Principles of Care for the Elderly

www.statista.com/statistics/274514/life-expectancy-in-europe.Google Scholar

https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SP.DYN.LE00.IN?locations=EU.Google Scholar

www.statista.com/statistics/274513/life-expectancy-in-north-america/#:~:text=Of%20continents%20worldwide%2C%20North%20America,for%20males%20and%20females%20respectively.Google Scholar

https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SP.DYN.LE00.IN?locations=ZG.Google Scholar

www.un.org/en/development/desa/population/publications/pdf/ageing/WorldPopulationAgeing2019-Highlights.pdf.Google Scholar

www.un.org/en/sections/issues-depth/ageing.Google Scholar

United States Census Bureau. www.census.gov/topics/population/older-aging.html#:~:text=According%20to%20the%20U.S.%20Census,million%20on%20July%201%2C%202019.&text=The%20nation’s%2065%2Dand%2Dolder,born%20between%201946%20and%201964.Google Scholar

Lo, AX, Flood, KL, Biese, K, et al. Factors associated with hospital admission for older adults receiving care in U.S. emergency departments. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 2017 (Aug. 1); 72(8):1105–1109.Google Scholar

National Center for Health Statistics. 2010 NHAMCS micro-data file documentation. ftp://ftp.cdc.gov/pub/Health_Statistics/NCHS/Dataset_Documentation/NHAMCS/doc2010.pdf.Google Scholar

National Center for Health Statistics. 2009 NHAMCS micro-data file documentation. ftp://ftp.cdc.gov/pub/Health_Statistics/NCHS/Dataset_Documentation/NHAMCS/doc09.pdf.Google Scholar

Albert, M, McCaig, LF, Ashman, JJ. Emergency department visits by persons aged 65 and over: United States, 2009–2010. NCHS data brief, no 130. Hyattsville, MD: National Center for Health Statistics, 2013.Google Scholar

Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project Facts and Figures 2008. Statistics on Hospital-Based Care in the United States. Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ). www.hcup-us.ahrq.gov/reports/factsandfigures/2008/section1_TOC.jsp.Google Scholar

US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Number, percent distribution, rate, days of care with average length of stay, and standard error of discharges from short-stay hospitals, by sex and age: United States, 2010. www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/nhds/2average/2010ave2_ratesexage.pdf.Google Scholar

www.cms.gov/research-statistics-data-and-systems/statistics-trends-and-reports/nationalhealthexpenddata/downloads/highlights.pdf.Google Scholar

www.cdc.gov/nchs/fastats/health-expenditures.htm.Google Scholar

Yang, R, Wolfson, M, Lewis MC. Unique aspects of the elderly surgical population: An anesthesiologist’s perspective. Geriatr Orthop Surg Rehabil. 2011 (Mar.); 2(2):56–64.Google Scholar

Veering, BT. Management of anaesthesia in elderly patients. Curr Opin Anaesthesiol. 1999; 12(3):333–336.Google Scholar

Mirand, AL, Welte, JW. Alcohol consumption among the elderly in a general population, Erie County, New York. Am J Public Health. 1996; 86:978–984.Google Scholar

Ewing, JA. Detecting alcoholism: The CAGE questionnaire. JAMA. 1984; 252(14):1905–1907.Google Scholar

Chow, WB, Rosenthal, RA, Merkow, RP, Ko, CY, Esnaola, NF. Optimal preoperative assessment of the geriatric surgical patient: A best practices guideline from the American College of Surgeons National Surgical Quality Improvement Program and the American Geriatrics Society. J Am Coll Surg. 2012; 215(4):453–466.CrossRef Google Scholar

Eliasen, M, Grønkjær, M, Skov-Ettrup, LS, et al. Preoperative alcohol consumption and postoperative complications: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Ann Surg. 2013; 258(6):930–942.Google Scholar

Oppedal, K, Møller, A, Pedersen, B, Tønnesen, H. Preoperative alcohol cessation prior to elective surgery. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2012; 7:CD008343.Google Scholar

Fernandez, AC, Claborn, KR, Borsari, B. A systematic review of behavioural interventions to reduce preoperative alcohol use. Drug Alcohol Rev. 2015; 34(5):508–520.Google Scholar

Grønkjær, M, Eliasen, M, Skov-Ettrup, LS, et al. Preoperative smoking status and postoperative complications: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Ann Surg. 2014; 259(1):52–71.Google Scholar

Thomsen, T, Villebro, N, Møller, AM. Interventions for preoperative smoking cessation. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2014; 3:CD002294.Google Scholar

Hustey, F, Meldon, S, Palmer, R. Prevalence and documentation of impaired mental status in elderly emergency department patients. Acad Emerge Med. 2000; 7(10):1166.Google Scholar

Inouye, SK, Foreman, MD, Mion, LC, Katz, KH, Cooney, LM Jr. Nurses’ recognition of delirium and its symptoms: Comparison of nurse and researcher ratings. Arch Intern Med. 2001; 161(20):2467–2473.Google Scholar

Gajdos, C, Kile, D, Hawn, MT, Finlayson, E, Henderson, WG, Robinson, TN. The significance of preoperative impaired sensorium on surgical outcomes in nonemergent general surgical operations. JAMA Surg. 2015; 150(1):30–36.Google Scholar

Inouye, SK, Westendorp, RG, Saczynski, JS. Delirium in elderly people. Lancet. 2014; 383(9920):911–922.Google Scholar

American Psychiatric Association Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th edition. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association, 2013.Google Scholar

WHO. The ICD-10 Classification of Mental and Behavioural Disorders: Diagnostic Criteria for Research. Geneva: World Health Organization, 1993.Google Scholar

Adamis, D, Sharma, N, Whelan, PJ, Macdonald, AJ. Delirium scales: A review of current evidence. Aging Ment Health. 2010; 14:543–555.Google Scholar

Wong, CL, Holroyd-Leduc, J, Simel, DL, Straus, SE. Does this patient have delirium? Value of bedside instruments. JAMA. 2010; 304:779–786.Google Scholar

Ely, EW, Margolin, R, Francis, J, et al. Evaluation of delirium in critically ill patients: Validation of the confusion assessment method for the intensive care unit (CAM-ICU). Crit Care Med. 2001; 29:1370–1379.Google Scholar

Oh, ES, Fong, TG, Hshieh, TT, Inouye, SK. Delirium in older persons advances in diagnosis and treatment. JAMA. 2017 (Sep. 26); 318(12):1161–1174.Google Scholar

Borson, S, Scanlan, JM, Chen, P, Ganguli, M. The Mini-Cog as a screen for dementia: Validation in a population-based sample. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2003; 51(10):1451–1454.Google Scholar

Kroenke, K, Spitzer, RL, Williams, JB. The Patient Health Questionnaire-2: Validity of a two-item depression screener. Med Care. 2003; 41(11):1284–1292.Google Scholar

Burke, WJ, Roccaforte, WH, Wengel, SP. The short form of the Geriatric Depression Scale: A comparison with the 30-item form. J Geriatr Psychiatry Neurol. 1991; 4(3):173–178.Google Scholar

Leung, JM, Sands, LP, Mullen, EA, Wang, Y, Vaurio, L. Are preoperative depressive symptoms associated with postoperative delirium in geriatric surgical patients? J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 2005; 60(12):1563–1568.Google Scholar

Kothari, A, Phillips, S, Bretl, T, Block, K, Weigel, T. Components of geriatric assessments predict thoracic surgery outcomes. J Surg Res. 2011; 166(1):5–13.CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Feng, MA, McMillan, DT, Crowell, K, Muss, H, Nielsen, ME, Smith, AB. Geriatric assessment in surgical oncology: A systematic review. J Surg Res. 2015; 193(1):265–272.Google Scholar

Silveira, MJ, Kim, SY, Langa, KM. Advance directives and outcomes of surrogate decision making before death. N Engl J Med. 2010 (Apr. 1); 362(13):1211–1218.Google Scholar

Temel, JS, Greer, JA, Muzikansky, A, et al. Early palliative care for patients with metastatic non–small-cell lung cancer. N Engl J Med. 2010; 363(8):733–742.Google Scholar

Kehlet, H, Nielsen, HJ. Impact of laparoscopic surgery on stress responses, immunofunction, and risk of infectious complications. New Horiz. 1998; 6(2 suppl.):S80–S88.Google Scholar

Wilmore, DW. From Cuthbertson to fast-track surgery: 70 years of progress in reducing stress in surgical patients. Ann Surg. 2002; 236(5):643–648.Google Scholar

Katz, S, Downs, TD, Cash, HR, Grotz, RC. Progress in development of the index of ADL. Gerontologist. 1970; 10(1):20–30.Google Scholar

Lawton, MP, Brody, EM. Assessment of older people: Self-maintaining and instrumental activities of daily living. Gerontologist. 1969; 9(3):179–186.Google Scholar

Xue, Q-L. The frailty syndrome: Definition and natural history. Clin Geriatr Med. 2011; 27(1):1–15.Google Scholar

Jones, D, Song, X, Mitnitski, A, Rockwood, K. Evaluation of a frailty index based on a comprehensive geriatric assessment in a population based study of elderly Canadians. Aging Clin Exp Res. 2005; 17(6):465–471.Google Scholar

Nakhaie, M, Tsai, A. Preoperative assessment of geriatric patients. Anesthesiol Clin. 2015; 33(3):471–480.Google Scholar

Panel on Prevention of Falls in Older Persons, American Geriatrics Society and British Geriatrics Society. Summary of the Updated American Geriatrics Society/British Geriatrics Society clinical practice guideline for prevention of falls in older persons. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2011; 59(1):148–157.Google Scholar

Jones, TS, Dunn, CL, Wu, DS, Cleveland, JC Jr, Kile, D, Robinson, TN. Relationship between asking an older adult about falls and surgical outcomes. JAMA Surg. 2013; 148(12):1132–1138.Google Scholar

Chow, WB, Rosenthal, RA, Merkow, RP, Ko, CY, Esnaola, NF. Optimal preoperative assessment of the geriatric surgical patient: A best practices guideline from the American College of Surgeons National Surgical Quality Improvement Program and the American Geriatrics Society. J Am Coll Surg. 2012; 215(4):453–466.Google Scholar

Brown, CJ, Flood, KL. Mobility limitation in the older patient: A clinical review. JAMA. 2013; 310(11):1168–1177.Google Scholar

Chow, WB, Rosenthal, RA, Merkow, RP, Ko, CY, Esnaola, NF. Optimal preoperative assessment of the geriatric surgical patient: A best practices guideline from the American College of Surgeons National Surgical Quality Improvement Program and the American Geriatrics Society. J Am Coll Surg. 2012; 215(4):453–466.Google Scholar

Fleisher, LA, Fleischmann, KE, Auerbach, AD, et al. 2014 ACC/AHA guideline on perioperative cardiovascular evaluation and management of patients undergoing noncardiac surgery: executive summary: A report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines. Circulation. 2014; 130(24):2215–2245.Google Scholar

Hajjar, ER, Cafiero, AC, Hanlon, JT. Polypharmacy in elderly patients. Am J Geriatr Pharmacother. 2007; 5(4):345–351.Google Scholar

Kwan, D, Farrell, B. Polypharmacy: Optimizing medication use in elderly patients. Can Geriatr J. 2014; 4(1):21–27.Google Scholar

American Geriatrics Society 2015 Updated Beers Criteria for potentially inappropriate medication use in older adults. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2015; 63(11):2227–2246.CrossRef Google Scholar

O’Mahony, D, O’Sullivan, D, Byrne, S, O’Connor, MN, Ryan, C, Gallagher, P. STOPP/START criteria for potentially inappropriate prescribing in older people: Version 2. Age Ageing. 2015; 44(2):213–218.Google Scholar

Cholesterol Treatment Trialists’ Collaboration. Efficacy and safety of statin therapy in older people: A meta-analysis of individual participant data from 28 randomized controlled trials. Lancet. 2019 (Feb. 2); 393(10170):407–415.CrossRef Google Scholar

Kenig, J, Olszewska, U, Zychiewicz, B, Barczynski, M, Mituś-Kenig, M. Cumulative deficit model of geriatric assessment to predict the postoperative outcomes of older patients with solid abdominal cancer. J Geriatr Oncol. 2015; 6(5):370–379.Google Scholar

Carli, F, Bousquet-Dion, G, Fiore, JF Jr. Prehabilitation vs Postoperative Rehabilitation for Frail Patients. JAMA Surg. 2020 (Sep. 1); 155(9):899–900.Google Scholar

Wynter-Blyth, V, Moorthy, K. Prehabilitation: Preparing patients for surgery. BMJ. 2017; 358:j3702.Google Scholar

Walston, J, Buta, B, Xue, Q-L. Frailty screening and interventions: Considerations for clinical practice. Clin Geriatr Med. 2018 (Feb.); 34(1):25–38.Google Scholar

Ho, JWC, Wu, AHW, Lee, MWK, et al. Malnutrition risk predicts surgical outcomes in patients undergoing gastrointestinal operations: Results of a prospective study. Clin Nutr. 2015 (Aug.); 34(4):679–684.Google Scholar

Gibbs, J, Cull, W, Henderson, W, Daley, J, Hur, K, Khuri, SF. Preoperative serum albumin level as a predictor of operative mortality and morbidity: Results from National VA Surgical Risk Study. Arch Surg. 1999 (Jan.); 134(1):36–42.Google Scholar

Wischmeyer, PE, et al. Perioperative Quality Initiative (POQI) 2 Workgroup. American Society for Enhanced Recovery and Perioperative Quality Initiative Joint Consensus Statement on nutrition screening and therapy within a surgical enhanced recovery pathway. Anesth Analg. 2018 (Jun.); 126(6):1883–1895.Google Scholar

Kim, S, Brooks, AK, Groban, L. Preoperative assessment of the older surgical patient: Honing in on geriatric syndromes. Clin Interv Aging. 2015; 10:13–27.Google Scholar

Capezuti, E, Boltz, M, Kim, H. Geriatric models of care. In: Rosenthal, R, Zenilman, M, Katlic, M, eds. Principles and Practice of Geriatric Surgery. New York: Springer, 2011, pp. 253–266.Google Scholar

AGS Expert Panel on Postoperative Delirium in Older Adults. American Geriatrics Society Clinical Practice Guideline for Postoperative Delirium in Older Adults, 2014.Google Scholar

Flinn, DR, Diehl, KM, Seyfried, LS, Malani, PN. Prevention, diagnosis, and management of postoperative delirium in older adults. J Am Coll Surg. 2009; 209(2):261–268; quiz 294.Google Scholar

NICE. Delirium: Diagnosis, prevention and management. NICE Clinical Guideline 103 2010. www.nice.org.uk/CG103.Google Scholar

Smetana, GW, Lawrence, VA, Cornell, JE. Preoperative pulmonary risk stratification for noncardiothoracic surgery: Systematic review for the American College of Physicians. Ann Intern Med. 2006 (Apr. 18); 144(8):581–595.Google Scholar

Potter, J, Klipstein, K, Reilly, JJ, Roberts, M. The nutritional status and clinical course of acute admissions to a geriatric unit. Age Ageing. 1995 (Mar.); 24(2):131–136.Google Scholar

Sullivan, DH. Risk factors for early hospital readmission in a select population of geriatric rehabilitation patients: The significance of nutritional status. J Am Geriatr Soc. 1992 (Aug.); 40(8):792–798.Google Scholar

Gould, CV, Umscheid, CA, Agarwal, RK, Kuntz, G, Pegues, DA. Guideline for prevention of catheter-associated urinary tract infections 2009. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 2010 (Apr.); 31(4):319–326.CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Lyder, CH. Pressure ulcer prevention and management. JAMA. 2003 (Jan. 8); 289(2):223–226.Google Scholar

Bergstrom, N, Braden, BJ, Laguzza, A, Holman, V. The Braden Scale for predicting pressure sore risk. Nurs Res. 1987 (Jul.–Aug.); 36(4):205–210.Google Scholar

Norton, D, McLaren, R, Exton-Smith, A. An Investigation of Geriatric Nursing Problems in Hospital. London: National Corporation for the Care of Old People, 1962.Google Scholar

Thorn, CC, Smith, M, Aziz, O, Holme, TC. The Waterlow score for risk assessment in surgical patients. Ann R Coll Surg Engl. 2013 (Jan.); 95(1):52–56.Google Scholar

Labib, N, Nouh, T, Winocour, S, et al. Severely injured geriatric population: Morbidity, mortality, and risk factors. J Trauma. 2011; 71:1908.Google Scholar

Schwab, CW, Kauder, DR. Trauma in the geriatric patient. Arch Surg. 1992; 127:701.Google Scholar

Fitz-Henry, J. The ASA classification and peri-operative risk. The Annals of The Royal College of Surgeons of England. 2011 (Apr.); 93(3):185–187.Google Scholar

Ely, EW, Margolin, R, Francis, J, May, L, Truman, B, Dittus, R, Speroff, T, Gautam, S, Bernard, GR, Inouye, SK. Evaluation of delirium in critically ill patients: Validation of the Confusion Assessment Method for the Intensive Care Unit (CAM-ICU). Critical Care Medicine. 2001 (Jul. 1); 29(7):1370–1379.Google Scholar

The United States of Aging Survey 2013. www.ncoa.org/assets/files/pdf/united-states-of-aging/2013-survey/USA13-Full-Report.pdf. Accessed on 03/22/2020.Google Scholar

Lunney, JR, Lynn, J, Hogan, C. Profiles of older Medicare decedents. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2002; 50:1108–1112.Google Scholar

World Health Organization, Health Topics on Disabilities. www.who.int/topics/disabilities/en. Accessed on 03/22/2020.Google Scholar

Mosqueda, LA. Assessment of rehabilitation potential. Clin in Geriatr Med. 1993; 9:689–703.Google Scholar

RTI International. Specifications for the Function Quality Measures Adopted in the Inpatient Rehabilitation Facility Quality Reporting Program. CMS.gov website. www.cms.gov/Medicare/Quality-Initiatives-Patient-Assessment-Instruments/Post-Acute-Care_Quality-Initiatives/Downloads/IRF-QRP-Function-Quality-Measures-Specifications-August-2018.pdf. Accessed on 04/05/2020.Google Scholar

Chodiosh, J, Edelen, MO, Buchanan, JL, et al. Nursing home assessment of cognitive impairment: Development and testing of a brief instrument of mental status. J AM Geriatr Soc. 2008; 56:2069.CrossRef Google Scholar

Melvin, JL. Interdisciplinary and multidisciplinary activities and the ACRM. Arch Phys Med Rehab. 1980; 61:379–380.Google Scholar

Medicare Payment Advisory Commission. Improving Medicare payment for post-acute care, March 2020 report. www.medpac.gov/-research-areas-/post-acute-care. Accessed on 04/12/2020.Google Scholar

Medicare Payment Advisory Commission. Report on Skilled nursing facility services, March 2020 report. www.medpac.gov/-research-areas-/post-acute-care. Accessed on 04/12/2020.Google Scholar

Chan, L, Sandel, ME, Jette, AM, et al. Does postacute care site matter? A longitudinal study assessing functional recovery after a stroke. Arch Phys Med Rehab. 2013; 94:622–629.Google Scholar

Hong, I, Goodwin, JS, Reistetter, TA, et al. Comparison of functional status improvements among patients with stroke receiving postacute care in inpatient rehabilitation vs skilled nursing facilities. https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamanetworkopen/fullarticle/2756256. Accessed on 04/12/2020.Google Scholar

Munin, MC, Seligman, K, Dew, MA, et al. Effect of rehabilitation site on functional recovery after hip fracture. Arch Phys Med Rehab. 2005; 86:367–372.Google Scholar

Mallison, T, Deutsch, A, Bateman, J, et al. Comparison of discharge functional status after rehabilitation in skilled nursing, home health, and medical rehabilitation settings for patients after hip fracture repair. Arch Phys Med Rehab. 2014; 95:209–217.Google Scholar

Dejong, G, Horn, SD, Smout, RJ, et al. Joint replacement rehabilitation outcomes on discharge from skilled nursing facilities and inpatient rehabilitation facilities. Arch Phys Med Rehab. 2009; 90:1284–1296.Google Scholar

DeJong, G, Tian, W, Smout, RJ, et al. Long-term outcomes of joint replacement rehabilitation patients discharged from skilled nursing and inpatient rehabilitation facilities. Arch Phys Med Rehab. 2009; 90:1306–1316.Google Scholar

Kumar, AM, Graham, JE, et al. Use of hospital-based rehabilitation services and hospital readmission following ischemic stroke in the United States. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2019; 100:1218–1225.Google Scholar

Kumar, R, Roe, MC, Scremin, OU. Methods for estimating the proper length of a cane. Arch Phys Med Rehab. 1995; 76:1173–1175.Google Scholar

Faruqui, SR, Jaeblon, T. Ambulatory assistive devices in orthopaedics: Uses and modifications. J Am Acad Orthop Surg. 2010; 18:41–50.Google Scholar

Bradley, SM, Hernandez, CR. Geriatric assistive devices. Am Fam Phys. 2011; 84:405–411.Google Scholar

Koontz, AM, Karmarkar, AM, Spaeth, DM, et al. Wheelchairs and seating systems. In: Braddom, RL, Chan, L, Harrast, MA, eds. Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier, pp. 373–401.Google Scholar

Virani, SS, et al. Heart disease and stroke statistics – 2020 update: A report from the American Heart Association. Circulation. 2020; E139–E596.Google Scholar

Jorgensen, HS, Nakayama, H, Raaschou, HO, et al. Neurological and functional recovery: The Copenhagen stroke study. Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation Clinics of North America. 1999; 10(4):887–906.Google Scholar

Winstein, CJ, et al. Guidelines for adult stroke rehabilitation and recovery: A guideline for healthcare professionals from the American Heart Association/American Stroke Association. Stroke. 2016; 47(6):e98–e169.Google Scholar

Kammersgaard, LP, Jørgensen, HS, Reith, J, et al. Short- and long-term prognosis for very old stroke patients: The Copenhagen Stroke Study. Age Ageing. 2004; 33(2):149.Google Scholar

Winstein, CJ, et al. Guidelines for adult stroke rehabilitation and recovery: A guideline for healthcare professionals from the American Heart Association/American Stroke Association. Stroke. 2016; 47(6):e98–e169.Google Scholar

Kwakkel, G, et al. Constraint-induced movement therapy after stroke. Lancet Neurology. 2015; 14(2): 224–234.Google Scholar

Hesse, S, Bertelt, C, Jahnke, MT, et al. Treadmill training with partial body weight support compared with physiotherapy in nonambulatory hemiparetic patients. Stroke. 1995; 26(6):176–981.Google Scholar

Eraifej, J, et al. Effectiveness of upper limb functional electrical stimulation after stroke for the improvement of activities of daily living and motor function: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Systematic Reviews. 2017; 6(1):40.Google Scholar

Nguyen, VQC, et al. The association of neurostimulant and antidepressant use with functional recovery during stroke rehabilitation. Annals of Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine. 2018; 61:e193–e194.Google Scholar

Laver, KE, et al. Virtual reality for stroke rehabilitation. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2017; 11.Google Scholar

Grefkes, C, Fink, GR. Noninvasive brain stimulation after stroke: It is time for large randomized controlled trials! Current Opinion in Neurology. 2016; 29(6):714–720.Google Scholar

McGuire, J, Harvey, RL. The prevention and management of complications after stroke. Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Clinics of North America. 1999; 10:857–874.Google Scholar

Good, D, Supan, T. Basic principles of orthotics in neurological disorders. In: Aisen, M, ed. Orthotics in Neurological Rehabilitation. New York: Demos Publications, 1992, pp. 1–23.Google Scholar

Chantraine, A, et al. Shoulder pain and dysfunction in hemiplegia: Effects of functional electrical stimulation. Arch Physical Med Rehab. 1999; 80:328–331.Google Scholar

Viana, R, Pereira, S, Mehta, S, et al. Evidence for therapeutic interventions for hemiplegic shoulder pain during the chronic stage of stroke: A review. Top Stroke Rehab. 2012; 19:514–522.Google Scholar

Martino, R, Foley, N, Bhogal, S, et al. Dysphagia after stroke: Incidence, diagnosis, and pulmonary complications. Stroke. 2005; 36:2756–2763.Google Scholar

Foley, N, Teasell, R, Martino, R, et al. Dysphagia treatment post stroke: A systematic review of randomised controlled trials. Age Ageing. 2008; 37:258–264.Google Scholar

Hackett, ML, Pickles, K. Part I: Frequency of depression after stroke: An updated systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies. International Journal of Stroke. 2014; 9(8):1017–1025.Google Scholar

Robinson, RG, Jorge, RE. Post-stroke depression: A review. American Journal of Psychiatry. 2016; 173(3):221–231.Google Scholar

Buntin, MB, Colla, CH, Escarce, JJ. Effects of payment changes on trends in post‐acute care. Health Services Research. 2009; 44(4):1188–1210.Google Scholar

DeRijk, MC, Breteler, MB, Graveland, GA, et al. Prevalence of Parkinson’s disease in the elderly: The Rotterdam Study. Neurology. 1995; 45:2143–2146.Google Scholar

Abbruzzese, G, Marchese, R, Avanzino, L, Pelosi, E. Rehabilitation for Parkinson’s disease: Current outlook and future challenges. Parkinsonism & Related Disorders. 2016; 22(1):S60–S64.Google Scholar

Moroz, A, Edgley, SR, Lew, HL, Chae, J. Rehabilitation interventions in Parkinson Disease. PM&R. 2009; 1:S42–48.Google Scholar

Kegelmeyer, DA, Parthasarathy, S, Kostyk, SK, et al. Assistive devices alter gait patterns in Parkinson disease: Advantages of the four-wheeled walker. Gait Posture. 2013; 38:20–24.Google Scholar

Song, R, Grabowska, W, Park, M, et al. The impact of Tai Chi and Qigong mind-body exercises on motor and non-motor function and quality of life in Parkinson’s disease: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Parkinsonism Relat Disord. 2017; 41:3–13.Google Scholar

Ramig, LO, Sapir, S, Countryman, S, et al. Intensive voice treatment (LSVT) for patients with Parkinson’s disease: A 2-year follow up. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2001; 71:493–498.Google Scholar

Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality. Statistical Brief #6: Hospitalizations in the Elderly Population, 2003. www.hcup-us.ahrq.gov/reports/statbriefs/sb6.jsp. Accessed on 06/28/2014.Google Scholar

Veronese, N, Maggi, S. Epidemiology and social costs of hip fracture. Injury. 2018; 49(8):1458–1460.Google Scholar

Bhandari, M, Swiontkowski, M. Management of acute hip fracture. N Engl J Med. 2017; 377(21):2053–2062.Google Scholar

Liu, VX, Rosas, E, Hwang, J, et al. Enhanced recovery after surgery program implementation in 2 surgical populations in an integrated health care delivery system. JAMA Surg. 2017; 152(7):e171032.Google Scholar

Morri, M, Forni, C, Marchioni, M, et al. Which factors are independent predictors of early recovery of mobility in the older adults’ population after hip fracture? A cohort prognostic study. Arch Orthop Trauma Surg. 2018; 138(1):35–41.Google Scholar

Rolland, Y, Pillard, F, Lauwers-Cances, V, et al. Rehabilitation outcome of elderly patients with hip fracture and cognitive impairment. Disabil Rehabil. 2004; 26:425–431.Google Scholar

Lee, SY, Yoon, BH, Beom, J, et al. Effect of lower-limb progressive resistance exercise after hip fracture surgery: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled studies. J Am Med Dir Assoc. 2017; 18(12):1096.e19–1096.e26.Google Scholar

Chen, X, Yang, W, Wang, X. Balance training can enhance hip fracture patients’ independence in activities of daily living: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Medicine (Baltimore). 2020; 99(16):e19641.Google Scholar

Hao, L, Carson, JL, Schlussel, Y, et al. Vitamin D deficiency is associated with reduced mobility after hip fracture surgery: A prospective study. Am J Clin Nutr. 2020; 112(3):613–618.Google Scholar

Rosen, N, Gigi, R, Haim, A, et al. Mortality and reoperations following lower limb amputations. IMAJ. 2014; 16:83–87.Google Scholar

Sansam, K, Neumann, V, O’Connor, R, Bhakta, B. Predicting walking ability following lower limb amputation: A systematic review of the literature. J Rehabil Med. 2009; 41:593–603.CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Patnera, E, Pourtier-Piotte, C, Bensoussan, L, Coudeyre, E. Patient education after amputation: Systematic review and experts’ opinions. Ann Phys Rehabil Med. 2014; 57:143–212.Google Scholar

Waters, RL, Perry, D, Antonelli, D, Hislop, H. Energy cost of walking of amputees: The influence of level of amputation. The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery. 1976; 1:42–46.Google Scholar

Brogan, M. The sexual needs of elderly people: Addressing the issue. Nursing Standard. 1996; 10:42–45.Google Scholar

Nicolosi, A, Moreira, ED Jr., Villa, M, Glasser, DB. A population study of the association between sexual function, sexual satisfaction and depressive symptoms in men. J Affect Disord. 2004; 82:235–243.Google Scholar

Ashton, AK, Jamerson, BD, Weinstein, L W, Wagoner, C. Antidepressant-related adverse effects impacting treatment compliance: Results of a patient survey. Curr Ther Res Clin Exp. 2005; 66(2):96–106.Google Scholar

Milaszewski, D, Greto, E, Klochkov, T, Fuller-Thompson, E. A systematic review of education for the prevention of HIV/AIDS among older adults. Journal of Evidence-Based Social Work. 2012; 9(3):213–230.Google Scholar

DeLameter, J. Sexual expression in later life: A review and synthesis. Journal of Sex Research. 2012; 49(2–3):125–141.Google Scholar

American Association of Retired Persons. Sex, Romance and Relationships: AARP Survey of Midlife and Older Adults (Pub. No. D19234). Washington, DC: AARP, 2010.Google Scholar

Herbenick, D, Reece, M, Schick, V, Sanders, SA, Dodge, B, Fortenberry, JD. Sexual behavior in the United States: Results from a national probability sample of men and women ages 14–94. J Sex Med. 2010; 7(Suppl. 5):255–265.Google Scholar

Lindau, ST, Schumm, LP, Laumann, EO, Levinson, W, O’Muircheartaigh, CA, Waite, L. A study of sexuality and health among older adults in the United States. NEJM. 2014; 357:762–774.Google Scholar

Weinstein, S, Rosen, E. Senior adult sexuality in age segregated and age integrated communities. Int J Aging Hum Devel. 1988; 27:261–270.Google Scholar

Gott, M, Hinchcliff, S. How important is sex in later life? The views of older people. Social Science and Medicine. 2003; 56:1617–1628.Google Scholar

IOM (Institute of Medicine). The Health of Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Transgender People: Building a Foundation for Better Understanding. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. 2011.Google Scholar

Emlet, CA, O’Brien, KK, Goldsen, KF. The global impact of HIV on sexual and gender minority older adults: Challenges, progress, and future directions. Int J Aging Hum Dev. 2019; 89(1):108–126.Google Scholar

MetLife. Still Out, Still Aging: The MetLife Study of Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Transgender Baby Boomers. Westport, CT: MetLife Mature Market Institute, 2010.Google Scholar

Obedin-Maliver, J, Lisha, N, Breyer, BN, et al. More similarities than differences? An exploratory analysis comparing the sexual complaints, sexual experiences, and genitourinary health of older sexual minority and sexual majority adults. J Sex Med. 2019; 16:347–350.Google Scholar

Ginsberg, TB, Pomerantz, SC, Kramer-Feeley, V. Sexuality in older adults: Behaviours and preferences. Age and Ageing. 2005; 34:475–480.Google Scholar

Thomas, HN, Hamm, M, Hess, R, et al. Changes in sexual function among midlife women: “I’m older … and I’m wiser.” Menopause. 2018; 25(3):286–292.Google Scholar

Avis, NE. Sexual functioning and aging in men and women: Community and population-based studies. Journal of Gender-Specific Medicine. 2000; 2(2):37–41.Google Scholar

Swabo, P. Counseling about sexuality in the older person. Clin Geriatr Med. 2003; 19:595–604.Google Scholar

Gott, M, Hinchcliff, S. Barriers to seeking treatment for sexual problems in primary care: a qualitative study with older people. Family Practice. 2003; 20; 6:690–695.Google Scholar

Kingsberg, SA, Krychman, M, Graham, S, et al. The women’s EMPOWER survey: identifying women’s perceptions on vulvar and vaginal atrophy and its treatment. J Sex Med. 2017; 14:413–424.Google Scholar

Cuerva, MJ, Gonzalez, D, Canals, M, et al. The sexual health approach in postmenopause: The five-minutes study. Maturitas. 2018; 108:31–36.Google Scholar

Bhasin, S, Basson, R. Sexual dysfunction in men and women. In: Melmed, S, Polonsky, K, Larsen, P, Kronenberg, H, eds. William’s Textbook of Endocrinology, 12th edition. New York: Elsevier Health Sciences, 2011.Google Scholar

Sungur, MZ, Gunduz, A. A comparison of DSM-IV-TR and DSM-5 definitions for sexual dysfunctions: Critiques and challenges. J Sex Med. 2014; 11:364–373.Google Scholar

Masters, WH, Johnson, VE. Human Sexual Response. Boston, MA: Little, Brown, and Co., 1966.Google Scholar

Poynten, IM, Grulich, AE, Templeton, DJ. Sexually transmitted infections in older populations. Curr Opin Infect Dis. 2013; 26:80–85.Google Scholar

Brown, SL, Wright, MR. Marriage, cohabitation, and divorce in later life. Innov Aging. 2017; 1(2):1–11.Google Scholar

High, KP, Brennan-Ing, M, Clifford, DB, et al. HIV and aging: State of knowledge and areas of critical need for research. A report to the NIH office of AIDS research by the HIV and aging working group. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2012; 60:S1–S18.Google Scholar

Karpiak, SE, Shipley, RA, Cantor, MH. Research on Older Adults with HIV. New York: AIDS Community Research of America, 2006.Google Scholar

HIV and older Americans. www.cdc.gov/hiv/group/age/olderamericans/index.html. Accessed on 07/03/2020.Google Scholar

Wing, EJ. HIV and aging. Int J Infect Dis. 2016; 53:61–68.Google Scholar

Branson, BM, Handsfield, HH, et al. Revised recommendations for HIV testing of adults, adolescents, and pregnant women in health-care settings. MMWR, September 22, 2006/55(RR14); 1–17.Google Scholar

Screening for HIV infection: US Preventive Services Task Force Recommendation Statement. JAMA. 2019 (Jun. 18); 321(23):2326–2336.Google Scholar

Joint United Nations Programme on HIV and AIDS. 90–90–90: An ambitious treatment target to end the AIDS epidemic. www.unaids.org/en/resources/documents/2017/90-90-90. Accessed on 07/03/2020.Google Scholar

Work Group for the HIV and Aging Consensus Project. Summary report from the Human Immunodeficiency Virus and Aging Consensus Project: Treatment strategies for clinicians managing older individuals with the human immunodeficiency virus. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2012; 60:974–979.Google Scholar

Gordijn, R, Teichert, M, Nicola, MPJ, et al. Adverse drug reactions on sexual functioning: A systematic overview. Drug Discov Today. 2019; 24(3):890–897.Google Scholar

Haberfellner, EM. A review of the assessment of antidepressant-induced sexual dysfunction used in randomized, controlled clinical trials. Pharmacopsychiatry. 2007; 40(5):173–182.Google Scholar

Giatti, S, Diviccaro, S, Panzica, G, et al. Post-finasteride syndrome and post-SSRI sexual dysfunction: Two sides of the same coin? Endocrine. 2018; 61(2):180–193.Google Scholar

Morley, JE, Tariq, SH. Sexuality and disease. Clin Geriatr Med. 2003; 19:563–573.Google Scholar

Morales, A. Erectile dysfunction: An overview. Clin Geriatr Med. 2003; 19:529–538.Google Scholar

Palacio-Cena, D, Losa-Iglesias, ME, Alvarez-Lopez, C, Cachon-Perez, M, Reyes, RAR, Salvadores-Fuentes, P, Fernandez-de-las-Penas, C. Patients, intimate partners and family experiences of implantable cardioverter defibrillators: Qualitative systematic review. J Advanced Nursing. 2011; 67(12):2537–2550.Google Scholar

Nehra, A, Jackson, G, Miner, M, et al. The Princeton III Consensus Recommendations for the management of erectile dysfunction and cardiovascular disease. Mayo Clin Proc. 2012; 87(8):766–778.Google Scholar

Abdo, CHN. Sexuality and couple intimacy in dementia. Curr Opin Psychiatry. 2013; 26:593–598.Google Scholar

Johannes, CB, Araujo, AB, Feldman, HA, et al. Incidence of erectile dysfunction in men 40 to 69 years old: Longitudinal results from the Massachusetts Male Aging Study. J Urol. 2000; 163:460–463.Google Scholar

Tapscott, AH, Hakim, LS. Office-based management of impotence and Peyronie’s disease. Urol Clin N Am. 2013; 40:521–543.Google Scholar

Esposito, K, Giugliano, F, DiPalo, C, et al. Effect of lifestyle changes on erectile dysfunction in obese men: A randomized controlled trial. JAMA. 2004; 291(24):2978–2984.Google Scholar

Tsertsvadze, A, Fink, HA, Yazdi, F, et al. Oral phosphodiesterase-5 inhibitors and hormonal treatments for erectile dysfunction: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Ann Intern Med. 2009; 151(9):650–661.Google Scholar

Burke, RM, Evans, JD. Avanafil for treatment of erectile dysfunction: Review of its potential. Vasc Health Risk Manag. 2012; 8:517–523.Google Scholar

McVary, KT. Clinical practice: Erectile dysfunction. N Engl J Med. 2007; 357:2472–2481.Google Scholar

Mulligan, T, Reddy, S, Gulur, PV, et al. Disorders of male sexual function. Clin Geriatr Med. 2003; 19:473–481.Google Scholar

Rowe, JW, Kahn, RL. Successful aging. Aging (Milano). 1998; 10:142–144.Google Scholar

Evenhuis, HM, Hermans, H, Hilgenkamp, TIM, Bastiaanse, LP, Echteld, MA. Frailty and disability in older adults with intellectual disabilities: Results from the Healthy Ageing and Intellectual Disability study. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society. 2012; 60:934–938.Google Scholar

Mooij, LDD, Kikkert, M, Theunissen, J, Beekman, AT, Haan, LD, Duurkoop, PW, et al. Dying too soon: Excess mortality in severe mental illness. Frontiers in Psychiatry. 2019; 10.Google Scholar

Reppermund, S, Trollor, JN. Successful ageing for people with an intellectual disability. Current Opinion in Psychiatry. 2016; 29(2):149–154.Google Scholar

Nicolaidis, C, Kripke, CC, Raymaker, D. Primary care for adults on the autism spectrum. Medical Clinics of North America. 2014; 98(5):1169–1191.Google Scholar

McGinley, JM. From nonissue to healthcare crisis: A historical review of aging and dying with an intellectual and developmental disability. Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities. 2016; 54(2):151–156.Google Scholar

Schepens, HRMM, Puyenbroeck, JV, Maes, B. How to improve the quality of life of elderly people with intellectual disability: A systematic literature review of support strategies. Journal of Applied Research in Intellectual Disabilities. 2018; 32(3):483–521.Google Scholar

Definition of Intellectual Disability. Definition. www.aaidd.org/intellectual-disability/definition. Accessed on 11/03/2021.Google Scholar

Beck, K. Adaptive Functioning and Communication Associated with Different Levels of Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities (IDD). Health Care for Adults with Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities. https://iddtoolkit.vkcsites.org/general-issues/adaptive-functioning-communication. Accessed on 11/03/2021.Google Scholar

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. www.cdc.gov. Accessed on 11/03/2021.Google Scholar

Anderson, LL, Larson, SA, Mapellentz, S, Hall-Lande, J. A systematic review of U.S. studies on the prevalence of intellectual or developmental disabilities since 2000. Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities. 2019; 57(5):421–438.Google Scholar

Perkins, EA, Berkman, KA. Into the unknown: Aging with autism spectrum disorders. American Journal on Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities. 2012; 117(6):478–496.Google Scholar

Coppus, A. People with intellectual disability: What do we know about adulthood and life expectancy? Developmental Disabilities Research Reviews. 2013; 18(1):6–16.Google Scholar

Kidd, SA, Lachiewicz, A, Barbouth, D, Blitz, RK, Delahunty, C, Mcbrien, D, et al. Fragile X syndrome: A review of associated medical problems. Pediatrics. 2014; 134(5):995–1005.Google Scholar

Community Living and Participation for People with Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities. Community Living and Participation. www.aaidd.org/news-policy/policy/position-statements/community-living-and-participation. Accessed on 11/03/2021.Google Scholar

Krahn, GL. A call for better data on prevalence and health surveillance of people with intellectual and developmental disabilities. Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities. 2019; 57(5):357–375.Google Scholar

Supporting individuals with intellectual and developmental disabilities (I/DD) as they age. Resources for Integrated Care. 2019. www.resourcesforintegratedcare.com/IntellectualandDevelopmentalDisabilities/2019_IDD_Webinar/Supporting_Individuals_with_IDD_as_they_Age. Accessed on 11/03/2021.Google Scholar

Maulik, PK, Mascarenhas, MN, Mathers, CD, Dua, T, Saxena, S. Prevalence of intellectual disability: A meta-analysis of population-based studies. Res Dev Disabil. 2011 (Mar.–Apr.); 32(2):419–436. doi: 10.1016/j.ridd.2010.12.018. Erratum in: Res Dev Disabil. 2013 (Feb.); 34(2):729. PMID: 21236634.Google Scholar

Acharya, K, Schindler, A, Heller, T. Aging: Demographics, trajectories and health system issues. Health Care for People with Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities Across the Lifespan. 2016; 1423–1432.Google Scholar

Heller, T. Bridging aging and intellectual/developmental disabilities in research, policy, and practice. Journal of Policy and Practice in Intellectual Disabilities. 2019; 16(1):53–57.Google Scholar

Hsieh, K, Heller, T, Bershadsky, J, Taub, S. Impact of adulthood stage and social-environmental context on body mass index and physical activity of individuals with intellectual disability. Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities. 2015; 53(2):100–113.Google Scholar

Hsieh, K, Rimmer, JH, Heller, T. Obesity and associated factors in adults with intellectual disability. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research. 2013; 58(9):851–863.Google Scholar

Heller, T, Scott, HM, Janicki, MP, Heller, T, Esbensen, A, Fazio, S, et al. Caregiving, intellectual disability, and dementia: Report of the Summit Workgroup on Caregiving and Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities. Alzheimer’s & Dementia: Translational Research & Clinical Interventions. 2018; 4(1):272–282.Google Scholar

Intellectual Disabilities and Dementia. NTG. www.the-ntg.org. Accessed on 11/03/2021.Google Scholar

Cooper, S-A. Epidemiology of psychiatric disorders in elderly compared with younger adults with learning disabilities. British Journal of Psychiatry. 2006; 170(4):375–380.Google Scholar

Sinai, A, Bohnen, I, Strydom, A. Older adults with intellectual disability. Current Opinion in Psychiatry. 2012; 25(5):359–364.Google Scholar

Torr, J, Davis, R. Ageing and mental health problems in people with intellectual disability. Current Opinion in Psychiatry. 2007; 20(5):467–471.Google Scholar

Oppewal, A, Schoufour, JD, Maarl, HJVD, Evenhuis, HM, Hilgenkamp, TI, Festen, DA. Causes of mortality in older people with intellectual disability: Results from the HA-ID study. American Journal on Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities. 2018; 123(1):61–71.Google Scholar

Bishop-Fitzpatrick, L, Rubenstein, E. The physical and mental health of middle aged and older adults on the autism spectrum and the impact of intellectual disability. Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders. 2019; 63:34–41.Google Scholar

Ali, A, Scior, K, Ratti, V, Strydom, A, King, M, Hassiotis, A. Discrimination and other barriers to accessing health care: Perspectives of patients with mild and moderate intellectual disability and their carers. PLoS ONE. 2013; 8(8).Google Scholar

Geukes, C, Bruland, D, Latteck, Ä-D. Health literacy in people with intellectual disabilities: A mixed-method literature review. Kontakt. 2018; 20(4).Google Scholar

Sullivan, WF, Heng, J. Supporting adults with intellectual and developmental disabilities to participate in health care decision making. Can Fam Physician. 2018 (Apr.); 64(Suppl. 2):S32-S36. PMID: 29650742; PMCID: PMC5906782.Google Scholar

Broderick, D, Lewis, D, Worth, A. One-page patient passport for people with learning disabilities. Nursing Standard. 2011; 25(47):35–40.Google Scholar

Nguyen, M, Lennox, N, Ware, R. Hand-held health records for individuals with intellectual disability: a systematic review. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research. 2013; 58(12):1172–1178.Google Scholar

Alexander, R, Ravi, A, Barclay, H, Sawhney, I, Chester, V, Malcolm, V, et al. Guidance for the treatment and management of COVID‐19 among people with intellectual disabilities. Journal of Policy and Practice in Intellectual Disabilities. 2020; 1–14.Google Scholar

Byrne, JH, Ware, RS, Lennox, NG. Health actions prompted by health assessments for people with intellectual disability exceed actions recorded in general practitioners’ records. Australian Journal of Primary Health. 2015; 21(3):317.Google Scholar

Sajith, SG, Teo, Y, Ling, CS. Development and introduction of “communication passport” in an adult inpatient psychiatric unit for persons with intellectual disabilities: A brief report from Singapore. Journal of Policy and Practice in Intellectual Disabilities. 2018; 15(2):166–170.Google Scholar

O’Dwyer, M, Mccallion, P, Mccarron, M, Henman, M. Medication use and potentially inappropriate prescribing in older adults with intellectual disabilities: A neglected area of research. Therapeutic Advances in Drug Safety. 2018; 9(9):535–557.Google Scholar

Axmon, A, Kristensson, J, Ahlström, G, Midlöv, P. Use of antipsychotics, benzodiazepine derivatives, and dementia medication among older people with intellectual disability and/or autism spectrum disorder and dementia. Research in Developmental Disabilities. 2017; 62:50–57.Google Scholar

Herge, EA, Cody, L. Adults with intellectual and developmental disabilities. In: Matuska, K, ed. Ways of Living: Intervention Strategies to Enable Participation, 5th edition. North Bethesda, MD: AOTA Press, pp. 133–156.Google Scholar

Kripke, C. Adults with developmental disabilities: A comprehensive approach to medical care. American Family Physician. 2018; 97(10): 649–657.Google Scholar

Beacroft, M, Dodd, K. “I feel pain”: Audit of communication skills and understanding of pain and health needs with people with learning disabilities. British Journal of Learning Disabilities. 2011; 39(2):139–147.Google Scholar

Walsh, M, Morrison, TG, Mcguire, BE. Chronic pain in adults with an intellectual disability: Prevalence, impact, and health service use based on caregiver report. Pain. 2011; 152(9):1951–1957.Google Scholar

De Knegt, NCD, Lobbezoo, F, Schuengel, C, Evenhuis, HM, Scherder, EJ. Self-reported presence and experience of pain in adults with Down Syndrome. Pain Medicine. 2017; 18(7):1247–1263.Google Scholar

Buys, L, Aird, R, Miller, E. Service providers’ perceptions of active ageing among older adults with lifelong intellectual disabilities. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research. 2012; 56(12): 1133–1147.Google Scholar

De Knegt, NCD, Lobbezoo, F, Schuengel, C, Evenhuis, HM, Scherder, EJA. Self-reporting tool on pain in people with intellectual disabilities (STOP-ID!): A usability study. Augmentative and Alternative Communication. 2015; 32(1):1–11.Google Scholar

Doody, O, Bailey, ME. Interventions in pain management for persons with an intellectual disability. Journal of Intellectual Disabilities. 2017; 23(1):132–144.Google Scholar

Horovitz, M, Matson, JL, Sipes, M, Shoemaker, M, Belva, B, Bamburg, JW. Incidence and trends in psychopathology symptoms over time in adults with severe to profound intellectual disability. Research in Developmental Disabilities. 2011; 32(2):685–692.Google Scholar

Vereenooghe, L, Langdon, PE. Psychological therapies for people with intellectual disabilities: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Research in Developmental Disabilities. 2013; 34(11):4085–4102.Google Scholar

Durbin, A, Sirotich, F, Lunsky, Y, Durbin, J. Unmet needs of adults in community mental health care with and without intellectual and developmental disabilities: A cross-sectional study. Community Mental Health Journal. 2015; 53(1):15–26.Google Scholar

Hollocks, MJ, Lerh, JW, Magiati, I, Meiser-Stedman, R, Brugha, TS. Anxiety and depression in adults with autism spectrum disorder: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Psychological Medicine. 2018; 49(4):559–572.Google Scholar

Bond, L, Carroll, R, Mulryan, N, Odwyer, M, Oconnell, J, Monaghan, R, et al. The association of life events and mental ill health in older adults with intellectual disability: Results of the wave 3 Intellectual Disability Supplement to the Irish Longitudinal Study on Ageing. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research. 2019; 63(5):454–465.Google Scholar

Herge, EA. Older adults with intellectual disability. In: Bryze, K, ed. Occupational Therapy for Adults with Intellectual Disability. Thorofare, NJ: Slack Inc., 2020.Google Scholar

Luchterhand, C, Murphy, N. Helping Adults with Mental Retardation Grieve a Death Loss. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press, 1998.Google Scholar

Goodman, J, Hurst, J, Locke, C. Occupational Therapy for People with Learning Disabilities: A Practical Guide, 1st edition. London: Elsevier, 2009, pp. 149–160.Google Scholar

Prasher, V, Mahmood, H, Mitra, M. Challenges faced in managing dementia in Alzheimer’s disease in patients with Down syndrome. Degenerative Neurological and Neuromuscular Disease. 2016; 6:85–94.Google Scholar

Fletcher, RJ. Psychotherapy for Individuals with Intellectual Disability. New York: Kingston, 2011, p. 334.Google Scholar

American Psychological Association. Guidelines for psychological practice of older adults. American Psychologist. 2014; 69(1):34–65.Google Scholar

Chapman, MJ, Hare, DJ, Caton, S, Donalds, D, McInnis, E, Mitchell, D. The use of mindfulness with people with intellectual disabilities: A systematic review and narrative analysis. Mindfulness. 2013; 4:179–189.Google Scholar

Cocks, E, Thomson, A, Thoresen, S, Parsons, R, Rosenwax, L. Factors that affect the perceived health of adults with intellectual disability: A Western Australian study. Journal of Intellectual and Developmental Disability. 2017 (May 25); 43(3):339–350.Google Scholar

Oppewal, A, Hilgenkamp, TI. Physical fitness is predictive for 5‐year survival in older adults with intellectual disabilities. Journal of Applied Research in Intellectual Disabilities. 2019; 32(4):958–966.Google Scholar

Oviedo, G, Travier, N, Guerra-Balic, M. Sedentary and physical activity patterns in adults with intellectual disability. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2017; 14(9):1027.Google Scholar

An, A, Mcpherson, L, Urbanowicz, A. Healthy living: A health promotion program for adults with intellectual disability. Disability and Health Journal. 2018; 11(4):606–611.Google Scholar

Brooker, K, Mutch, A, Mcpherson, L, Ware, R, Lennox, N, Dooren, KV. “We can talk while we’re walking”: Seeking the views of adults with intellectual disability to inform a walking and social-support program. Adapted Physical Activity Quarterly. 2015; 32(1):34–48.Google Scholar

Heller, T, Sorensen, A. Promoting healthy aging in adults with developmental disabilities. Developmental Disabilities Research Reviews. 2013; 18(1):22–30.Google Scholar

Renfro, M, Bainbridge, DB, Smith, ML. Validation of evidence-based fall prevention programs for adults with intellectual and/or developmental disorders: A modified Otago exercise program. Frontiers in Public Health. 2016; 4.Google Scholar

Lorentzen, B, Wikström, B-M. Healthy lifestyle for people with intellectual disabilities through a health intervention program. Open Journal of Nursing. 2012; 02(03):157–164.Google Scholar

Bazzano, AT, Zeldin, AS, Shihady Diab, IR, Garro, NM, Allevato, NA, Lehrer, D The healthy lifestyle change program: A pilot of a community-based health promotion intervention for adults with developmental disabilities. American Journal of Preventive Medicine. 2009; 37(6S1):S201–S208.Google Scholar

Jokinen, N, Janicki, MP, Keller, SM, Mccallion, P, Force, LT. Guidelines for structuring community care and supports for people with intellectual disabilities affected by dementia. Journal of Policy and Practice in Intellectual Disabilities. 2013; 10(1):1–24.Google Scholar

World Health Report 2010. World Health Organization. www.who.int/healthsystems/topics/financing/healthreport/whr_background/en. Accessed on 11/03/2021.Google Scholar

Mulvale, G, Embrett, M, Razavi, SD. “Gearing Up” to improve interprofessional collaboration in primary care: A systematic review and conceptual framework. BMC Family Practice. 2016; 17(1).Google Scholar

Wranik, WD, Price, S, Haydt, SM, Edwards, J, Hatfield, K, Weir, J, et al. Implications of interprofessional primary care team characteristics for health services and patient health outcomes: A systematic review with narrative synthesis. Health Policy. 2019; 123(6):550–563.Google Scholar

Körner, M, Bütof, S, Müller, C, Zimmermann, L, Becker, S, Bengel, J. Interprofessional teamwork and team interventions in chronic care: A systematic review. Journal of Interprofessional Care. 2015; 30(1):15–28.Google Scholar

Reeves, S, Pelone, F, Harrison, R, Goldman, J, Zwarenstein, M. Interprofessional collaboration to improve professional practice and healthcare outcomes. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2017; 6(6):CD000072.Google Scholar

Donnelly, C, Ashcroft, R, Mofina, A, Bobbette, N, Mulder, C. Measuring the performance of interprofessional primary health care teams: Understanding the teams perspective. Primary Health Care Research & Development. 2019; 20.Google Scholar

Reiter, JT, Dobmeyer, AC, Hunter, C. The primary care behavioral health (PCBH) model: An overview and operational definition. Journal of Clinical Psychology in Medical Settings, 2017; 24(4).Google Scholar

Ward, MC, Miller, BF, Marconi, VC, Kaslow, NJ, Farber, EW. The role of behavioral health in optimizing care for complex patients in the primary care setting. Journal of General Internal Medicine. 2015; 31(3):265–267.CrossRef Google Scholar

Ward, MC, Druss, BG. Treatment considerations in severe mental illness caring for the whole patient. JAMA Psychiatry. 2019; 76(7).Google Scholar

Occupational Therapy Practice Framework: Domain and Process. Bethesda, MD: AOTA Press, 2020.Google Scholar

American Physical Therapy Association. www.apta.org. Accessed on 11/03/2021.Google Scholar

Cortés-Amador, S, Carrasco, JJ, Sempere-Rubio, N, Igual-Camacho, C, Villaplana-Torres, LA, Pérez-Alenda, S. Effects of a vestibular physiotherapy protocol on adults with intellectual disability in the prevention of falls: A multi-centre clinical trial. Journal of Applied Research in Intellectual Disabilities. 2018; 32(2):359–367.Google Scholar

ASHA. American Speech-Language-Hearing Association. www.asha.org. Accessed on 11/03/2021.Google Scholar

Pelatti, C. Enhancing oral and written language for adolescents and young adults with Down Syndrome. Seminars in Speech and Language. 2015; 36(01):50–59.Google Scholar

Terband, H, Coppens-Hofman, MC, Reffeltrath, M, Maassen, BAM. Effectiveness of speech therapy in adults with intellectual disabilities. Journal of Applied Research in Intellectual Disabilities. 2017; 31(2):236–248.Google Scholar

Meuris, K, Maes, B, Zink, I. Evaluation of language and communication skills in adult key word signing users with intellectual disability: Advantages of a narrative task. Research in Developmental Disabilities. 2014; 35(10):2585–2601.Google Scholar

Chadwick, DD, Stubbs, J, Fovargue, S, Anderson, D, Stacey, G, Tye, S. Training support staff to modify fluids to appropriate safe consistencies for adults with intellectual disabilities and dysphagia: An efficacy study. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research. 2013; 58(1):84–98.Google Scholar

National Association of Social Workers (NASW). www.naswdc.org/practice/default.asp. Archived from the original on May 31, 2002.Google Scholar

Perrin, J, Reimann, B, Capobianco, J, Wahrenberger, JT, Sheitman, BB, Steiner, BDA. Model of enhanced primary care for patients with severe mental illness. North Carolina Medical Journal. 2018; 79(4): 240–244.Google Scholar

Carey, MP, Carey, KB. Behavioral research on severe and persistent mental illnesses. Behavior Therapy. 1999; 30(3):345–353.Google Scholar

Pinals, DA, Hovermale, L, Mauch, D, Anacker, L. The vital role of specialized approaches: Persons with intellectual and developmental disabilities in the mental health system. NASMHPD. 2017. www.nasmhpd.org/sites/default/files/TAC.Paper_.7.IDD_.Final_.pdf. Accessed on 11/03/2021.Google Scholar

Bartels, SJ, DiMiliz, PR, Fortuna, KL, Naslund, JA. Integrated care for older adults with serious mental illness and medical comorbidity: Evidence-based models and future research directions. Psychiatric Clinics of North America Journal. 2018; 41(1):153–164.Google Scholar

Gallagher-Thompson, D, Steffen, A, Thompson, LW (eds). Handbook of Behavioral and Cognitive Therapies with Older Adults. New York: Springer, 2008.Google Scholar

Patterson, TL, McKibbin, C, Taylor, M, Goldman, S, Davila-Fraga, W, Bucardo, J, Jeste, DV. Functional Adaptation Skills Training (FAST): A pilot psychosocial intervention study in middle-aged and older patients with chronic psychotic disorders. American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry. 2003; 11:1.Google Scholar

Pratt, SI, Bartels, SJ, Naslund, JA, Wolfe, R, Pixley, HS, Mueser, KT, , Louis J. Feasibility and effectiveness of an automated telehealth intervention to improve illness self-management in people with serious psychiatric and medical disorders. Psychiatric Rehabilitation Journal. 2013; 36(4): 297–305.Google Scholar

Godleski, L, Cervone, D, Vogel, D, Rooney, M. Home telemental health implementation and outcomes using electronic messaging. Journal of Telemedicine and Telecare. 2012; 18:17–19.Google Scholar

Wright, S, Wright, S, Brooks, D, D’Astous, V, Grandin, T. The challenge and promise of autism spectrum disorders in adulthood and aging: A systematic review of the literature (1990–2013). Autism Insights. 2013; 21.Google Scholar

Roestorf, A, Bowler, D, Deserno, M, Howlin, P, Klinger, L, Mcconachie, H, et al. “Older adults with ASD: The consequences of aging” – Insights from a series of special interest group meetings held at the International Society for Autism Research 2016–17. Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders. 2019; 63:3–12.Google Scholar

Akobirshoev, I, Mitra, M, Dembo, R, Lauer, E. In-hospital mortality among adults with autism spectrum disorder in the United States: A retrospective analysis of US hospital discharge data. Autism. 2019; 24(1):177–189.Google Scholar

Vohra, R, Madhavan, S, Sambamoorthi, U, Peter, CS. Access to services, quality of care, and family impact for children with autism, other developmental disabilities, and other mental health conditions. Autism. 2013; 18(7):815–826.Google Scholar

Nicolaidis, C, Raymaker, D, Mcdonald, K, Dern, S, Boisclair, WC, Ashkenazy, E, et al. Comparison of healthcare experiences in autistic and non-autistic adults: A cross-sectional online survey facilitated by an academic-community partnership. Journal of General Internal Medicine. 2012; 28(6):761–769.Google Scholar

Primary Care Resources for Adults on the Autism Spectrum and Their Primary Care Providers. AASPIRE Healthcare Toolkit for Autistic Adults. www.autismandhealth.org. Accessed on 11/03/2021.Google Scholar

Raymaker, DM, Mcdonald, KE, Ashkenazy, E, Gerrity, M, Baggs, AM, Kripke, C, et al. Barriers to healthcare: Instrument development and comparison between autistic adults and adults with and without other disabilities. Autism. 2016; 21(8):972–984.Google Scholar

Fletcher, RJ, Barnhill, J, Cooper, S-A. DM–ID-2: Diagnostic Manual, Intellectual Disability: A textbook of diagnosis of mental disorders in persons with intellectual disability. Kingston, NY: NADD Press, 2018.Google Scholar

Frueh, BC, Buckley, TC, Cusack, KJ, Kimble, MO, Grubaugh, AL, Turner, SM, Keane, TM. Cognitive-behavioral treatment for PTSD among people with severe mental illness: A proposed treatment model. Journal of Psychiatric Practice. 2004; 10(1).Google Scholar

Mevissen, L, Didden, R, Jongh, AD. Assessment and treatment of PTSD in people with intellectual disabilities. Comprehensive Guide to Post-Traumatic Stress Disorders. 2016; 281–299.Google Scholar

Mueser, KT, Goodman, LA, Trumbetta, SL, Rosenberg, SD, Osher, FC, Vidaver, R, et al. Trauma and posttraumatic stress disorder in severe mental illness. Journal of Consulting & Clinical Psychology. 1998; 66:493–499.Google Scholar

Frueh, BC, Cusack, KJ, Hiers, TG, Monogan, S, Cousins, VC, Cavanaugh, SD. Improving public mental health services for trauma victims in South Carolina. Psychiatric Services. 2001; 52:812–814.Google Scholar

Kildahl, AN, Bakken, TL, Iversen, TE, Helverschou, SB. Identification of post-traumatic stress disorder in individuals with autism spectrum disorder and intellectual disability: A systematic review. Journal of Mental Health Research in Intellectual Disabilities. 2019; 12(1–2):1–25.Google Scholar

Grubaugh, AL, Zinzow, HM, Paul, L, Egede, LE, Frueh, BC. Trauma exposure and posttraumatic stress disorder in adults with severe mental illness: A critical review. Clinical Psychology Review. 2011; 31(6):883–899.Google Scholar

Hinton, JH, Blanco, RH. Mental health diagnosis in IDD: Bio-psycho-social approach. Webinar; June 20, 2020.Google Scholar

Every-Palmer, S, Flewett, T, Dean, S, Hansby, O, Colman, A, Weatherall, M, Bell, E. Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) therapy for posttraumatic stress disorder in adults with serious mental illness within forensic and rehabilitation services: a study protocol for a randomized controlled trial. Trials. 2019; 20(642).Google Scholar

2019 Profile of Older Americans. US Department of Health and Human Services. May 2020. Administration for Community Living. https://acl.gov/sites/default/files/Aging%20and%20Disability%20in%20America/2019ProfileOlderAmericans508.pdf.Google Scholar

Freedman, VA and Spillman, BC. Disability and care needs among older Americans. Milbank Quarterly. 2014; 92(3):509–541. doi: 10.1111/1468–0009.12076.Google Scholar

Choi, NG, Burr, JA, Mutchler, JE, Caro, FG. Formal and informal volunteer activity and spousal caregiving among older adults. Research on Aging. 2007; 29(2):99–124. doi: 10.1177/0164027506296759.Google Scholar

Committee on Family Caregiving for Older Adults. Families Caring for an Aging America. Board on Health Care Services, Health and Medicine Division, National Academies of Science, Engineering and Medicine. Washington, DC:National Academies Press, 2016. www.nap.edu/catalog/23606/families-caring-for-an-aging-america.Google Scholar

www.ncpssm.org/documents/older-americans-policy-papers/older-americans-act.Google Scholar

www.ncoa.org/public-policy-action/older-americans-act.Google Scholar

Medicare & You 2020. The Official U.S. Government Medicare Handbook. U.S. DHHS, Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services. 7500 Security Blvd. Baltimore, MD 21144. CMS product No. 10050–56, Sep. 2019. www.medicare.gov.Google Scholar

McCall, N, Korb, J. The impact of Medicare home health policy changes on Medicare beneficiaries. Policy Brief (Cent Home Care Policy Res). 2003; 15:1–6. PMID 15000107.Google Scholar

Schade, CP, Brehm, JG. Improving the home health acute-care hospitalization quality measure. Health Serv Res. 2010 (Jun.): 45(3):712–717. doi: 10.1111/j.1475-6773.2010.01106.xGoogle Scholar

O’Connor, M, Hanlon, A, Naylor, MD, Bowles, KH. The impact of home health length of stay and number of skilled nursing visits on hospitalization among Medicare-reimbursed skilled home health beneficiaries. Res Nurs Health. 2015; 38(4):257–267. doi: 10.1002/nur.21665.Google Scholar

www.medicare.gov/coverage/hospice-care.Google Scholar

www.medicaid.gov.Google Scholar

www.payingforseniorcare.com/medicaid-waivers/home-care.Google Scholar

www.ada.gov/olmstead/olmstead_about.htm.Google Scholar

Harrington, C, Ng, T, Laplante, M, Kaye, HS. Medicaid home and community-based services: Impact of the Affordable Care Act. J Aging Soc Policy. 2012; 24(2):169–187. doi: 10.1080/08959420.2012.659118.Google Scholar

www.cms.gov/About-CMS/Story-Page/Better-care-for-dual-eligibles-fact-sheet.pdf.Google Scholar

www.cms.gov/Medicare-Medicaid-Coordination/Medicare-and-Medicaid-Coordination/Medicare-Medicaid-Coordination-Office/PACE/PACE.Google Scholar

www.npaonline.org.Google Scholar

www.va.gov/health-care/eligibility.Google Scholar

www.va.gov/GERIATRICS.Google Scholar

https://ihs.gov.Google Scholar

www.ihs.gov/newsroom/factsheets/disparities.Google Scholar

www.alz.org.Google Scholar

www.ncoa.org/news/resources-for-reporters/get-the-facts/healthy-aging-facts.Google Scholar

www.medicaid.gov/medicaid/long-term-services-supports/institutional-long-term-care/preadmission-screening-and-resident-review/index.html.Google Scholar

www.hopkinsmedicine.org/psychiatry/specialty_areas/geriatric_neuro/day_hospital.html.Google Scholar

Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration. National Mental Health Services Survey (N-MHSS): 2018. Data on Mental Health Treatment Facilities. Rockville, MD: Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, 2019. www.samhsa.gov/data/sites/default/files/cbhsq-reports/NMHSS-2018.pdf.Google Scholar

https://apstarc.acl.gov.Google Scholar

Fernald, M, ed. Housing America’s Older Adults – 2019. Cambridge, MA: Joint Center for Housing Studies of Harvard University, 2019. www.jchs.harvard.edu/sites/default/files/Harvard_JCHS_Housing_Americas_Older_Adults_2019.pdf.Google Scholar

Cubanski, J, Koma, W, Damico, A, Neuman, T. How many seniors live in poverty? Issue brief, Kaiser Family Foundation, November 19, 2018. www.kff.org/medicare/issue-brief/how-many-seniors-live-in-poverty.Google Scholar

www.hud.gov/topics/information_for_senior_citizens.Google Scholar

https://aging.ny.gov/naturally-occurring-retirement-community-norc.Google Scholar

www.beaconhillvillage.org.Google Scholar

Greenfield, EA, Scharlach, A, et al. A conceptual framework for examining the promise of the NORC program and Village models to promote aging in place. Journal of Aging Studies. 2012; 12: 273–284.Google Scholar

www.aarp.org/caregiving/basics/info-2017/continuing-care-retirement-communities.html.Google Scholar

www.ahcancal.org/Assisted-Living/Facts-and-Figures/Pages/default.aspx.Google Scholar

www.aplaceformom.com/caregiver-resources/articles/assisted-living-vs-board-care-homes.Google Scholar

Kane, RL. Care of the aging patient: From evidence to action – Finding the right level of posthospital care: “We didn’t realize there was any other option for him.” JAMA. 2011; 305(3):284–293.Google Scholar

Rerucha, CM, Salinas, R, Shook, J, Duane, M. House calls. Am Fam Physician. 2020 (Aug. 15); 102(4):211–220. www.aafp.org/afp/2020/0815/p211.html.Google Scholar

www.aahcm.org.Google Scholar

www.hospitalathome.org.Google Scholar

Keller, SC, Gurses, AP, Myers, MG, Arbaje, AI. Home health services in the time of Coronavirus disease: Recommendations for safe transitions. J Am Med Direc Assoc. 2020; 21(7):998–1000.Google Scholar

Steinman, MA, Perry, L, Perissinotto, CM. Meeting the care needs of older adults isolated at home during the COVID-19 pandemic. JAMA Intern Med. 2020 (Jun. 1); 180(6):819–820. doi: 10.1001/jamainternmed.2020.1661.Google Scholar

Mahoney, KJ. Self-direction of home and community-based services in the time of COVID-19. Journal of Gerontological Social Work. 2020; 63:625–628. doi: 10.1080/01634372.2020.1774833.Google Scholar

https://aging.com/in-home-care-costs-breakdown.Google Scholar

Osterman, P. Who Will Care for Us? Long-Term Care and the Long-Term Workforce. New York: The Russell Sage Foundation, 2017.Google Scholar

Reichel, W. Role of the medical director in the skilled nursing facility. In: Reichel, W, ed. Clinical Aspects of Aging. Baltimore, MD: The Williams & Wilkins Company, 1978, pp. 475–482.Google Scholar

Baltimore hears of laxity in care. The New York Times. 09/20/1970, p. 31.Google Scholar

Salmonella outbreak. Congressional Quarterly Almanac. 1970, 26th edition, 03–583. Washington, DC. Congressional Quarterly, 1971. https://library.cqpress.com/cqalmanac/document.php?id=cqal70-1294173.Google Scholar

Nursing home care in the United States: Failure in public policy. Supporting Paper #3. Doctors in nursing homes: The shunned responsibility. Special Committee on Aging of the US Senate. Senator Frank Church, Chairman. US Government Printing Office 42–711. Washington, DC, 1975.Google Scholar

Holshue, ML, DeBolt, C, Lindquist, S, et al. First case of 2019 novel coronavirus in the United States. NEJM. 2020; 382:929–936. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa2001191.Google Scholar

Kim, G, Wang, M, Pan, H, Davidson, GH, Roxby, AC, Neukirch, J, et al. A health system response to COVID-19 in long-term care and post-acute care: A three-phase approach. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2020; 68:1155–1161.Google Scholar

McMichael, TM, Currie, DW, Clark, S, Pogosjans, S, Kay, M, Schwartz, NG, et al. Epidemiology of COVID-19 in a long-term care facility in King County Washington. NEJM. 2020; 382:2005–2011 doi: 10.1056/NEJMOA2005412.Google Scholar

Cenziper, D, Jacobs, J, Mulcaly, S, et al. As the pandemic raged, regulators cleared most nursing homes of infection violations. The Washington Post, 10/28/2020.Google Scholar

Roxby, AC, Greninger, AL, Hatfield, KM, et al. Detection of SARS-CoV-2 among residents and staff members of an independent and assisted living community for older adults – Seattle, Washington, 2020. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2020; 69:416–418. doi: 10.15585/mmwr.mm6914e2external_icon.Google Scholar

Girvan, G, Roy, A. Nursing homes and assisted living facilities account for 42% of COVID-19 deaths. Foundation for Research on Equal Opportunity. August 31, 2020. https://freopp.org/the-covid-19-nursing-home-crisis-by-the-numbers-3a47433c3f70.Google Scholar

https://data.cms.gov/stories/s/COVID-19-Nursing-Home-Data/bkwz-xpvg.Google Scholar

Hammond, B. The hospital lobbyists behind Cuomo’s nursing home scandal. The Wall Street Journal. 09/19–20/2020, p. A11.Google Scholar

American Geriatrics Society Policy Brief: COVID-19 and nursing homes. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2020; 68:908–911. doi :10.1111/jgs.16477.Google Scholar

Richer, AD, Associated Press. 2 charged over handling of outbreak at veterans’ home. 09/26/2020.Google Scholar

www.cms.gov/newsroom/press-releases/nursing-home-covid-19-data-and-inspections-results-available-nursing-home-compare.Google Scholar

Code of Federal Regulations, Section 483.80 Infection Control www.cms.gov/Regulations-and-Guidance/Guidance/Manuals/downloads/som107ap_pp_guidelines_ltcf.pdf.Google Scholar

Code of Maryland Regulations COMAR Title 10 Department of Health and Mental Hygiene, Subtitle 07 – Hospitals, Chapter 02 – Comprehensive care facilities and extended care facilities. https://health.maryland.gov/docs/Long%20Term%20Care%20Regulations%20FINAL.pdf.Google Scholar

Strausbaugh, LJ, Sukumar, SR, Joseph, CL, High, KP. Infectious disease outbreaks in nursing homes: An unappreciated hazard for frail elderly persons. Clinical Infectious Diseases. 2003; 36(7):870–876. doi: 10.1086/368197.Google Scholar

Influenza vaccine for 2020–2021. The Medical Letter. Issue 1607, 09/21/2020.Google Scholar

Gravenstein, S, Davidson, HE, Taljaard, M, et al. Comparative effectiveness of high dose versus standard dose influenza vaccination on numbers of US nursing home residents admitted to hospital: A cluster randomized trial. Lancet Respir Med. 2017; 5:738.Google Scholar

Carman, WF, Elder, AG, Wallace, LA, et al. Effect of influenza vaccination of healthcare workers on mortality of elderly people in long-term care: A randomized controlled trial. Lancet. 2000; 355:93–97.Google Scholar

Roup, BJ. Infection prevention training impacts outbreak recognition and control in long-term care facilities in Maryland. Am Jour Infection Control. 2011; 39(5):E162. doi: 10.1016/j/ajic.2011.04.274.Google Scholar

www.cdc.gov/healthywater/office/emergency/outbreak-case-tracking-line-list.doc.Google Scholar

https://oig.hhs.gov/reports-and-publications/workplan/summary/wp-summary-0000471.asp. OIG Audit of nursing home infection prevention and control programs’ deficiencies.Google Scholar

Reichel, W. Role of the medical director in the skilled nursing facility: Historical perspectives. In Reichel W, , ed. Clinical Aspects of Aging, 2nd edition. Baltimore, MD: The Williams & Wilkins Company, 1978, pp. 570–579.Google Scholar

AMDA – The Society for Post-Acute and Long-Term Care Medicine. www.paltc.org.Google Scholar

Altemeier, TM, Pattee, JJ, Wagner, PN. Core educational objectives for the administrative aspects of medical direction in nursing homes. The Journal of Medical Direction. 1992; 2(2):59–66.Google Scholar

JAMDA – The Journal of Post-Acute and Long-Term Care Medicine. www.jamda.org.Google Scholar

The American Board of Post-Acute and Long-Term Care Medicine. www.abplm.org.Google Scholar

Elon, R. Finding the ideal medical director for your nursing home. Caring for the Ages. 2020 (Nov. 1); 21(8):6–7. doi: 10.1016/j.carage.2020.10.006.Google Scholar

Senge, PM. The Fifth Discipline: The Art and Practice of the Learning Organization. New York: Doubleday, 1990.Google Scholar

Kane, RL, Flood, S, Bershadsky, B, Keckhafer, G. Effect of an innovative Medicare managed care program on the quality of care for nursing home residents. The Gerontologist. 2004; 44(1):95–103. doi: 10.1093/geront/44.1.95.Google Scholar

The American Geriatrics Society. www.americangeriatrics.org.Google Scholar

Journal of the American Geriatrics Society. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/journal/15325415.Google Scholar

The Geriatrics Review Syllabus, 10th edition. The American Geriatrics Society. https://geriatricscareonline.org/ProductTypeStore/books-online-texts/1.Google Scholar

IHI Initiatives: Age-Friendly Health Systems.Google Scholar

Fulmer, T, Mate, KS, Berman, A. The Age-Friendly Health System imperative. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2018; 66(1):22–24.Google Scholar

Allen, K, Ouslander, JG. Age-Friendly Health Systems: Their time has come. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2018; 66(1):19–21.Google Scholar

Røsvik, J, Rokstad, AMM. What are the needs of people with dementia in acute hospital settings, and what interventions are made to meet these needs? A systematic integrative review of the literature. BMC Health Serv Res. 2020; 20(1):723.Google Scholar

Palmer, RM. The Acute Care for Elders unit model of care. Geriatr. 2018; 3(3):59.Google Scholar

Hobday, JV, Gaugler, JE, Mittelman, MS. Feasibility and utility of online dementia care training for hospital staff: The CARES® dementia-friendly hospital^TM program. Res Gerontol Nurs. 2017; 10(2):58–65.Google Scholar

Castellucci, M. UNC Health Care trains staff to treat dementia patients. Mod Healthc. October 2019. www.modernhealthcare.com/care-delivery/unc-health-care-trains-staff-treat-dementia-patients.Google Scholar

Covinsky, KE, Palmer, RM, Fortinsky, RH, et al. Loss of independence in activities of daily living in older adults hospitalized with medical illnesses: Increased vulnerability with age. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2003; 51(4):451–458.Google Scholar

Amador, LF, Reed, D, Lehman, CA. The Acute Care for Elders unit: Taking the rehabilitation model into the hospital setting. Rehabil Nurs. 2007; 32(3):126–131.Google Scholar

Flood, K, Booth, K, Vickers, J, et al. Acute Care for Elders (ACE) team model of care: A clinical overview. Geriatrics. 2018; 3(3):50.Google Scholar

Palmer, RM, Landefeld, CS, Kresevic, D, Kowal, J. A medical unit for the acute care of the elderly. J Am Geriatr Soc. 1994; 42(5):545–552.Google Scholar

Landefeld, CS, Palmer, RM, Kresevic, DM, Fortinsky, RH, Kowal, J. randomized, A trial of care in a hospital medical unit especially designed to improve the functional outcomes of acutely ill older patients. N Engl J Med. 1995; 332(20):1338–1344.Google Scholar

Fox, MT, Persaud, M, Maimets, I, et al. Effectiveness of acute geriatric unit care using acute care for elders components: A systematic review and meta-analysis. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2012; 60(12):2237–2245.Google Scholar

Vaartio‐Rajalin, H, Fagerström, L. Professional care at home: Patient‐centredness, interprofessionality and effectivity? A scoping review. Health Soc Care Community. 2019; 27(4):e270–e288.Google Scholar

Barrett, D. Admission avoidance: Hospital at home. Br J Community Nurs. 2019; 24(5):238–240.Google Scholar

Shepperd, S, Iliffe, S, Doll, HA, et al. Admission avoidance hospital at home. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2016; 2016(9):CD007491.Google Scholar

Gonçalves-Bradley, DC, Iliffe, S, Doll, HA, et al. Early discharge hospital at home. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2017; 2017(6):CD000356.Google Scholar

Parke, B, Friesen, K. Code Plus: Physical Design Components for an Elder Friendly Hospital, 2nd edition. Surrey, BC: Fraser Health,2015.Google Scholar

Cahnman, SF. Hospital design for seniors. Healthc Des. September 22, 2017. https://healthcaredesignmagazine.com/trends/perspectives/hospital-design-seniors.Google Scholar

Ellis, G, Gardner, M, Tsiachristas, A, et al. Comprehensive geriatric assessment for older adults admitted to hospital. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2017; 2017(9):CD006211.Google Scholar

Middleton, A, Graham, JE, Lin, YL, et al. Motor and cognitive functional status are associated with 30-day unplanned rehospitalization following post-acute care in Medicare fee-for-service beneficiaries. J Gen Intern Med. 2016; 31(12):1427–1434.Google Scholar

Burke, RE, Whitfield, EA, Hittle, D, et al. Hospital readmission from post-acute care facilities: Risk factors, timing, and outcomes. J Am Med Dir Assoc. 2016; 17(3):249–255.Google Scholar

Oh, ES, Fong, TG, Hshieh, TT, Inouye, SK. Delirium in older persons: Advances in diagnosis and treatment. JAMA – J Am Med Assoc. 2017; 318(12):1161–1174.Google Scholar

Dale, MC, Drickamer, MA, Sloane, PD. Geriatric-specific standards for information transfer between nursing homes and acute care hospitals. J Am Med Dir Assoc. 2020; 21(4):444–446.Google Scholar

Bernacki, RE, Block, SD. Communication about serious illness care goals: A review and synthesis of best practices. JAMA Intern Med. 2014; 174(12):1994–2003.Google Scholar

Chong, E, Ho, E, Baldevarona-Llego, J, et al. Frailty in hospitalized older adults: Comparing different frailty measures in predicting short- and long-term patient outcomes. J Am Med Dir Assoc. 2018; 19(5):450–457.Google Scholar

Dharmarajan, K, Swami, S, Gou, RY, Jones, RN, Inouye, SK. Pathway from delirium to death: Potential in-hospital mediators of excess mortality. JAGS. 2017; 65: 1026–1033.Google Scholar

Moore, ZE, Patton D. Risk assessment tools for the prevention of pressure ulcers. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2019 (Jan. 31); 1(1):CD006471.Google Scholar

Qaseem, A, et al. Risk assessment and prevention of pressure ulcers: A clinical practice guideline from the American College of Physicians. Ann Intern Med. 2015; 162(5):359–369.Google Scholar

Mandell, LA, Niederman, MS. Aspiration pneumonia. N Engl J Med. 2019; 380:651–663.Google Scholar

Feldblum, I, German, L, Castel, H, Harman-Boehm, I, Shahar, DR. Individualized nutritional intervention during and after hospitalization: The nutrition intervention study clinical trial. JAGS. 2011; 59(1):10.Google Scholar

Arora, VM, Stewart, N. Sleep in hospitalized older adults. Sleep Med Clin. 2018 (Mar.); 13(1):127–135.Google Scholar

Schunemann, HJ, Cushman, M, Burnett, AE, et al. American Society of Hematology 2018 guidelines for management of venous thromboembolism: Prophylaxis for hospitalized and nonhospitalized medical patients. Blood Adv. 2018; 2:3198.Google Scholar

Mahé, BJF, Bergmann JF, d’Azémar, P, Vaissie, JJ, Caulin, C. Lack of effect of a low-molecular-weight heparin (nadroparin) on mortality in bedridden medical in-patients: A prospective randomised double-blind study. Eur J Clin Pharmacol. 2005 (Jul.); 61(5–6):347–351.Google Scholar

Cave, B, Hough, A, Dobes, PP. Extended venous thromboembolism prophylaxis in medically ill patients. Pharmacotherapy. 2018; 38(6):597–609.Google Scholar

Growdon, ME, Shorr, RI, Inouye, SK. The tension between promoting mobility and preventing falls in the hospital. JAMA Intern Med. 2017; 177(6):759.Google Scholar

Inouye, SK. Delirium – A framework to improve acute care for older persons. JAGS. 2018; 66:446–451.Google Scholar

Dharmarajan, K, Swami, S, Gou, R, Jones, RN, Inouye, SK. Pathway from delirium to death: Potential mediators of excess mortality. JAGS. 2017; 65:1026–1033.Google Scholar

Inouye, SK, Bogardus, ST Jr., Charpentier, PA, et al. A multicomponent intervention to prevent delirium in hospitalized older patients. N Engl JMed. 1999; 340:669–676.Google Scholar

Eslami, M, Tran, HP. Transitions of care and rehabilitation after fragility fractures. Clin Geriatr Med. 2014; 30(2):303–315.Google Scholar

Coleman, EA, Boult, C. Improving the quality of transitional care for persons with complex care needs. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2003; 51(4):556–557.Google Scholar

Unnewehr, M, Schaaf, B, Marev, R, Fitch, J, Friederichs, H. Optimizing the quality of hospital discharge summaries – A systematic review and practical tools. Postgrad Med. 2015; 127(6):630–639.Google Scholar

Kripalani, S, LeFevre, F, Phillips, CO, Williams, M V, Basaviah, P, Baker, DW. Deficits in communication and information transfer between hospital-based and primary care physicians. JAMA. 2007; 297(8):831–841.Google Scholar

Kergoat, MJ, Latour, J, Julien, I, et al. A discharge summary adapted to the frail elderly to ensure transfer of relevant information from the hospital to community settings: A model. BMC Geriatr. 2010; 10:69.Google Scholar

Vasilevskis, EE, Ouslander, JG, Mixon, AS, et al. Potentially avoidable readmissions of patients discharged to post-acute care: Perspectives of hospital and skilled nursing facility staff. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2017; 65(2):269–276.Google Scholar

The Commonwealth Fund, The New York Times, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health. Being Seriously Ill in America Today, 2018.Google Scholar

World Health Organization. WHO definition of palliative care, 2008. www.who.int/cancer/palliative/definition/en.Google Scholar

National Consensus Project for Quality Palliative Care. Clinical Practice Guidelines for Quality Palliative Care, 4th edition, 2018. www.nationalconsensusproject.org.Google Scholar

Bakitas, M, Lyons, KD, Hegel, MT, Balan, S, et al. Effects of a palliative care intervention on clinical outcomes in patients with advanced cancer. JAMA. 2009; 302(7):741–749.Google Scholar

Jack, B, Hillier, V, Williams, A, et al. Hospital based palliative care teams improve the symptoms of cancer patients. Palliat Med. 2003; 17(6):498–502.Google Scholar

Kavalieratos, D, Corbelli, J, Zhang, D. Association between palliative care and patient and caregiver outcomes: A systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA. 2016; 316(20)2104–2114.Google Scholar

Hui, D, Hannon, BL, Zimmermann, C, Bruera, E. Improving patient and caregiver outcomes in oncology: Team‐based, timely, and targeted palliative care. CA: A Cancer Journal for Clinicians. 2018; 68(5):356–376.Google Scholar

May, P, Garrido, MM, Cassel, JB, et al. Cost analysis of a prospective multi-site cohort study of palliative care consultation teams for adults with advanced cancer: Where do cost-savings come from? Palliat Med. 2017; 31(4):378–386.Google Scholar

Bendaly, EA, Groves, J, Juliar, B, Gramelspacher, GP. Financial impact of palliative care consultation in a public hospital. J Palliat Med. 2008; 11(10):1304–1308.Google Scholar

Gade, G, Venohr, I, Conner, D, et al. Impact of an inpatient palliative care team: A randomized control trial. J Palliat Med. 2008; 11(2):180–189.Google Scholar

Hanson, LC, Usher, B, Spragens, L, Barnard, S. Clinical and economic impact of palliative care consultation. J Pain Symptom Manage. 2008; 35(4):340–346.Google Scholar

Morrison, RS, Penrod, JD, Cassel, JB, et al. Cost savings associated with U.S. hospital palliative care consultation programs. Arch Intern Med. 2008; 168(16):1783–1790.Google Scholar

Norton, SA, Hogan, LA, Holloway, RG, Temkin-Greener, H, Buckley, MJ, Quill, TE. Proactive palliative care in the medical intensive care unit: Effects on length of stay for selected high-risk patients. Crit Care Med. 2006; 35(6):1530–1535.Google Scholar

Penrod, JD, Partha, D, Luhrs, C, et al. Cost and utilization outcomes of patients receiving hospital-based palliative care consultation. J Palliat Med. 2006; 9(4):855–860.Google Scholar

Armstrong, B, Jenigiri, B, Hutson, SP, Wachs, PM, Lambe, CE. The impact of a palliative care program in a rural Appalachian community hospital: A quality improvement process. Am J Hosp Palliat Care. 2013; 30(4):380–387.Google Scholar

Cassarett, D, Pickard, A, Bailey, FA, et al. Do palliative consultations improve patient outcomes? J Am Geriatr Soc. 2008; 56:593–599.Google Scholar

Temel, JS, Greer, JA, Muzikansky, A, et al. Early palliative care for patients with metastatic non-small-cell lung cancer. N Engl J Med. 2010; 363(8):733–741.Google Scholar

Greer, JA, Tramontano, AC, McMahon, PM, et al. Cost analysis of a randomized trial of early palliative care in patients with metastatic nonsmall-cell lung cancer. J Palliat Med. 2016 (Aug.); 19(8):842–848.Google Scholar

Center to Advance Palliative Care. Mapping Community Palliative Care: A Snapshot, 2019. www.capc.org.Google Scholar

Goldsmith, B, Dietrich, J, Du, Q, Morrison RS: Variability in access to hospital palliative care in the United States. J Palliat Med. 2008; 11:1094–1102.Google Scholar

Morrison, RS, Maroney-Galin, C, Kralovec, PD, Meier DE: The growth of palliative care programs in United States hospitals. J Palliat Med. 2005; 8:1127–1134.Google Scholar

Weissman, DE, Meier, DE. Identifying patients in need of a palliative care assessment in the hospital setting: A consensus report from the Center to Advance Palliative Care. J Palliat Med. 2011; 14(1):1–7.Google Scholar

Quill, TE, Abernethy, AP. Generalist plus specialist palliative care: Creating a more sustainable model. N Engl J Med. 2013; 368(13):1173–1175.Google Scholar

Back, AL, Arnold, RM, Baile, WF, et al. Faculty development to change the paradigm of communication skills in oncology. J Clin Oncol. 2009; 27:1137–1141.Google Scholar

Kurz, J, Hayes, E. End of life issues action: Impact of education. Int. J. Nursing Educ. Scholarship. 2006; 3(1):1–13.Google Scholar

Robinson, K, Sutton, S, von Gunten, CF, et al. Assessment of the education for physicians on End-of Life Care (EPEC) project. J Palliat Med. 2004; 7(5):637–645.Google Scholar

Bernacki, R, Hutchings, M, Vick, J, et al. Development of the Serious Illness Care Program: A randomised controlled trial of a palliative care communication intervention. BMJ Open. 2015; 5(10):e009032.Google Scholar

Weissman, DE. Conducting a Family Goal Setting Conference. Milwaukee: Palliative Care Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, 2007.Google Scholar

Sullivan, AM, Lakoma, MD, Block, SD. The status of medical education in end of life care: A national report. J Intern Med. 2003; 18:685–695.Google Scholar

Khader, KA, Jarrah, SS, Alasad, J. Influence on nurses’ characteristics and education on their attitudes toward death and dying: A review of the literature. Int J Nurs Midwifery. 2010; 2(1):1–9.Google Scholar

Fallowfield, L, Jenkins, V. Communicating sad, bad, and difficult news in medicine. Lancet. 2004; 363:312–319.Google Scholar

Brown, VA, Parker, PA, Furbur, L, Thomas, AL. Patient preferences for the delivery of bad news: The experience of a UK Cancer Centre. Eur J Cancer Care. 2011; 20:56–61.Google Scholar

Jenkins, V, Fallowfield, L, Saul, J. Information needs of patients with cancer: Results from a large study in UK cancer centres. Briti J Cancer. 2001; 84:48–51.Google Scholar

Bruera, E, Neumann, CM. The uses of psychotropics in symptom management in advanced cancer. Psycho‐Oncology. 1998; 7(4):346–358.Google Scholar

Hermann, C, Looney, S. The effectiveness of symptom management in hospice patients during the last seven days of life. J Hosp Palliat Nurs. 2001; 3(3):88–96.Google Scholar

Committee on Approaching Death: Addressing Key End of Life Issues; Institute of Medicine. Dying in America: Improving Quality and Honoring Individual Preferences Near the End of Life. Washington, DC: National Academies Press, March 19, 2015.Google Scholar

Abrahm, JL. A Physician’s Guide to Pain and Symptom Management in Cancer Patients, 2nd edition. Baltimore, MD: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 2005.Google Scholar

Jacox, A, Carr, DB, Payne, R, et al. Management of Cancer Pain: Clinical Practice Guideline No. 9. Rockville, MD: Agency for Health Care and Policy Research, US Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, 1994, p. 23. AHCPR publication 94–0592.Google Scholar

Eisenberg, E, McNicol, ED, Carr, DB. Efficacy and safety of opioid agonists in the treatment of neuropathic pain of nonmalignant origin: Systemic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. JAMA. 2005; 293:3043–3052.Google Scholar

Yarnitsky, D, Eisenberg, E. Neuropathic pain: Between positive and negative ends. Pain Forum. 1998; 7:241–242.Google Scholar

AGS Panel on the Pharmacological Management of Persistent Pain in Older Persons. Pharmacologic management of persistent pain in older persons. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2009; 57:1331–1346.Google Scholar

AGS Panel on Persistent Pain in Older Persons. The management of persistent pain in older persons. American Geriatrics Society. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2002; 50:S205–S224.Google Scholar

Herr, K, Coyne, PJ, Key, T, et al. Pain assessment in the nonverbal patient: Position statement with clinical practice recommendations. Pain Manag Nurs. 2006; 7(2):44–52.Google Scholar

Fine, PG. Opioid analgesic drugs in older people. Clin Geriatr Med. 2001; 17:479–487.Google Scholar

Pergolizzi, J, Boger, RH, Budd, K, et al. Opioids and the management of chronic severe pain in the elderly: Consensus statement of an International Expert Panel with focus on the six clinically most often used World Health Organization Step III opioids (buprenorphine, fentanyl, hydromorphone, methadone, morphine, oxycodone). Pain Pract. 2008; 8:287–313.Google Scholar

Derby, S, O’Mahony, S, and Tickoo, R. Elderly patients. In: Ferrell, BR and Coyle, N, eds. Oxford Textbook of Palliative Nursing, 3rd edition. New York: Oxford University Press, 2010, pp. 713–743.Google Scholar

Mercadante, S, Arcuir, E. Opioids and renal function. J Pain. 2004; 5:2–19.Google Scholar

Jones, MR, Viswanath, O, Peck, J, Kaye, AD, Gill, JS, Simopoulos, TT. A brief history of the opioid epidemic and strategies for pain medicine. Pain Ther. 2018; 7(1):13–21.Google Scholar

Ellenbogen, MI, Segal, JB. Differences in opioid prescribing among generalist physicians, nurse practitioners, and physician assistants. Pain Med (United States). 2020; 21(1):76–83.Google Scholar

Yasin, JT, Leader, AE, Petok, A, Garber, G, Stephens, B, Worster, B. Validity of the screener and opioid assessment for patients with pain-revised (SOAPP-R) in patients with cancer. J Opioid Manag. 2019; 15(4):272–274.Google Scholar

Ho, JFV, Yaakup, H, Low, GSH, Wong, SL, Tho, LM, Tan, SB. Morphine use for cancer pain: A strong analgesic used only at the end of life? A qualitative study on attitudes and perceptions of morphine in patients with advanced cancer and their caregivers. Palliat Med. 2020; 34(5):619–629.Google Scholar

Edwards, H, Bennett, M. Access to opioids for patients with advanced disease. Curr Pharm Des. 2019; 25(30):3203–3208.Google Scholar

Kirvela, M, et al. The pharmacokinetics of oxycodone in uremic patients undergoing renal transplantation. J Clin Anesth. 1996; 8:13–18.Google Scholar

Paramanandam, G, Prommer, E, Schwenke, DC. Adverse effects in hospice patients with chronic kidney disease receiving hydromorphone. J Palliat Med 2011; 14(9):1029–1033.Google Scholar

Kornick, CA, et al. A safe and effective method for converting cancer patients from intravenous to transdermal fentanyl. Cancer. 2001; 92:3056–3061.Google Scholar

Varvel, JR, et al. Absorption characteristics of transdermally administered fentanyl. Anesthesiology. 1989; 70:928–934.Google Scholar

Miller, KE, Miller, MM, Jolley, MR. Challenges in pain management at the end of life. Am Fam Physician. 2001; 64:1227–1234.Google Scholar

Vadalouca, A, et al. Opioid rotation in patients with cancer: A review of the current literature. J Opioid Manag. 2008; 4(4):213–250.Google Scholar

Jage, J. Opioid tolerance and dependence – Do they matter? Eur J Pain. 2005; 9:157–162.Google Scholar

O’Connor, AB, Dworkin, RH. Treatment of neuropathic pain: An overview of recent guidelines. Am J Med. 2009; 122:S22–S32.Google Scholar

Paulsen, O, et al. Do corticosteroids provide analgesic effects in cancer patients? A systematic literature review. J Pain Symptom Manage. 2013; 46:96–105.Google Scholar

Zuardi, AW. History of cannabis as a medicine: A review. Rev Bras Psiquiatr. 2006; 28(2):153–157.Google Scholar

Whiting, PF, Wolff, RF, Deshpande, S, et al. Cannabinoids for medical use: A systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA – J Am Med Assoc. 2015; 313(24):2456–2473.Google Scholar

Wong, GY, et al. Effect of neurolytic celiac plexus block on pain relief, quality of life, and survival in patients with unresectable pancreatic cancer: A randomized controlled trial. JAMA. 2004; 291(9):1092–1099.Google Scholar

Paley, CA, et al. Acupuncture for cancer pain in adults. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2011, Issue 1. Art. No.: CD007753. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD007753.pub2.Google Scholar

Wood, GJ, et al. Management of intractable nausea and vomiting in patients at the end of life: “I was feeling nauseous all of the time … Nothing was working.” JAMA. 2007; 298(10):1196–1206.Google Scholar

Bentley, A, Boyd, K. Use of clinical pictures in the management of nausea and vomiting: a prospective audit. Palliat Med. 2001; 15(3):247–253.Google Scholar

Bruera, E, et al. Chronic nausea in advanced cancer patient: A retrospective assessment of a metoclopramide-based antiemetic regimen. J Pain Symptom Manage. 1996; 11(3):147–153.Google Scholar

Lundstrom, S, Zachrisson, U, Furst, CJ. “When nothing helps”: Propofol as sedative and antiemetic in palliative cancer care. J Pain Symptom Manage. 2005; 30(6):570–577.Google Scholar

Mahler, DA, et al. American College of Chest Physicians consensus statement on the management of dyspnea in patients with advanced lung or heart disease. Chest. 2010; 137(3):674–691.Google Scholar

Luce, JM, Luce, JA. Management of dyspnea in patients with far advanced lung disease: “Once I lose it, it’s kind of hard to catch it …” JAMA. 2001; 285:1331–1337.Google Scholar

Jennings, AL, et al. Opioids for palliation of breathlessness in advanced disease and terminal illness. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2001; 3.Google Scholar

Thorns, A, Sykes, N. Opioid use in last week of life and implications for end-of-life decision-making. Lancet. 2000; 356(9227):398–399.Google Scholar

Smoller, JW, Pollack, MH, Otto, MW, Rosenbaum, JF, Kradin, RL. Panic anxiety, dyspnea, and respiratory disease: Theoretical and clinical considerations. American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine. 1996; 154(1):6–17.Google Scholar

Man, GC, Hsu, K, Sproule, BJ. Effect of alprazolam on exercise and dyspnea in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. CHEST Journal. 1986; 90(6):832–836.Google Scholar

Barzansky, B, Vesloski, JJ, Miller, R, Jonas, HS. Education in end-of-life care during medical school and residency training. Acad Med. 1999; 74(10):s102–s104.Google Scholar

Steinhauser, KE, Clipp, EC, McNeilly, M, Christakis, NA, McIntyre, LM, Tulsky, JA. In search of a good death: Observations of patients, families, and providers. Ann Intern Med. 2000; 132(10):825–832.Google Scholar

Cross, SH, Warraich, HJ. Changes in the place of death in the United States. N Engl J Med. 2019; 381(24):2369–2370.Google Scholar

Hospice Facts and Figures, NHPCO. www.nhpco.org/research.Google Scholar

Hospice Benefits, Medicaid. www.medicaid.gov/medicaid/benefits/hospice-benefits/index.html.Google Scholar

Billing for Medicare Hospice Patients. www.vitas.com/for-healthcare-professionals/medicare-hospice-benefit-and-physician-billing/physician-billing-for-medicare-hospice-patients.Google Scholar

Gallagher, R, Krawczyk, M. Family members’ perceptions of end-of-life care across diverse locations of care. BMC Palliat Care. 2013; 12(1):25.Google Scholar

Virdun, C, Luckett, T, Lorenz, K, Davidson, PM, Phillips, J. Dying in the hospital setting: A meta-synthesis identifying the elements of end-of-life care that patients and their families describe as being important. Palliat Med. 2017; 31(7):587–601.Google Scholar

Bear, AJ, Bukowy, EA, Patel, JJ. Artificial hydration at the end of life. Nutr Clin Pract. 2017; 32(5):628–632.Google Scholar

Prado, BL, Pereira, AZ, Gonçalves, SEA, Cendon Filha, SP, Lucio, F, Souza, PMR. Artificial nutrition in palliative care cancer patients. J Clin Oncol. 2018; 36(15 suppl.):e22190–e22190.Google Scholar

Mccann, RM, Hall, WJ, Groth Juncker, A. Comfort care for terminally ill patients: The appropriate use of nutrition and hydration. JAMA J Am Med Assoc. 1994; 272(16):1263–1266.Google Scholar

Mercadante, S, Marinangeli, F, Masedu, F, et al. Hyoscine butylbromide for the management of death rattle: Sooner rather than later. J Pain Symptom Manage. 2018; 56(6):902–907.Google Scholar

Watts, T, Willis, D, Noble, S, Johnston, B. Death rattle: Reassuring harbinger of imminent death or a perfect example of inadequacies in evidence-based practice. Curr Opin Support Palliat Care. 2019; 13(4):380–383.Google Scholar

Casarett, DJ, Inouye, SK, Snyder, L. Diagnosis and management of delirium near the end of life. Ann Intern Med. 2001; 135(1):32–40.Google Scholar

Finucane, A, Jones, L, Leurent, B, et al. 52 Drug therapy for delirium in terminally ill adults: A Cochrane systematic review. BMJ Support Palliat Care. 2018; 8(3):379.2–380.Google Scholar

Hosker, CMG, Bennett, MI. Delirium and agitation at the end of life. BMJ. 2016; 353.Google Scholar

Wholihan, D, Olson, E. The doctrine of double effect: A review for the bedside nurse providing end-of-life care. J Hosp Palliat Nurs. 2017; 19(3):205–211.Google Scholar

Sykes, N, Thorns, A. Sedative use in the last week of life and the implications for end-of-life decision making. Arch Intern Med. 2003; 163(3):341–344.Google Scholar

Bodnar, J. A review of agents for palliative sedation/continuous deep sedation: Pharmacology and practical applications. J Pain Palliat Care Pharmacother. 2017; 31(1):16–37.Google Scholar

Geng, HM, Chuang, DM, Yang, F, et al. Prevalence and determinants of depression in caregivers of cancer patients: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Med (United States). 2018; 97(39).Google Scholar

Bovero, A, Tosi, C, Botto, R, Opezzo, M, Giono-Calvetto, F, Torta, R. The spirituality in end-of-life cancer patients, in relation to anxiety, depression, coping strategies and the daily spiritual experiences: A cross-sectional study. J Relig Health. 2019; 58(6):2144–2160.Google Scholar

Balboni, TA, Fitchett, G, Handzo, GF, et al. State of the science of spirituality and palliative care research part II: Screening, assessment, and interventions. J Pain Symptom Manage. 2017; 54(3):441–453.Google Scholar

Plonk, WM, Arnold, RM. Terminal care: The last weeks of life. J Palliat Med. 2005; 8(5):1042–1054.Google Scholar

Nielsen, MK, Neergaard, MA, Jensen, AB, Vedsted, P, Bro, F, Guldin, MB. Predictors of complicated grief and depression in bereaved caregivers: A nationwide prospective cohort study. J Pain Symptom Manage. 2017; 53(3):540–550.Google Scholar

Lloyd, SL, Striley, CW. Marijuana use among adults 50 years or older in the 21st century. Gerontology & Geriatric Medicine. 2018; 4:1–14.Google Scholar

National Research Council Panel to Review Risk and Prevalence of Elder Abuse and Neglect. The National Academies Collection: Reports funded by National Institutes of Health. In: Bonnie, RJ, Wallace, RB, eds. Elder Mistreatment: Abuse, Neglect, and Exploitation in an Aging America. Washington, DC: National Academies Press (US), National Academy of Sciences, 2003.Google Scholar

Yon, Y, Mikton, CR, Gassoumis, ZD, Wilber, KH. Elder abuse prevalence in community settings: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet Glob Health. 2017; 5(2):e147–e156.Google Scholar

Lachs, MS, Pillemer, KA. Elder abuse. N Engl J Med. 2015; 373(20):1947–1956.Google Scholar

Acierno, R, Hernandez, MA, Amstadter, AB, Resnick, HS, Steve, K, Muzzy, W, et al. Prevalence and correlates of emotional, physical, sexual, and financial abuse and potential neglect in the United States: The National Elder Mistreatment Study. Am J Public Health. 2010; 100(2):292–297.Google Scholar

Williams, JL, Racette, EH, Hernandez-Tejada, MA, Acierno, R. Prevalence of elder polyvictimization in the United States: Data from the National Elder Mistreatment Study. J Interpers Violence. 2017; 886260517715604.Google Scholar

McDonald, L, Sheppard, C, Hitzig, SL, Spalter, T, Mathur, A, Mukhi, JS. Resident-to-resident abuse: A scoping review. Can J Aging. 2015; 34(2):215–236.Google Scholar

Castle, N, Beach, S. Elder abuse in assisted living. J Appl Gerontol. 2013; 32(2):248–267.Google Scholar

Castle, NG. Resident-to-resident abuse in nursing homes as reported by nurse aides. J Elder Abuse Negl. 2012; 24(4):340–356.Google Scholar

Laumann, EO, Leitsch, SA, Waite, LJ. Elder mistreatment in the United States: Prevalence estimates from a nationally representative study. J Gerontol B Psychol Sci Soc Sci. 2008; 63(4):S248–s254.Google Scholar

DeLiema, M, Gassoumis, ZD, Homeier, DC, Wilber, KH. Determining prevalence and correlates of elder abuse using promotores: Low-income immigrant Latinos report high rates of abuse and neglect. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2012; 60(7):1333–1339.Google Scholar

Burnes, D, Rizzo, VM, Gorroochurn, P, Pollack, MH, Lachs, MS. Understanding service utilization in cases of elder abuse to inform best practices. J Appl Gerontol. 2016; 35(10):1036–1057.Google Scholar

Beach, SR, Schulz, R, Castle, NG, Rosen, J. Financial exploitation and psychological mistreatment among older adults: differences between African Americans and non-African Americans in a population-based survey. Gerontologist. 2010; 50(6):744–757.Google Scholar

Dong, X, Chen, R, Simon, MA. Elder mistreatment in U.S. community-dwelling Chinese older women. Violence Against Women. 2016; 22(9):1097–1112.Google Scholar

Dong, X, Simon, MA. Elder abuse as a risk factor for hospitalization in older persons. JAMA Intern Med. 2013; 173(10):911–917.Google Scholar

Dong, XQ. Elder abuse: Systematic review and implications for practice. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2015; 63(6):1214–1238.Google Scholar

Schofield, MJ, Powers, JR, Loxton, D. Mortality and disability outcomes of self-reported elder abuse: A 12-year prospective investigation. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2013; 61(5):679–685.Google Scholar

Lachs, MS, Williams, CS, O’Brien, S, Pillemer, KA, Charlson, ME. The mortality of elder mistreatment. JAMA. 1998; 280(5):428–432.Google Scholar

Acierno, R, Hernandez-Tejada, MA, Anetzberger, GJ, Loew, D, Muzzy, W. The National Elder Mistreatment Study: An 8-year longitudinal study of outcomes. J Elder Abuse Negl. 2017; 29(4):254–269.Google Scholar

Acierno, R, Watkins, J, Hernandez-Tejada, MA, Muzzy, W, Frook, G, Steedley, M, et al. Mental health correlates of financial mistreatment in the National Elder Mistreatment Study wave II. J Aging Health. 2019; 31(7):1196–1211.Google Scholar

Hernandez-Tejada, MA, Frook, G, Steedley, M, Watkins, J, Acierno, R. Demographic-based risk of reporting psychopathology and poor health among mistreated older adults in the National Elder Mistreatment Study wave II. Aging Ment Health. 2020; 24(1):22–26.Google Scholar

Burnes, D, Lachs, MS, Burnette, D, Pillemer, K. Varying appraisals of elder mistreatment among victims: Findings from a population-based study. J Gerontol B Psychol Sci Soc Sci. 2019; 74(5):881–890.Google Scholar

Breckman, R, Burnes, D, Ross, S, Marshall, PC, Suitor, JJ, Lachs, MS, et al. When helping hurts: Nonabusing family, friends, and neighbors in the lives of elder mistreatment victims. Gerontologist. 2018; 58(4):719–723.Google Scholar

Johannesen, M, LoGiudice, D. Elder abuse: A systematic review of risk factors in community-dwelling elders. Age Ageing. 2013; 42(3):292–298.Google Scholar

Cooper, C, Livingston, G. Mental health/psychiatric issues in elder abuse and neglect. Clin Geriatr Med. 2014; 30(4):839–850.Google Scholar

Labrum, T, Solomon, PL. Elder mistreatment perpetrators with substance abuse and/or mental health conditions: Results from the National Elder Mistreatment study. Psychiatr Q. 2018; 89(1):117–128.Google Scholar

Amstadter, AB, Cisler, JM, McCauley, JL, Hernandez, MA, Muzzy, W, Acierno, R. Do incident and perpetrator characteristics of elder mistreatment differ by gender of the victim? Results from the National Elder Mistreatment Study. J Elder Abuse Negl. 2011; 23(1):43–57.Google Scholar

Han, SD, Boyle, PA, James, BD, Yu, L, Bennett, DA. Mild cognitive impairment and susceptibility to scams in old age. J Alzheimers Dis. 2016; 49(3):845–851.Google Scholar

Burnes, D, Henderson, C, Sheppard, C, Zhao, R, Pillemer, K, Lachs, MS. Prevalence of financial fraud and scams among older adults in the United States: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Am J Public Health. 2017; 107(8):e13–e21.Google Scholar

DeLiema, M. Elder fraud and financial exploitation: Application of routine activity theory. Gerontologist. 2018; 58(4):706–718.Google Scholar

Wood, S, Rakela, B, Liu, PJ, Navarro, AE, Bernatz, S, Wilber, KH, et al. Neuropsychological profiles of victims of financial elder exploitation at the Los Angeles county elder abuse forensic center. J Elder Abuse Negl. 2014; 26(4):414–423.Google Scholar

Wong, JS, Breslau, H, McSorley, VE, Wroblewski, KE, Howe, MJK, Waite, LJ. The social relationship context of elder mistreatment. Gerontologist. 2019. 60(6):1029–1039.Google Scholar

Schafer, MH, Koltai, J. Does embeddedness protect? Personal network density and vulnerability to mistreatment among older American adults. J Gerontol B Psychol Sci Soc Sci. 2015; 70(4):597–606.Google Scholar

Beach, SR, Schulz, R, Sneed, R. Associations between social support, social networks, and financial exploitation in older adults. J Appl Gerontol. 2018; 37(8):990–1011.Google Scholar

Fraga Dominguez, S, Storey, JE, Glorney, E. Help-seeking behavior in victims of elder abuse: A systematic review. Trauma Violence Abuse. 2019; 1524838019860616.Google Scholar

Burnes, D, Acierno, R, Hernandez-Tejada, M. Help-seeking among victims of elder abuse: Findings from the National Elder Mistreatment Study. J Gerontol B Psychol Sci Soc Sci. 2019; 74(5):891–896.Google Scholar

DeLiema, M, Yonashiro-Cho, J, Gassoumis, ZD, Yon, Y, Conrad, KJ. Using latent class analysis to identify profiles of elder abuse perpetrators. J Gerontol B Psychol Sci Soc Sci. 2018; 73(5):e49–e58.Google Scholar

Conrad, KJ, Liu, PJ, Iris, M. Examining the role of substance abuse in elder mistreatment: Results from mistreatment investigations. J Interpers Violence. 2019; 34(2):366–391.Google Scholar

Richmond, NL, Zimmerman, S, Reeve, BB, Dayaa, JA, Davis, ME, Bowen, SB, et al. Ability of older adults to report elder abuse: An emergency department-based cross-sectional study. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2020; 68(1):170–175.Google Scholar

Gallione, C, Dal Molin, A, Cristina, FVB, Ferns, H, Mattioli, M, Suardi, B. Screening tools for identification of elder abuse: A systematic review. J Clin Nurs. 2017; 26(15–16):2154–2176.Google Scholar

Feltner, C, Wallace, I, Berkman, N, Kistler, CE, Middleton, JC, Barclay, C, et al. Screening for intimate partner violence, elder abuse, and abuse of vulnerable adults: Evidence report and systematic review for the US Preventive Services Task Force. JAMA. 2018; 320(16):1688–1701.Google Scholar

Brijnath, B, Gahan, L, Gaffy, E, Dow, B. “Build rapport, otherwise no screening tools in the world are going to help”: Frontline service providers’ views on current screening tools for elder abuse. Gerontologist. 2020; 60(3):472–482.Google Scholar

Conrad, KJ, Conrad, KM. Abuser risk measure: Reports by alleged victims to adult protective services. Gerontologist. 2019; 59(5):e403–e414.Google Scholar

Evans, CS, Hunold, KM, Rosen, T, Platts-Mills, TF. Diagnosis of elder abuse in U.S. emergency departments. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2017; 65(1):91–97.Google Scholar

Powers, JS. Common presentations of elder abuse in health care settings. Clin Geriatr Med. 2014; 30(4):729–741.Google Scholar

Rosen, T, Stern, ME, Elman, A, Mulcare, MR. Identifying and initiating intervention for elder abuse and neglect in the emergency department. Clin Geriatr Med. 2018; 34(3):435–451.Google Scholar

Gibbs, LM. Understanding the medical markers of elder abuse and neglect: Physical examination findings. Clin Geriatr Med. 2014; 30(4):687–712.Google Scholar

Rosen, T, Bloemen, EM, LoFaso, VM, Clark, S, Flomenbaum, NE, Lachs, MS. Emergency department presentations for injuries in older adults independently known to be victims of elder abuse. J Emerg Med. 2016; 50(3):518–526.Google Scholar

LoFaso, VM, Rosen, T. Medical and laboratory indicators of elder abuse and neglect. Clin Geriatr Med. 2014; 30(4):713–728.Google Scholar

Rosen, T, Elman, A, Dion, S, Delgado, D, Demetres, M, Breckman, R, et al. Review of programs to combat elder mistreatment: Focus on hospitals and level of resources needed. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2019; 67(6):1286–1294.Google Scholar

Baker, PR, Francis, DP, Hairi, NN, Othman, S, Choo, WY. Interventions for preventing abuse in the elderly. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2016; 2016(8):Cd010321. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD010321.pub2.Google Scholar

Ayalon, L, Lev, S, Green, O, Nevo, U. A systematic review and meta-analysis of interventions designed to prevent or stop elder maltreatment. Age Ageing. 2016; 45(2):216–227.Google Scholar

Fearing, G, Sheppard, CL, McDonald, L, Beaulieu, M, Hitzig, SL. A systematic review on community-based interventions for elder abuse and neglect. J Elder Abuse Negl. 2017; 29(2–3):102–133.Google Scholar

Mosqueda, L, Burnight, K, Gironda, MW, Moore, AA, Robinson, J, Olsen, B. The abuse intervention model: A pragmatic approach to intervention for elder mistreatment. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2016; 64(9):1879–1883.Google Scholar

Du Mont, J, Kosa, SD, Kia, H, Spencer, C, Yaffe, M, Macdonald, S. Development and evaluation of a social inclusion framework for a comprehensive hospital-based elder abuse intervention. PLoS One. 2020; 15(6):e0234195.Google Scholar

Rosen, T, Lien, C, Stern, ME, Bloemen, EM, Mysliwiec, R, McCarthy, TJ, et al. Emergency medical services perspectives on identifying and reporting victims of elder abuse, neglect, and self-neglect. J Emerg Med. 2017; 53(4):573–582.Google Scholar

Cannell, B, Livingston, M, Burnett, J, Parayil, M, Reingle Gonzalez, JM. Evaluation of the detection of elder mistreatment through emergency care technicians project screening tool. JAMA Netw Open. 2020; 3(5):e204099.Google Scholar

Rosen, T, Mehta-Naik, N, Elman, A, Mulcare, MR, Stern, ME, Clark, S, et al. Improving quality of care in hospitals for victims of elder mistreatment: Development of the vulnerable elder protection team. Jt Comm J Qual Patient Saf. 2018; 44(3):164–171.Google Scholar

Cooper, C, Barber, J, Griffin, M, Rapaport, P, Livingston, G. Effectiveness of START psychological intervention in reducing abuse by dementia family carers: randomized controlled trial. Int Psychogeriatr. 2016; 28(6):881–887.Google Scholar

Makaroun, LK, Bachrach, RL, Rosland, AM. Elder abuse in the time of COVID-19: Increased risks for older adults and their caregivers. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2020; 28(8):876–880.Google Scholar

The National Adult Protective Services Association – The National Committee for the Prevention of Elder Abuse. The 2004 Survey of State Adult Protective Services: Abuse of Adults 60 Years of Age and Older Report. Washington, DC: National Center on Elder Abuse, 2006.Google Scholar

American Bar Association. Adult Protective Services Reporting Chart, 2020 [updated December 2019]. www.americanbar.org/content/dam/aba/administrative/law_aging/2020-elder-abuse-reporting-chart.pdf?eType=EmailBlastContent&eId=ed64ab8e-28fa-405b-930d-f4d812fb840d.Google Scholar

US Administration for Community Living (ACL) and Administration on Aging (AoA) Eldercare Locator. https://eldercare.acl.gov/Public/Index.aspx.Google Scholar

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Older adult drivers, 2020. www.cdc.gov/motorvehiclesafety/older_adult_drivers/index.html.Google Scholar

TRIP. Preserving the mobility and safety of older Americans, 2018. https://tripnet.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/Older_Americans_Mobility_TRIP_Report_2018.pdf.Google Scholar

Foley, DJ, Heimovitz, HK, Guralnik, JM, Brock, DB. Driving life expectancy of persons aged 70 years and older in the United States. Am J Public Health. 2002; 92(8):1284–1289.Google Scholar

Ball, K, Owsley, C, Stalvey, B, Roenker, DL, Sloane, ME, Graves, M. Driving avoidance and functional impairment in older drivers. Accid Anal Prev. 1998; 30(3):313–322.Google Scholar

Ragland, DR, Satariano, WA, MacLeod, KE. Reasons given by older people for limitation or avoidance of driving. Gerontologist. 2004; 44(2):237–244.Google Scholar

Cicchino, JB. Why have fatality rates among older drivers declined? The relative contributions of changes in survivability and crash involvement. Accid Anal Prev. 2015; 83:67–73.Google Scholar

Insurance Institute for Highway Safety. Older drivers, 2020. www.iihs.org/topics/older-drivers.Google Scholar

Rolison, JJ, Moutari, S. Risk-exposure density and mileage bias in crash risk for older drivers. Am J Epidemiol. 2018; 187(1):53–59.Google Scholar

Langford, J, Methorst, R, Hakamies-Blomqvist, L. Older drivers do not have a high crash risk: A replication of low mileage bias. Accid Anal Prev. 2006; 38(3):574–578.Google Scholar

Sherman, FT. Driving: The ultimate IADL. Geriatrics. 2006; 61(10):9–10.Google Scholar

King, MD, Meuser, TM, Berg-Weger, M, Chibnall, JT, Harmon, AC, Yakimo, R. Decoding the Miss Daisy Syndrome: An examination of subjective responses to mobility change. J Gerontol Soc Work. 2011; 54(1):29–52.Google Scholar

Anstey, KJ, Wood, J, Lord, S, Walker, JG. Cognitive, sensory and physical factors enabling driving safety in older adults. Clin Psychol Rev. 2005; 25(1):45–65.Google Scholar

Huisingh, C, Levitan, EB, Irvin, MR, MacLennan, P, Wadley, V, Owsley, C. Visual sensory and visual-cognitive function and rate of crash and near-crash involvement among older drivers using naturalistic driving data. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2017; 58(7):2959–2967.Google Scholar

Staplin, L, Gish, KW, Lococo, KH, Joyce, JJ, Sifrit, KJ. The Maze Test: A significant predictor of older driver crash risk. Accid Anal Prev. 2013; 50:483–489.Google Scholar

Lezak, MD, Howieson, DB, Bigler, ED, Tranel, D. Neuropsychological Assessment, 5th edition. Oxford, New York: Oxford University Press, 2012.Google Scholar

Scott, KA, Rogers, E, Betz, ME, Hoffecker, L, Li, G, DiGuiseppi, C. Associations between falls and driving outcomes in older adults: Systematic review and meta-analysis. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2017; 65(12):2596–2602.Google Scholar

Canadian Medical Association. CMA driver’s guide, 2019. https://dev-joule.myshopify.com/products/dg9d.Google Scholar

Austroads. Assessing fitness to drive, 2019. https://austroads.com.au/drivers-and-vehicles/assessing-fitness-to-drive.Google Scholar

Monash University. Influence of Chronic Illness on Crash Involvement of Motor Vehicle Drivers, 2nd edition, 2009. www.monash.edu/muarc/archive/our-publications/reports/muarc300.Google Scholar

Lyman, JM, McGwin, G Jr., Sims, RV. Factors related to driving difficulty and habits in older drivers. Accid Anal Prev. 2001; 33(3):413–421.Google Scholar

Sims, RV, McGwin, G Jr., Allman, RM, Ball, K, Owsley, C. Exploratory study of incident vehicle crashes among older drivers. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 2000; 55(1):M22–27.Google Scholar

McGwin, G Jr., Sims, RV, Pulley, L, Roseman, JM. Relations among chronic medical conditions, medications, and automobile crashes in the elderly: a population-based case-control study. Am J Epidemiol. 2000; 152(5):424–431.Google Scholar

American Geriatrics Society. Clinician’s Guide to Assessing and Counseling Older Drivers, 4th edition, 2019. https://geriatricscareonline.org/ProductAbstract/clinicians-guide-to-assessing-and-counseling-older-drivers-4th-edition/B047.Google Scholar

Crizzle, AM, Classen, S, Uc, EY. Parkinson disease and driving: An evidence-based review. Neurology. 2012; 79(20):2067–2074.Google Scholar

Versijpt, J, Tant, M, Beyer, I, Bier, JC, Cras, P, De Deyn, PP, et al. Alzheimer’s disease and driving: Review of the literature and consensus guideline from Belgian dementia experts and the Belgian road safety institute endorsed by the Belgian Medical Association. Acta Neurol Belg. 2017; 117(4):811–819.Google Scholar

Rapoport, MJ, Chee, JN, Carr, DB, Molnar, F, Naglie, G, Dow, J, et al. An international approach to enhancing a national guideline on driving and dementia. Curr Psychiatry Rep. 2018; 20(3):16.Google Scholar

Carr, DB, Ott, BR. The older adult driver with cognitive impairment: “It’s a very frustrating life.” JAMA. 2010; 303(16):1632–1641.Google Scholar

Iverson, DJ, Gronseth, GS, Reger, MA, Classen, S, Dubinsky, RM, Rizzo, M, et al. Practice parameter update: Evaluation and management of driving risk in dementia: report of the Quality Standards Subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology. Neurology. 2010; 74(16):1316–1324.Google Scholar

Dickerson, A, Schold Davis, E, Carr, DB. Driving decisions: Distinguishing evaluations, providers and outcomes. Geriatrics (Basel). 2018; 3(2).Google Scholar

Rudisill, TM, Zhu, M, Kelley, GA, Pilkerton, C, Rudisill, BR. Medication use and the risk of motor vehicle collisions among licensed drivers: A systematic review. Accid Anal Prev. 2016; 96:255–270.Google Scholar

Brunnauer, A, Laux, G, Geiger, E, Soyka, M, Moller, HJ. Antidepressants and driving ability: Results from a clinical study. J Clin Psychiatry. 2006; 67(11):1776–1781.Google Scholar

Carr, DB, Barco, PP, Wallendorf, MJ, Snellgrove, CA, Ott, BR. Predicting road test performance in drivers with dementia. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2011; 59(11):2112–2117.Google Scholar

Devos, H, Nieuwboer, A, Vandenberghe, W, Tant, M, De Weerdt, W, Uc, EY. On-road driving impairments in Huntington disease. Neurology. 2014; 82(11):956–962.Google Scholar

Reason, J, Manstead, A, Stradling, S, Baxter, J, Campbell, K. Errors and violations on the roads: A real distinction? Ergonomics. 1990; 33(10–11):1315–1332.Google Scholar

Mielenz, TJ, Durbin, LL, Cisewski, JA, Guralnik, JM, Li, G. Select physical performance measures and driving outcomes in older adults. Injury Epidemiology. 2017 (Dec. 1); 4(1):14.Google Scholar

Freund, B, Gravenstein, S, Ferris, R, Burke, BL, Shaheen, E. Drawing clocks and driving cars. J Gen Intern Med. 2005; 20(3):240–244.Google Scholar

Papandonatos, GD, Ott, BR, Davis, JD, Barco, PP, Carr, DB. Clinical utility of the trail-making test as a predictor of driving performance in older adults. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2015; 63(11):2358–2364.Google Scholar

Ball, KK, Roenker, DL, Wadley, VG, Edwards, JD, Roth, DL, McGwin, G Jr., et al. Can high-risk older drivers be identified through performance-based measures in a Department of Motor Vehicles setting? J Am Geriatr Soc. 2006; 54(1):77–84.Google Scholar

Roy, M, Molnar, F. Systematic review of the evidence for Trails B cut-off scores in assessing fitness-to-drive. Can Geriatr J. 2013; 16(3):120–142.Google Scholar

Eby, DW, Molnar, LJ, Shope, JT, Vivoda, JM, Fordyce, TA. Improving older driver knowledge and self-awareness through self-assessment: The driving decisions workbook. J Safety Res. 2003; 34(4):371–381.Google Scholar

American Association of Automobiles. Roadwise review, 2020. www.aaaroadwisereview.com.Google Scholar

American Association of Automobiles. Roadwise Rx, 2020. www.roadwiserx.com.Google Scholar

Dickerson, AE, Molnar, LJ, Bédard, M, Eby, DW, Berg-Weger, M, Choi, M, Grigg, J, Horowitz, A, Meuser, T, Myers, A, O’Connor, M. Transportation and aging: An updated research agenda to advance safe mobility among older adults transitioning from driving to non-driving. The Gerontologist. 2019 (Mar. 14); 59(2):215–221.Google Scholar

The American Medical Association’s (AMA’s) Code of Medical Ethics Opinion 8.2 Regarding Impaired Drivers and Their Physicians. www.ama-assn.org/delivering-care/ethics/impaired-drivers-their-physicians.Google Scholar

IIHS. License renewal procedures by state, 2020. www.iihs.org/topics/older-drivers/license-renewal-laws-table.Google Scholar

Eisenberg, DM, Davis, RB, Ettner, SL, Appel, S, Wilkey, S, Van Rompay, M, et al. Trends in alternative medicine use in the United States, 1990–1997: Results of a follow-up national survey. JAMA. 1998 (Nov. 11); 280(18):1569–1575.Google Scholar

Eisenberg, DM, Kessler, RC, Foster, C, Norlock, FE, Calkins, DR, Delbanco, TL. Unconventional medicine in the United States: Prevalence, costs, and patterns of use. N Engl J Med. 1993 (Jan. 28); 328(4):246–252.Google Scholar

Clarke, TC, Black, LI, Stussman, BJ, Barnes, PM, Nahin, RL. Trends in the use of complementary health approaches among adults: United States, 2002–2012. Natl Health Stat Report. 2015 (Feb. 10); 79:1–16.Google Scholar

Barnes, PM, Bloom, B, Nahin, RL. Complementary and alternative medicine use among adults and children: United States, 2007. Natl Health Stat Report. 2008 (Dec. 10); 12:1–23.Google Scholar

Complementary, Alternative, or Integrative Health: What’s In a Name? NCCIH. www.nccih.nih.gov/health/complementary-alternative-or-integrative-health-whats-in-a-name.Google Scholar

Gaylord, S, Mann, D. Understanding the convergence of complementary, alternative and conventional care. Program on Integrative Medicine, Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 2004; 1. www.med.unc.edu/phyrehab/pim/wp-content/uploads/sites/615/2018/03/Convergence.intro_.pdf.Google Scholar

Jou, J, Johnson, PJ. Nondisclosure of complementary and alternative medicine use to primary care physicians: Findings from the 2012 national health interview survey. JAMA Intern Med. 2016 (Apr.); 176(4):545–546.Google Scholar

Ho, TF, Rowland-Seymour, A, Frankel, ES, Li, SQ, Mao, JJ. Generational differences in complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) use in the context of chronic diseases and pain: Baby boomers versus the silent generation. J Am Board Fam Med. 2014 (Aug.); 27(4):465–473.Google Scholar

Mann, JD, Gaylord, SA, Norton, SK. Integrating complementary and alternative therapies with conventional care: The convergence of complementary, alternative and conventional health care – Educational resources for health professionals. University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Program on Integrative Medicine, 2004. www.med.unc.edu/phyrehab/pim/wp-content/uploads/sites/615/2018/03/Integrating.pdf.Google Scholar

Rakel, D. Integrative Medicine, 4th edition. New York: Elsevier, 2017.Google Scholar

Clarke, TC, Barnes, PM, Black, LI, Stussman, BJ, Nahin, RL. Use of yoga, meditation, and chiropractors among U.S. adults aged 18 and over. NCHS Data Brief. 2018 (Nov.); 325:1–8.Google Scholar

Astin, JA. Why patients use alternative medicine: Results of a national study. JAMA. 1998 (May 20); 279(19):1548–1553.Google Scholar

Becerra, RM, Iglehart, AP. Folk medicine use: Diverse populations in a metropolitan area. Soc Work Health Care. 1995; 21(4):37–58.Google Scholar

Planta, M, Gundersen, B, Petitt, JC. Prevalence of the use of herbal products in a low-income population. Fam Med. 2000 (Apr.); 32(4):252–257.Google Scholar

Complementary and alternative medicine: What people aged 50 and older discuss with their health care providers. www.aarp.org/health/alternative-medicine/info-04-2011/complementary-alternative-medicine-nccam.html.Google Scholar

Sanford, NN, Sher, DJ, Ahn, C, Aizer, AA, Mahal, BA. Prevalence and nondisclosure of complementary and alternative medicine use in patients with cancer and cancer survivors in the United States. JAMA Oncol. 2019 (May 1); 5(5):735–737.Google Scholar

Gaylord, S, Curtis, P. Concepts of healing and models of care: The convergence of complementary, alternative and conventional health care. Program on Integrative Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 2004. www.med.unc.edu/phyrehab/pim/wp-content/uploads/sites/615/2018/03/Concepts-of-Healing.pdf.Google Scholar

Pizzorno, JE, Murray, MT. Textbook of Natural Medicine. New York: Elsevier, 2020.Google Scholar

Micozzi, MS. Fundamentals of Complementary and Integrative Medicine. St. Louis, MO: Saunders Elsevier, 2006.Google Scholar

Lindquist, R, Tracy, MF, Snyder, M, eds. Complementary and Alternative Therapies in Nursing. New York: Springer Publishing Company, 2018.Google Scholar

Davis, CM. Integrative Therapies in Rehabilitation: Evidence for Efficacy in Therapy, Prevention, and Wellness. West Deptford, NJ: SLACK Incorporated, 2017.Google Scholar

Sielski, R, Rief, W, Glombiewski, JA. Efficacy of biofeedback in chronic back pain: A meta-analysis. Int J Behav Med. 2017; 24(1):25–41.Google Scholar

Heymen, S, Scarlett, Y, Jones, K, Ringel, Y, Drossman, D, Whitehead, WE. Randomized controlled trial shows biofeedback to be superior to pelvic floor exercises for fecal incontinence. Dis Colon Rectum. 2009 (Oct.); 52(10):1730–1737.Google Scholar

Greenhalgh, J, Dickson, R, Dundar, Y. Biofeedback for hypertension: A systematic review. J Hypertens. 2010 (Apr.); 28(4):644–652.Google Scholar

Tadic, SD, Zdaniuk, B, Griffiths, D, Rosenberg, L, Schäfer, W, Resnick, NM. Effect of biofeedback on psychological burden and symptoms in older women with urge urinary incontinence. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2007 (Dec. 1); 55(12):2010–2015.Google Scholar

Zijlstra, A, Mancini, M, Chiari, L, Zijlstra, W. Biofeedback for training balance and mobility tasks in older populations: A systematic review. J Neuroeng Rehabil. 2010 (Dec. 9); 7:58.Google Scholar

Thompson, T, Terhune, DB, Oram, C, Sharangparni, J, Rouf, R, Solmi, M, et al. The effectiveness of hypnosis for pain relief: A systematic review and meta-analysis of 85 controlled experimental trials. Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 2019 (Feb. 18); 99:298–310.Google Scholar

Palsson, OS. Hypnosis treatment of gastrointestinal disorders: A comprehensive review of the empirical evidence. Am J Clin Hypn. 2015 (Oct.); 58(2):134–158.Google Scholar

Lang, EV, Joyce, JS, Spiegel, D, Hamilton, D, Lee, KK. Self-hypnotic relaxation during interventional radiological procedures: Effects on pain perception and intravenous drug use. Int J Clin Exp Hypn. 1996 (Apr.); 44(2):106–119.Google Scholar

Felsted, KF. Mindfulness, stress, and aging. Clin Geriatr Med. 2020 (Aug. 17); 36(4):685–696.Google Scholar

Hilton, L, Hempel, S, Ewing, BA, Apaydin, E, Xenakis, L, Newberry, S, et al. Mindfulness Meditation For Chronic Pain: Systematic review and meta-analysis. Ann Behav Med. 2017 (Apr.); 51(2):199–213.Google Scholar

Andersen, SR, Würtzen, H, Steding-Jessen, M, Christensen, J, Andersen, KK, Flyger, H, et al. Effect of mindfulness-based stress reduction on sleep quality: Results of a randomized trial among Danish breast cancer patients. Acta Oncol. 2013 (Feb.); 52(2):336–344.Google Scholar

Cash, E, Salmon, P, Weissbecker, I, Rebholz, WN, Bayley-Veloso, R, Zimmaro, LA, et al. Mindfulness meditation alleviates fibromyalgia symptoms in women: Results of a randomized clinical trial. Ann Behav Med. 2015 (Jun,); 49(3):319–330.Google Scholar

Asmaee Majid, S, Seghatoleslam, T, Homan, H, Akhvast, A, Habil, H. Effect of mindfulness based stress management on reduction of generalized anxiety disorder. Iran J Public Health. 2012 (Oct. 1); 41(10):24–28.Google Scholar

Fiocco, AJ, Mallya, S. The importance of cultivating mindfulness for cognitive and emotional well-being in late life. J Evid Based Complementary Altern Med. 2015 (Jan.); 20(1):35–40.Google Scholar

Moss, AS, Reibel, DK, Greeson, JM, Thapar, A, Bubb, R, Salmon, J, et al. An adapted mindfulness-based stress reduction program for elders in a continuing care retirement community: Quantitative and qualitative results from a pilot randomized controlled trial. J Appl Gerontol. 2015 (Jun.); 34(4):518–538.Google Scholar

Larouche, E, Hudon, C, Goulet, S. Potential benefits of mindfulness-based interventions in mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer’s disease: An interdisciplinary perspective. Behav Brain Res. 2015 (Jan. 1); 276:199–212.Google Scholar

Zhong, D, Xiao, Q, Xiao, X, Li, Y, Ye, J, Xia, L, et al. Tai Chi for improving balance and reducing falls: An overview of 14 systematic reviews. Ann Phys Rehabil Med. 2020 (Nov.); 63(6):505–517.Google Scholar

Yeh, GY, Wang, C, Wayne, PM, Phillips, R. Tai chi exercise for patients with cardiovascular conditions and risk factors: A systematic review. J Cardiopulm Rehabil Prev. 2009 (Jun.); 29(3):152–160.Google Scholar

Du, S, Dong, J, Zhang, H, Jin, S, Xu, G, Liu, Z, et al. Taichi exercise for self-rated sleep quality in older people: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Int J Nurs Stud. 2015 (Jan.); 52(1):368–379.Google Scholar

Lauche, R, Langhorst, J, Dobos, G, Cramer, H. A systematic review and meta-analysis of Tai Chi for osteoarthritis of the knee. Complement Ther Med. 2013 (Aug.); 21(4):396–406.Google Scholar

Li, Q, Liu, J, Dai, F, Dai, F. Tai Chi versus routine exercise in patients with early- or mild-stage Parkinson’s disease: A retrospective cohort analysis. Braz J Med Biol Res. 2020 (Feb. 10); 53(2):e9171.Google Scholar

Curtis, K, Osadchuk, A, Katz, J. An eight-week yoga intervention is associated with improvements in pain, psychological functioning and mindfulness, and changes in cortisol levels in women with fibromyalgia. J Pain Res. 2011 (Jul. 26); 4:189–201.Google Scholar

Thayabaranathan, T, Andrew, NE, Immink, MA, Hillier, S, Stevens, P, Stolwyk, R, et al. Determining the potential benefits of yoga in chronic stroke care: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Top Stroke Rehabil. 2017 (Jan. 19); 24(4):279–287.Google Scholar

Hagins, M, States, R, Selfe, T, Innes, K. Effectiveness of yoga for hypertension: Systematic review and meta-analysis. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2013 (May 28); 2013:649836.Google Scholar

Field, T. Massage therapy research review. Complement Ther Clin Pract. 2014 (Nov.); 20(4):224–229.Google Scholar

Liao, I-C, Chen, S-L, Wang, M-Y, Tsai, P-S. Effects of massage on blood pressure in patients with hypertension and prehypertension: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. J Cardiovasc Nurs. 2016 (Feb.); 31(1):73–83.Google Scholar

Cino, K. Aromatherapy hand massage for older adults with chronic pain living in long-term care. J Holist Nurs. 2014 (Dec.); 32(4):304–313; quiz 314.Google Scholar

Peungsuwan, P, Sermcheep, P, Harnmontree, P, Eungpinichpong, W, Puntumetakul, R, Chatchawan, U, et al. The effectiveness of Thai exercise with traditional massage on the pain, walking ability and QOL of older people with knee osteoarthritis: A randomized controlled trial in the community. J Phys Ther Sci. 2014 (Jan.); 26(1):139–144.Google Scholar

Sritoomma, N, Moyle, W, Cooke, M, O’Dwyer, S. The effectiveness of Swedish massage with aromatic ginger oil in treating chronic low back pain in older adults: A randomized controlled trial. Complement Ther Med. 2014 (Feb.); 22(1):26–33.Google Scholar

Field, T, Diego, M, Gonzalez, G, Funk, CG. Neck arthritis pain is reduced and range of motion is increased by massage therapy. Complement Ther Clin Pract. 2014 (Nov.); 20(4):219–223.Google Scholar

Eriksson Crommert, M, Lacourpaille, L, Heales, LJ, Tucker, K, Hug, F. Massage induces an immediate, albeit short-term, reduction in muscle stiffness. Scand J Med Sci Sports. 2015 (Oct.); 25(5):e490–496.Google Scholar

Yuan, SLK, Matsutani, LA, Marques, AP. Effectiveness of different styles of massage therapy in fibromyalgia: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Man Ther. 2015 (Apr.); 20(2):257–264.Google Scholar

Musial, F, Weiss, T. The healing power of touch: the specificity of the “unspecific” effects of massage. Forsch Komplementarmed. 2014 (Sep. 26); 21(5):282–283.Google Scholar

Moyle, W, Murfield, JE, O’Dwyer, S, Van Wyk, S. The effect of massage on agitated behaviours in older people with dementia: A literature review. J Clin Nurs. 2013 (Mar.); 22(5–6):601–610.Google Scholar

Çevik, K, Çetinkaya, A, Yiğit Gökbel, K, Menekşe, B, Saza, S, Tıkız, C. The effect of abdominal massage on constipation in the elderly residing in rest homes. Gastroenterol Nurs. 2018; 41(5):396–402.Google Scholar

Kahraman, BB, Ozdemir, L. The impact of abdominal massage administered to intubated and enterally fed patients on the development of ventilator-associated pneumonia: A randomized controlled study. Int J Nurs Stud. 2015 (Feb.); 52(2):519–524.Google Scholar

Adib-Hajbaghery, M, Abasi, A, Rajabi-Beheshtabad, R. Whole body massage for reducing anxiety and stabilizing vital signs of patients in cardiac care unit. Med J Islam Repub Iran. 2014 (Jun. 17); 28:47.Google Scholar

MacDonald, G. Massage therapy in cancer care: An overview of the past, present, and future. Altern Ther Health Med. 2014 (Oct.); 20(Suppl. 2):12–15.Google Scholar

Martorella, G, Boitor, M, Michaud, C, Gélinas, C. Feasibility and acceptability of hand massage therapy for pain management of postoperative cardiac surgery patients in the intensive care unit. Heart Lung. 2014 (Oct.); 43(5):437–444.Google Scholar

Moyle, W, Cooke, ML, Beattie, E, Shum, DHK, O’Dwyer, ST, Barrett, S, et al. Foot massage and physiological stress in people with dementia: A randomized controlled trial. J Altern Complement Med. 2014 (Apr.); 20(4):305–311.Google Scholar

Thanakiatpinyo, T, Suwannatrai, S, Suwannatrai, U, Khumkaew, P, Wiwattamongkol, D, Vannabhum, M, et al. The efficacy of traditional Thai massage in decreasing spasticity in elderly stroke patients. Clin Interv Aging. 2014 (Aug. 11); 9:1311–1319.Google Scholar

Mitchinson, A, Fletcher, CE, Kim, HM, Montagnini, M, Hinshaw, DB. Integrating massage therapy within the palliative care of veterans with advanced illnesses: An outcome study. Am J Hosp Palliat Care. 2014 (Feb.); 31(1):6–12.Google Scholar

Soden, K, Vincent, K, Craske, S, Lucas, C, Ashley, S. A randomized controlled trial of aromatherapy massage in a hospice setting. Palliat Med. 2004 (Mar.); 18(2):87–92.Google Scholar

Dain, AS, Bradley, EH, Hurzeler, R, Aldridge, MD. Massage, music, and art therapy in hospice: Results of a national survey. J Pain Symptom Manage. 2015 (Jun.); 49(6):1035–1041.Google Scholar

Kryak, E, Vitale, A. Reiki and its journey into a hospital setting. Holist Nurs Pract. 2011 (Oct.); 25(5):238–245.Google Scholar

Toms, R. Reiki therapy: A nursing intervention for critical care. Crit Care Nurs Q. 2011 (Sep.); 34(3):213–217.Google Scholar

Pocotte, SL, Salvador, D. Reiki as a rehabilitative nursing intervention for pain management: A case study. Rehabil Nurs. 2008 (Dec.); 33(6):231–232.Google Scholar

Bossi, LM, Ott, MJ, DeCristofaro, S. Reiki as a clinical intervention in oncology nursing practice. Clin J Oncol Nurs. 2008 (Jun.); 12(3):489–494.Google Scholar

Daley, B. Therapeutic touch, nursing practice and contemporary cutaneous wound healing research. J Adv Nurs. 1997 (Jun.); 25(6):1123–1132.Google Scholar

Steffen, LM. Eat your fruit and vegetables. Lancet. 2006 (Jan. 28); 367(9507):278–279.Google Scholar

2015–2020 dietary guidelines, health.gov. https://health.gov/our-work/food-nutrition/previous-dietary-guidelines/2015.Google Scholar

Arora, S, Atreya, AR, Bernstein, AM, Kleppel, R, Friderici, J, Schramm, S, et al. Healthcare providers’ knowledge of diets and dietary advice. South Med J. 2015 (Sep.); 108(9):539–546.Google Scholar

Mahalle, NP, Kulkarni, MV, Pendse, NM, Naik, SS. Association of constitutional type of Ayurveda with cardiovascular risk factors, inflammatory markers and insulin resistance. J Ayurveda Integr Med. 2012 (Jul.); 3(3):150–157.Google Scholar

Paula Neto, HA, Ausina, P, Gomez, LS, Leandro, JGB, Zancan, P, Sola-Penna, M. Effects of food additives on immune cells as contributors to body weight gain and immune-mediated metabolic dysregulation. Front Immunol. 2017 (Nov. 6); 8:1478.Google Scholar

Gultekin, F, Doguc, DK. Allergic and immunologic reactions to food additives. Clin Rev Allergy Immunol. 2013 (Aug.); 45(1):6–29.Google Scholar

Facts about hypertension, cdc.gov. www.cdc.gov/bloodpressure/facts.htm.Google Scholar

FastStats – Leading causes of death. www.cdc.gov/nchs/fastats/leading-causes-of-death.htm.Google Scholar

Appel, LJ, Moore, TJ, Obarzanek, E, Vollmer, WM, Svetkey, LP, Sacks, FM, et al. A clinical trial of the effects of dietary patterns on blood pressure. DASH Collaborative Research Group. N Engl J Med. 1997 (Apr. 17); 336(16):1117–1124.Google Scholar

Blumenthal, JA, Babyak, MA, Hinderliter, A, Watkins, LL, Craighead, L, Lin, P-H, et al. Effects of the DASH diet alone and in combination with exercise and weight loss on blood pressure and cardiovascular biomarkers in men and women with high blood pressure: The ENCORE study. Arch Intern Med. 2010 (Jan. 25); 170(2):126–135.Google Scholar

Know your risk for heart disease, cdc.gov. www.cdc.gov/heartdisease/risk_factors.htm.Google Scholar

Ornish, D, Brown, SE, Scherwitz, LW, Billings, JH, Armstrong, WT, Ports, TA, et al. Can lifestyle changes reverse coronary heart disease? The Lifestyle Heart Trial. Lancet. 1990 (Jul. 21); 336(8708):129–133.Google Scholar

USCS data visualizations, CDC. https://gis.cdc.gov/Cancer/USCS/DataViz.html.Google Scholar

Ornish, D, Weidner, G, Fair, WR, Marlin, R, Pettengill, EB, Raisin, CJ, et al. Intensive lifestyle changes may affect the progression of prostate cancer. J Urol. 2005 (Sep.); 174(3):1065–1069; discussion 1069.Google Scholar

Ornish, D, Lin, J, Chan, JM, Epel, E, Kemp, C, Weidner, G, et al. Effect of comprehensive lifestyle changes on telomerase activity and telomere length in men with biopsy-proven low-risk prostate cancer: 5-year follow-up of a descriptive pilot study. Lancet Oncol. 2013 (Oct.); 14(11):1112–1120.Google Scholar

Mannion, C, Page, S, Bell, LH, Verhoef, M. Components of an anticancer diet: Dietary recommendations, restrictions and supplements of the Bill Henderson Protocol. Nutrients. 2011; 3(1):1–26.Google Scholar

Zick, SM, Snyder, D, Abrams, DI. Pros and cons of dietary strategies popular among cancer patients. Oncology. 2018 (Nov. 15); 32(11):542–547.Google Scholar

Cancer prevention – American Institute for Cancer Research. www.aicr.org/cancer-prevention.Google Scholar

Huang, T, Yang, B, Zheng, J, Li, G, Wahlqvist, ML, Li, D. Cardiovascular disease mortality and cancer incidence in vegetarians: A meta-analysis and systematic review. Ann Nutr Metab. 2012 (Jun. 1); 60(4):233–240.Google Scholar

de Cabo, R, Mattson, MP. Effects of intermittent fasting on health, aging, and disease. N Engl J Med. 2019 (Dec. 26); 381(26):2541–2551.Google Scholar

Dietary supplements market size United States, 2024 forecast, Statista. www.statista.com/statistics/828481/total-dietary-supplements-market-size-in-the-us.Google Scholar

Foster, CA, Corbin, LW, Kwan, BM, LeClair, CJ. Family medicine resident perspectives on curricula in herbal medicine. Fam Med. 2018; 50(8):589–596.Google Scholar

Varteresian, T, Lavretsky, H. Natural products and supplements for geriatric depression and cognitive disorders: An evaluation of the research. Curr Psychiatry Rep. 2014 (Aug.); 16(8):456.Google Scholar

Qato, DM, Wilder, J, Schumm, LP, Gillet, V, Alexander, GC. Changes in prescription and over-the-counter medication and dietary supplement use among older adults in the United States, 2005 vs 2011. JAMA Intern Med. 2016 (Apr.); 176(4):473–482.Google Scholar

Young, LA, Faurot, KR, Gaylord, SA. Use of and communication about dietary supplements among hospitalized patients. J Gen Intern Med. 2009 (Mar.); 24(3):366–369.Google Scholar

Welcome to the Natural Medicines Research Collaboration. https://naturalmedicines.therapeuticresearch.com.Google Scholar

Kennedy, D, Okello, E, Chazot, P, Howes, M-J, Ohiomokhare, S, Jackson, P, et al. Volatile terpenes and brain function: Investigation of the cognitive and mood effects of Mentha × Piperita L – Essential oil with in vitro properties relevant to central nervous system function. Nutrients. 2018 (Aug. 7); 10(8).Google Scholar

SowndhararaJan, K, Kim, S. Influence of fragrances on human psychophysiological activity: With special reference to human electroencephalographic response. Sci Pharm. 2016 (Nov. 29); 84(4):724–751.Google Scholar

Satou, T, Chikama, M, Chikama, Y, Hachigo, M, Urayama, H, Murakami, S, et al. Effect of aromatherapy massage on elderly patients under long-term hospitalization in Japan. J Altern Complement Med. 2013 (Mar.); 19(3):235–237.Google Scholar

Fu, C-Y, Moyle, W, Cooke, M. A randomised controlled trial of the use of aromatherapy and hand massage to reduce disruptive behaviour in people with dementia. BMC Complement Altern Med. 2013 (Jul. 10); 13:165.Google Scholar

Paley, CA, Tashani, OA, Bagnall, A-M, Johnson, MI. A Cochrane systematic review of acupuncture for cancer pain in adults. BMJ Support Palliat Care. 2011 (Jun.); 1(1):51–55.Google Scholar

Konno, R. Cochrane review summary for cancer nursing: Acupuncture-point stimulation for chemotherapy-induced nausea or vomiting. Cancer Nurs. 2010 (Dec.); 33(6):479–480.Google Scholar

Liu, F, Li, Z-M, Jiang, Y-J, Chen, L-D. A meta-analysis of acupuncture use in the treatment of cognitive impairment after stroke. J Altern Complement Med. 2014 (Jul.); 20(7):535–544.Google Scholar

Zhang, J-H, Wang, D, Liu, M. Overview of systematic reviews and meta-analyses of acupuncture for stroke. Neuroepidemiology. 2014; 42(1):50–58.Google Scholar

Hahnemann, S. Organon of the Medical Art. Palo Alto, CA: Birdcage Books, 1996.Google Scholar

Boehm, K, Raak, C, Cramer, H, Lauche, R, Ostermann, T. Homeopathy in the treatment of fibromyalgia: A comprehensive literature-review and meta-analysis. Complement Ther Med. 2014 (Aug.); 22(4):731–742.Google Scholar

Michael, J, Singh, S, Sadhukhan, S, Nath, A, Kundu, N, Magotra, N, et al. Efficacy of individualized homeopathic treatment of insomnia: Double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trial. Complement Ther Med. 2019 (Apr.); 43:53–59.Google Scholar

Parewa, M, Burman, AS, Brahma, A, Rutten, L, Sadhukhan, S, Misra, P, et al. Individualized homeopathic medicines in the treatment of generalized anxiety disorder: A double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled, pilot trial. Complement Med Res. 2021 (Mar. 4); 1–11.Google Scholar

History of naturopathic medicine – Health facts. www.ndhealthfacts.org/wiki/History_of_Naturopathic_Medicine.Google Scholar

What is naturopathic medicine? Learn more now with AANMC. https://aanmc.org/naturopathic-medicine.Google Scholar

Naturopathic doctor licensure, list of states and provinces. https://aanmc.org/licensure.Google Scholar

Naturopathic medicine is growing in U.S. medical centers of excellence. www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/naturopathic-medicine-is-growing-in-us-medical-centers-of-excellence-300601605.html.Google Scholar

Myers, SP, Vigar, V. The state of the evidence for whole-system, multi-modality naturopathic medicine: A systematic scoping review. J Altern Complement Med. 2019 (Feb.); 25(2):141–168.Google Scholar

Oberg, EB, Thomas, M-S, McCarty, M, Berg, J, Burlingham, B, Bradley, R. Older adults’ perspectives on naturopathic medicine’s impact on healthy aging. Explore (NY). 2014 (Feb.); 10(1):34–43.Google Scholar

Weigel, PAM, Hockenberry, JM, Wolinsky, FD. Chiropractic use in the Medicare population: Prevalence, patterns, and associations with 1-year changes in health and satisfaction with care. J Manipulative Physiol Ther. 2014 (Oct.); 37(8):542–551.Google Scholar

Weigel, PA, Hockenberry, J, Bentler, SE, Wolinsky, FD. The comparative effect of episodes of chiropractic and medical treatment on the health of older adults. J Manipulative Physiol Ther. 2014 (Apr.); 37(3):143–154.Google Scholar

Khodakarami, N. Treatment of patients with low back pain: A comparison of physical therapy and chiropractic manipulation. Healthcare (Basel). 2020 (Feb. 24); 8(1).Google Scholar

Koenig, HG. Religion, spirituality, and health: The research and clinical implications. ISRN Psychiatry. 2012 (Dec. 16); 2012:278730.Google Scholar

Gesler, W, Arcury, TA, Koenig, HG. An introduction to three studies of rural elderly people: Effects of religion and culture on health. J Cross Cult Gerontol. 2000; 15(1):1–12.Google Scholar

Koenig, HG, Seeber, JJ. Religion, spirituality, and aging. J Am Geriatr Soc. 1987 (May); 35(5):472.Google Scholar

Stolley, JM, Koenig, H. Religion/spirituality and health among elderly African Americans and Hispanics. J Psychosoc Nurs Ment Health Serv. 1997 (Nov.); 35(11):32–38.Google Scholar

King, DE, Sobal, J, DeForge, BR. Family practice patients’ experiences and beliefs in faith healing. J Fam Pract. 1988 (Nov.); 27(5):505–508.Google Scholar

King, DE, Bushwick, B. Beliefs and attitudes of hospital inpatients about faith healing and prayer. J Fam Pract. 1994 (Oct.); 39(4):349–352.Google Scholar

Harner, MJ. The Way of the Shaman. New York: Harper, 1990.Google Scholar

Zhang, W-J, Yang, X-B, Zhong, B-L. Combination of acupuncture and fluoxetine for depression: A randomized, double-blind, sham-controlled trial. J Altern Complement Med. 2009 (Aug.); 15(8):837–844.Google Scholar

Kasper, S, Gastpar, M, Möller, H-J, Müller, WE, Volz, H-P, Dienel, A, et al. Better tolerability of St. John’s wort extract WS 5570 compared to treatment with SSRIs: A reanalysis of data from controlled clinical trials in acute major depression. Int Clin Psychopharmacol. 2010 (Jul. 1); 25(4):204–213.Google Scholar

Belvederi Murri, M, Ekkekakis, P, Magagnoli, M, Zampogna, D, Cattedra, S, Capobianco, L, et al. Physical exercise in major depression: Reducing the mortality gap while improving clinical outcomes. Front Psychiatry. 2018; 9:762.Google Scholar

Blom, K, Baker, B, How, M, Dai, M, Irvine, J, Abbey, S, et al. Hypertension analysis of stress reduction using mindfulness meditation and yoga: Results from the HARMONY randomized controlled trial. Am J Hypertens. 2014 (Jan.); 27(1):122–129.Google Scholar

Gómez, C, Vega-Quiroga, S, Bermejo-Pareja, F, Medrano, MJ, Louis, ED, Benito-León, J. Polypharmacy in the elderly: A marker of increased risk of mortality in a population-based prospective study (NEDICES). Gerontology. 2015; 61(4):301–309.Google Scholar

Hein, C, Forgues, A, Piau, A, Sommet, A, Vellas, B, Nourhashémi, F. Impact of polypharmacy on occurrence of delirium in elderly emergency patients. J Am Med Dir Assoc. 2014; 15(11):850.e11-5.Google Scholar

Tannenbaum, C. How to treat the frail elderly: The challenge of multimorbidity and polypharmacy. Can Urol Assoc J. 2013 (Sep.); 7(9–10 Suppl. 4):S183–185.Google Scholar

Gartlehner, G, Gaynes, BN, Amick, HR, Asher, GN, Morgan, LC, Coker-Schwimmer, E, et al. Comparative benefits and harms of antidepressant, psychological, complementary, and exercise treatments for major depression: An evidence report for a clinical practice guideline from the American College of Physicians. Ann Intern Med. 2016 (Mar. 1); 164(5):331–341.Google Scholar

Armstrong, K, Dixon, S, May, S, Patricolo, GE. Anxiety reduction in patients undergoing cardiac catheterization following massage and guided imagery. Complement Ther Clin Pract. 2014 (Nov.); 20(4):334–338.Google Scholar

Brand, LR, Munroe, DJ, Gavin, J. The effect of hand massage on preoperative anxiety in ambulatory surgery patients. AORN J. 2013 (Jun.); 97(6):708–717.Google Scholar

Elder, GH. The life course paradigm: Social change and individual development. In Moen, P, Elder, GH, Luscher, K, eds. Examining Lives in Context: Perspectives on the Ecology of Human Development. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association, 1995, pp. 101–139.Google Scholar

Aborderin, I. Modernisation and ageing theory revisited: Current explanations of recent developing world and historical Western shifts in material family support for older people. Ageing & Society. 2004; 24:29–50.Google Scholar

Longino, CF, Kart, CS. Explicating activity theory: A formal replication. Journal of Gerontology. 1982; 37:713–722.Google Scholar

Achenbaum, WA, Bengston, V. Re-engaging the disengagement theory of aging: On the history and assessment of theory development in gerontology. The Gerontologist. 1994; 34:756–763.Google Scholar

Atchley, RC. A continuity theory of normal aging. The Gerontologist. 1989; 29:183–190.Google Scholar

Baltes, PB, Baltes, MM. Selective optimization with compensation. In Baltes, PB, Baltes, MM, eds. Successful Ageing: Perspectives from the Behavioral Sciences. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1990, pp. 1–34.Google Scholar

Carstensen, LL. Social and emotional patterns in adulthood: Support for socioemotional selectivity theory. Psychology and Aging. 1992; 7:331–338.Google Scholar

Ashforth, B. Role Transitions in Organizational Life: An Identity-Based Perspective. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum, 2001.Google Scholar

QuickFacts: United States. US Census Bureau. www.census.gov/quickfacts/fact/table/US#viewtop. Accessed on 05/06/2020.Google Scholar

National Center for Health Statistics. Health, United States, 2015: With Special Feature on Racial and Ethnic Health Disparities. Hyattsville, MD, May 2016. Report No.: 2016–1232.Google Scholar

Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD). Ageing and Employment Policies – Statistics on the Average Effective Age of Retirement in 1970–2018 in OECD Countries (Time Series). www.oecd.org/els/emp/average-effective-age-of-retirement.htm. Accessed on 05/06/2020.Google Scholar

Roberts, AW, Ogunwole, SU, Blakeslee, L, Rabe, MA. The Population 65 Years and Older in the United States: 2016. American Community Survey Reports, ACS-38, US Census Bureau, Washington, DC, 2018.Google Scholar

US Equal Employment Opportunity Commission. The Age Discrimination in Employment Act of 1967. https://www.eeoc.gov/statutes/age-discrimination-employment-act-1967. Accessed on 05/07/2020.Google Scholar

Johnson, RW, Gosselin, P. How Secure Is Employment at Older Ages? Research Report. The Urban Institute, 2018. www.urban.org/sites/default/files/publication/99570/how_secure_is_employment_at_older_ages_2.pdf. Accessed on 06/16/2020.Google Scholar

Cahill, KE, Giandrea, MD, Quinn, JF. Retirement patterns and the macroeconomy, 1992–2010: The prevalence and determinants of bridge jobs, phased retirement, and reentry among three recent cohorts of older Americans. The Gerontologist. 2015; 55(3):384–403.Google Scholar

Lynch, Merrill. Bank of America Corporation. Work in Retirement: Myths and Motivations. Career Reinventions and the New Retirement Workscape: A Merrill Lynch Retirement Study conducted in partnership with Age Wave. 2014. https://agewave.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/07/2014-ML-AW-Work-in-Retirement_Myths-and-Motivations.pdf. Accessed on 06/11/20.Google Scholar

Weir, DR. Are baby boomers living well longer? In Madrian, B, Mitchell, OS, Soldo, BJ, eds. Redefining Retirement: How Will Boomers Fare? Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2007, pp. 95–111.Google Scholar

National Council on Aging. Top 10 Chronic Conditions in Adults 65+ and What You Can Do to Prevent or Manage Them. www.ncoa.org/blog/10-common-chronic-diseases-prevention-tips. Accessed on 06/17/2020.Google Scholar

Van der Heide, I, van Rijn, RM, Robroek, SJW, Burdorf, A, Proper, KI. Is retirement good for your health? A systematic review of longitudinal studies. BMC Public Health. 2013; 13:1180.Google Scholar

Westerlund, H, Vahtera, J, Ferrie, JE, et al. Effect of retirement on major chronic conditions and fatigue: French GAZEL occupational cohort study. BMJ. 2010; 341:c6149.Google Scholar

Westerlund, H, Kivimäki, M, Singh-Manoux, A, et al. Self-rated health before and after retirement in France (GAZEL): A cohort study. Lancet. 2009; 374:1889–1896.Google Scholar

Jokela, M, Ferrie, JE, Gimeno, D, et al. From midlife to early old age: Health trajectories associated with retirement. Epidemiology. 2010; 21:284–290.Google Scholar

Vahtera, J, Westerlund, H, Hall, M, et al. Effect of retirement on sleep disturbances: The GAZEL Prospective Cohort Study. Sleep. 2009; 32:1459–1466.Google Scholar

Oksanen, T, Vahtera, J, Westerlund, H, et al. Is retirement beneficial for mental health? Antidepressant use before and after retirement. Epidemiology. 2011; 22:553–559.Google Scholar

Wang, M, Hesketh, B. Achieving well-being in retirement: Recommendations from 20 years of research. White Paper. Society for Industrial and Organizational Psychology, Inc. Bowling Green, OH, 2012. www.shrm.org/hr-today/trends-and-forecasting/special-reports-and-expert-views/Documents/SIOP%20-%20Achieving%20Well-Being%20in%20Retirement,%20final.pdf. Accessed on 06/11/2020.Google Scholar

Atchley, R. The Sociology of Retirement. Cambridge, MA: Schenkman, 1976.Google Scholar

Freedman, VA, Spillman, BC. Disability and care needs among older Americans. The Milbank Quarterly. 2014; 92(3):509–541.Google Scholar

Schulz, R, Eden, J. Families Caring for an Aging America. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press, 2016.Google Scholar

Unpaid eldercare in the United States 2013–2014. US Bureau of Labor Statistics, 2016. www.bls.gov/news.release/archives/elcare_09232015.htm.Google Scholar

Gaugler, JE, Pestka, DL, Davila, H, Sales, R, Owen, G, Baumgartner, SA, et al. The complexities of family caregiving at work: A mixed-methods study. The International Journal of Aging and Human Development. 2018; 87(4):347–376.Google Scholar

Buffardi, LC, Smith, JL, O’Brien, AS, Erdwins, CJ. The impact of dependent-care responsibility and gender on work attitudes. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology. 1999; 4(4):356–367.Google Scholar

Cudjoe, TKM, Roth, DL, Szanton, SL, Wolff, JL, Boyd, CM, Thorpe, RJ. The epidemiology of social isolation: National health and aging trends study. J. Gerontol B Psychol Sci Soc Sci. 2020; 75(1):107–113.Google Scholar

Henkens, K, van Dalen, HP, Ekerdt, DJ, et al. What we need to know about retirement: Pressing issues for the coming decade. The Gerontologist. 2018; 58(5):805–812.Google Scholar

Karpen, RR. Reflections on women’s retirement. The Gerontologist. 2017; 57(1):103–109.Google Scholar

Federal Interagency Forum on Aging-Related Statistics. Older Americans 2016: Key Indicators of Well-Being. Federal Interagency Forum on Aging-Related Statistics. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, August 2016.Google Scholar

Stevens, G. Age at immigration and second language proficiency among foreign-born adults. Language in Society. 1999; 28:555–578.Google Scholar

National Healthcare Quality and Disparities Report Executive Summary. Rockville, MD: Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality, September 2019. AHRQ Publication No. 19–0070-EF.Google Scholar

2018 National Healthcare Quality and Disparities Report. Content last reviewed April 2020. Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality, Rockville, MD. www.ahrq.gov/research/findings/nhqrdr/nhqdr18/index.html.Google Scholar

Smedley, BD, Stith, AY, Nelson, AR, eds. Unequal Treatment: Confronting Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Health Care. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press, 2003.Google Scholar

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. National Diabetes Statistics Report, 2020. Atlanta, GA: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, US Department of Health and Human Services, 2020.Google Scholar

2018 Profile of Hispanic Americans Age 65 and Over was developed by the Administration for Community Living, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services; 2018 Profile of African Americans Age 65 and Over was developed by the Administration for Community Living, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services; 2018 Profile of Asian Americans Age 65 and Over was developed by the Administration for Community Living, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services; 2018 Profile of American Indians and Alaska Natives Age 65 and Over was developed by the Administration for Community Living, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services.Google Scholar

National Center for Health Statistics. Health, Table 5, United States, 2018. Hyattsville, MD, 2019.Google Scholar

Butterfield, S. Understanding heart failure in African Americans. ACP Internist, November/December 2019.Google Scholar

Sharma, A, Colvin-Adams, M, Yancy, CW. Heart failure in African Americans: Disparities can be overcome. Cleveland Clinic Journal of Medicine. 2014; 81(5):301–311.Google Scholar

Mehta, KM, Yeo, GW. Systematic review of dementia prevalence and incidence in United States race/ethnic populations. Alzheimer’s and Dementia. 2017; 13;72–83.Google Scholar

Yeo, G. How will the U.S. healthcare system meet the challenge of the ethnogeriatric imperative? Journal of the American Geriatrics Society. 2009 (Jul.); 57(7):1278–1285. PMID: 19558479.Google Scholar

Office of Minority Health USDoHHS. National Standards for Culturally and Linguistically Appropriate Services (CLAS) in Health and Health Care, 2013.Google Scholar

Cross, TL, Bazron, BJ, Dennis, KW, Isaacs, MR. Towards a Culturally Competent System of Care: A Monograph of Effective Services for Minority Children Who Are Severely Emotionally Disturbed. Washington, DC: CASSP Technical Assistance Center, Georgetown University Child Development Center, 1989.Google Scholar

Karliner, LS, Pérez-Stable, E, Gildingorin, G. The language divide: The importance of training in the use of interpreters for outpatient practice. Journal of General Internal Medicine. 2004; 19:175–183.Google Scholar

Flores, G, Abreu, M, Barone, CP, Bachur, R, Lin, H. Errors of medical interpretation and their potential clinical consequences: A comparison of professional versus ad hoc versus no interpreters. Annals of Emergency Medicine. 2012; 60(5):545–553.Google Scholar

Lindholm, M HJ, Ferguson, WJ, Reed, G. Professional language interpretation and inpatient length of stay and readmission rates. Journal of General Internal Medicine. 2012; 27(10):1294–1299.Google Scholar

Fadiman, A. The Spirit Catches You and You Fall Down: A Hmong Child, Her American Doctors, and the Collision of Two Cultures. New York: Farrar, Straus, & Giroux, 1997.Google Scholar

Betancourt, JR. Becoming a physician: Cultural competence – Marginal or mainstream movement? New England Journal of Medicine. 2004; 351(10):953–955.Google Scholar

Weissman, JS, Betancourt, J, Campbell, EG, Park, ER, Kim, M, Clarridge, B, et al. Resident physicians’ preparedness to provide cross-cultural care. JAMA: The Journal of the American Medical Association. 2005 (Sep. 7);294(9):1058–1067. PMID: 16145026.Google Scholar

Tervalon, M, Murray-Garcia, J. Cultural humility versus cultural competence: A critical distinction in defining physician training outcomes in multicultural education. Journal of Health Care for the Poor and Underserved. 1998 (May); 9(2):117–125.Google Scholar

Shulman, KA BJ, Harless, W. The effect of race and sex on physicians’ recommendation for cardiac catheterization. New England Journal of Medicine. 1999; 340(8):618–626.Google Scholar

Chapman, E, Kaatz, A, Carnes, M. Physicians and implicit bias: How doctors may unwittingly perpetuate health care disparities. Journal of General Internal Medicine. 2013; 28(11):1504–1511.Google Scholar

Green, AR, Carney, DR, Pallin, DJ, Ngo, LH, Raymond, KL, Iezzoni, LI, et al. Implicit bias among physicians and its prediction of thrombolysis decisions for black and white patients. J Gen Intern Med. 2007 (Sep.); 22(9):1231–1238. PMID: 17594129.Google Scholar

Oliver, MN, Wells, KM, Joy-Gaba, JA, Hawkins, CB, Nosek, BA. Do physicians’ implicit views of African Americans affect clinical decision making? Journal of American Board of Family Medicine. 2014; 27(2):177–188.Google Scholar

BlairIV, Steiner Fairclough, JF Hanratty, DL R, et al. Clinicians’ implicit ethnic/racial bias and perceptions of care among Black and Latino patients. Annals of Family Medicine. 2013; 11(1):43–52.Google Scholar

Adler, R, Kamel, H, eds. Doorway Thoughts: Cross-Cultural Health Care for Older Adults, Volume 1. From the Ethnogeriatrics Committee of the American Geriatrics Society. Sudbury, MA: Jones & Bartlett, 2004.Google Scholar

Adler, R, Brangman, S, Pan, C, Yeo, G, eds. Doorway Thoughts: Cross-Cultural Health Care for Older Adults, Volume 2. From the Ethnogeriatrics Committee of the American Geriatrics Society. Sudbury, MA: Jones & Bartlett, 2006.Google Scholar

Grudzen, M, Brangman, S, Pan, C, Yeo, G, eds. Doorway Thoughts: Cross-Cultural Health Care for Older Adults, Volume 3. From the Ethnogeriatrics Committee of the American Geriatrics Society. Sudbury, MA: Jones & Bartlett, 2009.Google Scholar

Lavizzo-Mourey, R, MacKenzie, E. Cultural competence: An essential hybrid for delivering high quality care in the 1990s and beyond. Transactions of the American Clinical and Climatological Association. 1995; 105:226–237.Google Scholar

Kleinman, A. Culture and depression. New England Journal of Medicine. 2008; 351(10):351–353.Google Scholar

Lee, SE, Diwan, S, Yeo, G. Causal attributions of dementia among Korean American immigrants. Journal of Gerontological Social Work. 2010; 53(8):743–749. doi: 10.1080/01634372.2010.515290.Google Scholar

Yeo, G, Hikoyeda, N, McBride, M, Chin, S-Y, Edmonds, M, Hendrix, L. Cohort analysis as a tool in ethnogeriatrics: Historical profiles of elders from eight ethnic populations in the United States. Stanford, CA: Stanford Geriatric Education Center, 1998.Google Scholar

Kleinman, A, Eisenberg, L, Good, B. Culture, illness, and care: Clinical lessons from anthropologic and cross-cultural research. Annals of Internal Medicine. 1978; 88(2):251–258.Google Scholar

Berlin, E, Fowkes, WA. A teaching framework for cross-cultural health care. Western Journal of Medicine. 1983; 139:934–938.Google Scholar

Yeo, G, Gallagher-Thompson, D, eds. Ethnicity and the Dementias, 3rd edition. New York: Routledge, 2019.Google Scholar

The Montreal Cognitive Assessment (05/23/2014). www.mocatest.org/default.asp. Accessed on 06/04/2020.Google Scholar

Mui, AC, Kang, SY, Chen, LM, Domanski, MD. Reliability of the Geriatric Depression Scale for use among elderly Asian immigrants in the USA. International Psychogeriatrics/IPA. 2003 (Sep.); 15(3):253–271. PMID: 14756161.Google Scholar

Cross-Cultural Health Care Program. Communicating effectively through an interpreter: An instructional video for health care providers – Barriers to communication. Seattle, WA. https://xculture.org/about-our-publications.Google Scholar

Ratzan, SC, Parker, RM. Introduction. In: Selden, CR, Zorn, M, Ratzan, SC, Parker, RM, eds. National Library of Medicine Current Bibliographies in Medicine: Health Literacy (CBM 2000–1). Bethesda, MD: National Institutes of Health, 2000.Google Scholar

Federal Register: Solicitation for Written Comments on an Updated Health Literacy Definition for Healthy People 192030. www.federalregister.gov/documents/2019/06/04/2019-11571/solicitation-for-written-comments-on-an-updated-health-literacy-definition-for-healthy-people-2030.Google Scholar

Coleman, C, Kurtz-Rossi, S, McKinney, J, Pleasant, A, Rootman, I, Shohet, L. The Calgary Charter on Health Literacy: Rationale and Core Principles for the Development of Health Literacy Curricula. Montreal, Quebec, Canada: The Centre for Literacy, 2010.Google Scholar

National Assessment of Adult Literacy (NAAL) – NAAL Factsheets – Overview. https://nces.ed.gov/naal/fct_overview.asp.Google Scholar

Berkman, ND, Sheridan, SL, Donahue, KE, Halpern, DJ, Crotty, K. Low health literacy and health outcomes: An updated systematic review. Ann Intern Med. 2011 (Jul. 19); 155(2):97–107.Google Scholar

Berkman, ND, Sheridan, SL, Donahue, KE, Halpern, DJ, Viera, A, Crotty, K, et al. Health literacy interventions and outcomes: An updated systematic review. Evid Rep Technol Assess (Full Rep). 2011 (Mar.); (199):1–941.Google Scholar

Kobayashi, LC, Wardle, J, Wolf, MS, von Wagner, C. Aging and functional health literacy: A systematic review and meta-analysis. J Gerontol B, Psychol Sci Soc Sci. 2016 (May); 71(3):445–457.Google Scholar

MacLeod, S, Musich, S, Gulyas, S, Cheng, Y, Tkatch, R, Cempellin, D, et al. The impact of inadequate health literacy on patient satisfaction, healthcare utilization, and expenditures among older adults. Geriatr Nurs. 2017 (Jan. 11); 38(4):334–341.Google Scholar

Shenkman, L. Health literacy and health outcomes of adults in the United States: Implications for providers. Internet Journal of Allied Health Sciences and Practice. 2018 (Oct. 3); 16(4).Google Scholar

Noblin, AM, Rutherford, A. Impact of health literacy on senior citizen engagement in health care IT usage. Gerontol Geriatr Med. 2017 (Dec.); 3:2333721417706300.Google Scholar

McNaughton, CD, Cawthon, C, Kripalani, S, Liu, D, Storrow, AB, Roumie, CL. Health literacy and mortality: A cohort study of patients hospitalized for acute heart failure. J Am Heart Assoc. 2015 (Apr. 29); 4(5).Google Scholar

Health Literacy and the Older Adult – Clinical Advisor. www.clinicaladvisor.com/home/features/clinical-features/health-literacy-and-the-older-adult.Google Scholar

White, ML, Verdusco, LM. Communicating with older adults. Home Healthc Now. 2018; 36(3):181–184.Google Scholar

National Institute on Aging. Tips for Improving Communication with Older Patients. www.nia.nih.gov/health/tips-improving-communication-older-patients.Google Scholar

Kim, HN. Understanding of how older adults with low vision obtain, process, and understand health information and services. Inform Health Soc Care. 2019 (Jan.); 44(1):70–78.Google Scholar

Mullen, RJ, Curtis, LM, O’Conor, R, Serper, M, McCarthy, D, Bailey, SC, et al. Visual acuity, literacy, and unintentional misuse of nonprescription medications. Am J Health Syst Pharm. 2018 (May 1); 75(9):e213–e220.Google Scholar

Kobayashi, LC, Smith, SG, O’Conor, R, Curtis, LM, Park, D, von Wagner, C, et al. The role of cognitive function in the relationship between age and health literacy: A cross-sectional analysis of older adults in Chicago, USA. BMJ Open. 2015 (Apr. 23); 5(4):e007222.Google Scholar

Han, SD, Boyle, PA, James, BD, Yu, L, Bennett, DA. Poorer financial and health literacy among community-dwelling older adults with mild cognitive impairment. J Aging Health. 2015 (Sep.); 27(6):1105–1117.Google Scholar

Chesser, AK, Keene Woods, N, Smothers, K, Rogers, N. Health literacy and older adults: A systematic review. Gerontol Geriatr Med. 2016 (Dec.); 2:1–13.Google Scholar

Lee, JK, Son, Y-J. Gender differences in the impact of cognitive function on health literacy among older adults with heart failure. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2018 (Dec. 1); 15(12).Google Scholar

Liu, YB, Chen, YL, Xue, HP, Hou, P. Health literacy risk in older adults with and without mild cognitive impairment. Nurs Res. 2019; 68(6):433–438.Google Scholar

Serper, M, Patzer, RE, Curtis, LM, Smith, SG, O’Conor, R, Baker, DW, et al. Health literacy, cognitive ability, and functional health status among older adults. Health Serv Res. 2014 (Aug.); 49(4):1249–1267.Google Scholar

Grace, S, Horstmanshof, L. A realist evaluation of a regional Dementia Health Literacy Project. Health Expect. 2019 (Jan. 2); 22(3):426–434.Google Scholar

Jiang, Y, Sereika, SM, Lingler, JH, Tamres, LK, Erlen, JA. Health literacy and its correlates in informal caregivers of adults with memory loss. Geriatr Nurs. 2018; 39(3):285–291.Google Scholar

Geboers, B, Reijneveld, SA, Jansen, CJM, de Winter, AF. Health literacy is associated with health behaviors and social factors among older adults: Results from the LifeLines Cohort Study. J Health Commun. 2016 (Sep. 23); 21(suppl. 2):45–53.Google Scholar

Mosqueda, L, Fiatarone Singh, M, Reichel, W. Reichel’s Care of the Elderly: Clinical Aspects of Aging, 7th edition. Busby-Whitehead, J, Arenson, C, Durso, S, Swagerty, D, Mosqueda, L, Fiatarone Singh, M, et al., eds. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2016.Google Scholar

Federman, AD, Wolf, MS, Sofianou, A, Martynenko, M, O’Connor, R, Halm, EA, et al. Self-management behaviors in older adults with asthma: Associations with health literacy. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2014 (May); 62(5):872–879.Google Scholar

Huang, CH, Lai, Y-C, Lee, YC, Teong, XT, Kuzuya, M, Kuo, K-M. Impact of health literacy on frailty among community-dwelling seniors. J Clin Med. 2018 (Nov. 26); 7(12).Google Scholar

Goeman, D, Conway, S, Norman, R, Morley, J, Weerasuriya, R, Osborne, RH, et al. Optimising health literacy and access of service provision to community dwelling older people with diabetes receiving home nursing support. J Diabetes Res. 2016 (Sep. 7); 2016:2483263.Google Scholar

Picetti, D, Foster, S, Pangle, AK, Schrader, A, George, M, Wei, JY, et al. Hydration health literacy in the elderly. Nutr Healthy Aging. 2017 (Dec. 7); 4(3):227–237.Google Scholar

Fernandez, DM, Larson, JL, Zikmund-Fisher, BJ. Associations between health literacy and preventive health behaviors among older adults: Findings from the health and retirement study. BMC Public Health. 2016 (Jul. 19); 16:596.Google Scholar

Smith, SG, O’Conor, R, Curtis, LM, Waite, K, Deary, IJ, Paasche-Orlow, M, et al. Low health literacy predicts decline in physical function among older adults: Findings from the LitCog cohort study. J Epidemiol Community Health. 2015 (May); 69(5):474–480.Google Scholar

Cutilli, CC. Health literacy in geriatric patients: An integrative review of the literature. Orthop Nurs. 2007 (Feb.); 26(1):43–48.Google Scholar

Bennett, JS, Boyle, PA, James, BD, Bennett, DA. Correlates of health and financial literacy in older adults without dementia. BMC Geriatr. 2012 (Jun. 12); 12:30.Google Scholar

Ho, M-H, Wang, C-H, Joo, JY, Chang, H-CR, Chang, C-C, Liu, MF. Predictors of emergency department use among community-dwelling older adults. J Gerontol Nurs. 2019 (May 1); 45(5):31–38.Google Scholar

Nouri, SS, Barnes, DE, Volow, AM, McMahan, RD, Kushel, M, Jin, C, et al. Health literacy matters more than experience for advance care planning knowledge among older adults. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2019 (Oct.); 67(10):2151–2156.Google Scholar

Huang, H-Y, Kuo, K-M, Lu, I-C, Wu, H, Lin, C-W, Hsieh, M-T, et al. The impact of health literacy on knowledge, Attitude and decision towards hospice care among community-dwelling seniors. Health Soc Care Community. 2019 (Jun. 18); 27(5):e724–e733.Google Scholar

Paasche-Orlow, MK, Wolf, MS. Evidence does not support clinical screening of literacy. J Gen Intern Med. 2008 (Jan.); 23(1):100–102.Google Scholar

Weiss, BD. How to bridge the health literacy gap. Fam Pract Manag. 2014 (Feb.); 21(1):14–18.Google Scholar

DeWalt, DA, Broucksou, KA, Hawk, V, Brach, C, Hink, A, Rudd, R, et al. Developing and testing the health literacy universal precautions toolkit. Nurs Outlook. 2011 (Apr.); 59(2):85–94.Google Scholar

Hersh, L, Salzman, B, Snyderman, D. Health literacy in primary care practice. Am Fam Physician. 2015 (Jul. 15); 92(2):118–124.Google Scholar

Morris, NS, MacLean, CD, Chew, LD, Littenberg, B. The Single Item Literacy Screener: Evaluation of a brief instrument to identify limited reading ability. BMC Fam Pract. 2006 (Mar. 24); 7:21.Google Scholar

Keene Woods, N, Chesser, AK. Validation of a single question health literacy screening tool for older adults. Gerontol Geriatr Med. 2017 (Dec.); 3:2333721417713095.Google Scholar

Ylitalo, KR, Meyer, MRU, Lanning, BA, During, C, Laschober, R, Griggs, JO. Simple screening tools to identify limited health literacy in a low-income patient population. Medicine. 2018 (Mar.); 97(10):e0110.Google Scholar

Parnell, TA, McCulloch, EC, North Shore Long Island Jewish Health System, et al. Health literacy as an essential component to achieving excellent patient outcomes. NAM Perspectives. 2014 (Jan. 28); 4(1).Google Scholar

Huang, Y-M, Shiyanbola, OO, Smith, PD, Chan, H-Y. Quick screen of patients’ numeracy and document literacy skills: The factor structure of the Newest Vital Sign. Patient Prefer Adherence. 2018 (May 17); 12:853–859.Google Scholar

Shealy, KM, Threatt, TB. Utilization of the newest vital sign (NVS) in practice in the United States. Health Commun. 2016; 31(6):679–687.Google Scholar

Weiss, BD, Mays, MZ, Martz, W, Castro, KM, DeWalt, DA, Pignone, MP, et al. Quick assessment of literacy in primary care: The newest vital sign. Ann Fam Med. 2005 (Dec.); 3(6):514–522.Google Scholar

Fang, G, Bailey, SC, Annis, IE, Paasche-Orlow, MK, Wolf, MS, Martin, LT, et al. Effects of estimated community-level health literacy on treatment initiation and preventive care among older adults with newly diagnosed diabetes. Patient Prefer Adherence. 2020 (Jan. 7); 14:1–11.Google Scholar

Fang, B, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. National Health Literacy Mapping to Inform Health Care Policy. Health Literacy Data Map, 2014. http://healthliteracymap.unc.edu.Google Scholar

Kessels, RPC. Patients’ memory for medical information. J R Soc Med. 2003 (May); 96(5):219–222.Google Scholar

Health literacy, National Institutes of Health (NIH). www.nih.gov/institutes-nih/nih-office-director/office-communications-public-liaison/clear-communication/health-literacy.Google Scholar

Kopera-Frye, K, ed. Health Literacy Among Older Adults. New York: Springer Publishing Company, 2016.Google Scholar

Everyday Words for Public Health Communication, 2016. www.cdc.gov/healthcommunication/everydaywords.Google Scholar

Brega, AG, Bernard, J, Mabachi, NM, Weiss, BD, DeWalt, DA, Brach, C, et al. Health Literacy Universal Precautions Toolkit, 2nd edition. Agency for Healthcare Research & Quality, 2015. www.ahrq.gov/professionals/quality-patient-safety/quality-resources/tools/literacy-toolkit/healthlittoolkit2.html.Google Scholar

Jiggins, K. A content analysis of the meaningful use clinical summary: Do clinical summaries promote patient engagement? Prim Health Care Res Dev. 2016 (May); 17(3):238–251.Google Scholar

Weiss BD. Health Literacy and Patient Safety: Help Patients Understand: Manual for Clinicians, 2007; 29–40. www.partnershiphp.org/Providers/HealthServices/Documents/Health%20Education/CandLToolKit/2%20Manual%20for%20Clinicians.pdf.Google Scholar

Susło, R, Paplicki, M, Dopierała, K, Drobnik, J. Fostering digital literacy in the elderly as a means to secure their health needs and human rights in the reality of the twenty-first century. Fmpcr. 2018; 20(3):271–275.Google Scholar

Leroy, G, Kauchak, D. A comparison of text versus audio for information comprehension with future uses for smart speakers. JAMIA Open. 2019 (Jul.); 2(2):254–260.Google Scholar

Computer and Internet Training for Health Information with Rural Older Adults – ProQuest. https://search.proquest.com/docview/2024633588?pq-origsite=gscholar.Google Scholar

Ottosen, T, Mani, NS, Fratta, MN. Health information literacy awareness and capacity building: Present and future. IFLA Journal. 2019 (Jul. 10); 45(3):207–215.Google Scholar

Price-Haywood, EG, Harden-Barrios, J, Ulep, R, Luo, Q. eHealth literacy: Patient engagement in identifying strategies to encourage use of patient portals among older adults. Popul Health Manag. 2017 (Apr. 6); 20(6):486–494.Google Scholar

Irizarry, T, Shoemake, J, Nilsen, ML, Czaja, S, Beach, S, DeVito Dabbs, A. Patient portals as a tool for health care engagement: A mixed-method study of older adults with varying levels of health literacy and prior patient portal use. J Med Internet Res. 2017 (Mar. 30); 19(3):e99.Google Scholar

Azevedo, RFL, Morrow, D, Graumlich, J, Willemsen-Dunlap, A, Hasegawa-Johnson, M, Huang, TS, et al. Using conversational agents to explain medication instructions to older adults. AMIA Annu Symp Proc. 2018 (Dec. 5); 2018:185–194.Google Scholar

Magsamen-Conrad, K, Dillon, JM, Billotte Verhoff, C, Faulkner, SL. Online health-information seeking among older populations: Family influences and the role of the medical professional. Health Commun. 2019; 34(8):859–871.Google Scholar

Rasu, RS, Bawa, WA, Suminski, R, Snella, K, Warady, B. Health literacy impact on national healthcare utilization and expenditure. Int J Health Policy Manag. 2015 (Aug. 17); 4(11):747–755.Google Scholar

Social Determinants of Health, Healthy People, 2020. www.healthypeople.gov/2020/topics-objectives/topic/social-determinants-of-health.Google Scholar

Stajduhar, K, Funk, L, Toye, C, et al. Part I: Home-based family caregiving at the end of life: A comprehensive review of published quantitative research (1998–2008). Palliative Med. 2010; 24:573–593.Google Scholar

www.cms.gov/files/document/6120-nursing-home-covid-19-data.pdf.Google Scholar

Agency on Aging. 2006. www.aoa.gov/prof/Statistics/online_stat_data.Google Scholar

Wilmoth, JM, Longino, CF. Demographic trends that will shape U.S. policy in the twenty-first century. Res Aging. 2006; 28:269–288.Google Scholar

Amato, P, Booth, A. A prospective study of divorce and parent-child relationships. J Marriage Fam. 1996; 58:356–365.Google Scholar

Freedman, VA, Martin, LG, Schoeni, RF. Recent trends in disability and functioning among older adults in the United States: A systematic review. JAMA. 2002; 288:3137–3146.Google Scholar

George, LK, Gwyther, LP. Caregiver well-being: A multidimensional examination of family caregivers of demented adults. Gerontologist. 1986; 26:253–259.Google Scholar

Zarit, SH, Todd, PA, Zarit, JM. Subjective burden of husbands and wives as caregivers: A longitudinal study. Gerontologist. 1986; 26:260–266.Google Scholar

Schlaudecker, JD. Essential family caregivers in long-term care during the COVID-19 pandemic. J Am Med Dir Assoc. 2020; 21(7):983.Google Scholar

Werner, RM, Hoffman, AK, Coe, NB. Long term care policy after COVID-19: Solving the nursing home crisis. NEJM. 2020; 383:903–905.Google Scholar

Werner, RM, Konetzka RT. Trends in post-acute care use among Medicare beneficiaries: 2000 to 2015. JAMA. 2018; 319:1616–1617.Google Scholar

Wang, H, Li, T, Barbarino, T, et al. Dementia care during COVID. The Lancet. 2020; 395(10231):1190–1191.Google Scholar

Alzheimer’s Disease International. www.alz.co.uk/news/adi-offers-advice-and-support-during-covid-19.Google Scholar

Boots, LMM de Vugt, ME van Knippenberg, RJM, Kempen, GIJM, Verhey, FRJ. A systematic review of internet-based supportive interventions for caregivers of patients with dementia. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2014; 29:331–344.Google Scholar

Donelan, K, Hill, CA, Hoffman, C, et al. Challenged to care: Informal caregivers in a changing health system. Health Aff. 2002; 21:222–231.Google Scholar

Aneshensel, C, Pearlin, L, Mullan, J, et al. Profiles in Caregiving: The Unexpected Career. New York: Academic Press, 1995.Google Scholar

Rainville, C, Skufca L, , Mehegan L, . Family Caregiving and Out-of-Pocket Costs: 2016 Report. Washington, DC: AARP Research, November 2016.Google Scholar

Semple, SJ. Conflict in Alzheimer’s caregiving families: Its dimensions and consequences. Gerontologist. 1992; 32:648–655.Google Scholar

Shultz, R, Beach, SR. Caregiving as a risk factor for mortality. The Caregiver Health Effects Study. JAMA. 1999; 282:2215–2219.Google Scholar

Christakis, NA, Allison, PD. Mortality after the hospitalization of a spouse. NEJM. 2006; 354:719–730.Google Scholar

Baumgarten, M, Hanley, JA, Infante-Rivard, C, et al. Health of family members caring for elderly persons with dementia. Ann Intern Med. 1994; 120:126–132.Google Scholar

Rosenthal, CJ, Sulman, J, Marshall, VW. Depressive symptoms in family caregivers of long-stay patients. Gerontologist. 1993; 33:249–256.Google Scholar

Williamson, GM, Schultz, R. Coping with specific stressors in Alzheimer’s disease caregiving. Gerontologist. 1993; 33:747–755.Google Scholar

Cochrane, JJ, Goering, PN, Rogers, JM. The mental health of informal caregivers in Ontario: An epidemiologic survey. Am J Pub Health. 1997; 87:202–207.Google Scholar

Kiecolt-Glaser, JK, Dura, JR, Speicher, CE, et al. Spousal caregivers of dementia victims: longitudinal changes in immunity and health. Psychosoc Med. 1991; 53:345–362.Google Scholar

Brown, LJ, Potter, JF, Foster, BG. Caregiver burden should be evaluated during geriatric assessment. J Am Geriatr Soc. 1990; 38:455–460.Google Scholar

Lowenthal, MF, Berkman, P. Aging and Mental Disorders in San Francisco. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass, 1967.Google Scholar

Lawton, MP, Moss, M, Hoffman, C, et al. Two transitions in daughters’ caregiving careers. Gerontologist. 2000; 40:437–448.Google Scholar

Sorensen, S, Conwell, Y. Issues in dementia caregiving: Effects on mental and physical health, intervention strategies, and research needs. Am J Geriatric Psychiatry. 2001; 19:491–496.Google Scholar

Andolsek, KM, Clapp-Channing, NE, Gehlbach, SH, et al. Caregivers and elderly relatives: The prevalence of caregiving in a family practice. Arch Intern Med. 1988; 148:2177–2180.Google Scholar

Parks, SM, Novielli, KD. A practical guide to caring for caregivers. Am Fam Physician. 2000; 62:2613–2620.Google Scholar

National Consensus Report on Caregiver Assessment. Vols. I and II. www.caregiver.org/caregiver/jsp/contentnode.jsp?nodeid=1630.Google Scholar

Nicholas, E. An outcomes focus in carer assessment and review: Value and challenge. Br J Soc Work. 2003; 33:31–47.Google Scholar

Zarit, SH, Reever, KE, Bach-Peterson, J. Relatives of the impaired elderly: Correlates of feelings of burden. Gerontologist. 1980; 20:649–655.Google Scholar

Higginson, IJ, Gao, W, Jackson, D, Murray, J, et al. Short-form Zarit Caregiver Burden Interviews were valid in advanced conditions. Journal of Clinical Epidemiology. 2010; 63(5):535–542.Google Scholar

Liew TM, Yap P. A 3-item screening scale for caregiver burden in dementia caregiving: Scale development and score mapping to the 22-item Zarit Burden Interview. J Am Med Dir Assoc. 2019; 20:629–633.e12.Google Scholar

Yesavage, JA, Brink, TL, Rose, TL, et al. Development and validation of a geriatric depression screening scale: A preliminary report. J Psych Res. 1982–3; 17:37–49.Google Scholar

Burns, R, Nichols, LO, Martindale-Adams, J, Graney, MJ, Lummus, A. Primary care interventions for dementia caregivers: 2-year outcomes from the REACH study. Gerontologist 2003; 43:547–555.Google Scholar

Adelman, RD, Tmanova, LL, Delgado, D, Dion, S, Lachs, MS. Caregiver burden: A clinical review. JAMA. 2014; 311(10):1052–1060.Google Scholar

Mittleman, M, Ferris, SH, Shulman, E, et al. A comprehensive support program: effect on depression in spouse-caregiver of AD patients. Gerontologist. 1995; 35:792–802.Google Scholar

Haley, WE. The family caregiver’s role in Alzheimer’s disease. Neurology. 1997; 48:S25.Google Scholar

Thompson, L. Long-term care: Support for family caregivers. Georgetown University Long-term Financing Project, 2004. http://ltc.georgetown.edu.Google Scholar

Lawton, MP, Brody, EM, Saperstein, AR. A controlled study of respite service for caregivers of Alzheimer’s patients. Gerontologist. 1989; 29:8–16.Google Scholar

Forde, OT, Pearlman, S. Breakaway: A social supplement to caregiver’s support groups. Am J Alz Dis. 1999; 14:120–124.Google Scholar

Feinberg, LF, Whitlach, C. Family Caregivers and Consumer Choice. San Francisco, CA: Family Caregiver Alliance, 1996.Google Scholar

Area Agencies on Aging. www.eldercare.acl.gov.Google Scholar

Family Medical and Leave Act. www.dol.gov.Google Scholar

Administration on Aging. The Older Americans Act: National Family Caregivers Support Program (Title III-E and Title VI-C): Compassion in Action. Washington, DC: US Department of Health and Human Services, Administration on Aging, 2004.Google Scholar

Belle, SH, Burgio, L, Burns, R, et al. Enhancing the quality of life of dementia caregivers from different ethnic or racial groups. Ann Intern Med. 2006; 145:727.Google Scholar

US Homecare Workers: Key facts. https://phinational.org/wp-content/uploads/legacy/phi-home-care-workers-key-facts.pdf.Google Scholar

Institute for Healthcare Improvement. An Overview of the IHI Triple Aim. www.ihi.org/Engage/Initiatives/TripleAim/Pages/default.aspx. Accessed on 09/02/2020.Google Scholar

European Commission: Report of the Expert Group on Health Systems Performance Assessment, A New Drive for Primary Care in Europe: Rethinking the Assessment Tools and Methodologies. https://ec.europa.eu/health/sites/health/files/systems_performance_assessment/docs/2018_primarycare_eg_en.pdf. Accessed on 09/02/2020.Google Scholar

Metusela, C, Usherwood, T, Lawson, K, Angus, L, Kmet, W, Ferdousi, S, Reath, J. Patient Centred Medical Home (PCMH) transitions in Western Sydney, Australia: A qualitative study. BMC Health Services Research. 2020; 20:285.Google Scholar

Moureaux, C, Perelman, J, Mendes da Costa, E, Roch, I, Annemans, L, Heymans, I, Closon M-C. Impact of the medical home model on the quality of primary care: The Belgian experience. Medical Care. 2015; 53:396–400.Google Scholar

Alcusky, M, Singer, L, Keith, SW, Hegarty, SE, Lombardi, M, Saccenti, E, Maio, V. Evaluation of care processes and health care utilization in newly implemented medical homes in Italy: A population-based cross-sectional study. American Journal of Medical Quality. 2020; 35(3):265–273.Google Scholar

Scottenfeld, L, Petersen, D, Peikes, D, Ricciardi, R, Burak, H, McNellis, R, Genevro, J. White Paper: Creating patient-centered team-based primary care. March 2016 AHRQ Pub. No. 16–0002-EF. https://pcmh.ahrq.gov/page/creating-patient-centered-team-based-primary-care. Accessed on 09/02/2020.Google Scholar

Naylor, MD, Coburn, KD, Kurtzman, ET, et al. Inter-professional team-based primary care for chronically ill adults: State of the science. Unpublished White Paper presented at the ABIM Foundation meeting to Advance Team-Based Care for the Chronically Ill in Ambulatory Settings. 2010, March 24–25; Philadelphia, PA. Cited in Hupke, C. Team-based care: Optimizing primary care for patients and provider. Institute for Healthcare Improvement Blog, May 16, 2014. www.ihi.org/communities/blogs/team-based-care-optimizing-primary-care-for-patients-and-providers-. Accessed on 09/02/2020.Google Scholar

Porter, ME, Pabo, EA, Lee, TH. Redesigning primary care: A strategic vision to improve value by organizing around patients’ needs. Health Affairs. 2003; 32(3):516–525.Google Scholar

The Dartmouth Atlas of Health Care; Center for the Evaluative Clinical Sciences Dartmouth Medical School. Chicago, IL: Americana Hospital Publishing, Inc., 1996. www.dartmouthatlas.org/downloads/atlases/96Atlas.pdf. Accessed on 09/02/2020.Google Scholar

Starfield, B, Shi, L, Macinko, J. Contribution of primary care to health systems and health. Milbank Quarterly. 2005; 83(3):457–502.Google Scholar

Willard-Grace, R, Hessle, D, Rogers, E, Dube, K, Bodenheimer, T, Grumbach, K. Team structure and culture are associated with lower burnout in primary care. Journal of the American Board of Family Medicine. 2014; 27(2):229–238.Google Scholar

Faber, M, Voerman, G, Erler, A, Eriksson, T, Baker, R, de Lepeleire, J, Grol, R, Burgers, J. Survey of 5 European countries suggests that more elements of patient-centered medical homes could improve primary care. Health Affairs. 2013; 32(4):797–806.Google Scholar

Salzberg, C, Bitton, A, Lipsitz, S, et al. The impact of alternative payment in chronically ill and older patients in the patient-centered medical home. Medical Care. 2017; 55(5):483–492(10).Google Scholar

NCQA. Latest evidence: Benefits of the patient-centered medical home. www.ncqa.org/programs/health-care-providers-practices/patient-centered-medical-home-pcmh/benefits-support/pcmh-evidence. Accessed on 09/02/2020.Google Scholar

NEJM Catalyst. 2017 value-based care definition. https://catalyst.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/CAT.17.0558. Accessed on 2 September 2020.Google Scholar

American Geriatrics Society Beers Criteria® Update Expert Panel. American Geriatrics Society 2019 Updated AGS Beers Criteria® for Potentially Inappropriate Medication Use in Older Adults. Journal of the American Geriatric Society. 2019; 67(4):1–21.Google Scholar

Healthcare.gov. The Affordable Care Act. www.healthcare.gov/glossary/affordable-care-act. Accessed on 09/02/2020.Google Scholar

CMS Comprehensive Overview of A-APMs. https://qpp.cms.gov/apms/overview. Accessed on 09/02/2020.Google Scholar

AAFP: CMS Primary Cares Initiative: New Alternative Payment Models for Primary Care Physicians. Is this right for my practice? www.aafp.org/practice-management/payment/medicare-payment/aapms/cms-primary-cares-initiative.html. Accessed on 09/02/2020.Google Scholar

Avalere: Medicare advantage achieves cost-effective care and better outcomes for beneficiaries with chronic conditions relative to fee-for-service Medicare. July 11, 2018. https://avalere.com/insights/medicare-advantage-plans-outperforms-fee-for-service-medicare-plans-in-caring-for-dual-eligible-beneficiaries-with-chronic-conditions. Accessed on 09/02/2020.Google Scholar

Lieberthal, RD, Payton, C, Sarfaty, M, Valko, G. Measuring the cost of the patient-centered medical home: A cost-accounting approach. Journal of Ambulatory Care Management. 2017; 40(4):327–338.Google Scholar

Magill, MK, Ehrenberger, D, Scammon, DL, Day, J, Allen, T, Reall, AJ, Sides, RW, Kim, J. The cost of sustaining a patient-centered medical home: Experience from 2 states. Annals of Family Medicine. 2015; 13:429–435.Google Scholar

Higgins, TC, Crosson, J, Peikes, D, et al. Health information technology to support quality improvement in primary care. March 2015 AHRQ Publication No. 15–0031-EF; www.ncqa.org/programs/health-care-providers-practices/patient-centered-medical-home-pcmh/benefits-support/pcmh-evidence. Accessed on 09/02/2020.Google Scholar

Jones SS, Koppel R, Ridgely MS, Palen TE, Wu S, Harrison MI. Guide to reducing unintended consequences of electronic health records. www.healthit.gov/unintended-consequences. Accessed on 09/02/2020.Google Scholar

Institute for Healthcare Improvement Blog. Solberg, L. The keys to effective telemedicine for older adults. www.ihi.org/communities/blogs/the-keys-to-effective-telemedicine-for-older-adults. Accessed on 09/02/2020.Google Scholar

Gardner, R, Cooper, E. Physician stress and burnout: The impact of health information technology. Journal of the American Medical Informatics Association. 2019; 26(2):106–114.Google Scholar

Cohen, J. Physician practices pay $14,000+ in IT operating expenses per physician. Becker’s Health IT. www.beckershospitalreview.com/healthcare-information-technology/physician-practices-pay-14-000-in-it-operating-expenses-per-physician.html. Accessed on 09/02/2020.Google Scholar

Kotter, J. The key to changing organizational culture. Forbes, September 27, 2012. www.forbes.com/sites/johnkotter/2012/09/27/the-key-to-changing-organizational-culture/#502ad43f5509. Accessed on 09/02/2020.Google Scholar

Smith, CD, Balatbat, C, Corbridge, S, Dopp, AL, Fried, J, Harter, R, Landefeld, S, Martin, C, Opelka, F, Sandy, L, Sato, L, Sinsky, C. Implementing optimal team-based care to reduce clinician burnout. NAM Perspectives. Discussion Paper, National Academy of Medicine, Washington, DC, 2018. Accessed on 09/02/2020.Google Scholar

Hess, DW, Reed, VA, Turco, MG, et al. Enhancing provider engagement in practice improvement: A conceptual framework. Journal of Continuing Education for Health Professions. 2015; 35(1):71–79.Google Scholar

AARP Fox-Grade W. April 18, 2016. The growing racial and ethnic diversity of older adults. https://blog.aarp.org/thinking-policy/the-growing-racial-and-ethnic-diversity-of-older-adults. Accessed on 09/02/2020.Google Scholar

Chesser, AK, Woods, NK, Smothers, K, Rogers, N. Health literacy and older adults: A systematic review. Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine. 2016; 2:2333721416630492.Google Scholar

Yen, P, Leasure, A. Use and effectiveness of the teach-back method in patient education and health outcomes. Federal Practitioner. 2019 (Jun.):285–289. www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6590951/pdf/fp-36–06-284.pdf; Accessed on 09/02/2020.Google Scholar

Rockwood, K, Song, X, MacKnight, C, et al. A global clinical measure of fitness and frailty in elderly people. Canadian Medical Association Journal. 2005; 173(5):489–495; www.dal.ca/sites/gmr/our-tools/clinical-frailty-scale.html. doi: 10.1503/cmaj.050051.Google Scholar

Chu, C, White, N, Stone, P. Prognostication in palliative care. Clinical Medicine. 2019; 19(4):306–310.Google Scholar

World Health Organization. Mental Health of Older Adults. December 12, 2017. www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/mental-health-of-older-adults. Accessed on 09/02/2020.Google Scholar

Institute for Healthcare Improvement Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA. Plan-Do-Study-Act (PDSA) Worksheet. www.ihi.org/resources/Pages/Tools/PlanDoStudyActWorksheet.aspx. Accessed on 09/02/2020.Google Scholar

Rose, KD, Ross, JS, Horwitz, LI. Advanced access scheduling outcomes: A systematic review. Arch Intern Med. 2011; 171(13):1150–1159.Google Scholar

https://news.gallup.com/poll/4708/healthcare-system.aspx. The public opinion organization, Gallup, provides data on public views of many dimensions of the health-care system and tracks them over decades.Google Scholar

www.commonwealthfund.org/publications/issue-briefs/2020/jan/us-health-care-global-perspective–2019. The Commonwealth Fund provides a succinct summary of international comparisons of health measures, health outcomes, service utilization, provider supply, and cost.Google Scholar

www.cms.gov/Research-Statistics-Data-and-Systems/Statistics-Trends-and-Reports/Chronic-Conditions/Chartbook_Charts. Charts about the prevalence of conditions and functional limitations and costs.Google Scholar

www.healthsystemtracker.org/chart-collection/health-expenditures-vary-across-population/#item-start. Peterson-Kaiser Family Foundation (KFF) chart presentations based on analyses of the 2016 Medical Expenditure Panel Survey (MEPS) data showing costs by different populations (e.g., by age).Google Scholar

www.healthaffairs.org/doi/pdf/10.1377/hlthaff.2018.05160. Health Affairs article on the 28% of Medicare beneficiaries who were persistently high cost over 3 years.Google Scholar

www.commonwealthfund.org/publications/issue-briefs/2016/aug/high-need-high-cost-patients-who-are-they-and-how-do-they-use. Using MEPS data from 2009–11, Commonwealth addresses costs of high-needs patients; that is, those with chronic conditions and functional limitations. Variations within high-cost populations are reviewed.Google Scholar

www.kff.org/medicare/issue-brief/an-overview-of-medicare. KFF overview of Medicare with useful links and succinct information.Google Scholar

www.kff.org/medicare/issue-brief/the-facts-on-medicare-spending-and-financing. KFF brief on Medicare spending. Succinct information supplementing the KFF Overview of Medicare.Google Scholar

www.urban.org/sites/default/files/publication/99748/rwjf451631_1.pdf. Urban Institute and Robert Woods Johnson (RWJ) Foundation regarding per-enrollee growth rates in federal programs.Google Scholar

www.cms.gov/files/document/2020-medicare-trustees-report.pdf. The 2020 Annual Trustees report on the Medicare funds that describes solvency projections.Google Scholar

www.medicare.gov/Pubs/pdf/11579-medicare-costs.pdf. Medicare’s public website information about benefits. This updates to the current year.Google Scholar

www.medicare.gov/your-medicare-costs/medicare-costs-at-a-glance. Medicare’s public website information about enrollee costs. This updates to the current year.Google Scholar

www.medpac.gov/docs/default-source/reports/mar19_medpac_ch12_sec.pdf. A chapter about hospice that is from MedPAC’s March 2019 Report to Congress on Medicare Payment Policy. MedPAC is an excellent source of data and policy recommendations. The Medicare Payment Advisory Commission is a nonpartisan legislative branch agency that provides the US Congress with analysis and policy advice.Google Scholar

www.kff.org/medicare/fact-sheet/medicare-advantage. KFF summary on Medicare Advantage (Part C).Google Scholar

www.kff.org/health-costs/press-release/beneficiaries-who-switch-to-medicare-advantage-have-lower-medicare-spending-and-use-fewer-services-in-prior-year-than-those-who-stay-in-traditional-medicare. KFF analysis of health-care consumption by patients that switch between traditional Medicare and Medicare Advantage plans.Google Scholar

www.kff.org/medicare/fact-sheet/an-overview-of-the-medicare-part-d-prescription-drug-benefit/#:~:text=Part%20D%20enrollees%20will%20also,2019%20to%20%244%2C020%20in%202020. KFF summary on Part D.Google Scholar

www.kff.org/medicare/issue-brief/how-much-do-medicare-beneficiaries-spend-out-of-pocket-on-health-care/#healthrelatedservices. KFF on out-of-pocket spending in Medicare.Google Scholar

www.cms.gov/Research-Statistics-Data-and-Systems/Statistics-Trends-and-Reports/NationalHealthExpendData/NHE-Fact-Sheet#:~:text=Medicaid%20spending%20grew%203.0%25%20to,34%20percent%20of%20total%20NHE. Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services National Health Expenditures report, which has detailed information on health-care spending, not just federal costs.Google Scholar

www.kff.org/infographic/medicaids-role-in-nursing-home-care. A graphic about the role of Medicaid in paying for long-term care.Google Scholar

www.kff.org/medicaid/issue-brief/10-things-to-know-about-medicaid-setting-the-facts-straight. KFF summary of some key facts about Medicaid. Since Medicaid varies by state, KFF also has state-by-state references.Google Scholar

www.aha.org/statistics/fast-facts-us-hospitals. American Hospital Association website on various hospital statistics.Google Scholar

www.mathematica.org/our-publications-and-findings/publications/evaluation-of-the-diffusion-and-impact-of-the-chronic-care-management-ccm-services-final-report. Mathematica’s report on the cost-effectiveness of chronic care management services.Google Scholar

www.healthaffairs.org/doi/full/10.1377/hlthaff.w4.184. One of the best articles about the relationship (or lack thereof) between physician spending and quality of care. Though from 2004, there is general agreement these relationships persist.Google Scholar

https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/fullarticle/2674671. An important article about why US costs differ from other developed nations.Google Scholar

https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/fullarticle/2752664. This article reviews waste in the US health-care system.Google Scholar

www.healthaffairs.org/doi/pdf/10.1377/hlthaff.28.1.75. Summary of the effectiveness of the Chronic Care Model.Google Scholar

www.improvingchroniccare.org/index.php?p=the_chronic_caremodel&s=2. The Chronic Care Model website.Google Scholar

https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamainternalmedicine/fullarticle/2687989. The cost-effectiveness of transitional care management is reviewed.Google Scholar

Beauchamp, TL, Childress, JF. Principles of Biomedical Ethics, 7th edition. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2009.Google Scholar

Taking care: Ethical caregiving in our aging society. Report of the President’s Council on Bioethics, 2005.Google Scholar

Sessum, LL, Zembrzuska, H, Jackson, JL. Does this patient have medical decision-making capacity? Clinician’s corner. JAMA. 2011 (July 27); 3006:4.Google Scholar

Journal of Medicine and Philosophy, April 2014; 39:2.Google Scholar

Pellegrino, ED, Thomasma, D. For the Patient’s Good: The Restoration of Beneficence in Health Care. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1987.Google Scholar

Sulmasy, DP. Killing and allowing to die: Another look. J Law Med Ethics. 1998; 26:55–64.Google Scholar

AMA Code of Medical Ethics 2010–11, Chicago; WMA Resolution on euthanasia, 53rd World Medical Association General Assembly, Washington, DC, October 2002, reaffirmed with minor revision by the 194th WMA Council Session Bali, Indonesia, April 2013.Google Scholar

Humphrey, D. Supplement to Final Exit: The Latest How-To and Why of Euthanasia Hastened Death. Eugene, OR: Norris Lane Press, 2000.Google Scholar

Groenewoud, JH, et al. Physician-assisted death in psychiatric practice in the Netherlands. Special Issue, NEJM. 1997; 336:1795–1801; End-of-life decisions: “Exit” members vote to broaden assisted suicide services, Swiss News Information, May 24, 2014.Google Scholar

Pellegrino, ED. Doctors must not kill. J Clin Eth. 1992; 3(2):95–102.Google Scholar

Donovan, GK. The disabled and their lives of purpose. Linacre Quarterly. 2009 (Aug.); 74(5):265–269.Google Scholar

A controlled trial to improve care for seriously ill hospitalized patients: The study to understand prognoses and preferences for outcomes and risks of treatments (SUPPORT). AMA. November 22, 1995, 274:29.Google Scholar

Kasman, DL. When is medical treatment futile: A guide for students, residents, and physicians. Gen Intern Med. 2004; 19:1053–1056.Google Scholar

Hippocrates. The Art, Vol. II, Goold, GB, ed. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1995, pp. 185–217.Google Scholar

Lazarus, BA, Murphy, JB, Culpeper, L. Aspiration associated with long-term gastric versus jejunal feeding: A critical analysis of the literature. Arch Phys Med Rehab. 1990; 71:46–53.Google Scholar

Ciocon, JO, Silverstone, FA, Graver, LM, Foley, CJ. Tube feedings in elderly patients: Indications, benefits, and complications. Arch Intern Med. 1988; 148:429–433.Google Scholar

Mitchell, SL, Kiely, DK, Lipsitz, LA. The risk factors and impact on survival of feeding tube placement in nursing home residents with severe cognitive impairment. Arch Intern Med. 1997; 157:327–332.Google Scholar

Menzel, PT, Chandler-Cramer, MC. Advance Directives, Dementia, and Withholding Food and Water by Mouth. Hastings Center Report, May–June 2014:23–37.Google Scholar

Rady, MY, Verheijde, JL. Care pathway: Life-ending pathway or palliative care pathway? J Med Ethics. 2015; 41(8):644. doi: 10.1136/medethics-2014-102314.Google Scholar

Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith. Responses to certain questions of the United States Conference of Catholic Bishops concerning artificial nutrition and hydration. August 1, 2007. Reprinted in Ethics & Medics 32:11 (Nov. 2007):1-3.Google Scholar

Jamison, DT, Gelband, H, Horton, S, et al. Disease Control Priorities: Improving Health and Reducing Poverty. Washington, DC: World Bank, 2017.Google Scholar

Lekamwasam, R, Lekamwasam, S. Effects of COVID-19 pandemic on health and wellbeing of older people: A comprehensive review. Ann Geriatr Med Res. 2020; 24(3):166–172.Google Scholar

CDC. Principles of Epidemiology in Public Health Practice, 3rd edition. Atlanta, GA: CDC, 2012.Google Scholar

Kelsey, JL, Whittemore, AS, Evans, AS, Thompson, WD. Methods in Observational Epidemiology, 2nd edition. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1996.Google Scholar

WHO Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) Dashboard. World Health Organization. https://covid19.who.int/?gclid=CjwKCAjwsan5BRAOEiwALzomXw6LptkP6YmvOAyvTT3G7KkHd6PfOSdqM0vuf11-iKllrlLfZ9RVMhoCPAoQAvD_BwE.Google Scholar

Verity, R, Okell, LC, Dorigatti, I, et al. Estimates of the severity of coronavirus disease 2019: A model-based analysis. Lancet Infect Dis. 2020; 20(6):669–677.Google Scholar

Zhou, F, Yu, T, Du, R, et al. Clinical course and risk factors for mortality of adult inpatients with COVID-19 in Wuhan, China: A retrospective cohort study. Lancet. 2020; 395(10229):1054–1062.Google Scholar

Wu, Z, McGoogan, JM. Characteristics of and important lessons from the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak in China: Summary of a report of 72 314 cases from the Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention. JAMA. 2020; 323(13):1239–1242.Google Scholar

Zhang, J, Litvinova, M, Liang, Y, et al. Changes in contact patterns shape the dynamics of the COVID-19 outbreak in China. Science. 2020; 368(6498):1481–1486.Google Scholar

Smorenberg, A, Peters, EJ, van Daele, P, Nossent, EJ, Muller, M. How does SARS-CoV-2 target the elderly patients? A review on potential mechanisms increasing disease severity. Eur J Intern Med. 2021; 83:1–5.Google Scholar

To, KK, Tsang, OT, Leung, WS, et al. Temporal profiles of viral load in posterior oropharyngeal saliva samples and serum antibody responses during infection by SARS-CoV-2: An observational cohort study. Lancet Infect Dis. 2020; 20(5):565–574.Google Scholar

Liu, Y, Yan, LM, Wan, L, et al. Viral dynamics in mild and severe cases of COVID-19. Lancet Infect Dis. 2020; 20(6):656–657.Google Scholar

Hofman, MR, van den Hanenberg, F, Sierevelt, IN, Tulner, CR. Elderly patients with an atypical presentation of illness in the emergency department. Neth J Med. 2017 (Jul.); 75(6):241–246.Google Scholar

Olde Rikkert, MGM, Vingerhoets, RW, van Geldorp, N, de Jong, E, Maas, HAAM. Atypical clinical picture of COVID-19 in older patients. Ned Tijdschr Geneeskd. 2020 (Apr.); 164.Google Scholar

Wang, XQ, Song, G, Yang, Z, et al. Association between ageing population, median age, life expectancy and mortality in coronavirus disease (COVID-19). Aging (Albany NY). 2020; 12(24):24570–24578.Google Scholar

HIV.gov. A timeline of HIV and AIDS. www.hiv.gov/hiv-basics/overview/history/hiv-and-aids-timeline.Google Scholar

CDC. The AIDS epidemic in the United States, 1981–early 1990s. www.cdc.gov/museum/online/story-of-cdc/aids/index.html.Google Scholar

Barré-Sinoussi, F, Ross, AL, Delfraissy, JF. Past, present and future: 30 years of HIV research. Nat Rev Microbiol. 2013; 11(12):877–883.Google Scholar

Coffin, JM, Varmus, HE, eds. Retroviruses. Cold Spring Harbor, NY: Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, 1997.Google Scholar

Althoff, KN, Gebo, KA, Gange, SJ, et al. CD4 count at presentation for HIV care in the United States and Canada: Are those over 50 years more likely to have a delayed presentation? AIDS Res Ther. 2010 (Dec.); 7:45.Google Scholar

CDC. HIV and Older Americans, 2020. www.cdc.gov/hiv/pdf/group/age/olderamericans/cdc-hiv-older-americans.pdf.Google Scholar

Cherry, JD, Krogstad, P. SARS: The first pandemic of the 21st century. Pediatr Res. 2004 (Jul.); 56(1):1–5.Google Scholar

Cherry, JD. The chronology of the 2002–2003 SARS mini pandemic. Paediatr Respir Rev. 2004 (Dec.); 5(4):262–269.Google Scholar

Yang, Y, Peng, F, Wang, R, et al. The deadly coronaviruses: The 2003 SARS pandemic and the 2020 novel coronavirus epidemic in China. J Autoimmun. 2020; 109:102434.Google Scholar

Chung, JC. How do older people react to severe acute respiratory syndrome? J Am Geriatr Soc. 2003 (Aug.); 51(8):1183–1184.Google Scholar

Chan, SM, Chiu, FK, Lam, CW, Leung, PY, Conwell, Y. Elderly suicide and the 2003 SARS epidemic in Hong Kong. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2006 (Feb.); 21(2):113–118.Google Scholar

Yip, PS, Cheung, YT, Chau, PH, Law, YW. The impact of epidemic outbreak: the case of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) and suicide among older adults in Hong Kong. Crisis. 2010; 31(2):86–92.Google Scholar

Cheung, YT, Chau, PH, Yip, PS. A revisit on older adults’ suicides and Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) epidemic in Hong Kong. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2008 (Dec.); 23(12):1231–1238.Google Scholar

Peng, EY, Lee, MB, Tsai, ST, et al. Population-based post-crisis psychological distress: An example from the SARS outbreak in Taiwan. J Formos Med Assoc. 2010 (Jul.); 109(7):524–532.Google Scholar

CDC. History of 1918 flu pandemic. www.cdc.gov/flu/pandemic-resources/1918-commemoration/1918-pandemic-history.htm.Google Scholar

CDC. WHO pandemic declaration. www.cdc.gov/h1n1flu/who.Google Scholar

Lemaitre, M, Carrat, F. Comparative age distribution of influenza morbidity and mortality during seasonal influenza epidemics and the 2009 H1N1 pandemic. BMC Infect Dis. 2010 (Jun.); 10:162.Google Scholar

Shrestha, SS, Swerdlow, DL, Borse, RH, et al. Estimating the burden of 2009 pandemic influenza A (H1N1) in the United States (April 2009–April 2010). Clin Infect Dis. 2011 (Jan.); 52 (Suppl. 1):S75–82.Google Scholar

CDC. 2009 H1N1 influenza vaccine and people 65 years and older. www.cdc.gov/h1n1flu/vaccination/vaccine_seniors.htm.Google Scholar

Skountzou, I, Koutsonanos, DG, Kim, JH, et al. Immunity to pre-1950 H1N1 influenza viruses confers cross-protection against the pandemic swine-origin 2009: A (H1N1) influenza virus. J Immunol. 2010 (Aug.); 185(3):1642–1649.Google Scholar

Morens, DM, Taubenberger, JK, Harvey, HA, Memoli, MJ. The 1918 influenza pandemic: Lessons for 2009 and the future. Crit Care Med. 2010 (Apr.); 38(4 Suppl.):e10–20.Google Scholar

CDC. 2014–2016 Ebola outbreak in West Africa. www.cdc.gov/vhf/ebola/history/2014–2016-outbreak/index.html.Google Scholar

World Health Organization. Ebola virus disease. www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/ebola-virus-disease.Google Scholar

United Nations. Security Council Report. www.securitycouncilreport.org/un-documents/health-crises.Google Scholar

Aylward, B, Barboza, P, Bawo, L, et al. Ebola virus disease in West Africa: The first 9 months of the epidemic and forward projections. N Engl J Med. 2014; 371(16):1481–1495.Google Scholar

Rajagopalan, S. Tuberculosis and aging: A global health problem. Clin Infect Dis. 2001 (Oct.); 33(7):1034–1039.Google Scholar

Murasko, DM, Bernstein, ED, Gardner, EM, et al. Role of humoral and cell-mediated immunity in protection from influenza disease after immunization of healthy elderly. Exp Gerontol. 2002 (Jan.–Mar.); 37(2–3):427–439.Google Scholar

Divo, MJ, Martinez, CH, Mannino, DM. Ageing and the epidemiology of multimorbidity. Eur Respir J. 2014 (Oct.); 44(4):1055–1068.Google Scholar

Jackson, MM, Fierer, J. Infections and infection risk in residents of long-term care facilities: A review of the literature, 1970–1984. Am J Infect Control. 1985 (Apr.); 13(2):63–77.Google Scholar

Schneider, EL. Infectious diseases in the elderly. Ann Intern Med. 1983 (Mar.); 98(3):395–400.Google Scholar

Donovan, NJ, Wu, Q, Rentz, DM, Sperling, RA, Marshall, GA, Glymour, MM. Loneliness, depression and cognitive function in older U.S. adults. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2017; 32(5):564–573.Google Scholar

SAMHSA. Tips for social distancing, quarantine, and isolation during an infectious disease outbreak. https://store.samhsa.gov/sites/default/files/SAMHSA_Digital_Download/PEP20-01-01-007_2.pdf.Google Scholar

Lee, K, Jeong, GC, Yim, J. Consideration of the psychological and mental health of the elderly during COVID-19: A theoretical review. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2020 (Nov.); 17(21):8098.Google Scholar

CDC. Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) preparedness checklist for nursing homes and other long-term care settings. www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/downloads/novel-coronavirus-2019-Nursing-Homes-Preparedness-Checklist_3_13.pdf.Google Scholar

Book contents

Section IV - Principles of Care for the Elderly

Summary

Access options

References

References

References

References

References

References

References

References

References

References

References

References

References

References

References

References

References

References

References

References

Book contents

Section IV - Principles of Care for the Elderly

Summary

Access options

References

References

References

References

References

References

References

References

References

References

References

References

References

References

References

References

References

References

References

References

Save book to Kindle

Save book to Dropbox

Save book to Google Drive