Index

Crystal Nicole Eddins

doi:10.1017/9781009256148.016

Index

African ethnicities, 85–86, 139, 148, 151, 156–158, 161, 167, 202, 229

a listing of, 165

Aguia, 218

Angolan, 75

Arada, 1, 37, 145, 190, 196, 218, 226, 294, 296, 299

Bambara, 44, 121, 194, 222

Coromantee, 96

Igbo, 96, 102, 179, 195

Kongo, 73–75, 106, 120, 139, 142, 145, 180, 188, 191–193, 202–203, 220–221, 235, 237, 282, 287, 290

Mandingue, 44, 291

Mayombé, 47

Mesurade, 138

Mina, 1, 45, 97, 218, 221, 282

Mondongue, 1, 178–179, 193–194, 221, 225, 235

Montequet, 47

Mounsoundi or Moussondi, 1, 133

Mousombe, 47

Mozambican, 45, 101, 194

Nagô, 37, 43–44, 121, 135, 137, 180, 226, 287, 294

Niamba, 121

Poulard, 44, 121, 297

Senegambian, 75–76, 194, 230, 292

Wolof, 3, 44, 72, 74, 229

Yoruba. See Nagô

Age of Revolutions, 10–12, 19, 32

American War of Independence, 168

economic effects in Saint-Domingue, 267–268

maroons and, 268

Saint-Domingue soldiers in, 268

Ayiti

etymology, 6, 219

historical significance, 67

Beatriz, Dona, 56, 114, 141

Saint Anthony movement, 56

Belair, Sanité, 298

Biassou, Georges, 239, 291, 295, 299

Black Radical Tradition, 9, 33, 64

and the sacred, 115

Bwa Kayman ceremony, 211, 277, 293–296, 300

capital

and time, 197

appropriation of, 188, 194, 290

enslaved people as capital, 9, 152, 183

human capital, 149, 172, 175, 177, 188

social capital, 149, 172

Christianity

and Africa-inspired rituals, 97

and baptismal, 106

and slavery, 278

and the transAtlantic slave trade, 68

in the Kongo Kingdom, 48, 294

Christophe, Henry, 168

cimarrón

etymology, 2–3

Code Noir, 17–18, 80, 113, 126, 151, 184, 195, 209–210, 227, 238

seasoning process, 92

collective identity, 150

as homogeneous group escapes, 163

colonialism

in Africa, 65

commandeurs

as maroon organizers, 137, 260, 275, 291

confraternity, 19, 229

and burial, 98

consciousness, 6

and resistance tactics, 246

and social ties, 272

and the “common wind,” 248, 270–274

class consciousness, 8

collective consciousness, 2, 14, 19, 64, 116, 206

of structural factors, 248

politicized consciousness, 15

counter-plantation system, 4

cultural hegemony, 185

Dahomey Kingdom, 37, 93, 158, 190, 224, 268

King Agaja, 39

King Tegbesu, 40

death, 92

and forced labor, 90

as political, 113, 121

conceptions of, 93, 97, 140, 144

death rates of the enslaved, 89

rites, 95

Dessalines, Jean-Jacques, 43

Dom Pedro, 219

origins of, 48

Pierre, 127

Sim Dompete, 130

Ducoudray, Magdeleine, 298

Dutty, “Zamba” Boukman, 168, 277, 295

and rituals, 294

death of, 296

East Indians

enslaved in Saint-Domingue, 169

Equiano, Olaudah, 168

Española. See Santo Domingo

Fatiman, Cécile, 115, 277, 294, 296

free people of color, 2, 25, 80–81, 114, 156–157, 189–190, 192, 218, 275

and militias, 234

and the Haitian Revolution, 43

as maréchaussée, 262

as planters, 84, 143, 222, 262, 286

discrimination against, 81, 138–139, 184, 254, 257, 285

in Santo Domingo, 229, 232–233, 288

in the Mackandal poison conspiracy, 120–121

social ties to maroons, 82, 149, 156, 171, 173, 175, 178–179, 257, 283–284, 288

free spaces, 111, 171

and rival geography, 211

French Revolution, 10, 12, 65, 245, 285

gens du couleur libre. See Free people of color

Haitian Constitution

of 1805, 4, 17

Heureuse, Claire, 298

Indian Ocean slave trade, 65, 170

indigenous communities, 71

Caraïbes, 68, 169

Taíno, 3, 67, 170, 208

Taíno and African resistance, 72, 76, 211–212, 271

Taíno contact with Europeans, 68

Taíno kingdoms, 67

Taíno ritual ceremonies, 170, 219

intra-American slave trade, 168

Islam, 167

and African anti-slavery movements, 45, 57

and François Mackandal, 117

in Mozambique, 46

in Saint-Domingue, 102

in the Oyo Empire, 42

in West Africa, 57

Jamaican maroons, 244

KaKongo Kingdom, 47, 142, 158

Kingué, Marie Catherine, 115, 142, 296

Kongo Kingdom, 10, 47, 128–129, 132, 135, 158, 268

King Afonso V, 48

kpojito, 114

Hwanjile, 40

Lamartinière, Marie Jeanne, 298

LeClerc expedition, 29, 285, 298

Lemba society, 49, 127–128

Loango Kingdom, 47, 49, 130, 158

Loulou, Pierre, 276, 291, 293

Louverture, Toussaint, 278, 292, 299

Lwa, 1, 101, 119

Agwé, 51

Danbala, 101

Ezili Kawoulo, 293

Guede rite, 93

Lasirèn, 51

Maman Brigitte, 122

Sèn Jak, 134

Mackandal, François, 24, 257

and structural transformation, 123

origins, 117

poison conspiracy, 106, 134

Maniel maroons, 245, 248, 283

maréchaussée, 7, 76, 130, 143, 157, 179, 190–191, 202, 208–210, 219, 221, 233, 236, 246–247, 249, 252, 254–256, 264, 274

conflicts with maroons, 259, 271, 283, 287, 290

origins of, 232, 251

racial composition of, 254

marronnage

against the Spanish, 76, 170, 228, 245, 248

and children, 155

and colonialism, 207

and economic autonomy, 192, 194, 218, 281, 283

and families, 178

and gender, 153, 189, 298

and inter-imperial conflict, 212, 283

and social ties, 292

and space, 213

and the Haitian Revolution, 279, 289, 298

and time, 188, 196

as a mobilization tool, 137

as labor protest, 269, 284, 295

as networks, 148

as organized rebel bands, 244, 249–250, 252–254, 259–266, 283, 290

coastal African, 59, 224

during the Haitian Revolution, 299

heterogeneous group escapes, 149, 200

homogeneous group escapes, 149, 200

in “New World” societies, 245

individual and group escapes, 159

petit and grand, 2, 5, 20, 197

repeat escapes, 202

response to structural factors, 267, 270, 285

resulting from capitalist expansion, 244

theory of, 20

timing of, 204

micromobilization, 149

Middle Passage

conditions of, 51–52

deaths, 51

militarism

African fighting strategies, 133

maroon band fighting tactics, 261

maroons and, 188

maroons bearing arms, 196, 292

mayombo sticks, 196

West African women soldiers, 114

women fighters in Saint-Domingue, 133

modernity, 8, 32, 65, 184, 277, 301

postcolonial analysis of, 65

natural disasters

earthquake, 128, 234

hurricane, 268, 282

noted maroon leaders

Coupées, Colas Jambes, 117, 252, 264, 271

Gillot, Louis “Yaya,” 290

Barochin, Noël, 221, 247, 260, 262, 270, 274, 290

Polydor, 220, 248, 253, 260, 271

Canga, Thélémaque, 221, 260, 262–263, 270, 274, 290

oppositional consciousness, 16, 22, 126, 139, 185

and oppositional actions, 186, 189

and ritual free spaces, 132, 204

definition of, 183

orisha, 42, 100

Ogou, 43, 134, 294

Oyo Empire, 40, 190

Palmares Kingdom, 59, 244

Papillon, Charlotte, 297

and petit marronnage, 297

Papillon, Jean-François, 239, 276, 291, 297, 299

Platons Kingdom, 4, 284

power

dimensions of, 185

“Princess” Amethyste, 296

Queen Njinga, 56, 114, 141

race

and Christianity, 29, 72, 79

and gender, 145

and Haitian citizenship, 4, 82, 149

and modernity, 17, 67, 79

and time, 197

and worldview, 278

in France, 209

categories of, 81, 137–138, 155, 157

whiteness, 88

racial capitalism, 9, 30, 68, 279

and Africa, 65

and colonialism, 68, 77, 210

and commodification, 34–35, 91

and gender, 155

and Haiti, 66

and maroon incarceration, 258

and slavery, 243

repertoire of contention, 18, 25, 186, 246

and consciousness, 270

and structural factors, 247, 266

characteristics of, 186

poison tactic, 116

repertoire tactics, 186, 189, 195

repression, 15, 123, 246, 249, 274

and repertoire tactics, 246

as a response to insurgency, 250, 259

coercion and channeling, 247, 249–256, 259

during the Haitian Revolution, 299

execution as, 141, 193, 195, 210, 230–231, 247, 251, 263–264, 286, 300

maroon response to, 261–262

of Tacky’s Revolt, 295

through ideological racism, 184

to facilitate colonialism, 245

torture as punishment, 124, 126, 189, 202, 251, 257, 266

typology of, 250

resistance tactics, 18

feigning illness, 52, 202

poison, 116, 123, 252

suicide, 125, 223

revolutions

sociology of, 9, 12–13

theory of, 15, 243, 280

ritual artifacts, 123, 130, 142–143

garde-corps, 95

gris-gris, 118

macandals, 118

macoutes, 103, 105, 130

mayombo sticks, 131, 134, 140

nkisis, 105, 116, 140

ouangas, 131, 145

purposes of, 131

ritual dances

and Haitian Vodou, 100

as martial arts, 135

calendas, 96, 104, 122, 131, 136, 295

chica, 96

vaudoux, 100, 127

rituals

Africa-inspired, 98

and collective identity, 113

and social transformation, 113

and solidarity, 113

definition of, 112

Rivière, Romaine “la Prophetesse,” 288

ruptures

and social transformation, 18, 243, 269

Santo Domingo

border with Saint-Domingue, 208, 211, 220, 226, 228

capital city, 73, 231

competition with Saint-Domingue, 233–239

maroon destination, 191, 198, 200, 231, 234, 238, 251, 275, 286, 290

Spanish colony, 7, 170, 173, 175, 177, 208, 212, 220, 233

Seven Years War, 101, 184, 220, 258, 275, 294

Sites of resistance, 74–76, 218–223, 245, 251–253, 259–260, 264, 270–271, 282, 289

Baoruco mountains, 72–73, 234, 236, 284

waterways, 225–226

slavery

African slavery, 33

and French colonialism, 209, 249

coffee production, 86–87

division of labor, 82, 84, 197

French Caribbean slavery, 77

gendered division of labor, 84, 142, 189–190

indigo production, 84–86

in Saint-Domingue, 79

slave society definition, 79

plantation spatiality, 209, 223, 233

sugar production, 87–88

social ties, 172, 215, 289

“shipmates,” 53, 163, 178

and birth origin, 173, 202

and gender, 156, 175

facilitating marronnage, 171

maroon families, 148

success in marronnage, 200

solidarity, 2, 86, 124, 151

definition of, 120

ethnic solidarity, 151, 299

racial solidarity, 2–3, 16, 82, 119, 139, 151, 200, 202, 277, 282, 293, 298, 300

space

geography of containment, 210

rival geography, 210

submerged networks, 171, 252

surveillance

and runaway advertisements, 257

symbolic world

African worldviews, 99

of the enslaved, 94

systems of domination, 16

Tacky’s Revolt, 274, 294

theory

African Diaspora, 11, 16, 21, 79, 89, 111, 151

of marronnage, 4, 183, 279–280

of social movements, 13–14

political process model, 13

postcolonial sociology, 11–12

resource mobilization model, 14

transAtlantic slave trade, 23, 77, 112, 116, 127, 129, 151, 153, 247, 278

African resistance to, 55

French slave trade, 34, 77

gender, 51–52, 69, 141

illness, 46, 92

slave ship insurrections, 60–63, 289

Spanish slave trade, 70

waterway travel, 224

Treaty of Ryswick, 77, 212, 227, 231

Vesey, Denmark, 168, 273

violence

colonial, 208

environmental, 208

murder of slaves, 93, 256, 265

sexual, 52–53, 92

Vodou, 1, 4, 48, 50, 119, 211, 278, 299

ethnic origins of, 99

etymology of, 99

Petro rite, 48, 100, 127, 293

pilgrimage, 134

vodun, 39, 99

Dangbe, 106

Lisa, 40

Mawu, 40

Sakpata, 39

women

and cultural resistance, 296

and power, 114, 144

and spiritual power, 141

and the Haitian Revolution, 289, 296–298

as bridge leaders, 115, 297–298

as labor protestors, 299

as midwives, 141, 144

as poisoners, 117, 121

as ritualists, 297

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