Skip to main content Accessibility help
×
Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-g7gxr Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-18T22:17:47.894Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Chapter 18 - Ageing

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  07 October 2022

Christopher C. H. Cook
Affiliation:
Institute for Medical Humanities, Durham University
Andrew Powell
Affiliation:
Formerly Warneford Hospital and University of Oxford
Get access

Summary

This chapter provides a brief overview of the ageing process in relation to psychopathologies encountered in the practice of old age psychiatry. In addition, it addresses the role of spirituality and religion in ageing, and discusses ways in which people approach the challenges of transition in later life. The authors discuss the importance of a multidimensional and holistic approach that includes paying sufficient attention to core aspects of being and personality, which can convey important information with regard to coping skills and how they influence responses to diagnosis, treatment and outcome. Deep among these core aspects lie the root constructs of a person’s vision of life and personal meanings, and what some would describe as the presence of a spiritual/transcendent dimension.

Type
Chapter
Information
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2022

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Abramowitz, L. (1993) Prayer as therapy among the frail Jewish elderly. Journal of Gerontological Social Work, 19, 6975.Google Scholar
Acton, G. and Miller, E. (2003) Spirituality in caregivers of family members with dementia. Journal of Holistic Nursing, 21, 117130.Google Scholar
Age Concern and Mental Health Foundation (2006) Promoting Health and Well-Being in Later Life: A First Report from the UK Inquiry. London: Age Concern and Mental Health Foundation.Google Scholar
Ai, A. L., Peterson, C., Bolling, S. F. et al. (2002) Private prayer and optimism in middle-aged and older patients awaiting cardiac surgery. Gerontologist, 42, 7081.Google Scholar
Allen, N. H. P. and Burns, A. (1995) The non-cognitive features of dementia. Reviews in Clinical Gerontology, 5, 5775.Google Scholar
Amore, M., Tagariello, P., Laterza, C. et al. (2007) Subtypes of depression in dementia. Archives of Gerontology and Geriatrics, 44, 2333.Google Scholar
Åström, E., Rönnlund, M., Adolfsson, R. and Carelli, M. G. (2019) Depressive symptoms and time perspective in older adults: associations beyond personality and negative life events. Aging & Mental Health, 23, 1674-1683.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Baldwin, R. (2002) Depressive disorders. In Jacoby, R. and Oppenheimer, C., eds., Psychiatry in the Elderly. Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp. 627676.Google Scholar
Baldwin, R. (2007) Recent understandings in geriatric affective disorder. Current Opinion in Psychiatry, 20, 539543.Google Scholar
Bamonti, P., Lombardi, S., Duberstein, P. et al. (2016) Spirituality attenuates the association between depression symptom severity and meaning in life. Aging & Mental Health, 20, 494-499.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Banerjee, S., Shamash, K., Macdonald, A. et al. (1996) Randomised controlled trial of effect of intervention by psychogeriatric team on depression in frail elderly people at home. British Medical Journal, 313, 10581061.Google Scholar
Bartlett, S. J. (2003) Well-being and quality of life in people with rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Care & Research, 49, 778783.Google Scholar
Bittles, A. H. (2002) Biological aspects of human ageing. In Jacoby, R. and Oppenheimer, C., eds., Psychiatry in the Elderly. Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp. 324.Google Scholar
Bonelli, R. M. and Koenig, H. G. (2013) Mental disorders, religion and spirituality 1990 to 2010: a systematic evidence-based review. Journal of Religion and Health, 52, 657673.Google Scholar
Bosworth, H. B., Park, K.-S., McQuoid, D. R. et al. (2003) The impact of religious practice and religious coping on geriatric depression. International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 18, 905914.Google Scholar
Bowman, K. W. and Singer, P. A. (2001) Chinese seniors’ perspectives on end-of-life decisions. Social Science and Medicine, 53, 455464.Google Scholar
Braam, A. W., Beekman, A. T., van Tilburg, T. G. et al. (1997) Religious involvement and depression in older Dutch citizens. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, 32, 284291.Google Scholar
Braam, A. W., Van Den Eeden, P., Prince, M. J. et al. (2001) Religion as a cross-cultural determinant of depression in elderly Europeans: results from the EURODEP collaboration. Psychological Medicine, 31, 803814.Google Scholar
Bradshaw, M. and Kent, B. V. (2018) Prayer, attachment to God, and changes in psychological well-being in later life. Journal of Aging and Health, 30, 667-691.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Butler, R. and Orrell, M. (1998) Late-life depression. Current Opinion in Psychiatry, 11, 435439.Google Scholar
Chang, B., Noonan, A. E. and Tennstedt, S. L. (1998) The role of religion/spirituality in coping with caregiving for disabled elders. Gerontologist, 38, 463470.Google Scholar
Chinello, A., Grumelli, B., Perrone, C. et al. (2007) Prevalence of major depressive disorder and dementia in psychogeriatric outpatients. Archives of Gerontology and Geriatrics, 44, 101104.Google Scholar
Cicirelli, V. G. (2002) Fear of death in older adults: predictions from terror management theory. Journals of Gerontology Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences, 57B, 358366.Google Scholar
Dalby, P. (2006) Is there a process of spiritual change or development associated with aging? A critical review of research. Aging & Mental Health, 10, 412.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Dein, S. (2006) Religion, spirituality and depression: implications for research and treatment. Primary Care and Community Psychiatry, 11, 6772.Google Scholar
Department of Health (2001) National Service Framework for Older People. London: Department of Health.Google Scholar
Department of Health and Care Services Improvement Partnership (2006) Everybody’s Business: Integrated Mental Health Services for Older Adults: A Service Development Guide. London: Department of Health and Care Services Improvement Partnership.Google Scholar
Dudley, M. G. and Kosinski, F. A. (1990) Religiosity and marital satisfaction: a research note. Religious Research, 32, 7886.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Erikson, E. H. (1963) Childhood and Society. New York: W. W. Norton & Company.Google Scholar
Erikson, E. H. (1982) The Life Cycle Completed: A Review. New York: W. W. Norton & Company.Google Scholar
Eysenck, S. B. and Eysenck, H. J. (1969) Scores on three personality variables as a function of age, sex and social class. British Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 8, 6976.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Fenix, J. B., Cherlin, E. J., Prigerson, H. G. et al. (2006) Religiousness and major depression among bereaved family caregivers: a 13-month follow-up study. Journal of Palliative Care, 22, 286292.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Fry, P. S. (2000) Religious involvement, spirituality and personal meaning for life: existential predictors of psychological wellbeing in community-residing and institutional care elders. Aging & Mental Health, 4, 375387.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fry, P. S. (2001) The unique contribution of key existential factors to the prediction of psychological well-being of older adults following spousal loss. The Gerontologist, 41, 6981.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fung, A. W. T. and Lam, L. C. W. (2013) Spiritual activity is associated with better cognitive function in old age. East Asian Archives of Psychiatry, 23, 102-108.Google Scholar
Goh, A. M., Eagleton, T., Kelleher, R. et al. (2014) Pastoral care in old age psychiatry: addressing the spiritual needs of inpatients in an acute aged mental health unit. Asia-Pacific Psychiatry, 6, 127-134.Google Scholar
Guberman, N., Maheu, P. and Mailee, C. (1992) Women as family caregivers: why do they care? The Gerontologist, 32, 607617.Google Scholar
Guignon, C. (2000) Authenticity and integrity: a Heideggerian perspective. In Young-Eisendrath, P. and Miller, M. E., eds., The Psychology of Mature Spirituality: Integrity, Wisdom, Transcendence.. New York: Brunner-Routledge, pp. 6274.Google Scholar
Head, J. (2004) ‘Please pray for me’: the significance of prayer for mental and emotional well-being. Spirituality and Psychiatry Special Interest Group Newsletter, 14 (April).Google Scholar
Head, J. (2006) A rich tapestry: emergent themes in spirituality in the care of older adults with mental health needs. Spirituality and Psychiatry Special Interest Group Newsletter, 21 (June).Google Scholar
Head, J. (2018) The spirituality of compassion. Spirituality and Psychiatry Special Interest Group Newsletter, 44 (February).Google Scholar
Hebert, R. S., Weinstein, E., Martire, L. M. et al. (2006) Religion, spirituality and the well-being of informal caregivers: a review, critique and research prospectus. Aging & Mental Health, 10, 497520.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hebert, R. S., Dang, Q. and Schulz, R. (2007) Religious beliefs and practices are associated with better mental health in family caregivers of patients with dementia: findings from the REACH study. American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 15, 292300.Google Scholar
Higgins, P. (2003) Holding a religious service for people with dementia. Journal of Dementia Care, 11, 1011.Google Scholar
Higgins, P., Allen, R., Karamat, S. et al. (2004) Candlelight Group: a pilot project for people with dementia. Spirituality and Psychiatry Special Interest Group Newsletter, 14 (April).Google Scholar
Hillman, J. (1999) The Force of Character: And the Lasting Life. New York: Random House Publishing Group.Google Scholar
Hummelvoll, J. K., Karlsson, B. and Borg, M. (2015) Recovery and person-centredness in mental health services: roots of the concepts and implications for practice. International Practice Development Journal, 5 (Suppl.), Article 7.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Idler, E. L., Kasl, S. V. and Hays, J. C. (2001) Patterns of religious practice and belief in the last year of life. Journals of Gerontology Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences, 56, S326S334.Google Scholar
Illich, I. (1991) Limits to Medicine: Medical Nemesis – The Expropriation of Health. London: Penguin.Google Scholar
Isaia, D., Parker, V. and Murrow, E. (1999) Spiritual well-being among older adults. Journal of Gerontological Nursing, 25, 1521.Google Scholar
John, A., Desai, R., Richards, M. et al. (2020) Role of cardiometabolic risk in the association between accumulation of affective symptoms across adulthood and mid-life cognitive function: national cohort study. British Journal of Psychiatry, 218, 254260.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Johnson, M. (2018) Spirituality, biographical review and biographical pain at the end of life in old age. In Johnson, M. and Walker, J., eds., Spiritual Dimensions of Ageing. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 198-294.Google Scholar
Kark, J. D., Carmel, S., Sinnreich, R. et al. (1996) Psychosocial factors among members of religious and secular kibbutzim. Israel Journal of Medical Sciences, 32, 185194.Google Scholar
Katsuno, T. (2003) Personal spirituality of persons with early-stage dementia. Dementia, 2, 315335.Google Scholar
Kennedy, G. J., Kelman, H. R., Thomas, C. et al. (1996) The relation of religious preference and practice to depressive symptoms among 1,855 older adults. Journals of Gerontology Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences, 51, 301308.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kevern, P. (2019) Spirituality and dementia. In Zsolnai, L. and Flanagan, B., eds., The Routledge International Handbook of Spirituality in Society and the Professions. London: Routledge, pp. 223230.Google Scholar
Killick, J. (2002) Approaching the mystery. Journal of Dementia Care, 10, 23.Google Scholar
Kitwood, T. (1997) Dementia Reconsidered: The Person Comes First. Buckingham: Open University Press.Google Scholar
Koenig, H. G. (1994) Aging and God: Spiritual Pathways to Mental Health in Midlife and Later Years. Binghamton, NY: Haworth Pastoral Press.Google Scholar
Koenig, H. G. (2004) Religion, spirituality, and medicine: research findings and implications for clinical practice. Southern Medical Journal, 97, 524529.Google Scholar
Koenig, H. G. (2006) Religion, spirituality and aging. Aging & Mental Health, 10, 13.Google Scholar
Koenig, H. G. (2012) Religion, spirituality, and health: the research and clinical implications. ISRN Psychiatry, 2012, 278730.Google Scholar
Koenig, H. G., George, L. K. and Seigler, I. C. (1988a) The use of religion and other emotion-regulating coping strategies among older adults. The Gerontologist, 28, 303310.Google Scholar
Koenig, H. G., Kvale, J. N. and Ferrel, C. (1988b) Religion and well-being in later life. The Gerontologist, 28, 1828.Google Scholar
Koenig, H. G., Hays, J. C., George, L. K. et al. (1997) Modeling the cross-sectional relationship between religion, physical health, social support, and depressive symptoms. American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 5, 131144.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Koenig, H. G., Hays, J. C. and Larson, D. B. (1999) Does religious attendance prolong survival? A six-year follow-up study of 3,968 older adults. Journals of Gerontology Series A: Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences, 54, M370M377.Google Scholar
Krause, N. (2004) Assessing the relationships among prayer expectancies, race, and self-esteem in late life. Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, 43, 395408.Google Scholar
Krause, N., Ingersoll-Dayton, B., Ellison, C. G. et al. (1999) Aging, religious doubt and psychological well-being. The Gerontologist, 39, 525533.Google Scholar
Krause, N., Pargament, K. and Ironson, G. (2018) In the shadow of death: religious hope as a moderator of the effects of age on death anxiety. The Journals of Gerontology Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences, 73, 696703.Google Scholar
Kroll, J. and Sheehan, W. (1989) Religious beliefs and practices among 52 psychiatric inpatients in Minnesota. American Journal of Psychiatry, 146, 6772.Google Scholar
Lavretsky, H. (2010) Spirituality and aging. Aging Health, 6, 749769.Google Scholar
Lawrence, R. M. (2003) Aspects of spirituality in dementia care: when clinicians tune into silence. Dementia, 2, 393402.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lawrence, R. M. (2007) Dementia: a personal legacy beyond words. Mental Health, Religion and Culture, 10, 553562.Google Scholar
Lawrence, R. M., Head, J., Christodoulou, G. et al. (2007) Clinicians’ attitudes to spirituality in old age psychiatry. International Psychogeriatrics, 19, 962973.Google Scholar
Lazarus, R. S. and Folkman, S. (1984) Stress, Appraisal, and Coping. Berlin: Springer.Google Scholar
LobhoPrabhu, S., Molinari, V., Arlinghaus, K. et al. (2005) Spouses of patients with dementia: how do they stay together “till death do us part”? Journal of Gerontological Social Work, 44, 161174.Google Scholar
Lolak, S. (2013) Compassion cultivation: a missing piece in medical education. Academic Psychiatry, 37, 285.Google Scholar
Lolak, S., Minor, D., Jafari, N. and Puchalski, C. (2016) Spiritual issues and interventions in mental health and aging. In Lavretsky, H., Sajatovic, M. and Reynolds, C. F. III, eds., Complementary and Integrative Therapies for Mental Health and Ageing. Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp. 257272.Google Scholar
Lu, W., Pikhart, H. and Sacker, A. (2018) Socioeconomic determinants of healthy ageing: evidence from the English Longitudinal Study of Ageing. The Lancet, 392 (Special Issue), S54.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lucchetti, A., Barcelos-Ferreira, R., Blazer, D. et al. (2018) Spirituality in geriatric psychiatry. Current Opinion in Psychiatry, 31, 373377.Google Scholar
McCarthy, V. L. and Bockweg, A. (2013) The role of transcendence in a holistic view of successful aging: a concept analysis and model of transcendence in maturation and aging. Journal of Holistic Nursing, 31, 8494.Google Scholar
Mackenzie, E. R., Rajagopal, D. E., Meibohm, M. et al. (2000) Spiritual support and psychological well-being: older adults’ perceptions of the religion and health connection. Alternative Therapies in Health and Medicine, 6, 3745.Google Scholar
MacKenzie, P. (2012) Normal changes of ageing. InnovAiT: Education and Inspiration for General Practice, 5, 605613.Google Scholar
MacKinlay, E. (2001) The Spiritual Dimension of Ageing. New York: Jessica Kingsley Publishers.Google Scholar
MacKinlay, E. (2018) Ageing and spirituality across faiths and cultures. In Johnson, M. and Walker, J., eds., Spiritual Dimensions of Ageing. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 3250.Google Scholar
Macquarrie, J. (1982) In Search of Humanity: A Theological and Philosophical Approach. London: SCM Press.Google Scholar
Meador, K. G., Koenig, H. G., Highes, D. C. et al. (1992) Religious affiliation and major depression. Hospital and Community Psychiatry, 43, 12041208.Google Scholar
Meller, S. (2001) A comparison of the well-being of family caregivers of elderly patients hospitalized with physical impairments versus the caregivers of patients hospitalized with dementia. Journal of the American Medical Directors Association, 2, 6065.Google Scholar
Mewton, L., Reppermund, S., Crawford, J. et al. (2019) Cross-sectional and prospective inter-relationship between depressive symptoms, vascular disease and cognition in older adults. Psychological Medicine, 49, 21682176.Google Scholar
Milstein, G., Bruce, M. L., Gargon, N. et al. (2003) Religious practice and depression among geriatric home care patients. International Journal of Psychiatry in Medicine, 33, 7183.Google Scholar
Moody, H. (2018) Stages of the soul and spirituality in later life. In Johnson, M. and Walker, J., eds., Spiritual Dimensions of Ageing. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 5168.Google Scholar
Moore, T. (2004) Dark Nights of the Soul: A Guide to Finding Your Way through Life’s Ordeals. New York: Avery.Google Scholar
Murray-Swank, A. N., Lucksted, A., Medoff, D. R. et al. (2006) Religiosity, psychosocial adjustment, and subjective burden of persons who care for those with mental illness. Psychiatric Services, 57, 361365.Google Scholar
Oliver, R. and Suleiman, E. (2004) Bereavement. In Evans, S. and Garner, J., eds., Talking Over the Years: A Handbook of Dynamic Psychotherapy with Older Adults. New York: Brunner-Routledge, pp. 265280.Google Scholar
Pargament, K. I. (1997) The Psychology of Religion and Coping: Theory, Research, Practice. New York: Guilford Press.Google Scholar
Pargament, K. I., Koenig, H. G., Tarakeshwar, N. et al. (2001) Religious struggle as a predictor of mortality among medically ill elderly patients: a two-year longitudinal study. Archives of Internal Medicine, 161, 18811885.Google Scholar
Parker, M., Roff, L. L., Klemmack, D. L. et al. (2003) Religiosity and mental health in southern, community-dwelling older adults. Aging & Mental Health, 7, 390397.Google Scholar
Pearce, M. J., Singer, J. L. and Prigerson, H. G. (2006) Religious coping among caregivers of terminally ill cancer patients: main effects and psychosocial mediators. Journal of Health Psychology, 11, 743759.Google Scholar
Pearson, J. L., Conwell, Y., Lindesay, J. et al. (1997) Elderly suicide: a multi-national view. Aging & Mental Health, 1, 107111.Google Scholar
Persson, J., Nyberg, L., Lind, J. et al. (2006) Structure–function correlates of cognitive decline in aging. Cerebral Cortex, 16, 907915.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Pfennig, A., Littmann, E. and Bauer, M. (2007) Neurocognitive impairment and dementia in mood disorders. Journal of Neuropsychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences, 19, 373382.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Picot, S. J., Debanne, S. M., Namazi, K. H. et al. (1997) Religiosity and perceived rewards of black and white caregivers. The Gerontologist, 37, 89101.Google Scholar
Pieper, H. (1981) Church membership and participation in church activities among the elderly. Activities, Adaptation & Aging, 1, 2330.Google Scholar
Post, S. G., Puchalski, C. M. and Larson, D. B. (2000) Physicians and patient spirituality: professional boundaries, competency and ethics. Annals of Internal Medicine, 132, 578583.Google Scholar
Pritchard, C. and Baldwin, D. (2000) Effects of age and gender on elderly suicide rates in Catholic and Orthodox countries: an inadvertent neglect? International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 15, 904910.Google Scholar
Ragno, J. G. (1995) Volunteers of the spirit: quality of life programming with religious volunteers. Activities, Adaptation & Aging, 20, 3539.Google Scholar
Reyes-Ortiz, C. A., Ayele, H., Mulligan, T. et al. (2006) Higher church attendance predicts lower fear of falling in older Mexican-Americans. Aging & Mental Health, 10, 1318.Google Scholar
Robert, R., Kaplan, G. A., Shema, S. J. et al. (1997) Does growing old increase the risk for depression? American Journal of Psychiatry, 154, 13841390.Google Scholar
Ross, L. (1995) The spiritual dimension: its importance to patients’ health, well-being and quality of life and its implications for nursing practice. International Journal of Nursing Studies, 32, 457468.Google Scholar
Royal College of Psychiatrists (2006) Raising the Standard: Specialist Services for Older People with Mental Illness. Report of the Faculty of Old Age Psychiatry. London: Royal College of Psychiatrists.Google Scholar
Royal College of Psychiatrists (2018) Person-Centred Care: Implications for Training in Psychiatry. London: Royal College of Psychiatrists.Google Scholar
Sabat, S. and Harre, R. (1992) The construction and deconstruction of self in Alzheimer’s disease. Ageing and Society, 12, 443461.Google Scholar
Saffari, M., Koenig, H., O’Garo, K. and Pakpour, A. (2018) Mediating effect of spiritual coping strategies and family stigma stress on caregiving burden and mental health in caregivers of persons with dementia. Dementia, https://doi.org/10.1177/1471301218798082.Google Scholar
Sanders, S. (2005) Is the glass half empty or half full? Reflections on strain and gain in caregivers of individuals with Alzheimer’s disease. Social Work in Healthcare, 40, 5773.Google Scholar
Scott, H. (2016) The importance of spirituality for people living with dementia. Nursing Standard, 30, 4150.Google Scholar
Searle, M. (1992) Ritual. In Jones, C., Wainwright, G., Yarnold, E. and Bradshaw, P., eds., The Study of Liturgy. London: SPCK, pp. 5158.Google Scholar
Shamy, E. (2003) Worship for People with Alzheimer’s Disease and Related Dementias: A Guide to the Spiritual Dimension of Care for People with Alzheimer’s Disease and Related Dementias. London: Jessica Kingsley Publishers.Google Scholar
Skaff, M. M. (1995) Religion in the stress process: coping with caregiving. Paper presented at the Annual Scientific Meeting of the Gerontological Society of America, Los Angeles, CA.Google Scholar
Slater, R. (1995) The Psychology of Growing Old. Buckingham: Open University Press.Google Scholar
Spini, D., d’Epinay, L. and Pin, S. (2001) Religious practice and survival in old age. Médecine et Hygiène, 59, 22582262.Google Scholar
Stolley, J. M., Buckwalter, K. C. and Koenig, H. G. (1999) Prayer and religious coping for caregivers of persons with Alzheimer’s disease and related disorders. American Journal of Alzheimer’s Disease, 14, 181191.Google Scholar
Strawbridge, W. J., Cohen, R. D., Shema, S. J. et al. (1997) Frequent attendance at religious services and mortality over 28 years. American Journal of Public Health, 87, 957961.Google Scholar
Strawbridge, W. J., Shema, S. J., Cohen, R. D. et al. (2001) Religious attendance increases survival by improving and maintaining good health behaviors, mental health and social relationships. Annals of Behavioral Medicine, 23, 6874.Google Scholar
Stuart-Hamilton, I. (2006) The Psychology of Ageing. London: Jessica Kingsley Publishers.Google Scholar
Townsend, J., Adamo, M. and Haist, F. (2006) Changing channels: an fMRI study of aging and cross-modal attention shifts. Neuroimage, 31, 16821692.Google Scholar
Vernooij-Dassen, M., Felling, A. and Persoon, J. (1997) Predictors of change and continuity in home care for dementia patients. International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 12, 671677.Google Scholar
Walsh, K., King, M., Jones, L. et al. (2002) Spiritual beliefs may affect outcome of bereavement: prospective study. British Medical Journal, 324, 15511554.Google Scholar
Warner, N. and Aziz, V. (2005) Hymns and arias: musical hallucinations in older people in Wales. International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 20, 658660.Google Scholar
Wattis, J. and Curran, S. (2016) Stories of living with loss: spirituality and ageing. In Cook, C., Powell, A. and Sims, A., eds., Spirituality and Narrative in Psychiatric Practice: Stories of Mind and Soul, pp. 160–172.Google Scholar
Wink, P. and Dillon, M. (2002) Spiritual development across the adult life course: findings from a longitudinal study. Journal of Adult Development, 9, 7994.Google Scholar
Wink, P. and Dillon, M. (2003) Religiousness, spirituality and psychosocial functioning in late adulthood: findings from a longitudinal study. Psychology and Aging, 18, 916924.Google Scholar
Wink, P., Dillon, M. and Larsen, B. (2005) Religion as moderator of the depression–health connection: findings from a longitudinal study. Research on Aging, 27, 197220.Google Scholar
Wright, S. and Sayer-Adams, J. (2000) Sacred Space: Right Relationship and Spirituality in Healthcare. Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone.Google Scholar
Zimmer, Z., Jagger, C., Chiu, C.-T. et al. (2016) Spirituality, religiosity, aging and health in global perspective: a review. SSM - Population Health, 2, 373381.Google Scholar

Save book to Kindle

To save this book to your Kindle, first ensure [email protected] is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

Available formats
×

Save book to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

Available formats
×

Save book to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

Available formats
×