Skip to main content Accessibility help

We use cookies to distinguish you from other users and to provide you with a better experience on our websites. Close this message to accept cookies or find out how to manage your cookie settings.

Close cookie message
×
Hostname: page-component-669899f699-rg895 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2025-05-05T19:30:43.156Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

19 - What we know and the future of interpersonal accuracy research

from Part III - Conclusions

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  05 April 2016

By
Nora A. Murphy
Edited by
Judith A. Hall ,
Marianne Schmid Mast  and
Tessa V. West
Judith A. Hall
Affiliation:
Northeastern University, Boston
Marianne Schmid Mast
Affiliation:
Université de Lausanne, Switzerland
Tessa V. West
Affiliation:
New York University
Get access

Summary

Abstract

This chapter reviews emerging themes and commonalities woven throughout the preceding chapters. What do we know about interpersonal accuracy (IPA)? We know that people can be interpersonally accurate and that there are many measures of IPA. We know that situational settings and interpersonal context matter in IPA, and people can be trained to improve their IPA. But questions remain. How accurate is accurate? What is the role of motivation in IPA? How do we distinguish between target and perceiver effects in IPA? And where exactly do we stand in terms of IPA theory? I conclude with several suggestions about possible future directions for IPA researchers, including further research on the social outcomes and mechanisms of IPA. Ultimately, I remain enthusiastic about how far we have come in understanding IPA and excited about future IPA endeavors.

Type
Chapter
Information
The Social Psychology of Perceiving Others Accurately , pp. 404 - 424
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2016

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

Book purchase

Temporarily unavailable

References

Ambady, N., & Gray, H. M. (2002). On being sad and mistaken: Mood effects on the accuracy of thin-slice judgments. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 83, 947–961.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
App, B., McIntosh, D. N., Reed, C. L., & Hertenstein, M. J. (2011). Nonverbal channel use in communication of emotion: How may depend on why. Emotion, 11, 603–617.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bachrach, H., Luborsky, L., & Mechanick, P. (1974). The correspondence between judgements of empathy from brief samples of psychotherapy, supervisors’ judgements and sensitivity tests. British Journal of Medical Psychology, 47, 337–340.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Balcetis, E., & Dunning, D. (2013). Considering the situation: Why people are better social psychologists than self-psychologists. Self and Identity, 12, 1–15.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Baron-Cohen, S., Wheelwright, S., Hill, J., Raste, Y., & Plumb, I. (2001). The “Reading the Mind in the Eyes” Test revised version: a study with normal adults, and adults with Asperger syndrome or high-functioning autism. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, and Allied Disciplines, 42, 241–251.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bernieri, F. J. (1991). Interpersonal sensitivity in teaching interactions. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 17, 98–103.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Biesanz, J. C. (2010). The Social Accuracy Model of interpersonal perception: Assessing individual differences in perceptive and expressive accuracy. Multivariate Behavioral Research, 45, 853–885.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Blanch-Hartigan, D. (2011). Measuring providers’ verbal and nonverbal emotion recognition ability: Reliability and validity of the Patient Emotion Cue Test (PECT). Patient Education and Counseling, 82, 370–376.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Blanch-Hartigan, D., Andrzejewski, S. A., & Hill, K. M. (2012). The effectiveness of training to improve person perception accuracy: A meta-analysis. Basic and Applied Social Psychology, 34, 483–498.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bond, C. F. Jr., & DePaulo, B. M. (2006). Accuracy of deception judgments. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 10, 214–234.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Borkenau, P., Mauer, N., Riemann, R., Spinath, F. M., & Angleitner, A. (2004). Thin slices of behavior as cues of personality and intelligence. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 86, 599–614.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Brunswik, E. (1956). Perception and the representative design of psychological experiments. Los Angeles: University of California Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Buller, D. B., & Burgoon, J. K. (1994). Deception: Strategic and nonstrategic communication. In Daly, J. A. & Wiemann, J. M. (Eds.), Strategic interpersonal communication (pp. 191–224). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.Google Scholar
Burgoon, J. K. & Buller, D. B. (2015). Interpersonal deception theory: Purposive and interdependent behavior during deceptive interpersonal interactions. In Braithwaite, D. O. & Schrodt, P. (Eds.), Engaging theories in interpersonal communication, 2e (pp. 349–362). Los Angeles, CA: Sage.Google Scholar
Byron, K. (2008). Differential effects of male and female managers’ non-verbal emotional skills on employees’ ratings. Journal of Managerial Psychology, 23, 118–134.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Byron, K., Terranova, S., & Nowicki, S. J. (2007). Nonverbal emotion recognition and salespersons: Linking ability to perceived and actual success. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 37, 2600–2619.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Costanzo, M., & Archer, D. (1989). Interpreting the expressive behavior of others: The Interpersonal Perception Task. Journal of Nonverbal Behavior, 13, 225–245.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
DePaulo, B. M., & Kirkendol, S. E. (1989). The motivational impairment effect in the communication of deception. In Yuille, J. C. (Ed.), Credibility assessment (pp. 51–70). New York: Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Driskell, J. E. (2012). Effectiveness of deception detection training: A meta-analysis. Psychology, Crime and Law, 18, 713–731.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Du, S., & Martinez, A. M. (2011). The resolution of facial expressions of emotion. Journal of Vision, 11, 1–13.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ekman, P., & Friesen, W. (1971). Constants across cultures in the face and emotion. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 17, 124–129.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Forrest, J. A., & Feldman, R. S. (2000). Detecting deception and judge’s involvement: Lower task involvement leads to better lie detection. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 26, 118–125.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Frank, M. G., & Feeley, T. H. (2003). To catch a liar: Challenges for research in lie detection training. Journal of Applied Communication Research, 31, 58–75.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Funder, D. C. (1995). On the accuracy of personality judgment: A realistic approach. Psychological Review, 102, 652–670.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Funder, D. C. (2012). Accurate personality judgment. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 21, 177–182.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gawronski, B. (2004). Theory-based bias correction in dispositional inference: The fundamental attribution error is dead, long live the correspondence bias. European Review of Social Psychology, 15, 183–217.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gibson, J. J. (1979). The ecological approach to visual perception. Boston: Houghton Mifflin.Google Scholar
Hahn, J. (2015, March 8). Apple starts 2015 as the top U.S. smartphone maker, Android as the top smartphone OS. Digital Trends. Retrieved from www.digitaltrends.com/mobile/apple-starts-2015-as-the-top-u-s-smartphone-maker-android-as-the-top-smartphone-os/#ixzz3VcoYIRx8Google Scholar
Hall, J. A. (2001). The PONS test and the psychometric approach to measuring interpersonal sensitivity. In Hall, J. A. & Bernieri, F. J. (Eds.), Interpersonal sensitivity: Theory and measurement (pp. 143–160). Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hall, J. A., Andrzejewski, S. A., Murphy, N. A., Schmid Mast, M., & Feinstein, B. A. (2008). Accuracy of judging others’ traits and states: Comparing mean levels across tests. Journal of Research in Personality, 42, 1476–1489.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hall, J. A., Andrzejewski, S. A., & Yopchick, J. E. (2009). Psychosocial correlates of interpersonal sensitivity: A meta-analysis. Journal of Nonverbal Behavior, 33, 149–180.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hall, J. A., & Bernieri, F. J. (2001). Interpersonal sensitivity: Theory and measurement. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hall, J. A., Rosip, J. C., Smith LeBeau, L., Horgan, T. G., & Carter, J. D. (2006). Attributing the sources of accuracy in unequal-power dyadic communication: Who is better and why? Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 42, 18–27.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hall, J. A., & Schmid Mast, M. (2007). Sources of accuracy in the empathic accuracy paradigm. Emotion, 7, 438–446.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hall, J. A., Schmid Mast, M., & Latu, I. M. (2015). The vertical dimension of social relations and accurate interpersonal perception: A meta-analysis. Journal of Nonverbal Behavior, 39, 131–163.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hall, J. A., Ship, A. N., Ruben, M. A., Curtin, E. M., Clever, S., Roter, D. L., Smith, C., & Pounds, K. (2014). The Test of Accurate Perception of Patients’ Affect (TAPPA): An ecologically valid tool for assessing interpersonal perception accuracy in clinicians. Patient Education and Counseling, 94, 218–223.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Haselton, M. G., & Funder, D. C. (2006). The evolution of accuracy and bias in social judgment. In Schaller, M., Simpson, J. A., & Kenrick, D. T. (Eds.), Evolution and social psychology (pp. 15–37). Madison, CT: Psychosocial Press.Google Scholar
Hauch, V., Sporer, S. L., Michael, S. W., & Meissner, C. A. (2014). Does training improve the detection of deception? A meta-analysis. Communication Research. Advance online publication.Google Scholar
Heberlein, A. S., & Adolphs, R. (2007). Neurobiology of emotion recognition: Current evidence for shared substrates. In Harmon-Jones, E. & Winkielman, P. (Eds.), Social neuroscience: Integrating biological and psychological explanations of social behavior (pp. 31–55). New York: Guilford Press.Google Scholar
Heberlein, A. S., & Saxe, R. R. (2005). Dissociation between emotion and personality judgments: Convergent evidence from functional neuroimaging. NeuroImage, 28, 770–777.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hess, U., & Hareli, S. (2015). The role of social context for the interpretation of emotional facial expressions. In Mandal, M. K., & Awasthi, A. (Eds.), Understanding facial expressions in communication (pp. 119–141). New Delhi: Springer.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ickes, W., Buysse, A., Pham, H., Rivers, K., Erickson, J. R., Hancock, M., & … Gesn, P. R. (2000). On the difficulty of distinguishing “good” and “poor” perceivers: A social relations analysis of empathic accuracy data. Personal Relationships, 7, 219–234.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ickes, W., & Simpson, J. (1997). Managing empathic accuracy in close relationships. In Ickes, W. (Ed.), Empathic accuracy (pp. 218–250). New York: Guilford Press.Google Scholar
Ickes, W., & Simpson, J. (2001). Motivational aspects of empathic accuracy. In Fletcher, G. J. O. & Clark, M. S. (Eds.), Interpersonal processes: Blackwell handbook in social psychology (pp. 229–249). Oxford, UK: Blackwell.Google Scholar
Jenness, A. (1932). The recognition of facial expressions of emotion. Psychological Bulletin, 29, 324–350.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kenny, D. A. (1994). Interpersonal perception: A social relations analysis. New York: Guilford.Google ScholarPubMed
Kenny, D. A. (2002, January 24). Nine basic questions [website]. Retrieved from http://davidakenny.net/ip/laing.htmGoogle Scholar
Kenny, D. A. (2004). PERSON: A general model of interpersonal perception. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 8, 265–280.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kenny, D. A., & LaVoie, L. (1984). The social relations model. In Berkowitz, L. (Ed.), Advances in experimental social psychology (pp. 142–182). Orlando, FL: Academic Press.Google Scholar
Kleiman, S., & Rule, N. O. (2013). Detecting suicidality from facial appearance. Social Psychological and Personality Science, 4, 453–460.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Klein, K. J. K., & Hodges, S. (2001). Gender differences, motivation, and empathic accuracy: When it pays to understand. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 27, 720–730.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Letzring, T. D. (2008). The good judge of personality: Characteristics, behaviors, and observer accuracy. Journal of Research in Personality, 42, 914–932.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Letzring, T. D., Wells, S. M., & Funder, D. C. (2006). Quantity and quality of available information affect the realistic accuracy of personality judgment. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 91, 111–123.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lick, D. J., & Johnson, K. L. (2013). Fluency of visual processing explains prejudiced evaluations following categorization of concealable identities. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 49, 419–425.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lick, D. J., Johnson, K. L., & Rule, N. O. (2015). Disfluent processing of nonverbal cues helps to explain anti-bisexual prejudice. Journal of Nonverbal Behavior. Advance online publication.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lieberman, D. (2007, April 30). CEO Forum: Microsoft’s Ballmer having a “great time.” USA Today. Retrieved from http://usatoday30.usatoday.com/money/companies/management/2007-04-29-ballmer-ceo-forum-usat_N.htmGoogle Scholar
Lippa, R. A., & Dietz, J. K. (2000). The relation of gender, personality, and intelligence to judges’ accuracy in judging strangers’ personality from brief video segments. Journal of Nonverbal Behavior, 24, 25–43.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Livingston, S. A. (1981). Nonverbal communication tests as predictors of success in psychology and counseling. Applied Psychological Measurement, 5, 325–331.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lundqvist, D., & Öhman, A. (2005). Caught by the evil eye: Nonconscious information processing, emotion, and attention to facial stimuli. In Barrett, L. F., Niedenthal, P. M., & Winkielman, P. (Eds.), Emotion and consciousness (pp. 97–122). New York: Guilford Press.Google Scholar
Matsumoto, D., LeRoux, J., Wilson-Cohn, C., Raroque, J., Kooken, K., Ekman, P., … Goh, A. (2000). A new test to measure emotion recognition ability: Matsumoto and Ekman’s Japanese and Caucasian Brief Affect Recognition Test (JACBART). Journal of Nonverbal Behavior, 24, 179–209.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McArthur, L. Z., & Baron, R. M. (1983). Toward an ecological theory of social perception. Psychological Review, 90, 215–238.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Meyvis, T., Ratner, R. K., & Levav, J. M. (2010). Why don’t we learn to accurately forecast feelings? How misremembering our predictions blinds us to forecasting errors. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 139, 579–589.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Murphy, N. A. (2007). Appearing smart: The impression management of intelligence, person perception accuracy, and behavior in social interaction. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 33, 325–339.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Murphy, N. A. (2012). Nonverbal perception. In Fiske, S. T. & Macrae, C. N. (Eds.), Handbook of social cognition (pp. 196–215). London: Sage.Google Scholar
Murphy, N. A., & Hall, J. A. (2011). Intelligence and interpersonal sensitivity: A meta-analysis. Intelligence, 39, 54–63.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Murphy, N. A., Hall, J. A., & Colvin, C. R. (2003). Accurate intelligence assessments in social interactions: Mediators and gender effects. Journal of Personality, 71, 465–493.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Murphy, N. A., Lehrfeld, J. M., & Isaacowitz, D. M. (2010). Recognition of posed and spontaneous dynamic smiles in young and older adults. Psychology and Aging, 25, 811–821.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Noller, P. (2006). Nonverbal communication in close relationships. In Manusov, V. & Patterson, M. L. (Eds.), The Sage handbook of nonverbal communication (pp. 403–420). Thousand Oaks: Sage Publications, Inc.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nowicki, S. Jr., & Carton, J. (1993). The measurement of emotional intensity from facial expressions: The DANVA FACES 2. Journal of Social Psychology, 133, 749–751.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nowicki, S., & Duke, M. P. (1994). Individual differences in the nonverbal communication of affect: the Diagnostic Analysis of Nonverbal Accuracy scale. Journal of Nonverbal Behavior, 18, 9–34.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nowicki, S., & Duke, M. P. (2001). Nonverbal receptivity: The Diagnostic Analysis of Nonverbal Accuracy (DANVA). In Hall, J. A. & Bernieri, F. J. (Eds.) Interpersonal sensitivity: Theory and measurement (pp. 183–198). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.Google Scholar
Nowicki, S. J., & Mitchell, J. (1998). Accuracy in identifying affect in child and adult faces and voices and social competence in preschool children. Genetic, Social, and General Psychology Monographs, 124, 39–59.Google ScholarPubMed
Otani, K., Suzuki, A., Shibuya, N., Matsumoto, Y., & Kamata, M. (2009). Dysfunctional parenting styles increase interpersonal sensitivity in healthy subjects. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 197, 938–941.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Patterson, M. L. (1995). A parallel process model of nonverbal communication. Journal of Nonverbal Behavior, 19, 3–29.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Patterson, M. L., & Stockbridge, E. (1998). Effects of cognitive demand and judgment strategy on person perception accuracy. Journal of Nonverbal Behavior, 22, 253–263.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Phillips, L. H., Channon, S., Tunstall, M., Hedenstrom, A., & Lyons, K. (2008). The role of working memory in decoding emotions. Emotion, 8, 184–191.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Puccinelli, N. M., Andrzejewski, S. A., Markos, E., Noga, T., & Motyka, S. (2013). The value of knowing what customers really want: The impact of salesperson ability to read affect on service quality. Journal of Marketing Management, 29, 356–373.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rosenthal, R., Baratz, S. S., & Hall, C. M. (1974). Teacher behavior, teacher expectations, and gains in pupils’ rated creativity. The Journal of Genetic Psychology: Research and Theory on Human Development, 124, 115–121.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rosenthal, R., Hall, J. A., DiMatteo, M. R., Rogers, P. L., & Archer, D. (1979). Sensitivity to nonverbal communication: The PONS test. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press.Google Scholar
Rosenthal, R., & Jacobson, L. (1968). Pygmalion in the classroom: Teacher expectation and pupils’ intellectual development. New York: Holt, Rinehart & Winston.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rosenthal, R., & Rubin, D. B. (1982). A simple, general purpose display of magnitude of experimental effect. Journal of Educational Psychology, 74, 166–169.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rosenthal, R., & Rubin, D. B. (1989). Effect size estimation for one-sample multiple-choice-type data: Design, analysis, and meta-analysis. Psychological Bulletin, 106, 332–337.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ross, L. (1977). The intuitive psychologist and his shortcomings: Distortions in the attribution process. In Berkowitz, L. (Ed.), Advances in experimental social psychology (Vol. 10, pp. 173–220). New York: Academic Press.Google Scholar
Rule, N. O., & Ambady, N. (2008). Brief exposures: Male sexual orientation is accurately perceived at 50 ms. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 44, 1100–1105.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Samochowiec, J., Wanke, M., & Fiedler, K. (2010) Political ideology at face value. Psychological and Personality Science, 1, 206–213.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schaller, M. (2008). Evolutionary bases of first impressions. In Ambady, N. & Skowronski, J. J. (Eds.), First impressions (pp. 15–34). New York: Guilford Publications.Google Scholar
Scherer, K. R., & Scherer, U. (2011). Assessing the ability to recognize facial and vocal expressions of emotion: Construction and validation of the Emotion Recognition Index (ERI). Journal of Nonverbal Behavior, 35, 305–326.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schlegel, K., Grandjean, D., & Scherer, K. R. (2014). Introducing the Geneva Emotion Recognition Test: An example of Rasch-based test development. Psychological Assessment, 26, 666–672.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Schmid Mast, M., & Hall, J. A. (2006). Women’s advantage at remembering others’ appearance: A systematic look at the why and when of a gender difference. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 32, 353–364.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schmid Mast, M., Hall, J. A., Murphy, N. A., & Colvin, C. R. (2003). Judging assertiveness. Facta Universitatis, 2, 731–744.Google Scholar
Snodgrass, S. E. (2001). Correlational method for assessing interpersonal sensitivity within dyadic interaction. In Hall, J. A. & Bernieri, F. J. (Eds.), Interpersonal sensitivity: Theory and measurement (pp. 201–218). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.Google Scholar
Snodgrass, S. E., Hecht, M. A., & Ploutz-Snyder, R. (1998). Interpersonal sensitivity: Expressivity or perceptivity? Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 74, 238–249.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Suveg, C., Jacob, M. L., & Payne, M. (2010). Parental interpersonal sensitivity and youth social problems: A mediational role for child emotion dysregulation. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 19, 677–686.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Todorov, A., & Mende-Siedlecki, P. (2014). The cognitive and neural basis of impression formation. In Ochsner, K. N. & Kosslyn, S. M. (Eds.), The Oxford handbook of cognitive neuroscience, Vol. 2: The cutting edges (pp. 188–203). New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Tracy, J. L., & Robins, R. W. (2008a). The automaticity of emotion recognition. Emotion, 8, 81–95.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Tracy, J. L., & Robins, R. W. (2008b). The nonverbal expression of pride: Evidence for cross-cultural recognition. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 94, 516–530.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Vazire, S. (2010). Who knows what about a person? The self-other knowledge asymmetry (SOKA) model. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 98, 281–300.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wallbott, H. G., & Scherer, K. R. (1986). Cues and channels in emotion recognition. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 51, 690–699.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wehrle, T., Kaiser, S., Schmidt, S. & Scherer, K. R. (2000). Studying the dynamics of emotional expression using synthesized facial muscle movements. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 78, 105–119.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wilson, T. D., & Gilbert, D. T. (2003). Affective forecasting. Advances in Experimental Social Psychology, 35, 345–411.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Winkielman, P., Niedenthal, P., Wielgosz, J., Eelen, J., & Kavanagh, L. C. (2015). Embodiment of cognition and emotion. In Mikulincer, M., Shaver, P. R., Borgida, E., & Bargh, J. A. (Eds.), APA handbook of personality and social psychology, Volume 1: Attitudes and social cognition (pp. 151–175). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.Google Scholar
Zebrowitz, L.A. (2001). Groping for the elephant of interpersonal sensitivity. In Hall, J. A. & Bernieri, F. J. (Eds.), Interpersonal sensitivity: Theory and measurement (pp. 333–350). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.Google Scholar
Zebrowitz, L. A., & Collins, M. A. (1997). Accurate social perception at zero acquaintance: The affordances of a Gibsonian approach. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 1, 204−223.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Save book to Kindle

To save this book to your Kindle, first ensure [email protected] is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

Available formats
×

Save book to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

Available formats
×

Save book to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

Available formats
×