Skip to main content Accessibility help
×
Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-mkpzs Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-28T21:14:36.953Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Chapter 3 - Haptic Colour: Experiential Viewing in Graeco-Roman Sacred Spaces

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  04 January 2024

Blanka Misic
Affiliation:
Champlain College, Lennoxville
Abigail Graham
Affiliation:
Institute of Classical Studies, London
Get access

Summary

From painted embellishments on altars and temples, marble flooring, dyed sacrificial ribbons and even the colouration of ritual animals, colour was an inescapable aspect of religious experience. Polychromy was not only decorative, it created a visual medium with which those navigating sacred spaces could interact, together with the written word and the language of shape and form. Colour could communicate to the ancient viewer associations of its source; the significance of both where its pigment or dyestuff was harvested and the journey it undertook, both in terms of manufacture and simple geography, in order to arrive before the observer. The very conception of ancient sight, with rays reaching from the eyes in a particularly haptic process of sensory feedback, meant that looking at colours was for the ancient viewer an experience in itself. How would visitors to the sacred spaces of the ancient world have ‘read’ the visual cues surrounding them, and how could the design of colours in ritual spaces influence the reactions and emotions of those witnessing sacred activity? This paper seeks to investigate and unpick some of the chromatic language found in religious spaces to better inform an understanding of ritual activity in Greco-Roman society.

Type
Chapter
Information
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2024

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Adrych, P., Bracey, R., Dalglish, D., Lenk, S. and Wood, R. 2017. Images of Mithra. Oxford.Google Scholar
Akcay, N. 2016. Porphyry’s On the Cave of the Nymphs in its Intellectual Context. Doctoral thesis, University of Dublin.Google Scholar
Albanese, L. 2018. ‘Porphyry, the cave of the nymphs, and the mysteries of Mithras’, Acta Antiqua Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae 58: 681–91.Google Scholar
Arnhold, M. 2013. ‘Group settings and religious experiences’, in Cusumano, N., Gasparini, V., Mastrocinque, A. and Rüpke, J., eds. Memory and Religious Experience in the Graeco-Roman World, 145–65. Stuttgart.Google Scholar
Baillie Reynolds, P. K. and Ashby, T. 1923. ‘The Castra Peregrinorum’, Journal of Roman Studies 13: 153–67.Google Scholar
Baillie Reynolds, P. K. 1923. ‘The troops quartered in the Castra Peregrinorum’, Journal of Roman Studies 13: 168–89.Google Scholar
Ball, P. 2001. Bright Earth, Art and Invention of Color. Chicago.Google Scholar
Barber, E. J. W. 1991. Prehistoric Textiles: The Development of Cloth in the Neolithic and Bronze Ages, with Special Reference to the Aegean. New Jersey.Google Scholar
Barber, E. J. W. 1992. ‘The Peplos of Athena’, in Neils, J., ed. Goddess and Polis: The Panathenaic Festival in Ancient Athens, 103–17. New Jersey.Google Scholar
Beck, R. 2004. ‘Four men, two sticks and a whip: image and doctrine in a Mithraic ritual’, in Whitehouse, H. and Martin, L. H., eds. Theorising Religions Past: Historical and Archaeological Perspectives, 87103. California.Google Scholar
Beck, R. 2006. The Religion of the Mithras Cult in the Roman Empire: Mysteries of the Unconquered Sun. Oxford.Google Scholar
Beck, R. 2017. ‘If so, how? Representing “coming back to life” in the mysteries of Mithras’, in Tappenden, F. S. and Daniel-Hughes, C., eds. Coming Back to Life: The Permeability of Past and Present, Mortality and Immortality, Death and Life in the Ancient Mediterranean, 129–52. Montreal.Google Scholar
Benson, J. L. 2000. Greek Colour Theory and the Four Elements: A Cosmological Interpretation. Massachusetts.Google Scholar
Bielfeldt, R. 2016. ‘Sight and light: reified gazes and looking artefacts in the Greek cultural imagination’, in Squire, M., ed. Sight and the Ancient Senses, 123–42. London.Google Scholar
Bjørnebye, J. 2007. ‘“Hic locus est felix, sanctus, piusque benignus”: The cult of Mithras in fourth century Rome’. Doctoral Thesis. University of Bergen.Google Scholar
Boyer, P. 2002. Religion Explained: The Evolutionary Origins of Religious Thought. New York.Google Scholar
Bradley, M. 2009. Colour and Meaning in Ancient Rome. Cambridge.Google Scholar
Bremmer, J.N. 2014. Initiation into the Mysteries of the Ancient World. Berlin.Google Scholar
Brinkmann, V. 2008. ‘The polychromy of Ancient Greek sculpture’ in Panzanelli, R., Schmitt, E. D. and Lapatin, K., eds. The Color of Life: Polychromy in Sculpture from Antiquity to the Present, 1839. Los Angeles.Google Scholar
Brøns, C. 2014. ‘Textiles and temple inventories: detecting an invisible votive tradition in Greek Sanctuaries in the second half of the first millennium BC’, in Fejfer, J., Moletsan, M. and Rathje, A., eds. Tradition: Transmission of Culture in the Ancient World, Acta Hyperborea 14, 4384. Copenhagen.Google Scholar
Cairns, D. 2011. ‘Looks of love and loathing: cultural models of vision and emotion in Ancient Greece’, Mètis 9: 3750.Google Scholar
Campbell, L. A. 1968. Mithraic Iconography and Ideology. Leiden.Google Scholar
Clauss, M. 2000. The Roman Cult of Mithras; The God and his Mysteries, trans. R. Gordon. Edinburgh.Google Scholar
Cleland, L., Davies, G. and Llewellyn-Jones, L. 2007. Greek and Roman Dress from A to Z. London.Google Scholar
Cornford, F. M. 1937. Plato’s Cosmology: The Timaeus of Plato Translated with a Running Commentary. London.Google Scholar
Croom, A. 2002. Roman Clothing and Fashion. Stroud.Google Scholar
Cumont, F. 1903. The Mysteries of Mithra, trans T. J. McCormack. Chicago.Google Scholar
Darrigol, O. 2012. A History of Optics: From Greek Antiquity to the Nineteenth Century. Oxford.Google Scholar
Deeley, P. Q. 2004. ‘The religious brain: turning ideas into convictions’, Anthropology and Medicine 11: 245–67.Google Scholar
Fant, J. C. 1999. ‘Augustus and the city of marble’ in Schvoerer, M., ed. Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference of the Association for the study of marble and other stones in Antiquity, Archeomateriaux – marbres et autres roches, 277–80. Bordeaux.Google Scholar
Fant, J. C. 2007. ‘Real and painted (imitation) marble at Pompeii’, in Dobbins, J. and Foss, P., eds. The World of Pompeii, 336–46. London.Google Scholar
Geertz, A. 2004. ‘Cognitive approaches to the study of religion’, in Geertz, A., Warne, R. R. and Antes, P., eds. New Approaches to the Study of Religion: Textual Comparative, Sociological & Cognitive Approaches, 347400. Berlin.Google Scholar
Goldhill, S. 2001. ‘The erotic eye: visual stimulation and cultural conflict’, in Goldhill, S., ed. Being Greek Under Rome: Cultural Identity, the Second Sophistic and the Development of Empire, 154–94. Cambridge.Google Scholar
Gordon, R. L. 1996. ‘Mithraism and Roman society’ in Gordon, R. L., ed. Image and Value in the Graeco-Roman World: Studies in Mithraism and Religious Art, 92121. Aldershot.Google Scholar
Gordon, R. L. 2001. ‘Ritual and hierarchy in the mysteries of Mithras’, ARYS. Antigüedad: Religiones y Sociedades 4: 245–74.Google Scholar
Gross, C. G. 1999. ‘The fire that comes from the eye’, Neuroscientist 5: 5864.Google Scholar
Guthrie, S. E. 2002. ‘Animal animism: evolutionary roots of religious behaviour’, in Pyysiainen, I. and Anttonen, V., eds. Current Approaches in the Cognitive Science of Religion, 3867. London.Google Scholar
Harte, V. 2010. ‘The receptacle and the primary bodies: something from nothing?’ in Mohr, R. and Sattler, B., eds. One Book, The Whole Universe: Plato’s Timaeus Today. Athens.Google Scholar
Hinnells, J. R. 1975. ‘Reflections on the bull-slaying scene’, in Hinnells, J. R., ed. Mithraic Studies: Proceedings of the First International Congress of Mithraic Studies, Vol. II, 290312. Manchester.Google Scholar
Hubbard, T. 2002. ‘Pindar, Theoxenus, and the homoerotic eye’, Arethusa 35: 255–96.Google Scholar
Ierodiakonou, K. 2004. ‘Empedocles and the ancient painters’, in Cleland, L. and Stears, K., eds. Colour in the Ancient Mediterranean World, BAR International Series 1267, 91–5. Oxford.Google Scholar
Ierodiakonou, K. 2005a. ‘Empedocles on colour and colour vision’, Oxford Studies in Ancient Philosophy 29: 237.Google Scholar
Ierodiakonou, K. 2005b. ‘Plato’s theory of colours in the Timaeus’, Rhizai 2: 219–33.Google Scholar
Ionescu, D. 2018. ‘Mithras, Sol Invictus, and the astral philosophical connections’, Acta Antiqua Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae 58: 657–65.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lahe, J. 2018. ‘Mitra-Mithra-Mithras: The Roman Mithras and his Indo-Iranian background’, Acta Antiqua Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae 58: 481–91.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Laurie, A. P. 1910. Greek and Roman Methods of Painting: Some Comments on the Statements Made by Pliny and Vitruvius About Wall and Panel Painting. Cambridge.Google Scholar
Lentz, W. 1975. ‘Some peculiarities not hitherto fully understood of ‘Roman’ Mithraic sanctuaries and representations’, in Hinnells, J. R., ed. Mithraic Studies: Proceedings of the First International Congress of Mithraic Studies, Vol. II, 359–77. Manchester.Google Scholar
Lindberg, D. C. 1976. Theories of Vision from Al-Kindi to Kepler. Chicago.Google Scholar
Lissi-Caronna, E. 1986. Il Mitreo Dei Castra Peregrinorum (S. Stefano Rotondo). Leiden.Google Scholar
Malacrino, G. 2010. Constructing the Ancient World, trans. Paul Getty Trust. California.Google Scholar
Martin, L. H. 2015. The Mind of Mithraists: Historical and Cognitive Studies in the Roman Cult of Mithras. London.Google Scholar
Merkelbach, R. 1984. Mithras. Konigstein.Google Scholar
Merker, G. S. 1967. ‘The rainbow mosaic at Pergamon and Aristotelian color theory’, American Journal of Archaeology 71: 81–2.Google Scholar
Misic, B. 2015. ‘Cognitive theory and religious integration: the case of the Poetovian Mithraea’, in Brindle, T., Allen, M., Durham, E. and Smith, A., eds. TRAC 2014. Proceedings of the Twenty-Fourth Annual Theoretical Roman Archaeology Conference, Reading 2014, 3140. Oxford. http://doi.org/10.16995/TRAC2014_31_40Google Scholar
Moorman, E. M. 2011. Divine Interiors: Mural Paintings in Greek and Roman Sanctuaries. Amsterdam.Google Scholar
Nightingale, A. 2016. ‘Sight and the philosophy of vision in Classical Greece: Democritus, Plato and Aristotle’, in Squire, M., ed. Sight and the Ancient Senses, 5467. London.Google Scholar
Panagiotidou, O. and Beck, R. 2017. The Roman Mithras Cult: A Cognitive Approach. London.Google Scholar
Piccottini, G. 1994. Mithrastempel in Virunum. Klagenfurt.Google Scholar
Raymond, L. and Fraser, A. B. 2001. The Rainbow Bridge: Rainbows in Art, Myth, and Science. Pennsylvania.Google Scholar
Rudolph, K. 2016. ‘Sight and the preSocratics: approaches to visual perception in early Greek philosophy’, in Squire, M., ed. Sight and the Ancient Senses, 3653. London.Google Scholar
Speidel, M. S. 1980. Mithras-Orion: Greek Hero and Roman Army God. Leiden.Google Scholar
Sperber, D. 1996. Explaining Culture, a Naturalistic Approach. Oxford.Google Scholar
Squire, M. 2016. ‘Introductory reflections: making sense of ancient sight’, in Squire, M., ed. Sight and the Ancient Senses, 135. London.Google Scholar
Stansbury-O’Donnell, M. D. 1990. ‘Polygnotos’s Nekyia: a reconstruction and analysis’, American Journal of Archaeology 94: 213–35.Google Scholar
Steingräber, S. 2006. Abundance of Life: Etruscan Wall Painting, trans. R. Stockman. California.Google Scholar
Stulz, H. 1990. Die Farbe Purpur im frühen Griechentum. Stuttgart.Google Scholar
Szabo, A. 2018. ‘The two parts of the “Mithraic universe” by right of the external and internal orientation of the cult image’, Acta Antiqua Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae 58: 305–24.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tanner, J. 2016. ‘Sight and painting: optical theory and pictorial poetics in Classical Greek art’ in Squire, M., ed. Sight and the Ancient Senses, 107–22. London.Google Scholar
Taylor, A. E. 1928. A commentary of Plato’s Timaeus. Oxford.Google Scholar
Toynbee, J. M. C. 1986. The Roman Art Treasures from the Temple of Mithras. London.Google Scholar
Turcan, R. 1975. Mithras Platonicus: Recherches sur l’hellenisation philosophique de Mithra, EPRO 47. Leiden.Google Scholar
Turner, S. 2016. ‘Sight and death: seeing the dead through ancient eyes’, in Squire, M., ed. Sight and the Ancient Senses, 143–60. London.Google Scholar
Vermaseren, M. J. 1971. Mithriaca I: The Mithraeum at S. Maria Capua Vetere. Leiden.Google Scholar
Vermaseren, M. J. 1982. Mithriaca III: The Mithraeum at Marino. Leiden.Google Scholar
Vorwerk, M. 2010. ‘Maker or father? The demiurge from Plutarch to Plotinus’ in Mohr, R. and Sattler, B., eds. One Book, The Whole Universe: Plato’s Timaeus Today. Athens.Google Scholar
Warbuton, A. 2007. ‘Basic color term evolution in light of ancient evidence from the near East’, in MacLaury, R. E., Paramei, G. and Dedrick, D., eds. Anthropology of Color: Interdisciplinary Multilevel Modelling, 229–46. Amsterdam.Google Scholar
Webb, R. 2016. ‘Sight and insight: theorizing vision, emotion and imagination in ancient rhetoric’, in Squire, M., ed. Sight and the Ancient Senses, 205–19. London.Google Scholar
Zeyl, D. 2010. ‘Visualising Platonic space’ in Mohr, R. and Sattler, B., eds. One Book, The Whole Universe: Plato’s Timaeus Today. Athens.Google Scholar

Save book to Kindle

To save this book to your Kindle, first ensure [email protected] is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

Available formats
×

Save book to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

Available formats
×

Save book to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

Available formats
×