Resilience through Knowledge Co-Production Indigenous Knowledge, Science, and Global Environmental Change
Book contents
- Resilience through Knowledge Co-production
- Resilience through Knowledge Co-production
- Copyright page
- Contents
- Contributors
- Acknowledgements
- Introduction
- Part I From Practice to Principles
- 2 The Progression from Collaboration to Co-production: Case Studies from Alaska
- 3 Learning about Sea Ice from the Kifikmiut: A Decade of Ice Seasons at Wales, Alaska, 2006-2016
- 4 Shaping the Long View: Iñupiat Experts and Scientists Share Ocean Knowledge on Alaska’s North Slope
- 5 Indigenous Ice Dictionaries: Sharing Knowledge for a Changing World
- 6 Mapping Land Use with Sámi Reindeer Herders: Co-production in an Era of Climate Change
- 7 Sámi Herders’ Knowledge and Forestry: Ecological Restoration of Reindeer Lichen Pastures in Northern Sweden
- Part II Indigenous Perspectives on Environmental Change
- Part III Global Change and Indigenous Responses
- Epilogue
- Index
- References
5 - Indigenous Ice Dictionaries: Sharing Knowledge for a Changing World
from Part I - From Practice to Principles
Published online by Cambridge University Press: 02 June 2022
By
Book contents
- Resilience through Knowledge Co-production
- Resilience through Knowledge Co-production
- Copyright page
- Contents
- Contributors
- Acknowledgements
- Introduction
- Part I From Practice to Principles
- 2 The Progression from Collaboration to Co-production: Case Studies from Alaska
- 3 Learning about Sea Ice from the Kifikmiut: A Decade of Ice Seasons at Wales, Alaska, 2006-2016
- 4 Shaping the Long View: Iñupiat Experts and Scientists Share Ocean Knowledge on Alaska’s North Slope
- 5 Indigenous Ice Dictionaries: Sharing Knowledge for a Changing World
- 6 Mapping Land Use with Sámi Reindeer Herders: Co-production in an Era of Climate Change
- 7 Sámi Herders’ Knowledge and Forestry: Ecological Restoration of Reindeer Lichen Pastures in Northern Sweden
- Part II Indigenous Perspectives on Environmental Change
- Part III Global Change and Indigenous Responses
- Epilogue
- Index
- References
Summary
At a meeting in Alaska in 2000, when several indigenous speakers shared stories about the rapidly shifting climate, sea ice, and weather in their home areas. I was amazed by how thoroughly they analysed signals of change and how nuanced their observations were, compared to the crude models of prehistoric climate change available in the literature. For many people living in the more temperate mid-latitude areas, ‘climate change’ is about heat and warming. Not so in the Arctic, where the best summary of climate change is that “it’s not cold enough” (Krupnik et al. 2010c). Indigenous people in the North, particularly those living on the seacoast, depend on long cold winter to build solid offshore ice. They monitor the ice for six to ten months every year; they travel on ice, and hunt from it to catch the animals that sustain their life. The Eskimo explanation “it’s not cold enough” has perfect sense from the principles of sea ice geophysics. It requires long cold days to build solid ice. If the ice is weak and broken, comes late or leaves early, more heat is absorbed into the ocean producing thinner and weaker ice next winter. This is a synopsis of what scientists call ‘Arctic amplification’. Over the past 40 years of satellite observations, Arctic sea ice has declined dramatically – in its seasonal extent, overall volume, age, and duration. In the northern Bering Sea, sea ice distribution in winter has changed, in professional terms, from a predictable system of icescapes to a mixing bowl of drifting floes. Hunters in many communities report that they have not seen thick bluish multi-year ice of their youth in years. Arctic people have noticed this transformation very early and they have spoken about it loud and clear since the late 1990s. Yet they monitor the ice from their particular vision of users, not as scientists. This paper introduces the study of indigenous sea ice nomenclatures as a path to document, sustain, and ‘co-produce’ local knowledge about ice and Arctic change.
Keywords
- Type
- Chapter
- Information
- Resilience through Knowledge Co-ProductionIndigenous Knowledge, Science, and Global Environmental Change, pp. 93 - 116Publisher: Cambridge University PressPrint publication year: 2022
References
Anonymous. 2019. Arctic sea ice reaches second lowest minimum in satellite record. National Snow and Ice Data Center, September 23, 2019 https://nsidc.org/arcticseaicenews/2019/09/arctic-sea-ice-reaches-second-lowest-minimum-in-satellite-record/ (accessed May 23, 2020)Google Scholar
Aporta, C. 2003. Old Routes, New Trails: Contemporary Inuit Travel and Orienting in Igloolik, Nunavut. PhD Thesis, Edmonton: University of Alberta.Google Scholar
Aporta, C. 2009. The trail as home: Inuit and their pan-Arctic network of routes. Human Ecology, 37: 131–146. https://DOI.org/10.1007/s10745–009-9213-xGoogle Scholar
Aporta, C. 2011. Shifting perspectives on shifting ice: Documenting and representing Inuit use of the sea ice. The Canadian Geographer/ Le Géographe Canadien, 55(1): 6–19. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1541-0064.2010.00340.xGoogle Scholar
Arctic and Antarctic Research Institute (AARI). N.d. Ice terms arranged by subject. www.aari.ru/gdsidb/glossary/p1.htm (accessed May 23, 2020)Google Scholar
Bailey, A. M. 1943. The birds of Cape Prince of Wales, Alaska. Proceedings of the Colorado Museum of Natural History, 18(1).Google Scholar
Bank, T. P., II. 1953. Botanical and ethnobotanical studies in the Aleutian Islands II: Health and medical lore of the Aleuts. Papers of the Michigan Academy of Science, Arts and Letters, 38: 415–431.Google Scholar
Berlin, B., Breedlove, D. E. and Raven, P. H. 1966. Folk taxonomies and biological classification. Science, 154: 273–275.Google Scholar
Bogoslovskaya, L. S. and Krupnik, I. (eds.) 2013. Nashi l’dy, snega i vetry. Narodnye i nauchnye znaniia o ledovykh landshaftakh i climate Vostochnoi Chukotki [Our Ice, Snow, and Winds. Indigenous and Academic Knowledge on Ice-Scapes and Climate of Eastern Chukotka]. Moscow and Washington: Russian Heritage Institute.Google Scholar
Callaway, D. (with Eamer, J., Edwardsen, E., Jack, C., Marcy, S., Olrun, A., Patkoak, M., Rexford, D. and Whiting, A.). 1999. Effects of climate change on subsistence communities in Alaska. In Weller, G., and Anderson, P. A. (eds.) Assessing the Consequences of Climate Change for Alaska and the Bering Sea Region: Proceedings of a Workshop (29–30 October 1998). Fairbanks: University of Alaska Fairbanks, pp. 59–74.Google Scholar
Conklin, H. C. 1955. 1955 Hanuóo color categories. SouthWestern Journal of Anthropology, 11: 339–344.Google Scholar
Dobrieva, E. A. and Alpergen, B. I. 2013. Ledovyi slovar’ morskikh okhotnikov sela Naukan (Ice dictionary of sea-mammal hunters from the community of Naukan). In Bogoslovskaya, L. S. and Krupnik, I. (eds.) Nashi l’dy, snega i vetry. Narodnye i nauchnye znaniia o ledovykh landshaftakh i climate Vostochnoi Chukotki [Our Ice, Snow, and Winds. Indigenous and Academic Knowledge on Ice-Scapes and Climate of Eastern Chukotka]. Moscow and Washington: Russian Heritage Institute, pp. 148–153.Google Scholar
Druckenmiller, M. L., Daniel, R. and Johnson, M. (eds.) 2019. Voices from the front lines of a changing Bering Sea. An Indigenous perspective for the 2019 Arctic Report Card. In Richter-Menge, J., Druckenmiller, M. L. and Jeffries, M. (eds.). Arctic Report Card 2019, pp. 88–94. www.arctic.noaa.gov/Report-CardGoogle Scholar
Erdmann, F. 1864–1866. Eskimoisches Wörterbuch gesammelt von Missionaren in Labrador, Revidirt und Herausgegeben von Friedrich Erdmann [Eskimo Dictionary Collected by Missionaries in Labrador, Reviewed and Edited by Friedrich Erdmann]. Budissin [Bautzen], Germany: Ernst Moritz Monse, 2 vols.Google Scholar
Fienup-Riordan, A. and Rearden, A. 2012. Ellavut / Our Yup’ik World and Weather. Continuity and Change on the Bering Sea Coast. Seattle: University of Washington Press.Google Scholar
Fox (Gearheard), S. 2003. When the Weather is Uggianaqtuq: Inuit Observations of Environmental Change. Boulder: University of Colorado Geography Department Cartography Lab. Distributed by National Snow and Ice Data Center. CD-ROM.Google Scholar
Fox Gearheard, S., Holm, L. K., Huntington, H., Leavitt, J. M., Mahoney, A. R., Opie, M., Oshima, T. and Sanguya, J. (eds.) 2013. The Meaning of Ice. People and Sea Ice in Three Arctic Communities. Hanover, NH: International Polar Institute Press.Google Scholar
Freeman, M. M. R. 1984. Contemporary Inuit exploitation of the sea-ice environment. In Cooke, A. and Van Alstine, Edie (eds.) Sikumiut: “The People Who Use the Sea Ice”. Montréal: Canadian Arctic Resources Committee, pp. 73–96.Google Scholar
Gearheard, S., Matumeak, W., Angutikjuaq, I., Maslanik, J., Huntington, H. P., Leavitt, J., Matumeak-Kagak, D., Tigullaraq, G. and Barry, R. G. 2006. “It’s not that simple”: A comparison of sea ice environments, uses of sea ice, and vulnerability to change in Barrow, Alaska, USA and Clyde River, Nunavut, Canada. AMBIO, 35(4): 203–211. https://doi.org/10.1579/0044-7447(2006)35[203:INTSAC]2.0.CO;2Google Scholar
George, J. C. C., Huntington, H. P., Brewster, K., Eicken, H., Norton, D. W. and Glenn, R. 2004. Observations on shore-fast ice dynamics in Arctic Alaska and the responses of the Iñupiat hunting community. Arctic, 57(4): 363–374. https://doi.org/10.14430/arctic514Google Scholar
Hegger, D., Lamers, M., Van Zeijl-Rozema, A. and Dieperink, C. 2012. Conceptualising joint knowledge production in regional climate change adaptation projects: Success conditions and levers for action. Environmental Science and Policy, 18: 52–65Google Scholar
Heyes, S. A. 2011. Cracks in the knowledge: Sea ice terms in Kangiksualujjuaq, Nunavik. The Canadian Geographer/Le Géographe canadien, 55(1): 69–90. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1541-0064.2010.00346.xGoogle Scholar
Höhn, O. E. 1969. Eskimo bird names at Chesterfield Inlet and Baker Lake, Keewatin, Northwest Territories. Arctic, 22(1): 72–75. https://doi.org/10.14430/arctic3195Google Scholar
Hovelsrud, G. K., Krupnik, I. and White, J. 2011. Human-based observing systems. In Krupnik, I., Allison, I., Bell, R., Cutler, P., Hik, D., Lopez-Martinez, J., Rachold, V., Sarukhanian, E. and Summerhayes, C. (eds.) Understanding Earth’s Polar Challenges. International Polar Year 2007-2008. Edmonton: Canadian Circumpolar Institute, pp. 435–456.Google Scholar
Huntington, H. (ed.) 2000. Impacts of changes in sea ice and other environmental parameters in the Arctic. Report of the Marine Mammal Commission Workshop, Girdwood, Alaska, 15–17 February 2000. Bethesda: Marine Mammal Commission.Google Scholar
Huntington, H. P., Brower, Jr., H. and Norton, D. W. 2001. The Barrow symposium on sea ice, 2000: Evaluation of one means of exchanging information between subsistence whalers and scientists. Arctic, 54(2): 201–206 https://doi.org/10.14430/arctic780Google Scholar
Huntington, H. P. and Fox, S. 2005. The changing Arctic: Indigenous perspectives. In Symon, C., Arris, L. and Heal, B. (eds.) Arctic Climate Impact Assessment (ACIA), New York: Cambridge University Press, pp. 61–98.Google Scholar
Irving, L. 1953. The naming of birds by Nunamiut, Eskimo. Arctic, 6(1): 35–43. https://doi.org/10.14430/arctic3864Google Scholar
Irving, L. 1958. On the naming of birds by Eskimos. Anthropological Papers of the University of Alaska, 16(2): 61–77.Google Scholar
Jacobson, S. A. (ed.) 2008. St. Lawrence Island-Siberian Yupik Eskimo Dictionary, compiled by Womkom Badten, L., Oovi Kaneshiro, V., Oovi, M. and Koonooka, C. Fairbanks: Alaska Native Language Center.Google Scholar
Johns, A. 2010. On the Inuit sea ice terminology in Nunavut and Nunatsiavut. In Krupnik, I., Aporta, C., Gearheard, S., Laidler, G. J. and Kielsen Holm, L. (eds.) SIKU: Knowing Our Ice. Documenting Inuit Sea Ice Knowledge and Use. Dordrecht: Springer, pp. 401–412. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-90-481-8587-0_17Google Scholar
Johnson, N., Behe, C., Danielsen, F., Krümmel, E-M., Nickels, S. and Pulsifer, P. L. 2016. Community-Based Monitoring and Indigenous Knowledge in a Changing Arctic: A Review for the Sustaining Arctic Observing Networks. Ottawa: Inuit Circumpolar Council Canada www.inuitcircumpolar.com/uploads/3/0/5/4/30542564/cbm_final_report.pdfGoogle Scholar
Jolly, D., Berkes, F., Castleden, J., Nichols, T. and the community of Sachs Harbour. 2002. “We can’t predict the weather like we used to”: Inuvialuit observations of climate Change, Sachs Harbour, Western Canadian Arctic. In Krupnik, I., and Jolly, D. (eds.) The Earth Is Faster Now: Indigenous Observations of Arctic Environmental Change. Fairbanks, AK: ARCUS, pp. 92–125.Google Scholar
Kleinschmidt, S. 1871. Den grønlandske Ordbog [The Greenlandic Dictionary]. Copehagen: Louis Kleins Bogtrykkeri.Google Scholar
Krupnik, I. 2000. Native perspectives on climate and sea ice changes. In Huntington, H. P. (ed.) Impacts of Changes in Sea Ice and Other Environmental Parameters in the Arctic. Report of the Marine Mammal Commission Workshop, Girdwood, Alaska, 15–17 February 2000. Bethesda: Marine Mammal Commission, pp. 25–39.Google Scholar
Krupnik, I. 2002. Watching ice and weather our way: Some lessons from Yupik observations of sea ice and weather on St. Lawrence Island, Alaska. In Krupnik, I. and Jolly, D. (eds.) The Earth Is Faster Now: Indigenous Observations of Arctic Environmental Change. Fairbanks, AK: ARCUS, pp. 156–197.Google Scholar
Krupnik, I. 2011. ‘How many Eskimo words for ice?’ Collecting Inuit sea ice terminologies in the International Polar Year 2007–2008. The Canadian Geographer/Le Géographe canadien, 55(1): 56–64. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1541-0064.2010.00345.xGoogle Scholar
Krupnik, I. and Jolly, D. 2002. (eds.) The Earth Is Faster Now: Indigenous Observations of Arctic Environmental Change. Fairbanks, AK: ARCUS (2nd edition, 2010).Google Scholar
Krupnik, I. and Huntington, H. P. 2004. Introduction. In Oozeva, C., Noongwook, C., Noongwook, G., Alowa, C. and Krupnik, I. Sikumengllu Eslamengllu Esghapaleghput /Watching Ice and Weather Our Way. Washington, DC: Arctic Studies Center, pp.16–21Google Scholar
Krupnik, I. and Chlenov, M. 2007. The end of “Eskimo Land”: Yupik relocations, 1958–1959. Etudes/Inuit/Studies, 31(1–2): 59–82. https://doi.org/10.7202/019715arCopiedGoogle Scholar
Krupnik, I. and Müller-Wille, L. 2010. Franz Boas and Inuktitut terminology for ice and snow: From the emergence of the field to the “Great Eskimo vocabulary hoax”. In Krupnik, I., Aporta, C., Gearheard, S., Laidler, G. J. and Kielsen Holm, L. (eds.) SIKU: Knowing Our Ice. Documenting Inuit Sea Ice Knowledge and Use. Dordrecht: Springer, pp. 377–400. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-90-481-8587-0_16Google Scholar
Krupnik, I. and Weyapuk, Jr., W. 2010. Qanuq Ilitaavut : “How we learned what we know” (Wales Inupiaq Sea Ice Dictionary). In Krupnik, I., Aporta, C., Gearheard, S., Laidler, G. J. and Kielsen Holm, L. (eds.) SIKU: Knowing Our Ice. Documenting Inuit Sea Ice Knowledge and Use. Dordrecht: Springer, pp. 321–354. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-90-481-8587-0_14Google Scholar
Krupnik, I. and Bogoslovskaya, L. S. 2017. “Our ice, snow and winds”: From knowledge integration to co-production in the Russian SIKU project, 2007–2013. In Kasten, E., Roller, K. and Wilbur, J. (eds.) Oral History Meets Linguistics. Halle: Verlag der Kulturstiftung Sibirien, pp. 31–48.Google Scholar
Krupnik, I., Aporta, C., Gearheard, S., Laidler, G. J. and Holm, L. K. (eds.) 2010a. SIKU: Knowing Our Ice. Documenting Inuit Sea Ice Knowledge and Use. Dordrecht: Springer.Google Scholar
Krupnik, I., Aporta, C. and Laidler, G. J. 2010b. SIKU: International Polar Year Project #166 (An Overview). In Krupnik, I., Aporta, C., Gearheard, S., Laidler, G. J. and Kielsen Holm, L. (eds.) SIKU: Knowing Our Ice. Documenting Inuit Sea Ice Knowledge and Use. Dordrecht: Springer, pp. 1–28.Google Scholar
Krupnik, I., Apangalook, L. and Apangalook, P. 2010c. “It’s cold but not cold enough”: Observing ice and climate change in Gambell, Alaska in IPY 2007–2008 and beyond. In Krupnik, I., Aporta, C., Gearheard, S., Laidler, G. J. and Kielsen Holm, L. (eds.) SIKU: Knowing Our Ice. Documenting Inuit Sea Ice Knowledge and Use. Dordrecht: Springer, pp. 81–114. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-90-481-8587-0_4Google Scholar
Laidler, G. J. 2006. Inuit and scientific perspectives on the relationship between sea ice and climate change: The ideal complement? Climatic Change, 78(2–4): 407–444. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10584–006-9064-zGoogle Scholar
Laidler, G. J. 2007. Ice, Through Inuit Eyes: Characterizing the Importance of Sea Ice Processes, Use and Change around Three Nunavut Communities. PhD Thesis, Toronto, ON: University of Toronto.Google Scholar
Laidler, G. J., and Elee, P. 2008. Human geographies of sea ice: Freeze/thaw processes around Cape Dorset, Nunavut, Canada. Polar Record, 44: 51–76Google Scholar
Laidler, G. J., and Ikummaq, T. 2008. Human geographies of sea ice: Freeze/thaw processes around Igloolik, Nunavut, Canada. Polar Record, 44: 127–153Google Scholar
Laidler, G. J., Elee, P., Ikummaq, T., Joamie, E. and Aporta, C. 2010. Mapping Inuit sea ice knowledge, use and change in Nunavut, Canada. In Krupnik, I., Aporta, C., Gearheard, S., Laidler, G. J. and Kielsen Holm, L. (eds.) SIKU: Knowing Our Ice. Documenting Inuit Sea Ice Knowledge and Use. Dordrecht: Springer, pp. 45–80 https://doi.org/10.1007/978-90-481-8587-0_3Google Scholar
Lantis, M. 1959. Folk medicine and hygiene: Lower Kuskokwim and Nunivak-Nelson Island areas. Anthropological Papers of the University of Alaska, 8(1): 1–75.Google Scholar
Larsen, J. N. and Anisimov, O. A. 2014. Climate Change 2014: Impact, Adaptation, and Vulnerability. Part B – Regional Aspects: Polar Regions. In Barros, V. R. and Field, C. B. (eds.). Working Group II Contribution to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 1567–1612.Google Scholar
Leonova, V. G. 2014. Naukan i naukantsy [Naukan and the Naukanese]. Vladivostok: Dalpress.Google Scholar
Lindsey, R. and Scott, M. 2019. Climate Change: Arctic sea ice summer minimum. Climate.gov. September 26, 2019 – www.climate.gov/news-features/understanding-climate/climate-change-minimum-arctic-sea-ice-extent (accessed May 20, 2020)Google Scholar
MacLean, E., comp. 2014. Iñupiatun Uqaluit Taniktun Sivuninit/Iñupiaq to English Dictionary. Fairbanks: University of Alaska Press.Google Scholar
McDonald, M., Arragutainaq, L., and Novalinga, Z. 1997. Voices from the Bay: Traditional Ecological Knowledge of Inuit and Cree in the Hudson Bay Bioregion. Ottawa, Sanikiluaq: Canadian Arctic Resources Committee, Municipality of Sanikiluaq.Google Scholar
Macpherson, A. H. 1958. Arviligjuarmiut names for birds and mammals. Arctic Circular, 9: 30–34Google Scholar
Morgounova Schwalbe, D. 2015. Language ideologies at work: Economies of Yupik language maintenance and loss. Sibirica, 14(3): 1–27.Google Scholar
Nakashima, D. 1993. Astute observers on the sea ice edge: Inuit knowledge as a basis for Arctic co-management. In Inglis, J. T. (ed.) Traditional Ecological Knowledge: Concepts and Cases. Ottawa: International Programme on Traditional ecological Knowledge.Google Scholar
Nelson, R. K. 1969. Hunters of the Northern Ice. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Nichols, T., Berkes, F., Jolly, D., Snow, N. B. and the Community of Sachs Harbour. 2004. Climate change and sea ice: Local observations from the Canadian Western Arctic. Arctic, 57(1): 68–79.Google Scholar
Nickels, S., Furgal, C., Buell, M. and Moquin, H. 2005. Unikkaaqatigiit: Putting the Human Face on Climate Change: Perspectives from Inuit in Canada. Ottawa: Inuit Tapiriit Kanatami, Nasivvik Centre for Inuit Health and Changing Environments at Université Laval, and the Ajunnginiq Centre at the National Aboriginal Health Organization.Google Scholar
Norton, D. W. 2002. Coastal sea ice watch: Private confessions of a convert to Indigenous knowledge. In Krupnik, I. and Jolly, D. (eds.) The Earth Is Faster Now: Indigenous Observations of Arctic Environmental Change. Fairbanks, AK: ARCUS, pp.126–155.Google Scholar
Nutawyi, A. and Radunovich, N. 2013. Ledovyi slovar’ morskikh okhotnikov sela Sireniki (na yazyke chaplinski yupik) (Ice Dictionary of Maritime Hunters in the Community of Sireniki (Chaplinski Yupik language). In Bogoslovskaya, L. S. and Krupnik, K. (eds.) Nashi l’dy, snega i vetry. Narodnye i nauchnye znaniia o ledovykh landshaftakh i climate Vostochnoi Chukotki. Moscow and Washington: Russian Heritage Institute, pp. 72–82.Google Scholar
Nuttall, M. 1991. Memoryscape: A sense of locality in Northwest Greenland. North Atlantic Studies, 1(2): 39–50.Google Scholar
Oozeva, C., Noongwook, C., Noongwook, G., Alowa, C. and Krupnik, I. 2004. Sikumengllu Eslamengllu Esghapaleghput /Watching Ice and Weather Our Way. Washington, DC: Arctic Studies Center.Google Scholar
Oswalt, W. H. 1957. A Western Eskimo Ethnobotany. Anthropological Papers of the University of Alaska, 6(1): 16–36.Google Scholar
Perovich, D., Meier, W., Tschudi, M., Farrell, S., Hendricks, S., Gerland, S., Haas, C., Krumpen, T., Polashenski, C., Ricker, R. and Webster, W. 2018. Sea Ice. pp. 25-32 in Arctic Report Card 2018 www.arctic.noaa.gov/Report-Card (accessed January 3, 2020)Google Scholar
Petitot, É. P. 1876. Vocabulaire Français-Esquimau : Dialecte des Tchiglit dès bouches du Mackenzie et de l’Anderson. Paris: Ernest Leroux.Google Scholar
PIOMAS. 2016. Arctic sea ice volume reanalysis. http://psc.apl.uw.edu/research/projects/arctic-sea-ice-volume-anomaly/ (accessed September 17, 2016)Google Scholar
Pohl, C., Rist, S., Zimmermann, A., Fry, P., Gurung, G., Schneider, F., Speranza, C. I., Kiteme, B., Boillar, S., Serrano, E., Hirsch Hadorn, G. and Wiesmann, U. 2010. Researchers’ role in knowledge co-production: Experience from sustainability research in Kenya, Switzerland, Bolivia, and Nepal. Science and Public Policy, 37(4): 267–281.Google Scholar
Pungowiyi, C. (2000). Native observations of change in the marine environment of the Bering Strait region. In Impacts of Changes in Sea Ice and Other Environmental Parameters in the Arctic. Final Report of the Marine Mammal Commission Workshop, Girdwood, Alaska, 15–17 February 2000.Google Scholar
Ray, C. and Hufford, G. 1989. Relationships among Beringian marine mammals and sea ice. Rapports et Procès-Verbaux des Réunions (Oceanography and Biology of Arctic Seas), 188: 22–39Google Scholar
Ray, C. G., Hufford, G. L., Overland, J. O., Krupnik, I., McCormick, R., Jerry, Frey, Karen, , and Labunski, E. 2016. Decadal Bering Sea seascape change: Consequences for Pacific walruses and Indigenous hunters. Ecological Applications, 26(1): 24–41.Google Scholar
Riedlinger, D. and Berkes, F. 2001. Contributions of traditional knowledge to understanding climate change in the Canadian Arctic. Polar Record, 37(203): 315–328.Google Scholar
Salomon, A., Huntington, H. P. and Tanape, Sr., N. 2011. Imam cimucia: Our Changing Sea. Fairbanks, AK: Alaska Sea Grant.Google Scholar
Sturtevant, W. C. 1964. Studies in ethnoscience. American Anthropologist, 66(3) pt. 2: 99–131.Google Scholar
Stegmaier, P. 2009. The rock ‘n’ roll of knowledge co-production. EMBO Reports, 10(2): 114–119.Google Scholar
Taverniers, P. 2010. Weather variability and changing sea ice use in Qeqertaq, West Greenland, 1987–2008. In Krupnik, I., Aporta, C., Gearheard, S., Laidler, G. J. and Kielsen Holm, L. (eds.) SIKU: Knowing Our Ice. Documenting Inuit Sea Ice Knowledge and Use. Dordrecht: Springer, pp. 31–44. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-90-481-8587-0_2Google Scholar
Tersis, N. and Taverniers, P. 2010. Two Greenlandic sea ice lists and some considerations regarding Inuit sea ice terms. In Krupnik, I., Aporta, C., Gearheard, S., Laidler, G. J. and Kielsen Holm, L. (eds.) SIKU: Knowing Our Ice. Documenting Inuit Sea Ice Knowledge and Use. Dordrecht: Springer, pp. 413–426. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-90-481-8587-0_18Google Scholar
Vaughan, D. G., Comiso, J. C., Allison, I., Carrasco, J., Kaser, G., Kwok, R., Mote, P., Murray, T., Paul, F., Ren, J., Rignot, E., Solomina, O., Steffen, K. and Zhang, T. 2013. Observations: Cryosphere. In Stocker, T. F., Qin, D., Plattner, G.-K., Tignor, M., Allen, S. K., Boschung, J., Nauels, A., Xia, Y., Bex, V. and Midgley, P. M. (eds.) Climate Change 2013: The Physical Science Basis. Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Walunga, W., comp. 1986. St. Lawrence Island Curriculum Resource Manual. Gambell and Unalakleet, AK: Bering Strait School District.Google Scholar
Weyapuk, Jr., W. and Krupnik, I. 2012. Kifikmi Sigum Qanuq Ilitaavut/ Wales Inupiaq Sea Ice Dictionary. Washington: Arctic Studies Center and the Native Village of Wales.Google Scholar
Wisniewski, J. 2010. Knowings about sigu: Kigiqtaamiut hunting as an experiential pedagogy. In Krupnik, I., Aporta, C., Gearheard, S., Laidler, G. J. and Kielsen Holm, L. (eds.) SIKU: Knowing Our Ice. Documenting Inuit Sea Ice Knowledge and Use. Dordrecht: Springer, pp. 275–294. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-90-481-8587-0_12Google Scholar
Yashchenko, O. 2016. “Smotri i uchis”: molodye chukotskie i eskimosskie morskie okhotniki sel Lorino i Sireniki 2010-kh gg. (“Look and Follow Me”: Young cohort of Chukchi and Yupik maritime hunters in the communities of Lorino and Sireniki in the 2010s). In Krupnik, I. (ed.) Litsom k moriu. Pamiati Lyudmily Bogoslovskoi. Moscow: August Borg, pp. 191–213.Google Scholar
Young, S. B., and Hall, Jr., E. S. 1969. Contributions to the ethnobotany of the St. Lawrence Island Eskimo. Anthropological Papers of the University of Alaska, 14(2): 43–53Google Scholar