Skip to main content Accessibility help
×
Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-j824f Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-06T17:21:10.016Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Chapter 10 - Exclusion from Material Resources

from Section 2 - Participation of People with Mental Health Conditions

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  24 November 2022

Jed Boardman
Affiliation:
King's College London
Helen Killaspy
Affiliation:
University College London
Gillian Mezey
Affiliation:
St George's Hospital Medical School, University of London
Get access

Summary

This chapter outlines the levels of poverty, debt, and financial hardship in people with mental health conditions, the social security system, and living conditions, including neighbourhood deprivation, housing, and transport. People with mental health conditions are more likely to be excluded from material resources than others in society. They are over-represented in low-income group, those living in poor housing, and deprived environments. They are likely to be in debt or have other financial difficulties and to be receiving inadequate amounts of state benefits. The severity of the condition and its longevity exacerbates the degree of exclusion. There appears to be a two-way relationship between mental ill-health and material deprivation: social and environmental aspects of material exclusion play a role in the cause of mental ill-health and mental ill-health leads to material exclusion. Poverty mediates the relationship between mental health conditions and the many other social problems that people face, as well as impeding their ability to cope with their mental health difficulties. People’s responses to poor conditions are universal and, for those with mental health conditions, may be more appropriately seen as a consequence of their impoverished circumstances rather than due to their mental health conditions.

Type
Chapter
Information
Social Inclusion and Mental Health
Understanding Poverty, Inequality and Social Exclusion
, pp. 194 - 226
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2022

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Age Concern (2021) Ethnicity and financial disadvantage in later life. Briefing Paper. www.ageuk.org.uk/discover/2021/october/poverty-and-low-income-among-black-older-people/.Google Scholar
Araya, R., Dunstan, F., Playle, R., et al. (2006) Perceptions of social capital and the built environment and mental health. Soc Sci Med 6, 62, 3072–83.Google Scholar
Arthurson, K., Worland, P., & Cameron, H. (2007) A Place to Call My Own: Identifying Best Practice in Housing and Mental Health. State of Australian Cities Conference, Adelaide. http://soac.fbe.unsw.edu.au/2007/SOAC/aplacetocallmyown.pdf.Google Scholar
Attah, R., Barca, V., Kardan, A., et al. (2016) Can social protection affect psychosocial wellbeing and why does this matter? Lessons from cash transfers in Sub-Saharan Africa. The Journal of Development Studies 52, 8, 1115–31. https://doi.org/10.1080/00220388.2015.1134777.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Barr, B., Taylor-Robinson, D., Stuckler, D., et al. (2015) ‘First, do no harm’: Are disability assessments associated with adverse trends in mental health? A longitudinal ecological study. J Epidemiol Community Health 70, 339–45. https://doi.org/10.1136/jech-2015-206209.Google Scholar
Baumberg, B. (2016) The stigma of claiming benefits: A quantitative study. Jnl Soc. Pol. 45, 2, 181–99.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Baumberg., B. (2017) Benefits conditionality for disabled people: Stylized facts from a review of international evidence and practice. Journal of Poverty and Social Justice, 25, 2, 107–28.Google Scholar
Baumberg, B. (2018) A Better WCA Is Possible. Demos.Google Scholar
Benbow, S., Rudnick, A., Forchuk, C., & Edwards, B. (2014) Using a capabilities approach to understand poverty and social exclusion of psychiatric survivors. Disability & Society, 29, 7, 1046–60. https://doi.org/10.1080/09687599.2014.902359.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bengtsson-Tops, A. & Hansson, L. (1999) Subjective quality of life in schizophrenic patients living in the community. Relationship to clinical and social characteristics. European Psychiatry, 14, 256–63.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bhugra, D., Castaldelli-Maia, J. M., Torales, J., & Ventriglio, A. (2019) Megacities, migration, and mental health. Lancet Psychiatry 6, 884–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S2215-0366(19)30294–9.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bird, L. (2001) Poverty, social exclusion and mental health: A survey of people’s personal experiences. A Life in the Day, 5, 3, 48.Google Scholar
Blenkiron, P. & Hammill, C. A. (2003) What determines patients’ satisfaction with their mental health care and quality of life? Postgraduate Medical Journal, 79, 337–40.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Boardman, J. (2020) Dismantling the social safety net: Social security reforms, disability and mental health conditions. BJPsych Bulletin 44, 208–12. https://doi.org/10.1192/bjb.2020.79.Google Scholar
Boardman, A. P., Hodgson, R. E., Lewis, M., et al. (1997) Social indicators and the prediction of psychiatric admission in different diagnostic groups. British Journal of Psychiatry, 171, 457–62.Google Scholar
Bond, L., Kearns, A., Mason, P., et al. (2012) Exploring the relationships between housing, neighbourhoods and mental wellbeing for residents of deprived areas. BMC Public Health 12, 48.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bond, N. & D’Arcy, C. (2020a) Mind the Income Gap: How Work and Social Security Shape the Incomes of People with Mental Health Problems. Money and Mental Health Policy Institute.Google Scholar
Bond, N. & D’Arcy, C. (2020b) Income in Crisis: How the Pandemic Has Affected the Living Standards of People with Mental Health Problems. Money and Mental Health Policy Institute.Google Scholar
Bond, N. & D’Arcy, C. (2021) The State We’re In: Money and Mental Health in a Time of Crisis. Money and Mental Health Policy Institute.Google Scholar
Bond, N. & Holkar, M. (2018) A Silent Killer: Breaking the Link between Financial Difficulty and Suicide. Money and Mental Health Policy Institute.Google Scholar
Boydell, J., van Os, J., McKenzie, K., & Murray, R. M. (2004) The association of inequality with the incidence of schizophrenia. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol 39, 8, 597–9. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00127-004-0789–6.Google Scholar
Braverman, R., Holkar, M., & Evans, K. (2018) Informal Borrowing and Mental Health Problems. Money and Mental Health Policy Institute.Google Scholar
Brewin, C., Andrews, B., Rose, S., et al. (1999) Acute stress disorder and post-traumatic stress disorder in victims of violent crime. American Journal of Psychiatry, 156, 360–6.Google Scholar
Bunt, K. & McAndrew, F. (2005) Women’s Attitudes towards Pension Reform (Working Paper no. 38). Equal Opportunities Commission.Google Scholar
Burkhauser, R., Houtenvile, A., & Rovba, L. 2009. Poverty. In Counting Working-Age People with Disabilities (ed. Houtenville, A. J., Stapleton, D. C, Weathers, R. R II, and Burkhause, R. V). UpJohn Institute for Employment Research, pp. 193225.Google Scholar
Burns, J. (2009) Dispelling a myth: Developing world poverty, inequality, violence and social fragmentation are not good for outcome in schizophrenia. Afr J Psychiatry 12, 200–5.Google Scholar
Butler, P. (2020a) Claimants ‘scared’ of universal credit as full rollout delayed again. The Guardian, 4 Feb. 2020. www.theguardian.com/society/2020/feb/04/claimants-scared-as-full-roll-out-of-universal-credit-is-delayed-againGoogle Scholar
Butler, P. (2020b) Disabled man starved to death after DWP stopped his benefits. The Guardian, 28 Jan. 2020. www.theguardian.com/society/2020/jan/28/disabled-man-starved-to-death-after-dwp-stopped-his-benefits.Google Scholar
Burns, J. K., and Esterhuizen, T. (2008) Poverty, inequality and the treated incidence of first-episode psychosis: An ecological study from South Africa. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol 43, 4, 331–5. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00127-008-0308-2.Google Scholar
Burns, J. K., Tomita, A., & Kapadia, A. S. (2014) Income inequality and schizophrenia: Increased schizophrenia incidence in countries with high levels of income inequality. Int J Soc Psychiatry 60, 2, 185–96. https://doi.org/10.1177/0020764013481426.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Butterworth, P., Rodgers, B., & Windsor, T. D. (2009) Financial hardship, socio-economic position and depression: Results from the PATH Through Life Survey. Social Science & Medicine 69, 229–37.Google Scholar
Canvin, K., Marttila, A., Burstromb, B., & Whitehead, M. (2009) Tales of the unexpected? Hidden resilience in poor households in Britain. Social Science & Medicine 69, 238–45.Google Scholar
Caplan, M. A. (2014) Financial coping strategies of mental health consumers: Managing social benefits. Community Ment Health J 50, 409–14. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10597-013-9674-7.Google Scholar
Citizens Advice Bureau. (2010) Not Working. CAB Evidence on the ESA Work Capability Assessment. CAB.Google Scholar
Citizens Advice Bureau. (2012) Right First Time? An Indicative Study of the Accuracy of ESA Work Capability Assessment Reports. CAB.Google Scholar
Clarke, T. (2017) Whose Job Is It Anyway? How Mental Health Practitioners Help Navigate Financial Difficulty. Money and Mental Health Policy Institute.Google Scholar
Cohen, C. I. (1993) Poverty and the course of schizophrenia: Implications for research and policy. Hospital and Community Psychiatry, 44, 951–8.Google ScholarPubMed
Cook, J. A. (2006) Employment barriers for persons with psychiatric disabilities: A report for the President’s New Freedom Commission. Psychiatric Services 57, 10, 1391–405.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cook, J. A. & Mueser, K. T. (2013) Economic security: An essential component of recovery. Psychiatric Rehabilitation Journal 36, 1, 13. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0094739.Google Scholar
Corlett, A. (2019) The benefit freeze has ended, but erosion of the social security safety net continues expected benefit uprating in April 2020. Spotlight, 16 October 2019. Resolution Foundation.Google Scholar
Costello, E. J., Compton, S. N., Keeler, G., & Angold, A. (2003) Relationships between poverty and psychopathology: A natural experiment. JAMA. 290, 15, 2023–9.Google Scholar
Costello, E. J. Erkanli, A., Copeland, W., & Angold, A. (2010) Association of family income supplements in adolescence with development of psychiatric and substance use disorders in adulthood among an American Indian population. JAMA. 303, 19, 1954–60.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Court of Appeal (2013) Secretary of State for Work and Pensions and The Queen On The Application Of MM & DM Respondent and (1) Mind (2) The National Autistic Society (3) Rethink Mental Illness (4) Equality & Human Rights Commission. Case No: C3/2013/1626/SSTRF. www.mind.org.uk/media-a/2115/mm-v-sswp-final-judgment.pdf.Google Scholar
Court of Appeal (2020) The Queen (on the Application of TP, AR & SXC) and Secretary of State for Work and Pensions Appellant and Equality and Human Rights Commission. [2020] EWCA Civ 37. www.bailii.org/ew/cases/EWCA/Civ/2020/37.html.Google Scholar
Croudace, T. J., Kayne, R., Jones, P. B., et al. (2000) Non-linear relationship between an index of social deprivation, psychiatric admission prevalence and the incidence of psychosis. Psychological Medicine, 30, 177–85.Google Scholar
Cylus, J., Glymour, M. M., & Avendano, M. (2014) Do generous unemployment benefit programs reduce suicide rates? A state fixed-effect analysis covering 1968–2008. Am J Epidemiol 180, 1, 4552. https://doi.org/10.1093/aje/kwu106.Google Scholar
Das-Munshi, J., Becares, L., Boydell, J. E., et al. (2012) Ethnic density as a buffer for psychotic experiences: Findings from a national survey (EMPIRIC). Br J Psychiatry 201, 282–90.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Davidson, L., Stayner, D. A., Nickou, C., et al. (2001a) ‘Simply to be let in’: Inclusion as a Basis for Recovery. Psychiatric Rehabilitation Journal 24, 4, 375–88.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Davidson, L., Haglund, K. E., Stayner, D. A., et al. (2001b) ‘It was just realizing … that life isn’t one big horror’: A qualitative study of supported socialization. Psychiatric Rehabilitation Journal 24, 3, 276–92.Google Scholar
Davidson, M., Kapara, O., Goldberg, S., et al. (2016) A nation-wide study on the percentage of schizophrenia and bipolar disorder patients who earn minimum wage or above. Schizophrenia Bulletin 42, 2, 443–7. https://doi.org/10.1093/schbul/sbv023.Google Scholar
Davis, A. (2003) Mental Health and Personal Finances – A Literature Review. Prepared for the Social Exclusion Unit, quoted in Mental Health and Social Exclusion (p. 143), Social Exclusion Unit (2004).Google Scholar
Davis, A., Hirsch, D., Padley, M., & Shepherd, C. (2020) A Minimum Income Standard for the United Kingdom in 2020. Joseph Rowntree Foundation.Google Scholar
de Figueiredo, J. M., & Frank, J. D. (1982) Subjective incompetence, the clinical hallmark of demoralization. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 23, 353–63.Google Scholar
Disability Benefits Consortium. (2019) Has Welfare Become Unfair? The impact of welfare changes on disabled people. Disability Benefits Consortium.Google Scholar
Duffy, S. (2013) A Fair Society? How the Cuts Target Disabled People. Centre for Welfare Reform.Google Scholar
Dunn, J. R. (2008) Mental Capital and Wellbeing: Making the Most of Ourselves in the 21st Century. Government Office for Science.Google Scholar
Dunn, S. (1999) Creating Accepting Communities: Report of the Mind Inquiry into Social Exclusion and Mental Health Problems. Mind.Google Scholar
Duvall, D. & Booth, A. (1978) The housing environment and women’s health. J. Health Soc Behav 19, 410–17.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Dwyer, P. (2018) Punitive and ineffective: benefit sanctions within social security. Journal of Social Security Law 142–57.Google Scholar
Dwyer, P., Jones, K., McNeill, J., Scullion, L., & Stewart, A. (2016) First Wave Findings: Disability and conditionality. Research Report. University of York.Google Scholar
Dwyer, P., Scullion, L., Jones, K., McNeill, J., & Stewart, A. B. R. (2019) Work, welfare and wellbeing? The impacts of welfare conditionality on people with mental health impairments in the UK. Social Policy and Administration 54, 2, 116.Google Scholar
Edwards, S. (2003) In Too Deep: CAB Clients’ Experience of Debt. Citizens Advice.Google Scholar
Ellaway, A., Macintyre, S., & Kearns, A. (2001) Perceptions of place and health in socially contrasting neighbourhoods. Urban Studies 38, 2299–316.Google Scholar
Elton, P. J. & Packer, J. M. (1986) A prospective randomized trial of the value of rehousing on ground of mental illness. J. Chronic Dis 39, 221–7.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Estroff, S. E., Patrick, D. L., Zimmer, C. R., & Lachicotte, W. S. (1997) Pathways to disability income among persons with severe, persistent psychiatric disorders. The Millbank Quarterly 75, 4, 495532.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Evans, G. W. (2003) The built environment and mental health. Bulletin of the New York Academy of Medicine 80, 536–55Google Scholar
Evans, G. W. (2011) Housing and mental health. In Environmental Burden of Disease Associated with Inadequate Housing (eds. Braubach, M., Jacobs, D. E., Ormandy, D.). WHO, pp. 173–7.Google Scholar
Evans, G. W., Wells, N. M., & Moch, A. (2003) Housing and mental health: A review of the evidence and a methodological and conceptual critique. J. Soc. Issues 59, 475500.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fairak, A. (2018) The Roadblock to Recovery: How Mental Health Practitioners Deal with People’s Practical Problems in England. Citizens Advice.Google Scholar
Fanning, D. M. (1967) Families in flats. BMJ 4:382–6.Google Scholar
Faris, R. E. & Dunham, H. W. (1939) Mental Disorders in Urban Areas: An Ecological Study of Schizophrenia and Other Psychoses. The University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Fawcett, G. (1996) Living with Disability in Canada: An Economic Portrait. HRDC Office for Disability Issues.Google Scholar
Feinstein, L., Lupton, R., Hammond, C., et al. (2007) The Public Value of Social Housing: A Longitudinal Analysis of the Relationship of Housing and Life Chances. Institute of Education.Google Scholar
Fitch, C., Chaplin, R., Trend, C., et al. (2007) Debt and mental health: The role of psychiatrists. Advances in Psychiatric Treatment, 13, 194202.Google Scholar
Fitch, C., Hamilton, S., Bassett, P., et al. (2011) The relationship between personal debt and mental health: A systematic review. Mental Health Review Journal 16, 4, 153–66.Google Scholar
Fone, D., Dunstan, F., Lloyd, K., et al. (2007) Does social cohesion modify the association between area income deprivation and mental health? A multilevel analysis. International Journal of Epidemiology 36, 338–45. https://doi.org/10.1093/ije/dym004.Google Scholar
Forchuk, C., Montgomery, P., Rudnick, A., et al. (2017) Poverty trajectories experienced by persons with mental illness. Journal of Poverty, 21, 3, 247–64. https://doi.org/10.1080/10875549.2016.1186772.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Forget, E. L. (2011) The town with no poverty: The health effects of a Canadian guaranteed annual income field experiment. Canadian Public Policy (Analyse de politiques) vol. xxxvii, 3, 283305.Google Scholar
Frost-Gaskin, M., O’Kelly, R., Henderson, C., et al. (2003) A welfare benefits outreach project to users of community mental health services. International Journal of Social Psychiatry, 49, 251–63.Google Scholar
Funk, M., Drew, N., & Knapp, M. (2012) Mental health, poverty and development. Journal of Public Mental Health, 11, 4, 166–85. https://doi.org/10.1108/17465721211289356.Google Scholar
Gabe, J. & Williams, P. (1993) Women, overcrowding and mental health. In Unhealthy Housing (ed. Burridge, R. & Ormandy, D.). Chapman and Hall, pp. 191208.Google Scholar
Galea, S., Ahern, J., Nandi, A., et al. (2007) Urban neighborhood poverty and the incidence of depression in a population-based cohort study. Ann Epidemiol. 17, 3, 171–9.Google Scholar
Galloway, A., Boland, B., & Williams, G. (2018) Mental health problems, benefits and tackling discrimination. BJPsych Bulletin 42, 200–5.Google Scholar
Gibson, M., Hearty, W., & Craig, P. (2020) The public health effects of interventions similar to basic income: A scoping review. Lancet Public Health 5: e165–76Google Scholar
Gifford, R., & LaCombe, C. (2006) Children’s socioemotional health and housing quality. Journal of Housing and Built Environment 21, 177–89Google Scholar
Giggs, J. A. (1986) Medical disorders and ecological structure in Nottingham. Social Science and Medicine 23, 10, 945–61.Google Scholar
Goldberg, D. P. & Hillier, V. F. (1979). A scaled version of the General Health Questionnaire. Psychological Medicine, 9, 139–45.Google Scholar
Gong, Y., Palmer, S., Gallacher, J., Marsden, T., & Fone, D. (2016) A systematic review of the relationship between objective measurements of the urban environment and psychological distress. Environment International 96, 4857.Google Scholar
Green, H., McGinnity, A., Meltzer, H., et al. (2005) Mental Health of Children and Young People in Great Britain, 2004. Office for National Statistics.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Guite, H. F., Clark, C., & Ackrill, G. (2006) The impact of the physical and urban environment on mental well-being. Public Health 120, 1117–26.Google Scholar
Hafner, H, and Reimann, H. (1970) Spatial distribution of mental disorders in Mannheim, 1965. In Psychiatric Epidemiology (ed. Hare, E. H. & Wing, J. K.). Oxford University Press, pp. 341–54.Google Scholar
Hale, C. (2014) Fulfilling Potential? ESA and the Fate of the Work-Related Activity Group. Centre for Welfare Reform.Google Scholar
Halpern, D. (1995) Mental Health and the Built Environment. Taylor & Francis.Google Scholar
Hardest Hit Coalition (2012) The Tipping Point: The Human and Economic Costs of Cutting Disabled People’s Support. Hardest Hit Coalition.Google Scholar
Hare, E. (1956) Mental illness and social conditions in Bristol. Journal of Mental Science 102, 349–57.Google Scholar
Harrington, M. (2012) An Independent Review of the Work Capability Assessment – Year Three. The Stationery Office.Google Scholar
Hastie, B. (2010) No cause and solution: Predicting support for poverty alleviation. Australian Psychologist 45, 1, 1628.Google Scholar
Hayes, T. (2000) Stigmatizing indebtedness: Implications for labelling theory. Symbolic Interaction, 23, 2946.Google Scholar
Heinz, A., Desern, L., & Reininghaus, U. (2013) Urbanicity, social adversity and psychosis. World Psychiatry 12, 187–97.Google Scholar
Help the Aged (2008) Spotlight on Older People in the UK. Help the Aged.Google Scholar
High Court of Justice (2017) RF v Secretary of State for Work and Pensions [2017] EWHC 3375 (Admin) (21 December 2017). www.bailii.org/ew/cases/EWHC/Admin/2017/3375.htmlGoogle Scholar
Hills, J. (2007) Ends and Means: The Future Roles of Social Housing in England (CASE Report 34). Economic and Social Research Council Research Centre for the Analysis of Social Exclusion.Google Scholar
Hills, J. (2015) Good Times Bad Times: The Welfare Myth of Them and Us. Policy Press.Google Scholar
Hintikka, J., Kontula, O., Saarinen, P., et al. (1998) Debt and suicidal behaviour in the Finnish general population. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 98, 493–6.Google ScholarPubMed
Holkar, M. and Lees, C. (2020a) Caught in the Web: Online Scams and Mental Health. Money and Mental Health Policy Institute.Google Scholar
Holkar, M. and Lees, C. (2020b) Convenience at a Cost: Online Shopping and Mental Health. Money and Mental Health Policy Institute.Google Scholar
Holkar, M., Lees, C., & D’Arcy, C. (2021) Safety Net. Breaking the Link Between Online Financial Harms and Mental Health Problems. Money and Mental Health Policy Institute.Google Scholar
Hopton, J. & Hunt, S. (1996) The health effects of improvements to housing: a longitudinal study. Housing Studies 11, 271–86.Google Scholar
Hopton, J. L. & Hunt, S. M. (1996) Housing conditions and mental health in a disadvantaged area of Scotland. Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health 50, 1637–49.Google Scholar
Hunt, S. M., & McKenna, S. P. (1992) The impact of housing quality on mental and physical health. Housing Review 41, 47–9.Google Scholar
Hyndman, S. J. (1990) Housing dampness and health amongst British Bengalis living in East London. Social Science and Medicine, 30, 131–41.Google Scholar
Iemmi, V., Bantjes, J., Coast, E., et al. (2016) Suicide and poverty in low-income and middle-income countries: A systematic review. Lancet Psychiatry 3, 774–83Google Scholar
Jenkins, R., Bebbington, P., Brugha, T., et al. (2009) Mental disorder in people with debt in the general population. Public Health Medicine, 6, 8892.Google Scholar
Jenkins, R., Bhugra, D., Bebbington, P., et al. (2008) Debt, income and mental disorder in the general population. Psychological Medicine, 38, 1485–93.Google Scholar
Johnson, S. L., Wibbels, E., & Wilkinson, R. (2015) Economic inequality is related to cross-national prevalence of psychotic symptoms. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol 50, 1799–807. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00127-015-1112-4.Google Scholar
Joseph Rowntree Foundation (2020) Is Universal Basic Income a good idea? www.jrf.org.uk/universal-basic-income-good-idea.Google Scholar
Killaspy, H., Harvey, C., Brasier, C., et al. (2022) Community-based social interventions for people with severe mental illness: a systematic review and narrative synthesis of recent evidence. World Psychiatry, 21, 1, 96123. https://doi.org/10.1002/wps.20940.Google Scholar
Kirkbride, J. B., Fearon, P., Morgan, C., et al. (2007) Neighbourhood variation in the incidence of psychotic disorders in Southeast London. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol 42, 6, 438–45.Google Scholar
Kirkbride, J. B., Jones, P. B., Ullrich, S., & Coid, J. W. (2014) Social deprivation, inequality, and the neighborhood-level incidence of psychotic syndromes in East London. Schizophr Bull 40, 1, 169–80. https://doi.org/10.1093/schbul/sbs151.Google Scholar
Krabbendam, L., van Vugt, M., Conus, P., et al. (2021) Understanding urbanicity: How interdisciplinary methods help to unravel the effects of the city on mental health. Psychological Medicine 51, 1099–110. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291720000355.Google Scholar
Lewis, G., Bebbington, P., Brugha, T., et al. (1998) Socioeconomic status, standard of living, and neurotic disorder. Lancet, 352, 605–9.Google Scholar
Loopstra, R. & Lalor, D. (2017) Financial Insecurity, Food Insecurity, and Disability: The Profile of People Receiving Emergency Food Assistance from The Trussell Trust Foodbank Network in Britain. The Trussell Trust.Google Scholar
Lorant, V., Deliège, D., Eaton, W., et al. (2003) Socioeconomic inequalities in depression: A meta-analysis. Am J Epidemiol 157, 98112.Google Scholar
Lorant, V., Croux, C., Weich, S., et al. (2007) Depression and socio-economic risk factors: 7-year longitudinal population study. Br J Psychiat 190, 293–8. https://doi.org/10.1192/bjp.bp.105.020040.Google Scholar
Ljungqvist, I., Topor, A., Forssell, H., Svensson, I., & Davidson, L. (2015) Money and mental illness: A study of the relationship between poverty and serious psychological problems. Community Mental Health Journal, 52, 842–50. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10597-015-9950-9.Google Scholar
Ludwig, J., Duncan, G. J. Gennetian, L. A. et al. (2012) Neighborhood effects on the long-term well-being of low-income adults. Science 337, 6101, 1505–10. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1224648.Google Scholar
Lund, C., Breena, A., Flisher, A. J., et al. (2010) Poverty and common mental disorders in low and middle income countries: A systematic review. Soc Sci Med. 71, 3, 517–28. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2010.04.027.Google Scholar
Lupton, R., Wilson, A., May, T., Warburton, H., & Turnbull, P. J. (2002) A Rock and a Hard Place: Drug Markets in Deprived Neighbourhoods. Home Office. https://live-cpop.ws.asu.edu/sites/default/files/problems/drugdealing_openair/PDFs/Lupton_etal_2002.pdf.Google Scholar
Mattsson, M., Topor, A., Cullberg, J., & Forsell, Y. (2008) Association between financial strain, social network and five-year recovery from first episode psychosis. Social Psychiatry Psychiatric Epidemiology, 43, 947–52.Google Scholar
McCrone, P. & Thornicroft, G. (1997) Credit where credit’s due. Community Care, 1824 September.Google Scholar
McManus, S., Meltzer, H., Brugha, T., Bebbington, P., & Jenkins, R. (2009) Adult psychiatric morbidity in England, 2007 Results of a household survey. Common Mental Disorders (CMD) The Health & Social Care Information Centre, Social Care Statistics.Google Scholar
Meltzer, H., Bebbington, P., Brugha, T., et al. (2011) Personal debt and suicidal ideation. Psychological Medicine, 41, 771–8.Google Scholar
Meltzer, H., Bebbington, P., Brugha, T., Farrell, M., & Jenkins, R. (2013) The relationship between personal debt and specific common mental disorders. European Journal of Public Health, 23, 108–13.Google Scholar
Meltzer, H., Gatward, R., Goodman, R., and Ford, T. (2000) The Mental Health of Children and Adolescents in Great Britain. The Stationary Office.Google Scholar
Meltzer, H., Gill, B., Petticrew, M., et al. (1995) Economic Activity and Social Functioning of Adults with Psychiatric Disorders (OPCS Surveys of Psychiatric Morbidity in Great Britain. Report No. 3). HMSO.Google Scholar
Meltzer, H., Singleton, N., Lee, A., et al. (2002) The Social and Economic Consequences of Adults with Mental Disorders. The Stationery Office.Google Scholar
Mental Health Foundation (2001) An Uphill Struggle: Poverty and Mental Health. Mental Health Foundation.Google Scholar
Messias, E., Eaton, W. W., & Grooms, A. N. (2011) Income inequality and depression prevalence across the United States: An ecological study. Psychiatric Services 62, 710–12.Google Scholar
Mind (2008) In the Red: Debt and Mental Health. Mind.Google Scholar
Ministry of Justice (2019) Tribunal Statistics Quarterly: April to June 2019. www.gov.uk/government/statistics/tribunal-statistics-quarterly-april-to-june-2019.Google Scholar
Morris, J. N., Donkin, A. J. M., Wonderling, D., et al. (2000) A minimum wage for healthy living. Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health, 54, 885–9.Google Scholar
National Housing Federation. Housing and Mental Health (1999) National Housing Federation.Google Scholar
National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (2020) NG 181: Rehabilitation for Adults with Complex Psychosis. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence.Google Scholar
National Audit Office (2020) Information held by the Department for Work & Pensions on Deaths by Suicide of Benefit Claimants. National Audit Office.Google Scholar
Neuburger, J. (2003) Housekeeping: Preventing Homelessness through Tackling Rent Arrears in Social Housing. Shelter.Google Scholar
O’Donoghue, B., Roche, E., & Lane, A. (2016) Neighbourhood level social deprivation and the risk of psychotic disorders: A systematic review. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol 51, 941–50. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00127-016-1233-4.Google Scholar
Office of the Deputy Prime Minister (2004) Mental Health and Social Exclusion (Social Exclusion Unit Report). ODPM.Google Scholar
Overton, S. L., & Medina, S. L. (2008) The stigma of mental illness. Journal of Counseling and Development 86, 2, 143–51.Google Scholar
Page, A. (2002) Poor housing and mental health in the United Kingdom: Changing the focus for intervention. Int. J. Environ. Health Res. 1, 3140.Google Scholar
Paksarian, D., Eaton, W. W., Mortensen, P. B., & Pedersen, C. B. (2014) Childhood residential mobility, schizophrenia, and bipolar disorder: A population-based study in Denmark. Schizophr Bull 41, 2, 346–54.Google ScholarPubMed
Pardoe, A. Lane, J., Lane, P., & Hertzberg, D. (2015) Unsecured and Insecure? Exploring the UK’s Mountain of Unsecured Personal Debt – And How it Affects People’s Lives. Citizens Advice.Google Scholar
Patel, V., Burns, J. K., Dhingra, M., et al. (2018) Income inequality and depression: A systematic review and meta‐analysis of the association and a scoping review of mechanisms. World Psychiatry 17, 7689.Google Scholar
Patel, V. & Kleinman, A. (2003) Poverty and common mental disorders in developing countries. Bulletin of the World Health Organization 81, 609–15.Google Scholar
Patrick, R. (2014) Working on welfare: Findings from a qualitative longitudinal study into the lived experiences of welfare reform in the UK. Jnl Soc. Pol. 43, 4, 705–25.Google Scholar
Patrick, R. (2011) Debate. The wrong prescription: Disabled people and welfare conditionality. Policy & Politics 39, 2, 275–91.Google Scholar
Payne, S. (2006) Mental health, poverty and social exclusion. In Poverty and Social Exclusion in Britain (ed. Pantazis, P., Gordon, D., & Levitas, R.) Policy Press, pp. 285311.Google Scholar
Pickett, K. E. & Wilkinson, R. G. (2010) Inequality: An underacknowledged source of mental illness and distress. British Journal of Psychiatry 197, 6, 426–8. https://doi.org/10.1192/bjp.bp.109.072066.Google Scholar
Prior, L. & Manley, D. (2018) Poverty and Health: Thirty years of progress? In Poverty and Social Exclusion in the UK. Volume 2: Dimensions of Disadvantage (ed. Bramley, G & Bailey, N). Policy Press, pp. 203–23.Google Scholar
Propper, C., Jones, K., Bolster, A., et al. (2005) Local neighbourhood and mental health: Evidence from the UK. Social Science & Medicine 61, 2065–83.Google Scholar
Pybus, K., Pickett, K., Prady, S. L., Lloyd, C., & Wilkinson, R. (2019) Discrediting experiences: Outcomes of eligibility assessments for claimants with psychiatric compared with non-psychiatric conditions transferring to personal independence payments in England. BJPsych Open 5, e19, 15. https://doi.org/10.1192/bjo.2019.3.Google Scholar
Read, J. & Baker, S. (1996) Not Just Sticks and Stones: A Survey of Stigma, Taboos and Discrimination Experienced by People with Mental Health Problems. Mind.Google Scholar
Reeves, A. & Loopstra, R. (2016) ‘Set up to fail’? How welfare conditionality undermines citizenship for vulnerable groups. Social Policy and Society 16, 2. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1474746416000646.Google Scholar
Ribeiro, W. S., Bauer, A., Andrade, M. C. R., et al. (2017) Income inequality and mental illness-related morbidity and resilience: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet Psychiatry 4, 554–62.Google Scholar
Richardson, T., Elliott, P., & Roberts, R. (2013) The relationship between personal unsecured debt and mental and physical health: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Clinical Psychology Review 33, 1148–62.Google Scholar
Ridley, M., Rao, G., Schilbach, F., & Patel, V. (2020) Poverty, depression, and anxiety: Causal evidence and mechanisms. Science 370, eaay0214. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aay0214.Google Scholar
Roulstone, A. (2015) Personal Independence Payments, welfare reform and the shrinking disability category. Disabil Soc 5, 30, 673–88.Google Scholar
Ryan, F. (2019) Crippled: Austerity and the Demonization of Disabled People. Verso.Google Scholar
Saegert, S. (1982) Environment and children’s mental health: Residential density and low-income children. In Handbook of Psychology and Health, vol. II (ed. Baum, A. & Singer, J. E.). Erlbaum, pp. 247–71.Google Scholar
SAMH (2014) Worried Sick: Experiences of Poverty and Mental Health across Scotland. Scottish Association for Mental Health.Google Scholar
Saraceno, B. & Barbui, C. (1997) Poverty and mental illness. Canadian Journal of Psychiatry, 42, 285–90.Google Scholar
Saraceno, B., Levav, I., & Kohn, R. (2005) The public mental health significance of research on socio-economic factors in schizophrenia and major depression. World Psychiatry 4, 3, 181–5.Google Scholar
Schofield, P., Ashworth, M., & Jones, R. (2011) Ethnic isolation and psychosis: Re-examining the ethnic density effect. Psychol Med 41, 1263–9.Google Scholar
Seebohn, P. & Scott, J. (2004) Addressing Disincentives to Work Associated with the Welfare Benefits Systems in the UK and Abroad. Social Enterprise Partnership.Google Scholar
Shefer, G., Henderson, C., Frost-Gaskin, M., & Pacitti, R. (2016) Only making things worse: A qualitative study of the impact of wrongly removing disability benefits from people with mental illness. Community Ment Health J 52, 834–41.Google Scholar
Sheridan, A. J., Drennan, J., Coughlan, B., et al. (2015) Improving social functioning and reducing social isolation and loneliness among people with enduring mental illness: Report of a randomised controlled trial of supported socialisation. International Journal of Social Psychiatry 61, 3, 241–50Google Scholar
Sheridan, A., O’Keeffe, D., Coughlan, B., et al. (2018) Friendship and money: A qualitative study of service users’ experiences of participating in a supported socialisation programme. International Journal of Social Psychiatry 64, 4, 326–34Google Scholar
Silver, E., Mulvey, E. P., and Swanson, J. W. (2002) Neighborhood structural characteristics and mental disorder: Faris and Dunham revisited. Social Science & Medicine 55, 1457–70.Google Scholar
Singleton, N., Bumpstead, R., O’Brien, M., Lee, A., & Meltzer, H. (2001) Psychiatric Morbidity Among Adults Living in Private Households, 2000. The Stationery Office.Google Scholar
Singleton, N., Maung, N. A. Cowie, A., et al. (2002) Mental Health of Carers. The Stationery Office.Google Scholar
Skapinakis, P., Lewis, G., Araya, R., Jones, K., and Williams, G. (2005) Mental health inequalities in Wales, UK: Multi-level investigation of the effect of area deprivation. Brit J Psychiatry 186, 417–22.Google Scholar
Skapinakis, P., Weich, S., Lewis, G., Singleton, N., and Araya, R. (2006) Socio-economic position and common mental disorders. Br J Psychiat 189, 109–17. https://doi.org/10.1192/bjp.bp.105.014449.Google Scholar
Slade, M., McCrone, P. and Thornicroft, G. (1995) Uptake of welfare benefits by psychiatric patients. Psychiatric Bulletin, 19, 411–13.Google Scholar
Stilo, S. A., Gayer-Anderson, C., Beards, S., et al. (2017) Further evidence of a cumulative effect of social disadvantage on risk of psychosis. Psychological Medicine 47, 913–24. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291716002993.Google Scholar
Supreme Court (2019) Secretary of State for Work and Pensions (Appellant) v MM (Respondent) (Scotland). www.supremecourt.uk/cases/docs/uksc-2017-0215-judgment.pdf.Google Scholar
Sweeney, S., Air, T., Zannettino, L. and Galletly, C. (2015) Psychosis, socioeconomic disadvantage, and health service use in South Australia: Findings from the Second Australian National Survey of Psychosis. Front. Public Health 3, 259. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2015.00259.Google Scholar
Taylor, M. P., Pevalin, D. J. and Todd, J. (2007) The psychological costs of unsustainable housing commitments. Psychological Medicine, 37, 1027–36.Google Scholar
Thornicroft, G. (1991) Social deprivation and rates of treated mental disorder: Developing statistical models to predict psychiatric service utilisation. British Journal of Psychiatry, 158, 475–84.Google Scholar
Thornicroft, G. (2006) Shunned: Discrimination against People with Mental Illness. Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Topor, A., Andersson, G., Denhov, A., et al. (2014) Psychosis and poverty: Coping with poverty and severe mental illness in everyday life, Psychosis, 6:2, 117–27. https://doi.org/10.1080/17522439.2013.790070.Google Scholar
Topor, A., Borg, M., Di Girolamo, S., & Davidson, L. (2011) Not just an individual journey. Social aspects of recovery. International Journal of Social Psychiatry, 57, 90–9. https://doi.org/10.1177/0020764010345062.Google Scholar
Topor, A. & Ljungqvist, I. (2017) Money, social relationships and the sense of self: The consequences of an improved financial situation for persons suffering from serious mental illness. Community Ment Health J 53, 823–31. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10597-017-0146-3.Google Scholar
Topor, A., Ljungqvist, I., & Strandberg, E. L. (2016a) Living in poverty with severe mental illness coping with double trouble. Nordic Social Work Research, 6, 3, 201–10. https://doi.org/10.1080/2156857X.2015.1134629.Google Scholar
Topor, A., Ljungqvist, I., & Strandberg, E. (2016b) The costs of friendship: Severe mental illness, poverty and social isolation, Psychosis, 8, 4, 336–45. https://doi.org/10.1080/17522439.2016.1167947.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Topor, A., Mattsson, M., Denhov, A., Bülow, P., Holmqvist, S., & Davidson, L. (2012) The Stockholm follow-up study of users diagnosed with psychosis (SUPP): Methodology, patient cohort and services. Psychosis, 4, 246–57.Google Scholar
Underlid, K. (2007) Poverty and experiences of insecurity: A qualitative interview study of 25 long-standing recipients of social security. International Journal of Social Welfare, 16, 6574.Google Scholar
Vallée, J., Cadota, E., Roustita, C., Parizotc, I., & Chauvina, P. (2011) The role of daily mobility in mental health inequalities: The interactive influence of activity space and neighbourhood of residence on depression. Social Science & Medicine 73, 1133–44.Google Scholar
Vassos, E., Pedersen, C. B., Murray, R. M., et al. (2012) Meta-analysis of the association of urbanicity with schizophrenia. Schizophr Bull 38, 1118–23.Google Scholar
Vick, B., Jones, K., & Mitra, S. (2012) Poverty and severe psychiatric disorder in the US: Evidence from the Medical Expenditure Panel Survey. Journal of Mental Health Policy and Economics, 15, 2, 8396.Google Scholar
Wahl, O. (1999) Mental health consumers’ experience of stigma. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 25, 467–78.Google Scholar
Ware, N. C., & Goldfinger, S. M. (1997) Poverty and rehabilitation in severe psychiatric disorders. Psychiatric Rehabilitation Journal, 21, 37.Google Scholar
Weich, S. & Lewis, G. (1998a) Poverty, unemployment and common mental disorders: Population based cohort study. BMJ, 317, 115–19.Google Scholar
Weich, S. & Lewis, G. (1998b) Material standard of living, social class and the prevalence of the common mental disorders in Great Britain. Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health, 52, 814.Google Scholar
Weich, S., Blanchard, M., Prince, M., et al. (2002) Mental health and the built environment: Cross-sectional survey of individual and contextual risk factors for depression. Br. J. Psychiatry 180, 428–33.Google Scholar
Weich, S., Holt, G., Twigg, L., Jones, K., & Lewis, G. (2003) Geographic variation in the prevalence of common mental disorders in Britain: A multilevel investigation. Am J Epidemiol 157, 730–7.Google Scholar
Weich, S., Lewis, G. & Jenkins, S. P. (2001) Income inequality and the prevalence of common mental disorders in Britain. British Journal of Psychiatry, 178, 222–7.Google Scholar
Werner, S., Malaspina, D., & Rabinowitz, J. (2007) Socioeconomic status at birth is associated with risk of schizophrenia: Population based multilevel study. Schizophr Bull 33, 6, 1373–8.Google Scholar
Weston, K. (2012) Debating conditionality for disability benefits recipients and welfare reform: Research evidence from Pathways to Work. Local Economy 27, 56, 514–28.Google Scholar
Whitley, E., Gunnell, D., Dorking, D., et al. (1999) Ecological study of social fragmentation, poverty and suicide. BMJ, 319, 1034–7.Google Scholar
Wilkinson, R. & Pickett, K. (2009) The Spirit Level: Why More Equal Societies Almost Always Do Better. Penguin.Google Scholar
Wilkinson, R. & Pickett, K. (2017) Inequality and mental illness. Lancet Psychiatry 4, 512–13.Google Scholar
Wilton, R. (2003) Poverty and mental health: A qualitative study of residential care facility tenants. Community Mental Health Journal, 39, 2, 139–56.Google Scholar
Wilton, R. (2004) Putting policy into practice? Poverty and people with serious mental illness. Social Sciences Medicine, 58, 2539.Google Scholar
World Health Organisation (2010) Mental Health and Development: Targeting People with Mental Health Conditions as a Vulnerable Group. World Health Organisation.Google Scholar
Wood, C. (2012) Destination Unknown: Summer 2012. Demos.Google Scholar

Save book to Kindle

To save this book to your Kindle, first ensure [email protected] is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

Available formats
×

Save book to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

Available formats
×

Save book to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

Available formats
×