Skip to main content Accessibility help

We use cookies to distinguish you from other users and to provide you with a better experience on our websites. Close this message to accept cookies or find out how to manage your cookie settings.

Close cookie message
×
Hostname: page-component-6bf8c574d5-r4mrb Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2025-03-09T15:19:35.791Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

5 - Accuracy of judging personality

from Part I - Domains of accurate interpersonal perception

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  05 April 2016

By
Mitja D. Back  and
Steffen Nestler
Edited by
Judith A. Hall ,
Marianne Schmid Mast  and
Tessa V. West
Judith A. Hall
Affiliation:
Northeastern University, Boston
Marianne Schmid Mast
Affiliation:
Université de Lausanne, Switzerland
Tessa V. West
Affiliation:
New York University
Get access

Summary

Abstract

Judging other people’s personality is a widespread social phenomenon early on in the acquaintance process. The accuracy of these interpersonal impressions colors the way we select, shape, and maintain our social environments. In this chapter, we give an overview of the state of the art in research on the accuracy of personality judgments. First, we describe and discuss existing methodological alternatives (variable- vs. person-centered approaches, choice of accuracy criteria, individual vs. aggregated perceiver approaches). Second, we tackle the question of how well humans can judge the personality of unknown others, summarizing the wealth of existing studies across a large variety of contexts. Third, following a lens model approach, we discuss the cue-expression and cue-perception processes that mediate the amount of judgmental accuracy and summarize initial empirical process insight. Fourth, based on a process understanding we describe domains of moderators that influence how well perceivers can judge others’ personalities (e.g., good trait, good judge, good target, good information). Finally, we highlight a set of issues we deem as important challenges for future research on the accuracy of personality judgments.

Type
Chapter
Information
The Social Psychology of Perceiving Others Accurately , pp. 98 - 124
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2016

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Adams, H. F. (1927). The good judge of personality. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 22, 172–181.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Albright, L., Kenny, D. A., & Malloy, T. E. (1988). Consensus in personality judgments at zero acquaintance. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 55, 387–395.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Allport, G. W. (1937). Personality: A psychological interpretation. New York, NY: Holt, Reinhart & Winston.Google Scholar
Ambady, N., Bernieri, F. J., & Richeson, J. A. (2000). Toward a histology of social behavior: Judgmental accuracy from thin slices of the behavioral stream. Advances in Experimental Social Psychology, 32, 201–271.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ambady, N., Hallahan, M., & Rosenthal, R. (1995). On judging and being judged accurately in zero acquaintance situations. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 69, 518–529.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ames, D. R., & Bianchi, E. C. (2008). The agreeableness asymmetry in first impressions: Perceivers’ impulse to (mis)judge agreeableness and how it is moderated by power. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 34, 1719–1736.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Back, M. D., Baumert, A., Denissen, J. J. A., Hartung, F.-M., Penke, L., Schmukle, S. C., Schönbrodt, F. D., Schröder-Abé, M., Vollmann, M., Wagner, J., & Wrzus, C. (2011). PERSOC: A unified framework for understanding the dynamic interplay of personality and social relationships. European Journal of Personality, 25, 90–107.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Back, M. D., Schmukle, S. C., & Egloff, B. (2008). How extraverted is inferring personality traits from email addresses. Journal of Research in Personality, 42, 1116–1122.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Back, M. D., Schmukle, S. C., & Egloff, B. (2011). A closer look at first sight: Social relations lens model analyses of personality and interpersonal attraction at zero acquaintance. European Journal of Personality, 25, 225–238.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Back, M. D., Stopfer, J. M., Vazire, S., Gaddis, S., Schmukle, S. C., Egloff, B., & Gosling, S. D. (2010). Facebook profiles reflect actual personality, not self-idealization. Psychological Science, 21, 372–374.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Back, M. D., & Vazire, S. (2012). Knowing our personality. In Vazire, S. & Wilson, T. D. (Eds.) Handbook of self knowledge (pp. 131–156). New York: GuilfordGoogle Scholar
Back, M. D., & Vazire, S. (2015). The social consequences of personality: Six suggestions for future research. European Journal of Personality, 29, 296–307.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Beer, A., & Brooks, C. (2011). Information quality in personality judgment: The value of personal disclosure. Journal of Research in Personality, 45, 175–185.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Beer, A., & Watson, D. (2008). Personality judgment at zero acquaintance: Agreement, assumed similarity, and implicit simplicity. Journal of Personality Assessment, 90, 250–260.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Beer, A., & Watson, D. (2010). The effects of information and exposure on self-other agreement. Journal of Research in Personality, 44, 38–45.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bernieri, F. J., Zuckerman, M., Koestner, R., & Rosenthal, R. (1994). Measuring person perception accuracy: Another look at self-other agreement. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 20, 367–378.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Berry, D. S. (1990). Taking people at face value: Evidence for a kernel of truth hypothesis. Social Cognition, 8, 343–361.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Biel, J., & Gatica-Perez, D. (2013). The YouTube lens: Crowdsourced personality impressions and audiovisual analysis of vlogs. Multimedia, IEEE Transactions on, 15, 41–55.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Biesanz, J. C. (2010). The social accuracy model of interpersonal perception: Assessing individual differences in perceptive and expressive accuracy. Multivariate Behavioral Research, 45, 853–885.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Biesanz, J. C., West, S. G., & Millevoi, A. (2007). What do you learn about someone over time? The relationship between length of acquaintance and consensus and self-other agreement in judgments of personality. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 92, 119–135.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Blackman, M. C. (2002). The employment interview via the telephone: Are we sacrificing accurate personality judgments for cost efficiency? Journal of Research in Personality, 36, 208–223.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Blackman, M. C., & Funder, D. C. (1998). The effect of information on consensus and accuracy in personality judgment. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 34, 164–181.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bodenhausen, G. V., & Macrae, C. N. (1998). Stereotype activation and inhibition. In Wyer, R. S. Jr. (Ed.), Advances in social cognition (Vol. 11, pp. 1–52). Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.Google Scholar
Borkenau, P., Brecke, S., Möttig, C., & Paelecke, M. (2009). Extraversion is accurately perceived after a 50-ms exposure to a face. Journal of Research in Personality, 43, 703–706.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Borkenau, P., & Liebler, A. (1992). Trait inferences: Sources of validity at zero acquaintance. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 62, 645–657.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Borkenau, P., & Liebler, A. (1993). Consensus and self-other agreement for trait inferences from minimal information. Journal of Personality, 61, 477–496.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Borkenau, P., & Liebler, A. (1995). Observable attributes as cues and manifestations of personality and intelligence. Journal of Personality, 63, 1–25.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Borkenau, P., Mauer, N., Riemann, R., Spinath, F. M., & Angleitner, A. (2004). Thin slices of behavior as cues of personality and intelligence. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 86, 599–614.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Brunswik, E. (1956). Perception and the representative design of psychological experiments (2nd ed.). Berkeley: University of California Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Buffardi, L. E., & Campbell, W. K. (2008). Narcissism and social networking web sites. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 34, 1303–1314.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Carney, D. R., Colvin, C. R., & Hall, J. A. (2007). A thin slice perspective on the accuracy of first impressions. Journal of Research in Personality, 41, 1054–1072.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cattell, R. B. (1946). The description and measurement of personality. New York, NY: World Book.Google Scholar
Chan, M., Rogers, K. H., Parisotto, K. L., & Biesanz, J. C. (2011). Forming first impressions: The role of gender and normative accuracy in personality perception. Journal of Research in Personality, 45, 117–120.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Christiansen, N. D., Wolcott-Burnam, S., Janovics, J. E., Burns, G. N., & Quirk, S. W. (2005). The good judge revisited: Individual differences in the accuracy of personality judgments. Human Performance, 18, 123–149.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Colvin, C. R. (1993). “Judgable” people: Personality, behavior, and competing explanations. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 64, 861–873.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Connelly, B. S., & Ones, D. S. (2010). An other perspective on personality: Meta-analytic integration of observers’ accuracy and predictive validity. Psychological Bulletin, 136, 1092–1122.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Connolly, J. J., Kavanagh, E. J., & Viswesvaran, C. (2007). The convergent validity between self and observer ratings of personality: A metaanalytic review. International Journal of Selection and Assessment, 15, 110–117.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cronbach, L. J. (1955). Processes affecting scores on understanding of others and assumed similarity. Psychological Bulletin, 52, 177–193.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Davis, M. H., & Kraus, L. A. (1997). Personality and empathic accuracy. In Ickes, W. (Ed.), Empathic accuracy (pp. 144–168). New York: Guilford.Google Scholar
Estes, S. G. (1938). Judging personality from expressive behavior. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 33, 217–236.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fiske, S. T., & Taylor, S. E., (1991). Social cognition. (2nd ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill.Google Scholar
Funder, D. C. (1999). Personality judgment: A realistic approach to person perception. San Diego, CA: Academic Press.Google Scholar
Funder, D. C. (2012). Accurate personality judgment. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 21, 177–182.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Funder, D. C., & Colvin, C. R. (1988). Friends and strangers: Acquaintanceship, agreement, and the accuracy of personality judgment. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 55, 149–158.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Funder, D. C., & Dobroth, K. M. (1987). Differences between traits: Properties associated with interjudge agreement. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 52, 409–418.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Funder, D. C., & Sneed, C. D. (1993). Behavioral manifestations of personality: An ecological approach to judgmental accuracy. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 64, 479–490.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Furr, M. R. (2008). A framework for profile similarity: Integrating similarity, normativeness, and distinctiveness. Journal of Personality, 76, 1267–1316.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gangestad, S. W., Simpson, J. A., DiGeronimo, K., & Biek, M. (1992). Differential accuracy in person perception across traits: Examination of a functional hypothesis. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 62, 688–698.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gifford, R. (1994). A lens-mapping framework for understanding the encoding and decoding of interpersonal dispositions in nonverbal behaviors. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 66, 398–412.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gill, M. J., & Swann, W.B. Jr. (2004) On what it means to know someone: A matter of pragmatics. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 86, 405–418.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gilovich, T. (1991). How we know what isn’t so: The fallibility of human reason in everyday life. New York: The Free Press.Google Scholar
Gosling, S. D., Ko, S. J., Mannarelli, T., & Morris, M. E. (2002). A room with a cue: Personality judgments based on offices and bedrooms. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 82, 379–398.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hall, J. A., Andrzejewski, S. A., Murphy, N. A., Schmid Mast, M., & Feinstein, B. (2008). Accuracy of judging others’ traits and states: Comparing mean levels across tests. Journal of Research in Personality, 42, 1476–1489.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hall, J. A., Andrzejewski, S. A., & Yopchick, J. E. (2009). Psychosocial correlates of interpersonal sensitivity: A meta-analysis. Journal of Nonverbal Behavior, 33, 149–180.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hall, J. A., & Bernieri, F. (Eds.). (2001). Interpersonal sensitivity: Theory and measurement. Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hall, J. A., Bernieri, F. J., & Carney, D. R. (2005). Nonverbal behavior and interpersonal sensitivity. In Harrigan, J. A., Rosenthal, R., & Scherer, K. R. (Eds.), The new handbook of methods in nonverbal behavior research (pp. 237–281). Oxford: Oxford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hammond, K. R. (1996). Human judgment and social policy: Irreducible uncertainty, inevitable error, unavoidable injustice. Oxford, England: Oxford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Harris, M. J., & Garris, C. P. (2008). You never get a second chance to make a first impression: Behavioral consequences of first impressions. In Ambady, N. & Skowronski, J. J. (Eds.), First impressions (pp. 147–168). New York: Guilford Press.Google Scholar
Hartung, F.-M., & Renner, B. (2011). Social curiosity and interpersonal perception: A judge x trait interaction. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 37, 796–814.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Haselton, M. G., & Funder, D. C. (2006). The evolution of accuracy and bias in social judgment. In Schaller, M., Kenrick, D. T., & Simpson, J. A. (Eds.), Evolution and social psychology (pp. 15–37). New York: Psychology Press.Google Scholar
Hirschmüller, S., Egloff, B., Nestler, S., Back, M. D. (2013). The dual lens model: A comprehensive framework for understanding self-other agreement of personalty judgments at zero acquaintance. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 104, 335–353.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hirschmüller, S., Egloff, B., Schmukle, S. C., Nestler, S., & Back, M. D. (2015). Accurate judgments of neuroticism at zero acquaintance: A question of relevance. Journal of Personality, 83, 221–228.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Holleran, S. E., & Mehl, M. R. (2008). Let me read your mind: Personality judgments based on a person’s natural stream of thought. Journal of Research in Personality, 42, 747–754.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Holleran, S. E., Mehl, M. R., & Levitt, S. (2009). Eavesdropping on social life: The accuracy of stranger ratings of daily behavior from thin slices of natural conversations. Journal of Research in Personality, 43, 660–672.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Human, L. J., & Biesanz, J. C. (2011a). Target adjustment and self-other agreement: Utilizing trait observability to disentangle judgeability and self-knowledge. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 101, 202–216.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Human, L. J., & Biesanz, J. C. (2011b). Through the looking glass clearly: Accuracy and assumed similarity in well-adjusted individuals’ first impressions. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 100, 349–364.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Human, L. J., & Biesanz, J. C. (2013). Targeting the good target: An integrative review of the characteristics and consequences of being accurately perceived. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 17, 248–272.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Human, L. J., Biesanz, J. C., Finseth, S., Pierce, B, & Le, M. (2014). To thine own self be true: Psychological adjustment promotes judgeability via personality-behavior congruence. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 106, 286–303.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Human, L. J., Biesanz, J. C., Parisotto, K. L., & Dunn, E. W. (2012). Your best self helps reveal your true self: Positive self-presentation results in more accurate personality impressions. Social Psychology and Personality Science, 3, 23–30.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Human, L. J., Sandstrom, G. M., Biesanz, J. C., & Dunn, E. W. (2013). Accurate first impressions leave a lasting impression: The long-term effects of accuracy on relationship development. Social Psychological and Personality Science, 4, 395–402.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hursch, C. J., Hammond, K. R., & Hursch, J. L. (1964). Some methodological considerations in multiple-probability studies. Psychological Review, 71, 42–60.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
John, O. P., Naumann, L. P., & Soto, C. J. (2008). Paradigm shift to the integrative Big Five trait taxonomy: History, measurement, and conceptual issues. In John, O. P., Robins, R. W., & Pervin, L. A. (Eds.), Handbook of personality: Theory and research (3rd ed., pp. 114–158). New York: Guilford Press.Google Scholar
John, O. P., & Robins, R. W. (1993). Determinants of interjudge agreement on personality traits: The Big Five domains, observability, evaluativeness, and the unique perspective of the self. Journal of Personality, 61, 521–551.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Jones, E. E. (1990). Interpersonal perception. New York: W. H. Freeman and Company.Google Scholar
Judd, C. M, & Park, B. (1993). Definition and assessment of accuracy in social stereotypes. Psychological Review, 100, 109–128.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Jussim, L. (2012). Social perception and social reality: Why accuracy dominates bias and self-fulfilling prophecy. New York: Oxford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jussim, L., Cain, T., Crawford, J., Harber, K., & Cohen, F. (2009). The unbearable accuracy of stereotypes. In Nelson, T. (Ed.), Handbook of prejudice, stereotyping, and discrimination (pp. 199–227). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.Google Scholar
Karelaia, N., & Hogarth, R. M. (2008). Determinants of linear judgment: A meta-analysis of lens model studies. Psychological Bulletin, 134, 404–426.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kenny, D.A. (1991). A general model of consensus and accuracy in interpersonal perception. Psychological Review, 98, 155–163.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kenny, D. A. (1994). Interpersonal perception. New York: Guilford.Google ScholarPubMed
Kenny, D. A., Albright, L., Malloy, T. E., & Kashy, D. A. (1994). Consensus in interpersonal perception: Acquaintance and the Big Five. Psychological Bulletin, 116, 245–258.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kenny, D. A., Horner, C., Kashy, D. A., & Chu, L. (1992). Consensus at zero acquaintance: Replication, behavioral cues, and stability. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 62, 88–97.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kenny, D. A., & West, T. V. (2008). Zero acquaintance: Definitions, statistical model, findings, and process. In Ambady, N. & Skowronski, J. J. (Eds.), First impressions (pp. 129–146). New York: Guilford Press.Google Scholar
Kenny, D. A., & West, T. V. (2010). Similarity and agreement in self- and other perception: A meta-analysis. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 14, 196–213.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kenny, D. A., West, T. V., Cillessen, A. H. N., Coie, J. D., Dodge, K. A., Hubbard, J. A., & Schwartz, D. (2007). Accuracy in judgments of aggressiveness. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 33, 1225–1236.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kilianski, S. E. (2008). Who do you think I think I am? Accuracy in perceptions of others’ self-esteem. Journal of Research in Personality, 42, 386–398.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Küfner, A. C. P., Back, M. D., Nestler, S., & Egloff, B. (2010). Tell me a story and I will tell you who you are! Lens model analyses of personality and creative writing. Journal of Research in Personality, 44, 427–435.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kurtz, J. E., & Sherker, J. L. (2003). Relationship quality, trait similarity, and self-other agreement on personality ratings in college roommates. Journal of Personality, 71, 21–48.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Leising, D., Erbs, J., & Fritz, U. (2010). The letter of recommendation effect in informant ratings of personality. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 98, 668–682.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Letzring, T. D. (2008). The good judge of personality: Characteristics, behaviors, and observer accuracy. Journal of Research in Personality, 42, 914–932.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Letzring, T. D., & Hall, J. A. (2012). Accuracy of judging personality traits and affective states: A combined judgment model. Unpublished manuscript.Google Scholar
Letzring, T. D., & Human, L. J. (2013). An examination of information quality as a moderator of accurate personality judgment: Information about thoughts and feelings and behaviors increases distinctive accuracy. Journal of Personality, 82, 440–451.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Letzring, T. D., Wells, S. M., & Funder, D. C. (2006). Quantity and quality of available information affect the realistic accuracy of personality judgment. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 91, 111–123.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Levesque, M. J., & Kenny, D. A. (1993). Accuracy of behavioral predictions at zero acquaintance: A social relations analysis. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 65, 1178–1187.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lippa, R. A., & Dietz, J. K. (2000). The relation of gender, personality, and intelligence to judges’ accuracy in judging strangers’ personality from brief video segments. Journal of Nonverbal Behavior, 24, 25–43.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Murphy, N. A. (2007). Appearing smart: The impression management of intelligence, person perception accuracy, and behavior in social interaction. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 33, 325–339.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Murphy, N. A., Hall, J. A., & Colvin, C. R. (2003). Accurate intelligence assessments in social interaction: Mediators and gender effects. Journal of Personality, 71, 465–493.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Murphy, N. A., Hall, J. A., Schmid Mast, M., Ruben, M. A., Frauendorfer, D., Blanch-Hartigan, D., Roter, D. L., & Nguyen, L. (2015). Reliability and validity of nonverbal thin slices in social interactions. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 41, 199–213.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Naumann, L. P., Vazire, S., Rentfrow, P. J., & Gosling, S. D. (2009). Personality judgments based on physical appearance. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 35, 1661–1671.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Nestler, S., & Back, M.D. (2013). Applications and extensions of the lens model to understand interpersonal judgments at zero acquaintance. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 22, 374–379.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nestler, S., & Back, M.D. (in press). Using cross-classified structural equation models to examine the accuracy of personality judgments. Psychometrika.Google Scholar
Nestler, S., Egloff, B., Küfner, A. C. P., & Back, M. D. (2012). An integrative lens model approach to bias and accuracy in human inferences: Hindsight effects and knowledge updating in personality judgments. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 103, 698–717.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Nisbett, R. E., & Ross, L. (1980). Human inference: Strategies and shortcomings of social judgment. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.Google Scholar
Norman, W. T., & Goldberg, L. R. (1966). Raters, ratees, and randomness in personality structure. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 4, 681–691.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Paulhus, D. L., & Bruce, M. N. (1992). The effect of acquaintanceship on the validity of personality impressions: a longitudinal study. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 63, 816–824.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Paunonen, S. V., & Kam, C. (2014). The accuracy of roommate ratings of behaviors versus beliefs. Journal of Research in Personality, 52, 55–67.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Qiu, L., Lin, H., Ramsay, J., & Yang, F. (2012). You are what you tweet: Personality expression and perception on Twitter. Journal of Research in Personality, 46, 710–718.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rentfrow, P. J., & Gosling, S. D. (2006). Message in a ballad: The role of music preferences in interpersonal perception. Psychological Science, 17, 236–242.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Reynolds, D. J. Jr., & Gifford, R. (2001). The sounds and sights of intelligence: A lens model channel analysis. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 27, 187–200.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rosenthal, R., & Rubin, D. B. (1989). Effect size estimation for one-sample multiple-choice-type data: Design, analysis, and meta-analysis. Psychological Bulletin, 106, 332–337.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stern, W. (1911). Die differentielle Psychologie in ihren methodischen Grundlagen. Leipzig: Barth (Reprint 1994, Bern: Huber).Google Scholar
Stopfer, J. M., Egloff, B., Nestler, S., & Back, M. D. (2014). Personality expression and impression formation in online social networks: An integrative approach to understanding the processes of accuracy, impression management, and meta-accuracy. European Journal of Personality, 28, 73–94.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Swann, W. B. Jr. (1984). Quest for accuracy in person perception: A matter of pragmatics. Psychological Review, 91, 457–477.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Taft, R. (1955). The ability to judge people. Psychological Bulletin, 52, 1–23.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Tskhay, K. O., & Rule, N. O. (2014). Perceptions of personality in text-based media and OSN: A meta-analysis. Journal of Research in Personality, 49, 25–30.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tucker, L. R. (1964). A suggested alternative formulation in the developments by Hursch, Hammond, and Hursch and by Hammond, Hursch, and Todd. Psychological Review, 71, 528–530.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Vazire, S. (2010). Who knows what about a person? The self–other knowledge asymmetry (SOKA) model. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 98, 281–300.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Vazire, S., & Gosling, S. D. (2004). E-perceptions: Personality impressions based on personal websites. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 87, 123–132.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Vernon, P. E. (1933). Some characteristics of the good judge of personality. Journal of Social Psychology, 4, 42–57.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Vogt, D. S., & Colvin, R. C. (2003). Interpersonal orientation and the accuracy of personality judgments. Journal of Personality, 71, 267–295.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wall, H. J., Taylor, P. J., Dixon, J. A., Conchie, S. M., & Ellis, D. A. (2013). Rich contexts do not always enrich the accuracy of personality judgements. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 49, 1190–1195.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Watson, D. (1989). Strangers’ ratings of the five robust personality factors: Evidence of a surprising convergence with self-report. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 57, 120–128.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Willis, J., & Todorov, A. (2006). First impressions: Making up your mind after a 100-ms exposure to a face. Psychological Science, 17, 592–598.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Zebrowitz, L. A., Hall, J. A., Murphy, N. A., & Rhodes, G. (2002). Looking smart and looking good: Facial cues to intelligence and their origins. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 28, 238–249.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zebrowitz, L. A., Voinescu, L., & Collins, M. A. (1996). “Wide eyed” and “crooked-faced”: Determinants of perceived and real honesty across the life span. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 22, 1258–1269.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Save book to Kindle

To save this book to your Kindle, first ensure [email protected] is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

Available formats
×

Save book to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

Available formats
×

Save book to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

Available formats
×