Skip to main content Accessibility help

We use cookies to distinguish you from other users and to provide you with a better experience on our websites. Close this message to accept cookies or find out how to manage your cookie settings.

Close cookie message
×
Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-gxg78 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-26T20:28:28.745Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

4 - The Fourth Generation of Informational Warfare

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  29 June 2023

Iulian Chifu  and
Greg Simons
By
Iulian Chifu
Iulian Chifu
Affiliation:
National Defence University, Bucharest
Greg Simons
Affiliation:
Uppsala Universitet, Sweden
Get access

Summary

There are different generations of information warfare that evolve with technological, (geo)political and economic changes occuring in society. They are a ’convenient’ means of covert and indirect engagement with another actor in international relations while exposing oneself to the minimum of risk and accountability. It is linked to the popularized international relations concept of hybrid warfare.

Keywords

generational warfareinformation warfaretrollinglobbyinginfluence operationspropagandadisinformationpost-truthcharacter assassination
Type
Chapter
Information
Rethinking Warfare in the 21st Century
The Influence and Effects of the Politics, Information and Communication Mix
 , pp. 79 - 112
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2023

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Air Force Doctrine Document, 2-5.3 (27 August 1999), Psychological Operations.Google Scholar
Andreescu, C. (18 August 2016), EurActiv.com: SUA își mută armele nucleare din Turcia în România, DC news, www.dcnews.ro/euractiv-com-sua-i-i-muta-arme-nucleare-din-turcia-in-romania_513671.html.Google Scholar
Anderson, T. (2012), Learning Technology through Three Generations of Technology-enhanced Distance Education Pedagogy, European Journal of Open, Distance and E-Learning, n2.Google Scholar
Barry, E. (7 April 2009), Protests in Moldova Explode, with Help of Twitter, The New York Times, www.nytimes.com/2009/04/08/world/europe/08moldova.html?mcubz=3.Google Scholar
Bhalla, M. R. & Bhalla, A. V. (2010), Generations of Mobile Wireless Technology: A Survey, https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.206.5216&rep=rep1&type=pdf.Google Scholar
Braunstein, F. & Pepin, J. F. (1997), Marile Doctrine. Politice. Economice, Filosofice, Bucharest: Antet.Google Scholar
Bruckner, P. (1996), Melancolia democrației: Cum să trăiești fără dușmani, Bucharest: Antet.Google Scholar
Buterin, V. (13–15 September 2018), Will Blockchain Change the World?, at 15th Yalta European Strategy, Annual Meeting, Kiev, “The Next Generation of Everything”, available at https://yes-ukraine.org/en/photo-and-video/video/15-a-shchorichna-zustrich-yes/chi-zminit-blokcheyn-svit.Google Scholar
CCA Report (2016), Chishinau (CCA – Comisia Centrală a Audiovizualului -Audiovisual Central Commission).Google Scholar
Chifu, I. (2020), The Fourth Generation Informational Warfare, Romanian Intelligence Studies Review (Revista Română de Studii de Intelligence - RRSI), RRSI nr.22/2019, Bucharest, pp. 67–105.Google Scholar
Chifu, I. (2018), Războiul hibrid și reziliența societală. Planificarea apărării hibride, Infosfera, no. 1, pp. 23–30.Google Scholar
Chifu, I. (2017a), Trei generații de război informațional. Nivelul dezvoltării domeniului în partea sa publică, Infosfera, Year IX, no. 3, pp. 20–27.Google Scholar
Chifu, I. (2017b), Character Assassination, Armă ofensivă în războiul informațional, Infosfera, no. 4, pp. 11–17.Google Scholar
Chifu, I. (2016), Războiul informaţional: componentă a războiului hibrid şi instrument de acţiune agresivă cu relevanţă strategică, in Infosfera, no. 3 pp. 3–11.Google Scholar
Chifu, I. (2015), Război hibrid, lawfare, război informaţional. Războaiele viitorului, in Universitatea Naţională de Apărare, Strategii XXI. Complexitatea şi dinamismul mediului internaţional de securitate, UNAP “Carol I” Publishing.Google Scholar
Chifu, I. & Ivan, C. (December 2013), Rolul democrației participative, al meta-narațiunilor și autorului colectiv în secolul XXI. Mesaj din viitor, Bucharest: Revista Română de Studii de Intelligence, RRSI no. 10, pp. 221–239.Google Scholar
Chifu, I. & Nantoi, O. (2016), Război informațional: tipizarea agresiunii informaționale a Federației Ruse, Bucharest: ISPRI.Google Scholar
Chifu, I. & Țuțuianu, S. (2016), Torn Between East and West: Europe’s Border States, London: Routledge.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Concept of the Foreign Policy of the Russian Federation, Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Russian Federation (12 February 2013), http://static.kremlin.ru/media/events/files/41d447a0ce9f5a96bdc3.pdf.Google Scholar
CORUPTIA UCIDE: Peste 35.000 de oameni au ocupat strazile Capitalei. Proteste de amploare au avut loc in toata tara (4 November 2015), http://stirileprotv.ro/stiri/actualitate/noi-proteste-sunt-anuntate-si-pentru-miercuri-seara-ce-vor-manifestantii-sa-se-intample-dupa-caderea-guvernului.html.Google Scholar
Danzinger, K. (1997), Naming the Mind: How Psychology Found Its Language, London: Sage.Google Scholar
David, M., Artificial Intelligence and Deep Fake, available at https://yes-ukraine.org/en/photo-and-video/video/15-a-shchorichna-zustrich-yes/shtuchniy-intelekt-ta-deep-fake.Google Scholar
Diacu, L. (3 February 2017), “Noaptea, ca hoţii!”- peste 300.000 de români, în stradă împotriva mutilării Codurilor penale, Epoch Times, http://epochtimes-romania.com/news/ne-vedem-la-guvern-ziua-a-patra-de-proteste-impotriva-mutilarii-codului-penal---257156.Google Scholar
Digi24, #Ro-mânia, ziua a şasea | Protest istoric: 600.000 de oameni au fost în stradă Referință Ordonanța 13 (5 February 2017), available at www.digi24.ro/stiri/actualitate/justitie/legea-gratierii/cel-mai-mare-protest-fata-de-oug-13-anuntat-pentru-duminica-in-capitala-663703.Google Scholar
EurActiv.com: SUA mută arme nucleare din Turcia în România / MAE şi MApN neagă (18 August 2016), EurActiv.ro, available at www.euractiv.ro/extern/sua-muta-arme-nucleare-din-turcia-in-romania-5170.Google Scholar
EurActiv: SUA isi muta armele nucleare din Turcia in baza militara de la Deveselu. MAE neaga informatiile (18 August 2016), Știrile PROTV, http://stirileprotv.ro/stiri/actualitate/euractiv-sua-isi-muta-armele-nucleare-din-turcia-in-baza-militara-de-la-deveselu.html.Google Scholar
Ferguson, N., The Next Generation of Everything. A Historian’s and an Investor’s View, at 15th Yalta European Strategy, Annual Meeting, September 13–15 2018, Kiev, “The Next Generation of Everything”, available at https://yes-ukraine.org/en/photo-and-video/video/15-a-shchorichna-zustrich-yes/maybutnye-pokolinnya-vsogo-poglyadi-istorika-ta-investora.Google Scholar
Ficeac, B. (2014), Tehnici de manipulare, ediția VII, Bucharest: C. H. Beck.Google Scholar
Ficeac, B. (1996), Tehnici de manipulare, Bucharest: Nemira.Google Scholar
Flower, H. I. (2007), The Art of Forgetting: Disgrace and Oblivion in Roman Political Culture, Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press.Google Scholar
Giuliani, R. (2018), www.politico.com/story/2018/08/19/giuliani-truth-todd-trump-788161.Google Scholar
Graber, D. (2009), Mass Media and American Politics, Washington DC: CQ Press.Google Scholar
Green, Y., Demonstration. Hacking an Online Conversation, at 15th Yalta European Strategy, Annual Meeting, 13–15 September 2018, Kiev, “The Next Generation of Everything”, available at https://yes-ukraine.org/en/photo-and-video/video/15-a-shchorichna-zustrich-yes/demonstratsiya-nezakonne-vtruchannya-u-besidi-v-merezhi.Google Scholar
Hale, T. N. & Slaughter, A. M. (2005), Hardt & Negri’s Multitude: The Worst of Both Worlds, Occasional Paper, Woodrow Wilson School of Public and International Affairs at Princeton University.Google Scholar
Hammes, T. X. (2007), Fourth Generation Warfare Evolves, Fifth Emerges, Military Review (May–June), pp. 14–23, www.hsdl.org/?view&did=482199.Google Scholar
Hardt, M. & Negri, A. (2005), Multitude: War and Democracy in the Age of Empire, Edmonton: Canadian Committee on Labour History.Google Scholar
Holland, M. (2006), The Propagation and Power of Communist Security Services Dezinformatsiya, International Journal of Intelligence and Counter-Intelligence, 19(1), pp. 1–31, DOI: 10.1080/08850600500332342.Google Scholar
Icks, M. & Shiraev, E. (2014), Character Assassination throughout the Ages, Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.Google Scholar
Jerome, D. (1950), Character Assassination, New York: The Philosophical Library.Google Scholar
Jones, R. G. (29 March 2017), An Applied Approach to Psychology of Sustainability, available at http://psychology.oxfordre.com/view/10.1093/acrefore/9780190236557.001.0001/acrefore-9780190236557-e-76?print=pdf.Google Scholar
Jula, C. ( 4 September 2014), Uniţi salvăm Roşia Montană: un an de la “toamna românească” (Think Outside the Box), available at www.totb.ro/uniti-salvam-rosia-montana-un-an-de-la-toamna-romaneasca/.Google Scholar
Keen, S. (1988), Faces of the Enemy: Reflections of the Hostile Imagination, San Francisco: Harper.Google Scholar
Klayman, J. (1995), Varieties of Confirmation Bias, Psychology of Learning and Motivation, 32, pp. 385–418.Google Scholar
Knobloch-Westerwick, S. (2015), Choice and Preference in Media Use: Advances in Selective Exposure Theory and Research, 1st ed. Taylor and Francis. www.perlego.com/book/1561320/choice-and-preference-in-media-use-pdf.Google Scholar
Laney, D. (2001), 3D Data Management: Controlling Data Volume, Velocity and Variety, META Group Research Note, 6(70).Google Scholar
Levy, B. H., Who Killed Ms. Truth?, at 15th Yalta European Strategy, Annual Meeting, 13–15 September 2018, Kiev, “The Next Generation of Everything”, available at https://yes-ukraine.org/en/photo-and-video/video/15-a-shchorichna-zustrich-yes/hto-vbiv-mis-istinu.Google Scholar
Lind, W. S. (2004), Understanding Fourth Generation War, Military Review, September–October, www.hsdl.org/?view&did=482203.Google Scholar
Lobbying Reform: Background and Legislative Proposals, 109th Congress (PDF) (2006), Order Code RL33065. The Library of Congress, Congressional Research Service. 2006-03-23.Google Scholar
Moisi, D. (2009), The Geopolitics of Emotion, New York: Anchor Books Publishing.Google Scholar
Morrell, S. C. & Kosal, M. E. (2021), Military Deception and Strategic Culture: The Soviet Union and Russian Federation, Journal of Information Warfare, Summer, 20(3), pp. 134–152, available at www.jinfowar.com/journal/volume-20-issue-3/military-deception-strategic-culture-soviet-union-russian-federation.Google Scholar
Nickerson, R. S. (1998), Confirmation Bias: A Ubiquitous Phenomenon in Many Guises, Review of General Psychology, 2(2): pp. 175–220, DOI: 10.1037/1089-2680.2.2.175.Google Scholar
Niezsche, F., On Truth and Lie in an Extra-Moral Sense, available at www.kth.se/social/files/5804ca7ff276547f5c83a592/On%20truth%20and%20lie%20in%20an%20extra-moral%20sense.pdf.Google Scholar
Goebbels, Original Joseph, in Koonz, C. (2004), The Nazi Conscience, London and Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press of Harvard University, p. 13. Quote from March 1933.Google Scholar
Palmera, E. J. (2007), Media Use and Political Predispositions: Revisiting the Concept of Selective Exposure, at www.uky.edu/AS/PoliSci/Peffley/pdf/Stroud%202008%20PB%20Revisiting%20the%20Concept%20of%20Selective%20Exposure.pdf.Google Scholar
Pădure, R. (4 March 2017), Marele SECRET din spatele Victoriei lui Trump Insectarul DIGITAL de Oameni. O uluitoare OPERAŢIUNE de Penetrare a CREIERELOR americanilor, Evenimentul Zilei, available at http://evz.ro/marele-secret-din-spatele-victoriei-lui-trump-i.html.Google Scholar
Peters, U. (2020), What Is the Function of Confirmation Bias? Erkenntnis, 87, pp. 1351–1376Google Scholar
Poole, D., Mackworth, A. & Goebel, R. (1998), Computational Intelligence: A Logical Approach, New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Popp, G. & Canna, S. (2016), The Characterisation and Conditions of the Grey Zone. A Virtual Think-tank Analysis, NSI Team, Winter, at http://nsiteam.com/social/wp-content/uploads/2017/01/Final_NSI-ViTTa-Analysis_The-Characterization-and-Conditions-of-the-Gray-Zone.pdf.Google Scholar
Reichman, O. J., Jones, M. B. & Schildhauer, M. P. (2011), Challenges and Opportunities of Open Data in Ecology, Science, 331 (6018), pp. 703–705.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rudy, G. (23 August 2018), “Truth Isn’t Truth”: So Is That True?, The Guardian, available at www.theguardian.com/books/2018/aug/23/truth-isnt-truth-so-should-we-expect-lies-from-donald-trump.Google Scholar
Sagan, F. (1965), La Chamade, Julliard.Google Scholar
Samoilenko, S. A. (2016), Character Assassination, in Caroll, C. E. (Ed.), The SAGE Encyclopedia of Corporate Reputation, pp. 115–118. New York: Sage Publications.Google Scholar
Sandru, A. (4 November 2015), Ponta si-a dat demisia. Klaus Iohannis, asteptat sa numeasca un premier interimar, available at www.ziare.com/victor-ponta/demisie/romania-in-strada-ponta-demisioneaza-live-1391492.Google Scholar
Sears, D. (1967), Selective Exposure to Information: A Critical Review, Public Opinion Quarterly, 31(2), DOI:10.1086/267513.Google Scholar
Shiraev, E. (2010), Character Assassination: An Interdisciplinary Approach, George Mason University, USA, available at https://characterattack.files.wordpress.com/2010/10/character-assassination-an-interdisciplinary-approach.pdf.Google Scholar
Sigelman, L. & Kugler, M. (2003), Why Is the Research of the Effects of Negative Campaigning So Inconclusive? Understanding Citizens’ Perceptions of Negativity, The Journal of Politics, 65(1), pp. 45–62.Google Scholar
Simons, G. & Chifu, I. (2017), The Changing Face of Warfare in the 21st Century, London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Smith, S. M., Fabriger, L. R. & Norris, M. E. (2008), Reflecting on Six Decades of Selective Exposure Research: Progress, Challenges, and Opportunities, Social and Personality Psychology Compass, 2(1), pp. 464–493. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1751-9004.2007.00060.x.Google Scholar
Stern, E. (1999), Crisis Decision Making. A Cognitive Institutional Approach, Stockholm: University of Stockholm.Google Scholar
Stroud, N. (2010), Polarization and Partisan Selective Exposure, Journal of Communication, 60(3), September, pp. 556–576.Google Scholar
Tesich, S. (1992), A Government of Lies, The Nation, 254(1), pp. 12–14.Google Scholar
The International Society for the Study of Character Assassination (ISSCA), https://characterattack.wordpress.com/.Google Scholar
“The Military Doctrine of the Russian Federation”, Approved by the President of the Russian Federation on 25 December, 2014, available at www.scrf.gov.ru/security/military/document129/.Google Scholar
Uniți Salvăm Roșia Montana! Prima lună de proteste (2013), available at www.youtube.com/watch?v=obPcorM2wuM.Google Scholar
Volkoff, V. (2009), Tratat de Dezinformare, Bucharest: Antet.Google Scholar
Walton, D. N. (2007), Media Argumentation: Dialectic, Persuasion, and Rhetoric. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Walton, D. N. (1985), Arguer’s Position: A Pragmatic Study of Ad Hominem Attack, Criticism, Refutation, and Fallacy, Westport: Greenwood Press.Google Scholar
Weiner, T. (2020), The Folly and the Glory: America, Russia and Political War 1945–2020, New York: Henry Holt and Co.Google Scholar
Wierzbicki, P. (1996), Structura minciunii, Bucharest: Nemira.Google Scholar
Zachmann, S. (5 February 2017), Şedinţa de Guvern s-a încheiat: ordonanţa de urgenţă a fost abrogate, Adevărul, available at http://adevarul.ro/news/politica/ora-1400-guvernul-reuneste-retrage-ordonanta-urgenta-modifica-legislatia-penala-abrogare-prorogareo-1_5896e8585ab6550cb825d49e/index.html.Google Scholar

Save book to Kindle

To save this book to your Kindle, first ensure [email protected] is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

Available formats
×

Save book to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

Available formats
×

Save book to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

Available formats
×