We use cookies to distinguish you from other users and to provide you with a better experience on our websites. Close this message to accept cookies or find out how to manage your cookie settings.
We use cookies to distinguish you from other users and to provide you with a better experience on our websites. Close this message to accept cookies or find out how to manage your cookie settings.
from Part II - The Scientific Basis
Published online by Cambridge University Press: 02 February 2023
Scientific methods to study how forests affect climate are distinguished as environmental monitoring, experimental manipulation, or modeling. Meteorological measurements of air temperature and wind speed in forests and adjacent clearings characterize microclimates. More complex measurements of energy, water, and carbon dioxide fluxes obtained using principles of eddy covariance required sophisticated instruments on tall towers extending above the forest canopy. In situ measurements of leaves and individual trees reveal physiological functioning and can be extrapolated to an entire forest. Whole-ecosystem manipulations that warm the soil or enrich the air with carbon dioxide provide insight to ecosystem responses to environmental change. Ecosystem studies monitor carbon and elemental stocks and fluxes, and watershed studies monitor water flows. Remote sensing instruments that acquire radiative signatures of the land provide an indicator of vegetation type, health, and productivity. Numerical models of terrestrial ecosystems and climate provide a means to test theories and develop understanding of the biosphere-atmosphere system.
To save this book to your Kindle, first ensure [email protected] is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.
Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.
Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.
To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.
To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.
