Skip to main content Accessibility help

We use cookies to distinguish you from other users and to provide you with a better experience on our websites. Close this message to accept cookies or find out how to manage your cookie settings.

Close cookie message
×
Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-gbm5v Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-18T06:07:03.406Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

4 - Russia

Empire’s Echo

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  04 December 2024

By
Ethan Larson
Edited by
Klaus Brummer  and
Šumit Ganguly
Klaus Brummer
Affiliation:
Katholische Universiteit Eichstätt, Germany
Šumit Ganguly
Affiliation:
Hoover Institution, Stanford University, California
Get access

Summary

This chapter examines the Russian Federation’s policy towards its diaspora, which focuses on Russians living in the former Soviet Union. A deliberately expansive understanding of who counts as a Russian abroad, combined with a set of policies that aim to co-opt said diaspora, aim to make Russia’s diaspora an instrument of soft power in the territories of the former Tsarist and Soviet empires. Additionally, protection of this diaspora has provided a pretext for military intervention on no fewer than five occasions. The Russian diaspora thus becomes a tool in Russia’s pursuit of renewed regional hegemony.

Keywords

RussiaRussian compatriotsRussian diasporaRussian FederationRusso-Georgian WarRusso-Ukrainian Wartransnational empire
Type
Chapter
Information
States and their Nationals Abroad
Support, Co-Opt, Repress
 , pp. 83 - 106
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2024

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Aleshkovski, Ivan, Grebenyuk, Alexander, and Vorobyeva, Olga (2018) The Evolution of Russian Emigration in the Post-Soviet Period. Social Evolution and History 17(2), 140–155.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Amos, Howard, and Salem, Harriet (2014) Ukraine Clashes: Dozens Dead after Odessa Building Fire. The Guardian, May 2. Available at: www.theguardian.com/world/2014/may/02/ukraine-dead-odessa-building-fire (last accessed April 18, 2022).Google Scholar
Andreyev, Catherine, and Savicky, Ivan (2004) Russia Abroad: Prague and the Russian Diaspora, 1918–1938. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2004.Google Scholar
Arutunyan, Anna (2019) Is Russia Changing the Calculus in Eastern Ukraine? International Crisis Group, 11, June. Available at: www.crisisgroup.org/europe-central-asia/eastern-europe/ukraine/russia-changing-its-calculus-eastern-ukraine (last accessed May 25, 2024).Google Scholar
Barrington, Lowell, Herron, Erik and Silver, Brian (2003) The Motherland is Calling: Views of Homeland among Russians in the near Abroad. World Politics 55(2), 219–313.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bebler, Anton (2015) Crimea and the Ukrainian/Russia conflict. In Bebler, Anton (ed.), Frozen Conflicts in Europe. Leverkusen: Leverkusen Verlag, 189–208.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Burkhardt, Fabian (2020) Russia’s “Passportisation” of the Donbas. SWP Comment 41. Berlin: Stiftung Wissenschaft und Politik.Google Scholar
Byford, Andy (2012) The Russian Diaspora in International Relations: ‘Compatriots’ in Britain. Europe-Asia Studies 64(4), 715–35.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cheskin, Ammon and Kachuyevski, Angela (2019) The Russian-Speaking Populations in the Post-Soviet Space: Language, Politics, and Identity. Europe-Asia Studies 71(1), 1–23.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chinn, Jeff and Kaiser, Robert (1996) Russians as the New Minority: Ethnicity and Nationalism in the Soviet Successor States. New York: Routledge.Google Scholar
Choate, Mark (2008) Emigrant Nation: The Making of Italy Abroad. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Crandall, Matthew (2012) Hierarchy in Moldova–Russia Relations: The Transnistrian Effect. Studies of Transition States and Societies 4(1), 3–15.Google Scholar
Crowley, Michael (2022) Russia Hints at Linking Griner’s Case to Fate of ‘Merchant of Death.’ New York Times, 1 July, 2022. Available at: www.nytimes.com/2022/07/01/us/politics/brittney-griner-trial-russia.html (last accessed July 17, 2022).Google Scholar
European Council (2022) EU Relations with the Republic of Moldova. Available at: www.consilium.europa.eu/en/policies/eastern-partnership/moldova/ (last accessed November 13, 2022).Google Scholar
Fasman, Jon (2022) Grief, Rage, Anxiety: Voices from Brighton Beach, New York’s ‘Russian’ Neighborhood. The Economist, March 3. Available at: www.economist.com/1843/2022/03/03/grief-rage-anxiety-voices-from-brighton-beach-new-yorks-russian-neighbourhood (last accessed October 1, 2022).Google Scholar
Fisher, Max (2022) Putin’s Case for War, Annotated. New York Times, 24 February. Available at: www.nytimes.com/2022/02/24/world/europe/putin-ukraine-speech.html (last accessed August 14, 2022).Google Scholar
Fonseca, Brian and Rouvinski, Vladimir (2018) The Russians of Latin America. Military Review, 80–88.Google Scholar
FPZPS (Fond Podderzhki i Zashchity Prav Sootechestvennikov) (2022) O Fonde. Available at: https://pravfond.ru/about/ (last accessed July 4, 2022).Google Scholar
Gaidys, Vladis (1994) Russians in Lithuania. In Shlapentokh, Vladimir, Sendich, Munir, and Payin, Emil (eds.), The New Russian Diaspora: Russian Minorities in the Former Soviet Republics. New York: M. E. Sharpe, 91–106.Google Scholar
German, Tracey and Block, Benjamin (2006) The South Ossetia Conflict: Collision of Georgian and Russian Interests. Politique Étrangère 1, 51–64.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gettleman, Jeffrey (2022) A Mini-Russia Gets Squeezed by War. New York Times, 15 May, 2022. Available at: www.nytimes.com/2022/05/15/world/europe/transnistria-moldova-russia-ukraine.html (last accessed October 10, 2022).Google Scholar
Glick, Nina and Levitt, Peggy (2004) Conceptualizing Simultaneity: A Transnational Social Field Perspective on Society. International Migration Review 38(3): 1002–1039.Google Scholar
Goble, Paul (2001) Bilingualism in Latvia. The Baltic Times, April 26. Available at: www.baltictimes.com/news/articles/4893/ (last accessed November 6, 2022).Google Scholar
Golovakha, Evgenii, Panina, Natalia, and Churilov, Nikolai (1994) Russians in Ukraine. In Shlapentokh, Vladimir, Sendich, Munir, and Payin, Emil (eds.), The New Russian Diaspora: Russian Minorities in the Former Soviet Republics. New York: M. E. Sharpe, 59–71.Google Scholar
Grigas, Agnia (2016) Beyond Crimea: The New Russian Empire. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gudkov, Lev (1994) The Structure and Character of Migration of Russians from the Former Republics of the USSR. In Shlapentokh, Vladimir, Sendich, Munir, and Payin, Emil (eds.), The New Russian Diaspora. New York: M. E. Sharpe, 169–182.Google Scholar
Herzog, Stephen (2011) Revisiting the Estonian Cyberattacks: Digital Threats and Multinational Responses. Journal of Strategic Security 4(2), 49–60.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Higgins, Andrew (2018) Populist Wave Hits Latvia, Lifting Pro-Russia Party in Election. New York Times, 8 October, 2018. Available at: www.nytimes.com/2018/10/07/world/europe/latvia-election-russia.html?searchResultPosition=3 (last accessed November 12, 2022).Google Scholar
Hogan-Brun, Gabriel and Ramoniené, Meiluté (2004). Changing Levels of Bilingualism across the Baltic. International Journal of Bilingual Education and Bilingualism 7(1), 62–77.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hosking, Geoffrey (2002). The Second World War and Russian National Consciousness. Past and Present 175(1), 162–187.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
IIFFMCG (Independent International Fact-Finding Mission on the Conflict in Georgia) (2009) Report. Vol. 1. Available at: www.mpil.de/en/pub/publications/archive/independent_international_fact.cfm (last accessed October 10, 2022).Google Scholar
International Crisis Group (2019), Report No. 254. Rebels without a Cause: Russia’s Proxies in Eastern Ukraine. Available at: https://icg-prod.s3.amazonaws.com/254-rebels-without-a-cause%20%281%29.pdf (last accessed October 10, 2022).Google Scholar
Jordan, Miriam (2022) ‘I Don’t Want to Be Called Russian Anymore’: Anxious Soviet Diaspora Rethinks Identity. New York Times, March 4. Available at: www.nytimes.com/2022/03/04/us/immigrant-identity-russia-ukraine.html (last accessed October 1, 2022).Google Scholar
Kallas, Kristina (2016). Claiming the Diaspora: Russia’s Compatriot Policy and Its Reception by the Estonian–Russian Population. Journal of Ethnopolitics and Minority Issues in Europe 15(3), 1–25.Google Scholar
Koshiw, Isobel (2022) Everyone Is Talking about Minsk but What Does It Mean for Ukraine? Open Democracy, February 4. Available at: www.opendemocracy.net/en/odr/russia-ukraine-what-are-the-minsk-agreements/ (last accessed October 1, 2022).Google Scholar
KPRFSR (Kontseptsiia Podderzhki Rossiiskoi Federatsiei Sootechestvennikov za Rubezhom na Sovvremennom Etape) (2001). Available at: http://ksors.ru/koncepciya-podderzhki-rossijskoj-federaciej-sootechestvennikov-za-rubezhom/ (last accessed June 11, 2022).Google Scholar
Laruelle, Marlene, Royce, Dylan, and Beyssembayev, Serik (2019) Untangling the Puzzle of ‘Russia’s Influence’ in Kazakhstan. Eurasian Geography and Economics 60(2), 211–243.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Massey, Douglass (1995) The New Immigration and Ethnicity in the United States. Population and Development Review 21(3), 631–652.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McFaul, Michael (2014). Moscow’s Choice. Foreign Affairs, November/December, 167–171.Google Scholar
Mearsheimer, John (2014) Why the Ukraine Crisis Is the West’s Fault. Foreign Affairs, September/October. Available at: www.ianfeinhandler.com/iaclub/articles/Russia_Ukraine_West_Fault.pdf (last accessed September 9, 2022).Google Scholar
Miarka, Agnieszka (2020) Para-states as an Instrument for Strengthening Russia’s Position: The Case of Transnistria. Journal of Strategic Security 13(2), 1–18.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ministry of Foreign Affairs (2022a) Consular Information Portal. Available at: www.kdmid.ru/docs/ (last accessed September 11, 2022).Google Scholar
Ministry of Foreign Affairs (2022b) Istoricheskaia Spravka. Available at: www.kdmid.ru/war-memorials/historical-reference/ (last accessed September 18, 2022).Google Scholar
Ministry of Foreign Affairs (2022c) O Narushenniiakh Prav Rossiiskikh Grazhdan i Sootechestvennikov v Zarubezhnykh Stranakh. Available at: https://mid.ru/ru/foreign_policy/humanitarian_cooperation/1815559/ (last accessed October 10, 2022).Google Scholar
Ministry of Foreign Affairs (2022d) O 30-y Godovshchine Ustanovleniia Diplomatichesikh Otnosheniy mezhdu Rossiiskoi Federatsiey i Respublikoi Tadzhikistan. April 7. Available at: www.mid.ru/ru/foreign_policy/news/1808507/ (last accessed April 17, 2022).Google Scholar
Ministry of Foreign Affairs (2022e) Interv’iu Posla Rossii v SShA A. I. Antonova ‘Rossiiskoi Gazete.’ September 5. Available at: www.mid.ru/ru/foreign_policy/news/1828648/ (last accessed October 10, 2022).Google Scholar
Ministry of Foreign Affairs (2022f) Structure, Central Office. Available at: https://mid.ru/ru/about/structure/central_office/ (last accessed November 12, 2022).Google Scholar
Morgunova, Oksana and Byford, Andy (2018) Between Neo-nationalizing Russia and Brexit Britain: The Dilemma of Russian Migrants Political Mobilizations. Revue d’études comparatives Est-Ouest 49(4), 129–162.Google Scholar
Mühlfried, Florian (2010) Citizenship at War: Passports and Nationality in the 2008 Russian–Georgia Conflict. Anthropology Today 26(2), 8–13.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Newsru (2014) “Na Ukraine Protistiruiut Protiv Nachatoi Novymi Vlastiami Bor’by s Russkim Iazykom.” February 26. Available at: www.newsru.com/world/26feb2014/ukr_russian.html (last accessed October 10, 2022).Google Scholar
North Atlantic Council (2008) Bucharest Summit Declaration. North Atlantic Treaty Organization, April 3. Available at: www.nato.int/cps/en/natolive/official_texts_8443.htm (last accessed April 17, 2022).Google Scholar
Nourzhanov, Kirill and Bleuer, Christian (2013) Tajikistan: A Political and Social History. Canberra: ANU Press.Google Scholar
OHCHR (Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights) (2021) Civic Space and Fundamental Freedoms in Ukraine, 1 November 2019–31 October 2021. Available at: www.ohchr.org/sites/default/files/2021-12/UkraineCivicSpace2021-EN.pdf (last accessed October 10, 2022).Google Scholar
OHCHR (Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights) (2022) Situation of Human Rights in Ukraine in the Context of the Armed Attack by the Russian Federation, 24 February–15 May 2022. Available at: www.ohchr.org/sites/default/files/documents/countries/ua/2022-06-29/2022-06-UkraineArmedAttack-EN.pdf (last accessed October 10, 2022).Google Scholar
Oladipo, Gloria (2022) Woman Who Ran Russia Propaganda Center in New York Charged as Foreign Agent. The Guardian, May 9. Available at: www.theguardian.com/us-news/2022/mar/09/elena-branson-russia-propaganda-center-new-york-charged (last accessed March 13, 2022).Google Scholar
Ostrovsky, Simon, Tiefenthaler, Ainara, and Pavone, Alessandro (2022) Hear the Stories of Ukrainians Who Were Forcibly Resettled to Russia and Escaped. New York Times, 20 June, 2022. Available at: www.nytimes.com/2022/06/20/world/europe/hear-the-stories-of-ukrainians-who-were-forcibly-resettled-to-russia-and-escaped.html (last accessed September 18, 2022).Google Scholar
Park, Andrus (1994) Ethnicity and Independence: The Case of Estonia in Comparative Perspective. Europe-Asia Studies 46(1), 69–87.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Payin, Emil (1994) The Disintegration of the Empire and the Fate of the ‘Imperial Minority.’ In Shlapentokh, Vladimir, Sendich, Munir, and Payin, Emil (eds.), The New Russian Diaspora. New York: M. E. Sharpe, 21–36.Google Scholar
Periroth, Nicole (2017) Russian Hacker Sentenced to 27 Years in Credit Card Case. New York Times, 21 April, 2017. Available at: www.nytimes.com/2017/04/21/technology/russian-hacker-sentenced.html (last accessed July 17, 2022).Google Scholar
Peyrouse, Sebastien (2007) Nationhood and the Minority Question in Central Asia. Europe–Asia Studies 59(3), 486–492.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pieper, Moritz (2020) Russkiy Mir: The Geopolitics of Russian Compatriots Abroad. Geopolitics 25(3), 756–779.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
PKDSR Pravitel’stvennaia Komissiia po Delam Sootechestvennikov za Rubezhom (2018) Kompleksnyi Plan Osnovnykh Meropriiatii po Realizatsii Gosudarstvennoi Politiki Rossiiskoi Federatsii v Otnoshenii Sootechestvennikov, Prozhivaiushchikh za Rubezhom, na 2018–2020 gody. Available at: https://ruvek.mid.ru/documents/ (last accessed June 3, 2022).Google Scholar
Putin, Vladimir (2007) Ukaz no. 976: O Sozdanii Fonda Russkiy Mir. June 21, 2007. Available at: www.intelros.ru/subject/ross_rasput/834-ukaz_796_o_sozdanii_fonda_russkijj_mir.html (last accessed December 11, 2022).Google Scholar
Putin, Vladimir (2020) Ukaz no. 322: O Nekotorykh Voprosakh Realizatsii Gosudarstvennoi Programmy po Okazaniiu Sodeistviia Dobrovol’nomu Pereseleniiu v Rossiiskoi Federatsiiu Sootechestvennikov, Prozhivaiushchikh za Rubezhom. May 12.Google Scholar
Putin, Vladimir (2021) Ukaz no. 215: O Nekotorykh Voprosakh Fonda ‘Russkiy Mir.’ April 12. Available at: http://publication.pravo.gov.ru/Document/View/0001202104120042?rangeSize=1 (last accessed December 11, 2022).Google Scholar
Putin, Vladimir (2022) “Signing of Treaties on Accession of Donetsk and Lugansk People’s Republics and Zaporozhye and Kherson Regions to Russia.” Moscow, September 30. Speech. Available at: http://en.kremlin.ru/events/president/news/69465 (last accessed October 2, 2022).Google Scholar
Putz, Catherine (2021) Russia to Hold Military Drills Near Afghan Border in Tajikistan, Uzbekistan. The Diplomat, July 21. Available at: https://thediplomat.com/2021/07/russia-to-hold-military-drills-near-afghan-border-in-tajikistan-uzbekistan/ (last accessed April 17, 2022).Google Scholar
Roth, Andrew (2019) Russia Accused of Hostage Diplomacy over Jailed Foreigners. The Guardian, November 18. Available at: www.theguardian.com/world/2019/nov/18/russia-accused-of-hostage-diplomacy-over-jailed-foreigners (last accessed July 17, 2022).Google Scholar
Russian Federation (2014) Programma Raboty s Sootechestvennikom, Prozhivaiushchimi za Rubezhom, na 2015–2017 gody. Available at: https://ruvek.mid.ru/document/compatriots/programma_raboty_s_sootechestvennikami_prozhivayushchimi_za_rubezhom_na_2015_2017_gody_956/ (last accessed July 4, 2022).Google Scholar
Russkiy Vek (2022a) Na Dal’niy Vostok: Pereselentsam s Ukrainy Pomogut s Trudoustroistvom i Material’no. April 4. Available at: https://ruvek.mid.ru/publications/na_dalniy_vostok_pereselentsam_s_ukrainy_pomogut_s_trudoustroystvom_i_materialno/ (last accessed September 18, 2022).Google Scholar
Russkiy Vek (2022b) Tol’ko 0,9% iz 4,6 mln Bezhentsev s Ukrainy i Donbassa Nakhodiatsia v Punktakh Razmeshcheniia. October 31. Available at: https://ruvek.mid.ru/news/tolko_0_9_iz_4_6_mln_bezhentsev_s_ukrainy_i_donbassa_nakhodyatsya_v_punktakh_razmeshcheniya/ (last accessed September 2, 2023).Google Scholar
Saari, Sinikukka (2014) Russia’s Post-Orange Revolution Strategies to Increase Its Influence in Former Soviet Republics: Public Diplomacy po Russkii. Europe–Asia Studies 66(1), 50–66.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Satzewich, Vic (2022) The Russian Diaspora Isn’t Showing Much Support for Russia’s Invasion of Ukraine. The Independent, March 17. Available at: https://theconversation.com/the-russian-diaspora-isnt-showing-much-support-for-russias-invasion-of-ukraine-178623 (last accessed October 1, 2022).Google Scholar
Schechner, Sam (2022) EU Orders Removal of Russian State-Owned Media from Search Results, Social Media Reshares. Wall Street Journal, March 10. Available at: www.wsj.com/livecoverage/russia-ukraine-latest-news-2022-03-09/card/eu-orders-removal-of-russian-state-owned-media-from-search-results-social-media-reshares-Nxb4WXbCaQnCUMmL9Mvk (last accessed July 10, 2022).Google Scholar
Sestanovich, Stephan (2014) How the West Has Won. Foreign Affairs, November/December, 171–175.Google Scholar
Shapero, Julia (2022) Zelensky Has Announced Ban on 11 Political Parties with Ties to Russia. Axios, March 20. Available at: www.axios.com/2022/03/20/ukraine-ban-political-parties-russian-ties (last accessed September 3, 2022).Google Scholar
Sharma, Shweta (2022) Putin ‘Resettling Ukrainians 5,500 Miles Away in Siberia and Far East Russia,’ Report Claims. Independent, April 12. Available at: www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/russia-ukraine-resettling-siberia-putin-b2056054.html (last accessed September 18, 2022).Google Scholar
Shear, Michael, and Baker, Peter (2022) Brittney Griner Is Freed in a Prisoner Swap with Russia. New York Times, December 8. Available at: www.nytimes.com/live/2022/12/08/world/brittney-griner-russia-ukraine-news (last accessed December 10, 2022).Google Scholar
Shear, Michael, and Nechepurenko, Ivan (2022) Russia Releases Former U.S. Marine in Prisoner Swap. New York Times, April 27. Available at: www.nytimes.com/2022/04/27/world/europe/trevor-reed-russia-prisoner-swap.html (last accessed July 17, 2022).Google Scholar
Shekhovstov, Anton (2015) The Spectre of Ukrainian Fascism: Information Wars, Political Manipulation, and Reality. In Andrew Wilson (ed.), What Does Ukraine Think. [No place stated]: European Council on Foreign Relations, 80–87.Google Scholar
Smagulova, Juldyz (2008) Language Policies of Kazakhization and Their Influence on Language Attitudes and Use. International Journal of Bilingual Education and Bilingualism 11(3), 440–475.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sprague, Andrew (2016) Russian Meddling in Its Near Abroad. Institut Barcelona d’Estudis Internacionals. Student Paper Series 28, 1–24. Available at: www.ibei.org/ibei_studentpaper28_71440.pdf (last accessed May 25, 2024).Google Scholar
UNHCHR (United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights) (2014) Report on the Human Rights Situation in Ukraine, August 17. Available at: www.ohchr.org/sites/default/files/Documents/Countries/UA/UkraineReport28August2014.pdf (last accessed October 10, 2022).Google Scholar
UNHCR (United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees) (2023). Operational Data Portal: Ukraine Refugee Situation. Available at: https://data.unhcr.org/en/situations/ukraine (last accessed September 2, 2023).Google Scholar
United Nations (2004) Minorities at Risk Project, Chronology for Russians in Tajikistan. Available at: www.refworld.org/docid/469f38e51e.html (last accessed April 17, 2022).Google Scholar
United Nations (2020) Population Division, International Migrant Stock. Available at: www.un.org/development/desa/pd/content/international-migrant-stock (last accessed April 3, 2022).Google Scholar
VKSRS (Vsemirnyi Koordinatsionnyi Sovet Rossiiskikh Sootechestvennikov, Prozhivaiushchikh za Rubezhom) (2021) VII Vsemirnyi Kongress, October 15. Available at: https://vksrs.com/events/vii-vsemirnyy-kongress/ (last accessed September 18, 2022).Google Scholar
Walker, Shaun (2022) ‘Beyond Understanding’: Odesa Braced to See If Putin Attacks City of Such Resonance for Russians. The Guardian, March 7. Available at: www.theguardian.com/world/2022/mar/07/beyond-understanding-odesa-braced-to-see-if-putin-attacks-city-of-such-resonance-for-russians (last accessed: 10/1/2022).Google Scholar
Waterbury, Myra (2014) Making Citizens beyond the Border: Non-resident Ethnic Citizenship in Post-communist Europe. Problems of Post-Communism 61(4), 36–49.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
World Bank (2022a) Personal Remittances Received (% of GDP)-Russian Federation. Available at: https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/BX.TRF.PWKR.DT.GD.ZS?locations=RU (last accessed April 3, 2022).Google Scholar
World Bank (2022b) Personal Remittances Received (% of GDP)-Mexico. Available at: https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/BX.TRF.PWKR.DT.GD.ZS?locations=MX (last accessed April 3, 2022).Google Scholar
Zakharova, M. V. (2022) Kommentarii Ofitsial’nogo Predstavleniia MID Rossii M. V. Zakharovoi o Prediavlenii Obvinenii Predsedateliu Koordinatsionnogo Soveta Organizatsii Rossiiskikh Sootechestvennikov SShA Elene Brenson, March 3. www.mid.ru/ru/foreign_policy/news/1803439/ (last accessed March 13, 2022).Google Scholar
Zeigler, Charles (2006) The Russian Diaspora in Central Asia: Russian compatriots and Moscow’s Foreign Policy. Demokratizatsiya 14(1), 103–126.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zeller, Jan and Sitchinava, Dmitri (2019) The Russian Language in Belarus and Ukraine. In Mustajoki, Arto, Protassova, Ekaterina, Yelenevskaya, Maria (eds.), The Soft Power of the Russian Language. London: Routledge, 108–122.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zevelev, Igor (2001) Russia and Its New Diasporas. Washington, DC: United States Institute of Peace Press.Google Scholar

Save book to Kindle

To save this book to your Kindle, first ensure [email protected] is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

  • Russia
  • Edited by Klaus Brummer, Katholische Universiteit Eichstätt, Germany, Šumit Ganguly, Hoover Institution, Stanford University, California
  • Book: States and their Nationals Abroad
  • Online publication: 04 December 2024
  • Chapter DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/9781009531986.004
Available formats
×

Save book to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

  • Russia
  • Edited by Klaus Brummer, Katholische Universiteit Eichstätt, Germany, Šumit Ganguly, Hoover Institution, Stanford University, California
  • Book: States and their Nationals Abroad
  • Online publication: 04 December 2024
  • Chapter DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/9781009531986.004
Available formats
×

Save book to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

  • Russia
  • Edited by Klaus Brummer, Katholische Universiteit Eichstätt, Germany, Šumit Ganguly, Hoover Institution, Stanford University, California
  • Book: States and their Nationals Abroad
  • Online publication: 04 December 2024
  • Chapter DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/9781009531986.004
Available formats
×