Skip to main content Accessibility help

We use cookies to distinguish you from other users and to provide you with a better experience on our websites. Close this message to accept cookies or find out how to manage your cookie settings.

Close cookie message
×
Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-gbm5v Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-26T02:33:08.029Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Chapter 12 - Psychosis

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  21 June 2019

By
Andrew H. Ford  and
Osvaldo P. Almeida
Edited by
Rob Butler  and
Cornelius Katona
Rob Butler
Affiliation:
Waitemata DHB and North Shore Hospital, Auckland
Cornelius Katona
Affiliation:
Helen Bamber Foundation
Get access

Summary

Psychotic symptoms (i.e. delusions or hallucinations) are relatively common in later life, with prevalence estimates ranging from 6% in the community to as high as 63% in residential care settings [1]. In some instances, these symptoms are the clinical expression of disorders that had their onset early in life (e.g., schizophrenia), but for a large proportion of older adults they arise for the first time in later life. Dementia-related conditions appear to be the most common cause of psychotic symptoms in older adults, with mood disorders, delirium and schizophrenia spectrum disorders contributing to the majority of the other cases [2]. These symptoms are a source of considerable distress for individuals and those who care for them, and will become a major health issue as the world’s population ages.

Type
Chapter
Information
Seminars in Old Age Psychiatry , pp. 133 - 142
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2019

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Zayas, E. M., Grossberg, G. T. (1998) ‘The treatment of psychosis in late life’. J Clin Psychiatry 59(Suppl 1): 5–10.Google Scholar
Webster, J., Grossberg, G. T. (1998) ‘Late-life onset of psychotic symptoms’. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry 6: 196–202.Google Scholar
Ballard, C. G., O’Brien, J. T., Swann, A. G., et al. (2001) ‘The natural history of psychosis and depression in dementia with Lewy bodies and Alzheimer’s disease: Persistence and new cases over 1 year of follow-up’. J Clin Psychiatry 62: 46–9.Google Scholar
Shinagawa, S., Nakajima, S., Plitman, E., et al. (2014) ‘Psychosis in frontotemporal dementia’. J Alzheimers Dis 42: 485–99.Google Scholar
McLachlan, E., Bousfield, J., Howard, R., Reeves, S. (2018) ‘Reduced parahippocampal volume and psychosis symptoms in Alzheimer’s disease’. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry 33(2): 389–95.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Norman, P. E., Flicker, L., Almeida, O. P., et al. (2009) ‘Cohort profile: The Health in Men Study (HIMS)’. Int J Epidemiol 38: 48–52.Google Scholar
Schneider, L. S., Dagerman, K. S. (2004) ‘Psychosis of Alzheimer’s disease: Clinical characteristics and history’. J Psychiatr Res 38: 105–11.Google Scholar
Tsuang, D., Larson, E. B., Bolen, E., et al. (2009) ‘Visual hallucinations in dementia: A prospective community-based study with autopsy’. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry 17: 317–23.Google Scholar
Pirkis, J., Pfaff, J., Williamson, M., et al. (2009) ‘The community prevalence of depression in older Australians’. J Affect Disord 115: 54–61.Google Scholar
Almeida, O. P., McCaul, K., Hankey, G. J., et al. (2016) ‘Risk of dementia and death in community-dwelling older men with bipolar disorder’. Br J Psychiatry 209: 121–6.Google Scholar
Gournellis, R., Lykouras, L., Fortos, A., et al. (2001) ‘Psychotic (delusional) major depression in late life: A clinical study’. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry 16: 1085–91.Google Scholar
Depp, C. A., Jeste, D. V. (2004) ‘Bipolar disorder in older adults: A critical review’. Bipolar Disord 6: 343–67.Google Scholar
Inouye, S. K. (1998) ‘Delirium in hospitalized older patients: Recognition and risk factors’. J Geriatr Psychiatry Neurol 11: 118–25.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Webster, R., Holroyd, S. (2000) ‘Prevalence of psychotic symptoms in delirium’. Psychosomatics 41: 519–22.Google Scholar
Howard, R., Rabins, P. V., Seeman, M. V., Jeste, D. V. (2000) ‘Late-onset schizophrenia and very-late-onset schizophrenia-like psychosis: An international consensus. The International Late-Onset Schizophrenia Group’. Am J Psychiatry 157: 172–8.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Meesters, P. D., de Haan, L., Comijs, H. C., et al. (2012) ‘Schizophrenia spectrum disorders in later life: Prevalence and distribution of age at onset and sex in a Dutch catchment area’. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry 20: 18–28.Google Scholar
Cort, E., Meehan, J., Reeves, S., Howard, R. (2017) ‘Very late-onset schizophrenia-like psychosis: A clinical update’. J Psychosoc Nurs Ment Health Serv 56: 37–47.Google Scholar
Poewe, W., Seppi, K., Tanner, C. M., et al. (2017) ‘Parkinson disease’. Nat Rev Dis Primers 3: 17013.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Forsaa, E. B., Larsen, J. P., Wentzel-Larsen, T., et al. (2010) ‘A 12-year population-based study of psychosis in Parkinson disease’. Arch Neurol 67: 996–1001.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ravina, B., Marder, K., Fernandez, H. H., et al. (2007) ‘Diagnostic criteria for psychosis in Parkinson’s disease: Report of an NINDS, NIMH work group’. Mov Disord 22: 1061–8.Google Scholar
Blazer, D. G., Wu, L. T. (2009) ‘The epidemiology of substance use and disorders among middle aged and elderly community adults: National survey on drug use and health’. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry 17: 237–45.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Black, W., Almeida, O. P. (2004) ‘A systematic review of the association between the behavioral and psychological symptoms of dementia and burden of care’. Int Psychogeriatr 16: 295–315.Google Scholar
Wagner, G. S., McClintock, S. M., Rosenquist, P. B., et al. (2011) ‘Major depressive disorder with psychotic features may lead to misdiagnosis of dementia: A case report and review of the literature’. J Psychiatr Pract 17: 432–8.Google ScholarPubMed
Coryell, W., Leon, A. C., Turvey, C., et al. (2001) ‘The significance of psychotic features in manic episodes: A report from the NIMH collaborative study’. J Affect Disord 67: 79–88.Google Scholar
Rabinowitz, J., Levine, S. Z., Garibaldi, G., et al. (2012) ‘Negative symptoms have greater impact on functioning than positive symptoms in schizophrenia: Analysis of CATIE data’. Schizophr Res 137: 147–50.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Barrett, M. J., Smolkin, M. E., Flanigan, J. L., et al. (2017) ‘Characteristics, correlates, and assessment of psychosis in Parkinson disease without dementia’. Parkinsonism Relat Disord 43: 56–60.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Tampi, R. R., Tampi, D. J., Balachandran, S., Srinivasan, S. (2016) ‘Antipsychotic use in dementia: A systematic review of benefits and risks from meta-analyses’. Ther Adv Chronic Dis 7: 229–45.Google Scholar
Reeves, S., Bertrand, J., McLachlan, E., et al. (2017) ‘A population approach to guide amisulpride dose adjustments in older patients with Alzheimer’s disease’. J Clin Psychiatry 78: e844–51.Google Scholar
Bergman, J., Brettholz, I., Shneidman, M., Lerner, V. (2003) ‘Donepezil as add-on treatment of psychotic symptoms in patients with dementia of the Alzheimer’s type’. Clin Neuropharmacol 26: 88–92.Google Scholar
Wang, J., Yu, J. T., Wang, H. F., et al. (2015) ‘Pharmacological treatment of neuropsychiatric symptoms in Alzheimer’s disease: A systematic review and meta-analysis’. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 86: 101–9.Google Scholar
Gauthier, S., Loft, H., Cummings, J. (2008) ‘Improvement in behavioural symptoms in patients with moderate to severe Alzheimer’s disease by memantine: A pooled data analysis’. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry 23: 537–45.Google Scholar
Wilcock, G. K., Ballard, C. G., Cooper, J. A., Loft, H. (2008) ‘Memantine for agitation/aggression and psychosis in moderately severe to severe Alzheimer’s disease: A pooled analysis of 3 studies’. J Clin Psychiatry 69: 341–8.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Edwards, K., Royall, D., Hershey, L., et al. (2007) ‘Efficacy and safety of galantamine in patients with dementia with Lewy bodies: A 24-week open-label study’. Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord 23: 401–5.Google Scholar
Porsteinsson, A. P., Drye, L. T., Pollock, B. G., et al. (2014) ‘Effect of citalopram on agitation in Alzheimer disease: The CitAD randomized clinical trial’. JAMA 311: 682–91.Google Scholar
Linde, K., Sigterman, K., Kriston, L., et al. (2015) ‘Effectiveness of psychological treatments for depressive disorders in primary care: Systematic review and meta-analysis’. Ann Fam Med 13: 56–68.Google Scholar
Dombrovski, A. Y., Mulsant, B. H., Haskett, R. F., et al. (2005) ‘Predictors of remission after electroconvulsive therapy in unipolar major depression’. J Clin Psychiatry 66: 1043–9.Google Scholar
Orgeta, V., Tabet, N., Nilforooshan, R., Howard, R. (2017) ‘Efficacy of antidepressants for depression in Alzheimer’s disease: Systematic review and meta-analysis’. J Alzheimers Dis 58: 725–33.Google Scholar
Young, J., Murthy, L., Westby, M., et al. (2010) ‘Diagnosis, prevention, and management of delirium: Summary of NICE guidance’. BMJ 341: c3704.Google Scholar
Martins, S., Fernandes, L. (2012) ‘Delirium in elderly people: A review’. Front Neurol 3: 101.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Pfammatter, M., Junghan, U. M., Brenner, H. D. (2006) ‘Efficacy of psychological therapy in schizophrenia: Conclusions from meta-analyses’. Schizophr Bull 32(Suppl 1): S64–80.Google Scholar
Barak, Y., Shamir, E., Zemishlani, H., et al. (2002) ‘Olanzapine vs. haloperidol in the treatment of elderly chronic schizophrenia patients’. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 26: 1199–202.Google Scholar
Essali, A., Ali, G. (2012) ‘Antipsychotic drug treatment for elderly people with late-onset schizophrenia’. Cochrane Database Syst Rev: CD004162.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Madhusoodanan, S., Brenner, R., Serper, M. R., et al. (2011) ‘Use of paliperidone in elderly patients with schizophrenia and schizoaffective disorder: A prospective open-label short-term pilot study’. J Clin Psychopharmacol 31: 380–2.Google Scholar
Tzimos, A., Samokhvalov, V., Kramer, M., et al. (2008) ‘Safety and tolerability of oral paliperidone extended-release tablets in elderly patients with schizophrenia: A double-blind, placebo-controlled study with six-month open-label extension’. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry 16: 31–43.Google Scholar
Howard, R., Cort, E., Bradley, R., et al. (2018) ‘Antipsychotic treatment of very late-onset schizophrenia-like psychosis (ATLAS): A randomised, controlled, double-blind trial’. Lancet Psychiatry 5: 553–63.Google Scholar
Guenette, M. D., Powell, V., Johnston, K., et al. (2013) ‘Risk of neutropenia in a clozapine-treated elderly population’. Schizophr Res 148: 183–5.Google Scholar
Pridan, S., Swartz, M., Baruch, Y., et al. (2015) ‘Effectiveness and safety of clozapine in elderly patients with chronic resistant schizophrenia’. Int Psychogeriatr 27: 131–4.Google Scholar

Save book to Kindle

To save this book to your Kindle, first ensure [email protected] is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

Available formats
×

Save book to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

Available formats
×

Save book to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

Available formats
×