colonial Language Classification, Post-Colonial Language Movements, and the Grassroot Multilingualism Ethos in India. In Hasan, M. and Roy, A., eds., Living Together Separately: Cultural India in History and Politics. New Delhi: Oxford University Press, pp. 75106.Google Scholar
Nagaraj, D. R. (2003). Critical Tensions in the History of Kannada Literary Culture. In Pollock, S., ed., Literary Cultures in History: Reconstructions from South Asia. Berkeley: University of California Press, pp. 323382.Google Scholar
Novetzke, C. (2016). The Quotidian Revolution: Vernacularization, Religion, and the Premodern Public Sphere in India. New York: Columbia University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Orsini, F. (2012). How to Do Multilingual Literary History? Lessons from Fifteenth- and Sixteenth-Century North India. Indian Economic and Social History Review, 49, 225246.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pollock, S. (1998a). The Cosmopolitan Vernacular. Journal of Asian Studies, 57(1), 637.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pollock, S. (1998b). India in the Vernacular Millennium: Literary Culture and Polity, 1000–1500. Daedalus, 127(3), 4174.Google Scholar
Reynolds, C. J. (1995). A New Look at Old Southeast Asia. Journal of Asian Studies, 54(2), 419446.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Saikia, Y. (2004). Fragments of Memories: Struggling to Be Tai-Ahom in India. Durham, NC: Duke University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sarangi, A. (2015). India’s Language Regime: The Eighth Schedule. In Cardinal, L. and Sonntag, S. K., eds., State Traditions and Language Regimes. Montreal: McGill-Queen’s University Press, pp. 205218.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schiffman, H. F. (1996). Linguistic Culture and Language Policy. New York: Routledge.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schwarz, H. (1997). Laissez-faire Linguistics: Grammar and the Codes of Empire. Critical Inquiry, 23(3), 509535.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schwartzberg, J. E. (2009). Factors in the Linguistic Reorganization of Indian States. In Sarangi, A., ed., Language and Politics in India. New Delhi: Oxford University Press, pp. 139182.Google Scholar
Scott, J. C. (2009). The Art of Not Being Governed: An Anarchist History of Upland Southeast Asia. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.Google Scholar
Sonntag, S. K. (1999). Autonomous Councils in India: Contesting the Liberal Nation-State. Alternatives: Social Transformation and Humane Governance, 24(4), 415434.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sonntag, S. K. (2002). Minority Language Politics in North India. In Tollefson, J. W., ed., Language Policies in Education: Critical Issues. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, pp. 165178.Google Scholar
Sonntag, S. K. (2003a). The Local Politics of Global English: Case Studies in Linguistic Globalization. Lanham, MD: Lexington Books.Google Scholar
Sonntag, S. K. (2003b). Self-Government in the Darjeeling Hills of India. In Toffolo, C. E., ed., Emancipating Cultural Pluralism. Albany: State University of New York Press, pp. 181193.Google Scholar
Sonntag, S. K. (2015). Narratives of Globalization in Language Politics in India. In Ricento, T., ed., Language Policy and Political Economy: English in a Global Context. Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp. 209227.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sonntag, S. K. (2019). What Happened to the Ahom Language? Language Politics in Assam. In Sonntag, S. K. and Turin, M., eds., The Politics of Language Conflict in the Himalayas. Cambridge: Open Book Publishers, pp. 4978.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sonntag, S. K. and Cardinal, L.. (2015). Introduction: State Traditions and Language Regimes: Conceptualizing Language Policy Choices. In Cardinal, L. and Sonntag, S. K., eds., State Traditions and Language Regimes. Montreal: McGill-Queen’s University Press, pp. 326.Google Scholar
Stepan, A. (1997). Comparative Democratic Federalism. Seminar, 459, 1630.Google Scholar
Stulligross, D. and Varshney, A.. (2002). Ethnic Diversities, Constitutional Designs, and Public Policies in India. In Reynolds, A., ed., The Architecture of Democracy: Constitutional Design, Conflict Management, and Democracy. Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp. 429458.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Subramanian, N. (1999). Ethnicity and Populist Mobilization: Political Parties, Citizens and Democracy in South India. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Williams, C. H. (2012). Language Policy, Territorialism and Regional Autonomy. In Spolsky, B., ed., The Cambridge Handbook of Language Policy. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 174202.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

References

Bacon-Shone, J. and Bolton, K.. (1998). Charting Multilingualism: Language Censuses and Language Survey in Hong Kong. In Pennington, M. C., ed., Language in Hong Kong at Century’s End. Hong Kong: Hong Kong University Press, pp. 4390.Google Scholar
Bauer, R. S. (1988). Written Cantonese of Hong Kong. Cahiers de linguistique Asie orientale, 17(2), 245293.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bauer, R. S. (2000). Hong Kong Cantonese and the Road Ahead. In Li, D. C. S., Lin, A. and Tsang, W. K., eds., Language and Education in Postcolonial Hong Kong. Hong Kong: Linguistics Society of Hong Kong, pp. 3558.Google Scholar
Bauer, R. S. and Benedict, P. K.. (1997). Modern Cantonese Phonology. New York: Mouton de Gruyter.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chan, E. (2002). Beyond Pedagogy: Language and Identity in Post-Colonial Hong Kong. British Journal of Sociology of Education, 23(2), 271285.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chan, L.-Y. [陳路易]. (2014). When Did the Idea of the Teaching Chinese in Mandarin Policy Emerge? [「普教中」這念頭從甚麼時候開始?]. Passion Times, February 16, 2014.Google Scholar
Chen, P. (1999). Modern Chinese: History and Sociolinguistics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cheng, C. Y. [鄭靖而]. (2019). Primary School Students Punished for Speaking Cantonese during Class; “Localists” Initiate a Letter Writing Campaign [小學生上課講廣東話被罰 本土派發起一人一信行動]. Citizen News, February 21, 2019.Google Scholar
Cheng, S. (2022). Covid-19: Hong Kong National Security Police Arrest 2 for Sedition over Anti-vaxx Posts. Hong Kong Free Press, February 25, 2022.Google Scholar
Cheung, P. (2007). Towards China’s Federalism? The Case of Hong Kong. In He, B., Galligan, B., and Inoguchi, T., eds., Federalism in Asia. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar Publishing, pp. 132.Google Scholar
DeFrancis, J. (1950). Nationalism and Language Reform in China. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Dupré, J.-F. (2011). Theorizing Language Rationalization in Greater China: Political Transition, Self-Governance and Language Outcomes in Post-Handover Hong Kong. In Chou, B. K. P. and Hao, Y., eds., China’s Policies on Its Borderlands and the International Implications. Singapore: World Scientific, pp. 199224.Google Scholar
Dupré, J.-F. (2017). Culture Politics and Linguistic Recognition in Taiwan: Ethnicity, National Identity, and the Party System. London: Routledge.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dupré, J.-F. (2020a). Federalism, Democracy and National Diversity in 21st Century China: Reinterpreting Hong Kong’s Autonomy, Subverting Its Democracy. In Gagnon, A.-G. and Tremblay, A., eds., Federalism, Democracy and National Diversity in the 21st Century. Cham: Palgrave Macmillan, pp. 161184.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dupré, J.-F. (2020b). Making Hong Kong Chinese: State Nationalism and Its Blowbacks in a Recalcitrant City. Nationalism and Ethnic Politics, 26(1), 826.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
HK Teaching Force [師潮作者群]. (2014). Teaching Chinese in Mandarin: From the Perspective of Native Language Teaching [從母語教學看「普教中」]. Citizen News, January 18, 2014.Google Scholar
Hong Kong Government. (1974). Official Languages Ordinance, Cap.5 (1974). www.elegislation.gov.hk/hk/cap5?tab=m.Google Scholar
Huen, Y. (2012). Information Note: Use of Chinese in Court Proceedings. Legislative Council Secretariat Research Division (IN17/11-12). www.legco.gov.hk/yr11-12/english/sec/library/1112in17-e.pdf.Google Scholar
Hughes, R. (1968). Borrowed Place, Borrowed Time: Hong Kong and Its Many Faces. London: André Deutsch Ltd.Google Scholar
Information Services Department. (2016). Basic Law Fact Sheet. www.gov.hk/en/about/abouthk/factsheets/docs/basic_law.pdf.Google Scholar
Joseph, J. E. (2004). Language and Identity: National, Ethnic, Religious. Basingstoke: Palgrave MacMillan.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kwong, H.-P. N. [鄺曉斌]. (2019). Ten Years since the Teaching Chinese in Mandarin Policy [「普教中」十周年小學校長:無助提升中文水平]. HK01, February 1, 2019.Google Scholar
Lee, Y.-H. [李詠濠]. (2020). Over 10 Years since the Implementation of Teaching Chinese in Mandarin; A ‘Mandarin-Speaking Hong Kong’ Is Not Far from Now? [「普教中」擴大實施十餘年,「講普通話的香港」已不遠?]. Crossing, May 28, 2020.Google Scholar
Li, D. C. S. (2017). Multilingual Hong Kong: Languages, Literacies and Identities. Gewerbestrasse, Switzerland: Springer International Publishing.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Liu, A. H. (2015). Standardizing Diversity: The Political Economy of Language Regimes. National and Ethnic Conflict in the 21st Century Series. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Merry, M. (2020). The Unruly New Territories: Small Houses, Ancestral Estates, Illegal Structures, and Other Customary Land Practices of Rural Hong Kong. Hong Kong: Hong Kong University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ministry of Education (People’s Republic of China). (2021). Press Release: Report on the Language Living Situation in the Greater Bay Area [粤港澳大湾区语言生活状况报告].Google Scholar
Saillard, C. (2004). On the Promotion of Putonghua in China: How a Standard Language Becomes a Vernacular. In Zhou, M. and Sun, H., eds., Language Policy in the People’s Republic of China: Theory and Practice since 1949. London: Kluwer Academic Publishers, pp. 163176.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Smart, A. (2006). The Shek Kip Mei Myth: Squatters, Fires and Colonial Rule in Hong Kong, 1950–1963. Hong Kong: University of Hong Kong Press.Google Scholar
Snow, D. (2008). Cantonese as Written Standard? Journal of Asian Pacific Communication, 18(2), 190208.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Societas Linguistica Hongkongensis [港語學]. (2021). Ministry of Education Strategic Report on Language in the Greater Bay Area: Hong Kong Must Establish the Legal Status of Mandarin and Simplified Characters, Enhance Mandarin Evaluation Mechanisms [中國教育部大灣區語言戰略報告:香港法律須確立普通話及簡體字地位普通話須適度考評], June 2, 2021.Google Scholar
Sonntag, S. K. and Cardinal, L.. (2015). Introduction: State Traditions and Language Regimes: Conceptualizing Language Policy Choices. In Cardinal, L. and Sonntag, S. K., eds., State Traditions and Language Regimes. Montreal: McGill-Queen’s University Press, pp. 328.Google Scholar
Tam, A. C. F. (2012). Teaching Chinese in Putonghua in Post-Colonial Hong Kong: Problems and Challenges for Teachers and Administrators. Language, Culture and Curriculum, 25(2), 103122.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wang, L. and Kirkpatrick, A.. (2015). Trilingual Education in Hong Kong Primary Schools: An Overview. Multilingual Education, 5, 3.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Windrow, H. (2005). From State to Nation: The Forging of the Han through Language Policy in the PRC and Taiwan. International Law and Politics, 37, 373422.Google Scholar
Zhang, B. and Yang, R. R.. (2004). Putonghua Education and Language Policy in Postcolonial Hong Kong. In Zhou, M. and Sun, H., eds., Language Policy in the People’s Republic of China: Theory and Practice since 1949. London: Kluwer Academic Publishers, pp. 143161.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Save book to Kindle

To save this book to your Kindle, first ensure [email protected] is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

Available formats
×

Save book to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

Available formats
×

Save book to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

Available formats
×