Skip to main content Accessibility help

We use cookies to distinguish you from other users and to provide you with a better experience on our websites. Close this message to accept cookies or find out how to manage your cookie settings.

Close cookie message
×
Hostname: page-component-586b7cd67f-rdxmf Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-28T04:02:50.272Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Chapter 2 - A Framework for Understanding Variation in Youth Revenge Motivations and Retaliatory Behaviors

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  08 July 2021

By
Kristina L. McDonald ,
Joo Young Yang ,
Sunmi Seo  and
Stephen A. Erath
Edited by
Holly Recchia  and
Cecilia Wainryb
Holly Recchia
Affiliation:
Concordia University, Montréal
Cecilia Wainryb
Affiliation:
University of Utah
Get access

Summary

This chapter presents a framework for considering contextual, intraindividual, and interindividual processes that may predict variation in children’s tendency to seek revenge. Drawing on research with adults and aggression to inform hypotheses, the chapter outlines and reviews theory and evidence about the social-cognitive and affective predictors of revenge-seeking. Additionally, individual differences in information processing patterns, emotional regulation, and physiological responses that are likely to increase or decrease desires for revenge are discussed. Contextual and situational features that may affect individuals’ likelihood of seeking revenge or retaliating for harm are also briefly explored.

Keywords

Revengegoalsattributionsemotionsaggressionphysiological responses to stresssocial information processingattentionschemaemotion regulation
Type
Chapter
Information
Revenge across Childhood and Adolescence , pp. 8 - 36
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2021

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Anderson, E. (1999). Code of the street. New York: W. W. Norton.Google Scholar
Aquino, K., Tripp, T. M., & Bies, R. J. (2001). How employees respond to personal offense: The effects of blame attribution, victim status, and offender status on revenge and reconciliation in the workplace. Journal of Applied Psychology, 86, 52–59.Google Scholar
Arsenault, D. J., & Foster, S. L. (2012). Attentional processes in children’s overt and relational aggression. Merrill-Palmer Quarterly, 58, 409–436.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Arsenio, W. F., & Lemerise, E. A. (2004). Aggression and moral development: Integrating social information processing and moral domain models. Child Development, 75, 987–1002.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Asher, S. R., MacEvoy, J. P., & McDonald, K. L. (2008). Children’s peer relations, social competence, and school adjustment: A social tasks and social goals perspective. In Maehr, M. L., Karabenick, S. A., & Urdan, T. C. (Eds.), Advances in motivation and achievement: Social psychological perspectives (Vol. 15, pp. 357–390). Bingly: Emerald.Google Scholar
Astor, R. A. (1994). Children’s moral reasoning about family and peer violence: The role of provocation and retribution. Child Development, 65, 1054–1068.Google Scholar
Ayduk, O., Downey, G., Testa, A., Yen, Y., & Shoda, Y. (1999). Does rejection elicit hostility in rejection-sensitive women? Social Cognition, 17, 245–271.Google Scholar
Baumeister, R. F. (1997). Evil: Inside human violence and cruelty. New York: W. H. Freeman.Google Scholar
Baumeister, R. F., & Bushman, B. J. (2003). Emotions and aggressiveness. In Heitmeyer, W. & Hagan, J. (Eds.), International handbook of violence research (Vol. 1, pp. 479–493). Dordrecht, the Netherlands: Kluwer Academic. doi: 10.1007/978-0-306-48039-3_25Google Scholar
Beauchaine, T. P. (2015). Respiratory sinus arrhythmia: A transdiagnostic biomarker of emotion dysregulation and psychopathology. Current Opinion in Psychology, 3, 43–47.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Berkowitz, L. (1993). Aggression: Its causes, consequences, and control. New York: McGraw-Hill.Google Scholar
Berndt, T. J. (1979). Developmental changes in conformity to peers and parents. Developmental Psychology, 15, 608–616.Google Scholar
Black, D. (1993). The social structure or right and wrong. San Diego, CA: Academic Press.Google Scholar
Blakemore, S.-J., & Mills, K. L. (2014). Is adolescence a sensitive period for sociocultural processing? Annual Review of Psychology, 65, 187–207.Google Scholar
Brown, B. R. (1968). The effects of need to maintain face on interpersonal bargaining. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 4, 107–122.Google Scholar
Calvete, E., & Orue, I. (2012). The role of emotion regulation in the predictive association between social information processing and aggressive behavior in adolescents. International Journal of Behavioral Development, 36, 338–347.Google Scholar
Carlsmith, K. M., Wilson, T. D., & Gilbert, D. T. (2008). The paradoxical consequences of revenge. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 95, 1316–1324.Google Scholar
Carver, C. S., & Harmon-Jones, E. (2009). Anger is an approach-related affect: Evidence and implications. Psychological Bulletin, 135, 183–204.Google Scholar
Chester, D. S., & DeWall, C. N. (2018). Personality correlates of revenge‐seeking: Multidimensional links to physical aggression, impulsivity, and aggressive pleasure. Aggressive Behavior, 44, 235–245.Google Scholar
Cole, P. M., Martin, S. E., & Dennis, T. A. (2004). Emotion regulation as a scientific construct: Methodological challenges and directions for child development research. Child Development, 75, 317–333.Google Scholar
Crick, N., & Dodge, K. (1994). A review and reformulation of social information-processing mechanisms in children’s social adjustment. Psychological Bulletin, 115, 74–101.Google Scholar
Crombag, H., Rassin, E., & Horselenberg, R. (2003). On vengeance. Psychology, Crime and Law, 9, 333–344.Google Scholar
De Quervain, D. J.-F., Fischbacher, U., Treyer, V., Schellhammer, M., Schnyder, U., Buck, A., & Fehr, E. (2004). The neural basis of altruistic punishment. Science, 305, 1254–1258.Google Scholar
Dodge, K. A. (1980). Social cognition and children’s aggressive behavior. Child Development, 51, 162–170.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Dodge, K. A. (2006). Translational science in action: Hostile attributional style and the development of aggressive behavior problems. Development and Psychopathology, 18, 791–814.Google Scholar
Dodge, K. A., Lochman, J. E., Harnish, J. D., Bates, J. E., & Pettit, G. S. (1997). Reactive and proactive aggression in school children and psychiatrically impaired chronically assaultive youth. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 106, 37–51.Google Scholar
Downey, G., & Feldman, S. I. (1996). Implications of rejection sensitivity for intimate relationships. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 70, 1327–1343.Google Scholar
Downey, G., Feldman, S., & Ayduk, O. (2000). Rejection sensitivity and male violence in romantic relationships. Personal Relationships, 7, 45–61.Google Scholar
Downey, G., Feldman, S., Khuri, J., & Friedman, S. (1994). Maltreatment and childhood depression. In Reynolds, W. M. & Johnston, H. F. (Eds.), Handbook of depression in children and adolescents (pp. 481–508). Boston: Springer.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Downey, G., Lebolt, A., Rincón, C., & Freitas, A. L. (1998). Rejection sensitivity and children’s interpersonal difficulties. Child Development, 69, 1074–1091.Google Scholar
Eadeh, F. R., Peak, S. A., & Lambert, A. J. (2017). The bittersweet taste of revenge: On the negative and positive consequences of retaliation. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 68, 27–39.Google Scholar
Eisenberg, N. (2000). Emotion, regulation, and moral development. Annual Review of Psychology, 51, 665–697.Google Scholar
Eisenberg, N., Fabes, R. A., Guthrie, I. K., Murphy, B. C., Maszk, P., Holmgren, R., & Suh, K. (1996). The relations of regulation and emotionality to problem behavior in elementary school children. Development and Psychopathology, 8, 141–162.Google Scholar
Eisenberg, N., Fabes, R. A., Nyman, M., Bernzweig, J., & Pinuelas, A. (1994). The relations of emotionality and regulation to children’s anger-related reactions. Child Development, 65, 109–128.Google Scholar
Eisenberger, R., Lynch, P., Aselage, J., & Rohdieck, S. (2004). Who takes the most revenge? Individual differences in negative reciprocity norm endorsement. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 30, 787–799.Google Scholar
Elshout, M., Nelissen, R. M., & van Beest, I. (2015). Vengeance is self-focused: Comparing vengeful to anger-driven responses. Cognition and Emotion, 29, 1239–1255.Google Scholar
Elshout, M., Nelissen, R. M., Van Beest, I., Elshout, S., & Van Dijk, W. W. (2017). Situational precursors of revenge: Social exclusion, relationship type, and opportunity. Personal Relationships, 24, 291–305.Google Scholar
Elster, J. (1990). Norms of revenge. Ethics, 100, 862–885.Google Scholar
Erath, S. A., El‐Sheikh, M., & Cummings, M. E. (2009). Harsh parenting and child externalizing behavior: Skin conductance level reactivity as a moderator. Child Development, 80, 578–592.Google Scholar
Erdley, C. A., & Asher, S. R. (1996). Children’s social goals and self-efficacy perceptions as influences on their responses to ambiguous provocation. Child Development, 67, 1329–1344.Google Scholar
Erdley, C. A., & Asher, S. R. (1998). Linkages between children’s beliefs about the legitimacy of aggression and their behavior. Social Development, 7, 321–339.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Evers, C., Hopp, H., Gross, J. J., Fischer, A. H., Manstead, A. S., & Mauss, I. B. (2014). Emotion response coherence: A dual-process perspective. Biological Psychology, 98, 43–49.Google Scholar
Fagan, J., & Wilkinson, D. (1998). Guns, youth violence, and social identity in inner cities. Crime and Justice, 24, 105–188.Google Scholar
Felson, R. B. (1978). Aggression as impression management. Social Psychology, 41, 205–213.Google Scholar
Ferguson, T. J., & Rule, B. G. (1981). An attributional perspective on anger and aggression. In Geen, R. & Donnerstein, R. E. (Eds.), Perspectives on aggression: Theoretical and empirical review (pp. 41–74). San Diego, CA: Academic Press.Google Scholar
Frey, K. S., & Higheagle Strong, Z. (2018). Aggression predicts changes in peer victimization that vary by form and function. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 46, 305–318.Google Scholar
Frijda, N. H. (1986). The emotions. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Frijda, N. H. (1988). The laws of emotion. American Psychologist, 43, 349–358.Google Scholar
Glaser, J., & Knowles, E. D. (2008). Implicit motivation to control prejudice. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 44, 164–172.Google Scholar
Gouldner, A. (1960). The norm of reciprocity: A preliminary statement. American Sociological Review, 25, 176–177.Google Scholar
Graziano, P., & Derefinko, K. (2013). Cardiac vagal control and children’s adaptive functioning: A meta-analysis. Biological Psychology, 94, 22–37.Google Scholar
Gregson, K. D., Tu, K. M., & Erath, S. A. (2014). Sweating under pressure: Skin conductance level reactivity moderates the association between peer victimization and externalizing behavior. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 55, 22–30.Google Scholar
Harmon, S. L., Stephens, H. F., Repper, K. K., Driscoll, K. A., & Kistner, J. A. (2019). Children’s rumination to sadness and anger: Implications for the development of depression and aggression. Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology, 48, 622–632.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Heider, F. (1958). The psychology of interpersonal relations. New York: Wiley.Google Scholar
Hewitt, L. S. (1975). The effects of provocation, intentions and consequences on children’s moral judgments. Child Development, 46, 540–544.Google Scholar
Higheagle Strong, Z., McMain, E. M., Frey, K. S., Wong, R. M., Dai, S., & Jin, G. (2020). Ethnically diverse adolescents recount third-party actions that amplify their anger and calm their emotions after perceived victimization. Journal of Adolescent Research, 35, 461–488.Google Scholar
Horowitz, R. (1983). Honor and the American dream: Culture and identity in a Chicano community. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press.Google Scholar
Horsley, T. A., Orobio de Castro, B., & Van der Schoot, M. (2010). In the eye of the beholder: Eye-tracking assessment of social information processing in aggressive behavior. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 38, 587–599.Google Scholar
Hubbard, J. A., McAuliffe, M. D., Morrow, M. T., & Romano, L. J. (2010). Reactive and proactive aggression in childhood and adolescence: Precursors, outcomes, processes, experiences, and measurement. Journal of Personality, 78, 95–118.Google Scholar
Hubbard, J. A., Smithmyer, C. M., Ramsden, S. R., Parker, E. H., Flanagan, K. D., Dearing, K. F., Relyea, N., & Simons, R. F. (2002). Observational, physiological, and self-report measures of children’s anger: Relations to reactive vs. proactive aggression. Child Development, 73, 1101–1118.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jacobs, B. A. (2004). A typology of street criminal retaliation. Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency, 41, 295–323.Google Scholar
Jäggi, L., & Kliewer, W. (2016). “Cause that’s the only skills in school you need”: A qualitative analysis of revenge goals in poor urban youth. Journal of Adolescent Research, 31, 32–58.Google Scholar
Kim, S. H., Smith, R. H., & Brigham, N. L. (1998). Effects of power imbalance and the presence of third parties on reactions to harm: Upward and downward revenge. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 24, 353–361.Google Scholar
Kochenderfer, B. J., & Ladd, G. W. (1997). Victimized children’s responses to peers’ aggression: Behaviors associated with reduced versus continued victimization. Development and Psychopathology, 9, 59–73.Google Scholar
Leary, M. R., Koch, E., & Hechenbleikner, N. (2001). Emotional responses to interpersonal rejection. In Leary, M. R. (Ed.), Interpersonal rejection (pp. 145–166). New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Leary, M. R., Springer, C., Negel, L., Ansell, E., & Evans, K. (1998). The causes, phenomenology, and consequences of hurt feelings. Journal of personality and social psychology, 74, 1225–1237.Google Scholar
Lemerise, E. A., & Arsenio, W. F. (2000). An integrated model of emotion processes and cognition in social information processing. Child Development, 71, 107–118.Google Scholar
Lerner, M. J. (1980). The belief in a just world: A fundamental delusion. New York: Plenum Press.Google Scholar
Lewis, H. B. (1971). Shame and guilt in neurosis. Psychoanalytic Review, 58, 419–438.Google Scholar
Linder, J. R., Werner, N. E., & Lyle, K. A. (2010). Automatic and controlled social information processing and relational aggression in young adults. Personality and Individual Differences, 49(7), 778–783.Google Scholar
Lochman, J. E., Wayland, K. K., & White, K. J. (1993). Social goals: Relationship to adolescent adjustment and to social problem solving. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 21, 135–151.Google Scholar
Luckenbill, D. F., & Doyle, D. P. (1989). Structural position and violence: Developing a cultural explanation. Criminology, 27, 419–436.Google Scholar
MacEvoy, J. P., & Asher, S. R. (2012). When friends disappoint: Boys’ and girls’ responses to transgressions of friendship expectations. Child Development, 83, 104–119.Google Scholar
Marvel, J. D., & Resh, W. D. (2019). An unconscious drive to help others? Using the Implicit Association Test to measure prosocial motivation. International Public Management Journal, 22, 29–70.Google Scholar
McCullough, M. E. (2008). Beyond revenge: The evolution of the forgiveness instinct. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.Google Scholar
McCullough, M. E., Bellah, C. G., Kilpatrick, S. D., & Johnson, J. L. (2001). Vengefulness: Relationships with forgiveness, rumination, well-being, and the Big Five. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 27, 601–610.Google Scholar
McDonald, K. L. (2008). Interpretations and beliefs associated with children’s revenge goals in conflict situations (Doctoral dissertation).Google Scholar
McDonald, K. L., & Asher, S. R. (2013). College students’ revenge goals across friend, romantic partner, and roommate contexts: The role of interpretations and emotions. Social Development, 22, 499–521.Google Scholar
McDonald, K. L., & Asher, S. R. (2018). Pacifists and revenge-seekers in response to unambiguous peer provocation. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 47, 1907–1925.Google Scholar
McDonald, K. L., & Lochman, J. E. (2012). Predictors and outcomes associated with trajectories of revenge goals from fourth grade through seventh grade. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 40, 225–236.Google Scholar
McFall, R. M. (1982). A review and reformulation of the concept of social skills. Behavioral Assessment, 4, 1–33.Google Scholar
Miller, D. T. (2001). Disrespect and the experience of injustice. Annual Review of Psychology, 52, 527–553.Google Scholar
Nisbett, R. E., & Cohen, D. (1996). Culture of honor: The psychology of violence in the south. Boulder, CO: Westview Press.Google Scholar
Orobio de Castro, B. O., Veerman, J. W., Koops, W., Bosch, J. D., & Monshouwer, H. J. (2002). Hostile attribution of intent and aggressive behavior: A meta-analysis. Child Development, 73, 916–934.Google Scholar
Orobio de Castro, B. O., Verhulp, E. E., & Runions, K. (2012). Rage and revenge: Highly aggressive boys’ explanations for their responses to ambiguous provocation. European Journal of Developmental Psychology, 9, 331–350.Google Scholar
Peets, K., Hodges, E. V., & Salmivalli, C. (2011). Actualization of social cognitions into aggressive behavior toward disliked targets. Social Development, 20, 233–250.Google Scholar
Peets, K., Hodges, E. V., & Salmivalli, C. (2013). Forgiveness and its determinants depending on the interpersonal context of hurt. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 114, 131–145.Google Scholar
Peets, K., Hodges, E. V., Kikas, E., & Salmivalli, C. (2007). Hostile attributions and behavioral strategies in children: Does relationship type matter? Developmental Psychology, 43, 889.Google Scholar
Peled, M., & Moretti, M. M. (2007). Rumination on anger and sadness in adolescence: Fueling of fury and deepening of despair. Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, 36, 66–75.Google Scholar
Peled, M., & Moretti, M. M. (2010). Ruminating on rumination: Are rumination on anger and sadness differentially related to aggression and depressed mood? Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment, 32, 108–117.Google Scholar
Posada, R., & Wainryb, C. (2008). Moral development in a violent society: Colombian children’s judgments in the context of survival and revenge. Child Development, 79, 882–898.Google Scholar
Putallaz, M. Kupersmidt, J. B., Coie, J.D., McKnight, K., & Grimes, C. L. (2004). A behavioral analysis of girls’ aggression and victimization. In Putallaz, M. & Bierman, K. L. (Eds.), Aggression, antisocial behavior, and violence among girls: A developmental perspective (pp. 110–136). New York: Guilford Press.Google Scholar
Raihala, C., & Kranz, D. (2019). Choose it or lose it: The implicit power motive in children and their resource control behavior. Motivation Science, 5, 86–91.Google Scholar
Rasmussen, K. R., Alibhai, A., Boon, S. D., & Ellard, J. H. (2016). Trust as an explanation for relational differences in revenge. Basic and Applied Social Psychology, 38, 284–300.Google Scholar
Recchia, H. E., Wainryb, C., & Pasupathi, M. (2019). “I wanted to hurt her”: Children’s and adolescents’ experiences of desiring and seeking revenge in their own peer conflicts. Social Development, 28, 840–853.Google Scholar
Renshaw, P. D., & Asher, S. R. (1983). Children’s goals and strategies for social interaction. Merrill-Palmer Quarterly, 29, 353–372.Google Scholar
Richetin, J., Richardson, D. S., & Boykin, D. M. (2011). Role of prevolitional processes in aggressive behavior: The indirect influence of goal. Aggressive Behavior, 37, 36–47.Google Scholar
Roberton, T., Daffern, M., & Bucks, R. S. (2015). Beyond anger control: Difficulty attending to emotions also predicts aggression in offenders. Psychology of Violence, 5, 74–83.Google Scholar
Roos, S., Hodges, E. V., & Salmivalli, C. (2014). Do guilt-and shame-proneness differentially predict prosocial, aggressive, and withdrawn behaviors during early adolescence? Developmental Psychology, 50, 941–946Google Scholar
Roos, S., Salmivalli, C., & Hodges, E. V. (2015). Emotion regulation and negative emotionality moderate the effects of moral (dis) engagement on aggression. Merrill-Palmer Quarterly, 61, 30–50.Google Scholar
Rose, A. J., & Asher, S. R. (1999). Children’s goals and strategies in response to conflicts within a friendship. Developmental Psychology, 35, 69–79.Google Scholar
Rubin, K. H., & Rose-Krasnor, L. (1992) Interpersonal problem solving and social competence in children. In: Van Hasselt, V. B. & Hersen, M. (Eds.), Handbook of social development: Perspectives in developmental psychology (pp. 283–323). Boston, MA: Springer.Google Scholar
Rudolph, K. D., Troop-Gordon, W., & Granger, D. A. (2010). Peer victimization and aggression: Moderation by individual differences in salivary cortisol and alpha-amylase. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 38, 843–856.Google Scholar
Salmivalli, C., & Peets, K. (2009). Pre‐adolescents’ peer‐relational schemas and social goals across relational contexts. Social Development, 18, 817–832.Google Scholar
Sandstrom, M. J., Cillessen, A. H., & Eisenhower, A. (2003). Children’s appraisal of peer rejection experiences: Impact on social and emotional adjustment. Social Development, 12(4), 530–550.Google Scholar
Sandstrom, M. J., & Jordan, R. (2008). Defensive self-esteem and aggression in childhood. Journal of Research in Personality, 42(2), 506–514.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schippell, P. L., Vasey, M. W., Cravens-Brown, L. M., & Bretveld, R. A. (2003). Suppressed attention to rejection, ridicule, and failure cues: A unique correlate of reactive but not proactive aggression in youth. Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, 32, 40–55.Google Scholar
Shantz, D. W., & Pentz, T. (1972). Situational effects on the justifiableness of aggression at three age levels. Child Development, 43, 274–281.Google Scholar
Shantz, D. W., & Voydanoff, D. A. (1973). Situational effects on retaliatory aggression at three age levels. Child Development, 44, 149–153.Google Scholar
Skinner, A. C., Payne, K., Perrin, A. J., Panter, A. T., Howard, J. B., Bardone-Cone, A., Bulik, C. M., Steiner, M. J., & Perrin, E. M. (2017). Implicit weight bias in children age 9 to 11 years. Pediatrics, 140, e20163936.Google Scholar
Smalley, D., & Banerjee, R. (2014). The role of social goals in bullies’ and victims’ social information processing in response to ambiguous and overtly hostile provocation. Social development, 23(3), 593–610.Google Scholar
Smetana, J. G., Toth, S. L., Cicchetti, D., Bruce, J., Kane, P., & Daddis, C. (1999). Maltreated and nonmaltreated preschoolers’ conceptions of hypothetical and actual moral transgressions. Developmental psychology, 35, 269.Google Scholar
Stice, E., & Gonzales, N. (1998). Adolescent temperament moderates the relation of parenting to antisocial behavior and substance use. Journal of Adolescent Research, 13, 5–31.Google Scholar
Strack, F., & Deutsch, R. (2004). Reflective and impulsive determinants of social behavior. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 8(3), 220–247.Google Scholar
Stuckless, N., & Goranson, R. (1992). The vengeance scale: Development of a measure of attitudes toward revenge. Journal of Social Behavior and Personality, 7, 25–42.Google Scholar
Sukhodolsky, D. G., Golub, A., & Cromwell, E. N. (2001). Development and validation of the anger rumination scale. Personality and Individual Differences, 31, 689–700.Google Scholar
Tangney, J. P. (1995). Shame and guilt in interpersonal relationships. In Tangney, J. P. & Fisher, K. W. (Eds.), Self-conscious emotions: Shame, guilt, embarrassment, and pride (pp. 114–139). New York: Guilford Press.Google Scholar
Tangney, J. P. (1998). How does guilt differ from shame? In Bybee, J. (Ed.), Guilt and children (pp. 1–17). New York: Academic Press.Google Scholar
Tangney, J. P., & Dearing, R. L. (2002). Emotions and social behavior. Shame and guilt. New York: Guilford Press.Google Scholar
Tangney, J. P., Wagner, P. E., Hill-Barlow, D., Marschall, D. E., & Gramzow, R. (1996). Relation of shame and guilt to constructive versus destructive responses to anger across the lifespan. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 70, 797–809.Google Scholar
Taylor, J. L., & Novaco, R. W. (2018). Treatment for anger, aggression, and violence. In Lindsay, W. R. & Taylor, J. L. (Eds.), The Wiley handbook on offenders with intellectual and developmental disabilities: Research, training, and practice (pp. 248–271). New York: Wiley.Google Scholar
Tremblay, P. F., & Belchevski, M. (2004). Did the instigator intend to provoke? A key moderator in the relation between trait aggression and aggressive behavior. Aggressive Behavior, 30, 409–424.Google Scholar
Troop-Gordon, W., Gordon, R. D., Vogel-Ciernia, L., Ewing Lee, E., & Visconti, K. J. (2018). Visual attention to dynamic scenes of ambiguous provocation and children’s aggressive behavior. Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology, 47, 925–940.Google Scholar
Walster, E., Walster, G. W., & Berscheid, E. (1978). Equity: Theory and research. Boston: Allyn & Bacon.Google Scholar
Wilkowski, B. M., Robinson, M. D., Gordon, R. D., & Troop-Gordon, W. (2007). Tracking the evil eye: Trait anger and selective attention within ambiguously hostile scenes. Journal of Research in Personality, 41, 650–666.Google Scholar
Yeager, D. S. (2017). Dealing with social difficulty during adolescence: The role of implicit theories of personality. Child Development Perspectives, 11, 196–201.Google Scholar
Yeager, D. S., Miu, A. S., Powers, J., & Dweck, C. S. (2013). Implicit theories of personality and attributions of hostile intent: A meta‐analysis, an experiment, and a longitudinal intervention. Child Development, 84, 1651–1667.Google Scholar
Yeager, D. S., Trzesniewski, K., Tirri, K., Nokelainen, P., & Dweck, C. S. (2011). Adolescents’ implicit theories predict desire for vengeance after remembered and hypothetical peer conflicts: Correlational and experimental evidence. Developmental Psychology, 47, 1090–1107.Google Scholar
Yoshimura, S. (2007). Goals and emotional outcomes of revenge activities in interpersonal relationships. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 24, 87–98.Google Scholar
Zimmer-Gembeck, M. J., & Nesdale, D. (2013). Anxious and angry rejection sensitivity, social withdrawal, and retribution in high and low ambiguous situations. Journal of Personality, 81, 29–38.Google Scholar
Zisner, A. R., & Beauchaine, T. P. (2016). Psychophysiological methods and developmental psychopathology. In Chiccetti, D. (Ed.), Developmental psychopathology, Vol. 2: Developmental neuroscience (3rd ed., pp. 832–884). Hoboken, NJ: Wiley.Google Scholar

Save book to Kindle

To save this book to your Kindle, first ensure [email protected] is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

Available formats
×

Save book to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

Available formats
×

Save book to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

Available formats
×