General approach to the care of the elderly

Section I - General approach to the care of the elderly

Published online by Cambridge University Press: 05 June 2016

Edited by

Jan Busby-Whitehead ,

Maria Fiatarone Singh and

William Reichel

Show author details

Jan Busby-Whitehead: Affiliation:
University of North Carolina
Christine Arenson: Affiliation:
Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia
Samuel C. Durso: Affiliation:
The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine
Daniel Swagerty: Affiliation:
University of Kansas
Laura Mosqueda: Affiliation:
University of Southern California
Maria Fiatarone Singh: Affiliation:
University of Sydney
William Reichel: Affiliation:
Georgetown University, Washington DC

Book contents

Get access

Type: Chapter
Information: Reichel's Care of the Elderly
Clinical Aspects of Aging
, pp. 1 - 96

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781107294967 [Opens in a new window]

Publisher: Cambridge University Press

Print publication year: 2016

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Administration on Aging. A profile of older Americans: 2013. US Department of Health and Human Services. Available at: www.aoa.acl.gov/Aging_Statistics/Profile/2013/docs/2013_Profile.pdf (accessed on April 12, 2015).Google Scholar

Institute of Medicine. Crossing the Quality Chasm: A New Health System for the 21st Century. Washington, DC: National Academy Press, 2001.Google Scholar

Berwick, D. The IHI Triple Aim. Institute for Healthcare Improvement. Available at: www.ihi.org/Engage/Initiatives/TripleAim/pages/default.aspx (accessed on April 12, 2015).Google Scholar

Engel, GL. The need for a new medical model: a challenge for biomedicine. Science. 1977; 196:129–136.CrossRef Google Scholar

Fava, GA, Sonino, N. The biopsychosocial model thirty years later. Psychother Psychosom. 2008; 77:1–2.Google Scholar

American Academy of Family Physicians. Joint principles of the patient-centered medical home. Available at: www.aafp.org/dam/AAFP/documents/practice_management/pcmh/initiatives/PCMHJoint.pdf (accessed on December 2, 2015).Google Scholar

Braveman, P, Egerter, S, Williams, DR. The social determinants of health: coming of age. Annual Review of Public Health. 2011; 32:381–398.CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Ranjit, N, Diez-Roux, AV, Shea, S, Cushman, M, Seeman, T, Jackson, SA, Ni, H. Psychosocial factors and inflammation in the multi-ethnic study of atherosclerosis. Arch Intern Med. 2007; 167:174–181.CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Park, M, Katon, WJ, Wolf, FW. Depression and risk of mortality in individuals with diabetes: a meta-analysis and systematic review. Gen Hosp Psychiatry. 2013; 35(3):217–225.CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Costanzo, ES, Lutgendorf, SK, Sood, AK, Anderson, B, Sorosky, J, Lubaroff, DM. Psychosocial factors and interleukin-6 among women with advanced ovarian cancer. Cancer. 2005; 104(2):305–313.Google Scholar

Holmes, TH, Rahe, RH. The social readjustment rating scale. J. Psychosomatic Research. 1967; 11:213–218.Google Scholar

Wagner, EH, Coleman, K, Reid, RJ, Phillips, K, Abrams, MK, Sugarman, JR. The changes involved in patient-centered medical home transformation. Prim Care. 2012; 39(2):241–259.Google Scholar

Fulmer, T. Gaines, M. Partnering with patients, families, and communities to link interprofessional practice and education. Proceedings of a conference sponsored by the Josiah Macy Jr. Foundation in April 2014. New York: Josiah Macy Jr. Foundation, 2014.Google Scholar

Reichel, W. The continuity imperative. JAMA. 1981; 246:2065.Google Scholar

Jones, CD, Vu, MB, O’Donnell, CM, Anderson, ME, Patel, S, Wald, HL, Coleman, EA, DeWalt, DA. A failure to communicate: a qualitative exploration of care coordination between hospitalists and primary care providers around patient hospitalizations. JGIM. 2014; 30(4):417–424.Google Scholar

Coleman, EA, Smith, JD, Frank, JC, Min, SJ, Parry, C, Dramer, AM. Preparing patients and caregivers to participate in care delivered across settings: the care transitions intervention. JAGS. 2004; 52(11):1817–1825.Google Scholar

Clancy, CM. Care transitions: a threat and an opportunity for patient safety. Am J of Med Qual. 2006; 21:415–417.Google Scholar

Grabowski, DC, Stevenson, DG, Cornell, PY. Assisted living expansion and the market for nursing home care. Health Services Research. 2012; 47(6):2296–2315.CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Meret-Hanke, LA. Effects of the program of all-inclusive care for the elderly on hospital use. Gerontologist. 2011; 51(6): 774–785.Google Scholar

Belle, SH, Burgio, L, Burns, R, Coon, D, Czaja, SJ, Gallagher-Thompson, D, et al. Resources for Enhancing Alzheimer’s Caregiver Health (REACH) II Investigators. Enhancing the quality of life of dementia caregivers from different ethnic or racial groups: a randomized, controlled trial. Ann of Int Med. 2006; 145(10): 727–738.Google Scholar

Family Caregiver Alliance National Center on Caregiving. Available at: https://caregiver.org/selected-caregiver-statistics (accessed on April 18, 2015).Google Scholar

Pinuart, M, Sorensen, S. Correlates of physical health of informal caregivers: a meta-analysis. J Gerontology Series B-Psych Sci & Social Sci. 2007; 62(2):126–137.Google Scholar

Parks, SM, Novielli, KD. A practical guide to caring for caregivers. Am Fam Physician. 2000; 62(12):2613–2622.Google Scholar

Peabody, FW. The care of the patient. JAMA. 1927; 88: 877–882.CrossRef Google Scholar

Frankl, VE. Man’s Search for Meaning. Boston: Beacon Press, 1959.Google Scholar

Frankl, VE. The Doctor and the Soul. New York: Knopf, 1955.Google Scholar

Yalom, ID. Existential Psychotherapy. New York: Basic Books, Inc., 1980.Google Scholar

Cassel, EJ. The nature of suffering and the goals of medicine. NEJM. 1982; 306: 639–645.Google Scholar

Kushner, H. When All You’ve Ever Wanted Isn’t Enough. New York: Summit Books, 1986.Google Scholar

Cousins, N. The physician as communicator. JAMA. 1982; 248:587–589.Google Scholar

Frank, JD, Frank, JB. Persuasion and Healing: A Comparative Study of Psychotherapy. 3rd edition. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1991.Google Scholar

Elon, R. Personal communication.Google Scholar

National Institute on Aging. Baltimore longitudinal study of aging. Available at: www.blsa.nih.gov (accessed on April 17, 2015).Google Scholar

Elahi, D, Clark, B, Andres, R. Glucose tolerance, insulin sensitivity and age. In: Armbracht, HJ, Coe, RM, Wongsurawat, N. eds. Endocrine Function and Aging. New York: Springer-Verlag, 1990: 48–63.CrossRef Google Scholar

American Geriatrics Society Expert Panel on the Care of Older Adults with Diabetes Mellitus. Guidelines abstracted from the American Geriatric Society Guidelines for improving the care of older adults with diabetes mellitus: 2013 update. JAGS. 2013; 61(11): 2020–2026.Google Scholar

Campanelli, C. M. for the American Geriatrics Society 2012 Beers Criteria Update Expert Panel. American Geriatrics Society updated Beers criteria for potentially inappropriate medication use in older adults. JAGS. 2012; 60(4):616–631.Google Scholar

Norman, DC. Fever in the elderly. Clinical Infectious Disesases. 2000; 31(1):148–151.Google Scholar

Gibson, SJ, Helme, RD. Age-related differences in pain perception and report. Clinics in Geriatric Medicine. 2001; 17(3):433–456.CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Chou, C-H, Hwang, C-L, and Wu, Y-T. Effect of exercise on physical function, daily living activities, and quality of life in the frail older adults: a meta-analysis. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation. 2012; 93(2):237–244.Google Scholar

US Preventive Services Task Force. The Guide to Clinical Preventive Services 2014. Washington, DC: Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality, 2014.Google Scholar

American Cancer Society. Recommendations for prostate cancer early detection. Available at: www.cancer.org/cancer/prostatecancer/moreinformation/prostatecancerearlydetection/prostate-cancer-early-detection-acs-recommendations (accessed on April 17, 2015).Google Scholar

Seegal, D. The principle of minimal interference in the management of the elderly patient. J Chron Dis. 1964; 17:299–300.Google Scholar

Reichel, W. Complications in the care of 500 elderly hospitalized patients. JAGS. 1965; 13:973–981.Google Scholar

Long, SJ, Brown, KF, Ames, D, Vincent, C. What is known about adverse events in older medical hospital inpatients? A systematic review of the literature. International Journal for Quality in Health Care. 2013; 25(5):542–554.Google Scholar

Berwick, DM, Nolan, TW, Whittington, J. The Triple Aim: care, health, and cost. Health Affairs. 2008; 27(3):759–769.CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

ABIM Foundation. Choosing Wisely: An initiative of the ABIM Foundation. Available at: www.choosingwisely.org (accessed on April 18 2015).Google Scholar

American Geriatrics Society. Ten things physicians and patients should question. Choosing Wisely: An Initiative of the ABIM Foundation. Available at: www.choosingwisely.org/doctor-patient-lists/american-geriatrics-society (accessed on April 18, 2015).Google Scholar

Zwarenstein, M, Goldman, J, Reeves, S. Interprofessional collaboration: effects of practice-based interventions on professional practice and healthcare outcomes. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2009; 3:CD000072. DOI:10.1002/14651858.CD000072.pub2.Google Scholar

Hopkins, D (ed). Framework for Action on Interprofessional Education & Collaborative Practice (WHO/HRH/HPN/10.3). Geneva, Switzerland: Health Professions Network Nursing and Midwifery Office, Department of Human Resources for Health, World Health Organization. 2010.Google Scholar

Lipp, MR. Respectful Treatment: A Practical Handbook of Patient Care. 2nd edition. New York: Elsevier, 1986.Google Scholar

Mermin, GB, Johnson, RW, Murphy, DP. Why do boomers plan to work longer? J Gerontology Series B-Psych Sci & Social Sci. 2007; 625:S286–S294.Google Scholar

Keeler, EB, Solomon, DH, Beck, JC, Mendenhall, RC, Kane, RL. Effect of patient age on duration of medical encounters with physicians. Med Care. 1982; 20:1101–1108.Google Scholar

Wagner, GS, Cebe, B, Rozear, MP (eds). E. A. Stead, Jr.: What This Patient Needs Is a Doctor. Durham, NC: Carolina Academic Press, 1978.Google Scholar

Segerberg, O. Living to Be 100. New York: Charles Scribners Sons, 1982.Google Scholar

Kato, K, Zweig, R, Schechter, CB, Verghese, J, Barzilai, N, Atzmon, G. Personality, self-rated health, and cognition in centenarians: do personality and self-rated health relate to cognitive function in advanced age? Aging. 2013; 5(3):183–191.CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

References

Goldman, DP, Cutler, D, Rowe, JW, Michaud, PC, Sullivan, J, Peneva, D, et al. Substantial health and economic returns from delayed aging may warrant a new focus for medical research. Health Affairs. 2013 Oct; 32(10):1698–705. PubMed PMID: 24101058. Pubmed Central PMCID: 3938188.Google Scholar

Kirkland, JL. Translating advances from the basic biology of aging into clinical application. Experimental Gerontology. 2013 Jan;48(1):1–5. PubMed PMID: 23237984. Pubmed Central PMCID: 3543864.CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Medvedev, ZA. An attempt at a rational classification of theories of aging. Biological Reviews. 1990 August 1990;65(3):375–98.Google Scholar

Kirkwood, TB, Austad, SN. Why do we age? Nature. 2000 Nov 9;408(6809):233–8. PubMed PMID: 11089980.Google Scholar

Williams, GC. Pleiotropy, natural selection, and the evolution of senescence. Evolution; International Journal of Organic Evolution. 1957;11(4):398–411.CrossRef Google Scholar

Kirkwood, TB. Evolution of ageing. Nature. 1977 Nov 24;270(5635):301–4. PubMed PMID: 593350.Google Scholar

Kirkwood, TB, Holliday, R. The evolution of ageing and longevity. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London Series B, Containing papers of a Biological Character Royal Society. 1979 Sep 21;205(1161):531–46. PubMed PMID: 42059.Google Scholar

Orgel, LE. The maintenance of the accuracy of protein synthesis and its relevance to ageing: a correction. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 1970 Nov;67(3):1476. PubMed PMID: 5274472. Pubmed Central PMCID: 283377.Google Scholar

Guarente, L, Kenyon, C. Genetic pathways that regulate ageing in model organisms. Nature. 2000 Nov 9;408(6809):255–62. PubMed PMID: 11089983.Google Scholar

Perls, TT, Wilmoth, J, Levenson, R, Drinkwater, M, Cohen, M, Bogan, H, et al. Life-long sustained mortality advantage of siblings of centenarians. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 2002 Jun 11;99(12):8442–7. PubMed PMID: 12060785. Pubmed Central PMCID: 123086.Google Scholar

Schoenmaker, M, de Craen, AJ, de Meijer, PH, Beekman, M, Blauw, GJ, Slagboom, PE, et al. Evidence of genetic enrichment for exceptional survival using a family approach: the Leiden Longevity Study. European Journal of Human Genetics: EJHG. 2006 Jan;14(1):79–84. PubMed PMID: 16251894.CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Brown-Borg, HM. Hormonal regulation of longevity in mammals. Ageing Research Reviews. 2007 May;6(1):28–45. PubMed PMID: 17360245. Pubmed Central PMCID: 1978093.Google Scholar

Brown-Borg, HM, Borg, KE, Meliska, CJ, Bartke, A. Dwarf mice and the ageing process. Nature. 1996 Nov 7;384(6604):33. PubMed PMID: 8900272.CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Coschigano, KT, Clemmons, D, Bellush, LL, Kopchick, JJ. Assessment of growth parameters and lifespan of GHR/BP gene-disrupted mice. Endocrinology. 2000 Jul;141(7):2608–13. PubMed PMID: 10875265.CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Guevara-Aguirre, J, Balasubramanian, P, Guevara-Aguirre, M, Wei, M, Madia, F, Cheng, CW, et al. Growth hormone receptor deficiency is associated with a major reduction in pro-aging signaling, cancer, and diabetes in humans. Science Translational Medicine. 2011 Feb 16;3(70):70ra13. PubMed PMID: 21325617. Pubmed Central PMCID: 3357623.Google Scholar

Suh, Y, Atzmon, G, Cho, MO, Hwang, D, Liu, B, Leahy, DJ, et al. Functionally significant insulin-like growth factor I receptor mutations in centenarians. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 2008 Mar 4;105(9):3438–42. PubMed PMID: 18316725. Pubmed Central PMCID: 2265137.Google Scholar

Sutter, NB, Bustamante, CD, Chase, K, Gray, MM, Zhao, K, Zhu, L, et al. A single IGF1 allele is a major determinant of small size in dogs. Science. 2007 Apr 6;316(5821):112–5. PubMed PMID: 17412960. Pubmed Central PMCID: 2789551.Google Scholar

Jackola, DR, Ruger, JK, Miller, RA. Age-associated changes in human T cell phenotype and function. Aging. 1994 Feb;6(1):25–34. PubMed PMID: 8043623.Google Scholar

Franceschi, C, Capri, M, Monti, D, Giunta, S, Olivieri, F, Sevini, F, et al. Inflammaging and anti-inflammaging: a systemic perspective on aging and longevity emerged from studies in humans. Mechanisms of Ageing and Development. 2007 Jan;128(1):92–105. PubMed PMID: 17116321.Google Scholar

Harman, D. Aging: a theory based on free radical and radiation chemistry. Journal of Gerontology. 1956 Jul;11(3):298–300. PubMed PMID: 13332224.CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Edrey, YH, Hanes, M, Pinto, M, Mele, J, Buffenstein, R. Successful aging and sustained good health in the naked mole rat: a long-lived mammalian model for biogerontology and biomedical research. ILAR Journal / National Research Council, Institute of Laboratory Animal Resources. 2011;52(1):41–53. PubMed PMID: 21411857.CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Tchkonia, T, Zhu, Y, van Deursen, J, Campisi, J, Kirkland, JL. Cellular senescence and the senescent secretory phenotype: therapeutic opportunities. J Clin Invest. 2013 Mar 1;123(3):966–72. PubMed PMID: 23454759. Pubmed Central PMCID: 3582125.Google Scholar

Harris, TB, Ferrucci, L, Tracy, RP, Corti, MC, Wacholder, S, Ettinger, WH Jr., et al. Associations of elevated interleukin-6 and C-reactive protein levels with mortality in the elderly. American Journal of Medicine. 1999 May;106(5):506–12. PubMed PMID: 10335721.Google Scholar

Cohen, HJ, Pieper, CF, Harris, T, Rao, KMK, Currie, MS. The association of plasma IL-6 levels with functional disability in community-dwelling elderly. J Gerontol A Biol. 1997 Jul;52(4):M201–M8. PubMed PMID: WOS:A1997XK46700011. English.Google Scholar

Leng, S, Chaves, P, Koenig, K, Walston, J. Serum interleukin-6 and hemoglobin as physiological correlates in the geriatric syndrome of frailty: a pilot study. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society. 2002 Jul;50(7):1268–71. PubMed PMID: 12133023.CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Coppe, JP, Patil, CK, Rodier, F, Sun, Y, Munoz, DP, Goldstein, J, et al. Senescence-associated secretory phenotypes reveal cell-nonautonomous functions of oncogenic RAS and the p53 tumor suppressor. PLoS Biology. 2008 Dec 2;6(12):2853–68. PubMed PMID: 19053174. Pubmed Central PMCID: 2592359.Google Scholar

Campisi, J. Senescent cells, tumor suppression, and organismal aging: good citizens, bad neighbors. Cell. 2005 Feb 25;120(4):513–22. PubMed PMID: 15734683. Epub 2005/03/01. eng.Google Scholar

Dimri, GP, Lee, X, Basile, G, Acosta, M, Scott, G, Roskelley, C, et al. A biomarker that identifies senescent human cells in culture and in aging skin in vivo. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 1995 Sep 26;92(20):9363–7. PubMed PMID: 7568133. Pubmed Central PMCID: 40985.Google Scholar

Stout, MB, Tchkonia, T, Pirtskhalava, T, Palmer, AK, List, EO, Berryman, DE, et al. Growth hormone action predicts age-related white adipose tissue dysfunction and senescent cell burden in mice. Aging. 2014 Jul; 6(7):575–86. Pubmed Central PMCID: 4153624.Google Scholar

Jeyapalan, JC, Sedivy, JM. Cellular senescence and organismal aging. Mechanisms of Ageing and Development. 2008 Jul–Aug;129(7–8):467–74. PubMed PMID: 18502472. Pubmed Central PMCID: PMC3297662. Epub 2008/05/27. eng.Google Scholar

Baker, DJ, Wijshake, T, Tchkonia, T, LeBrasseur, NK, Childs, BG, van de Sluis, B, et al. Clearance of p16Ink4a-positive senescent cells delays ageing-associated disorders. Nature. 2011 Nov 10;479(7372):232–6. PubMed PMID: 22048312. Epub 2011/11/04. eng.Google Scholar

Garinis, GA, van der Horst, GT, Vijg, J, Hoeijmakers, JH. DNA damage and ageing: new-age ideas for an age-old problem. Nature Cell Biology. 2008 Nov;10(11):1241–7. PubMed PMID: 18978832.Google Scholar

Dai, DF, Chiao, YA, Marcinek, DJ, Szeto, HH, Rabinovitch, PS. Mitochondrial oxidative stress in aging and healthspan. Longevity & Healthspan. 2014;3:6. PubMed PMID: 24860647. Pubmed Central PMCID: 4013820.Google Scholar

Morin, P Jr., Dubuc, A, Storey, KB. Differential expression of microRNA species in organs of hibernating ground squirrels: a role in translational suppression during torpor. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta. 2008 Oct;1779(10):628–33. PubMed PMID: 18723136.Google Scholar

Rubinsztein, DC, Marino, G, Kroemer, G. Autophagy and aging. Cell. 2011 Sep 2;146(5):682–95. PubMed PMID: 21884931.Google Scholar

Madeo, F, Tavernarakis, N, Kroemer, G. Can autophagy promote longevity? Nature Cell Biology. 2010 Sep;12(9):842–6. PubMed PMID: 20811357.Google Scholar

Ramasamy, R, Vannucci, SJ, Yan, SS, Herold, K, Yan, SF, Schmidt, AM. Advanced glycation end products and RAGE: a common thread in aging, diabetes, neurodegeneration, and inflammation. Glycobiology. 2005 Jul;15(7):16R–28R. PubMed PMID: 15764591.Google Scholar

Takeuchi, M, Bucala, R, Suzuki, T, Ohkubo, T, Yamazaki, M, Koike, T, et al. Neurotoxicity of advanced glycation end-products for cultured cortical neurons. Journal of Neuropathology and Experimental Neurology. 2000 Dec;59(12):1094–105. PubMed PMID: 11138929.Google Scholar

Woltjer, RL, Maezawa, I, Ou, JJ, Montine, KS, Montine, TJ. Advanced glycation endproduct precursor alters intracellular amyloid-beta/A beta PP carboxy-terminal fragment aggregation and cytotoxicity. Journal of Alzheimer’s Disease. 2003 Dec;5(6):467–76. PubMed PMID: 14757937.Google Scholar

Goh, SY, Cooper, ME. Clinical review: the role of advanced glycation end products in progression and complications of diabetes. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 2008 Apr;93(4):1143–52. PubMed PMID: 18182449.Google Scholar

Slawik, M, Vidal-Puig, AJ. Lipotoxicity, overnutrition and energy metabolism in aging. Ageing Research Reviews. 2006 May;5(2):144–64. PubMed PMID: 16630750.Google Scholar

Guo, W, Pirtskhalava, T, Tchkonia, T, Xie, W, Thomou, T, Han, J, et al. Aging results in paradoxical susceptibility of fat cell progenitors to lipotoxicity. American Journal of Physiology Endocrinology and Metabolism. 2007 Apr;292(4):E1041–51. PubMed PMID: 17148751.CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Wang, ZW, Pan, WT, Lee, Y, Kakuma, T, Zhou, YT, Unger, RH. The role of leptin resistance in the lipid abnormalities of aging. FASEB Journal. 2001 Jan;15(1):108–14. PubMed PMID: 11149898.Google Scholar

Jones, DL, Rando, TA. Emerging models and paradigms for stem cell ageing. Nature Cell Biology. 2011 May;13(5):506–12. PubMed PMID: 21540846. Pubmed Central PMCID: 3257978.Google Scholar

Rossi, DJ, Bryder, D, Zahn, JM, Ahlenius, H, Sonu, R, Wagers, AJ, et al. Cell intrinsic alterations underlie hematopoietic stem cell aging. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 2005 Jun 28;102(26):9194–9. PubMed PMID: 15967997. Pubmed Central PMCID: 1153718.Google Scholar

Gimble, JM, Nuttall, ME. The relationship between adipose tissue and bone metabolism. Clinical Biochemistry. 2012 Aug;45(12):874–9. PubMed PMID: 22429519.Google Scholar

Conboy, IM, Conboy, MJ, Wagers, AJ, Girma, ER, Weissman, IL, Rando, TA. Rejuvenation of aged progenitor cells by exposure to a young systemic environment. Nature. 2005 Feb 17;433(7027):760–4. PubMed PMID: 15716955. Epub 2005/02/18. eng.Google Scholar

Fries, JF. Aging, natural death, and the compression of morbidity. New England Journal of Medicine. 1980 Jul 17;303(3):130–5. PubMed PMID: 7383070.Google Scholar

Fries, JF, Bruce, B, Chakravarty, E. Compression of morbidity 1980–2011: a focused review of paradigms and progress. Journal of Aging Research. 2011;2011:1–10. PubMed PMID: 21876805. Pubmed Central PMCID: 3163136.Google Scholar

Andersen, SL, Sebastiani, P, Dworkis, DA, Feldman, L, Perls, TT. Healthspan approximates lifespan among many supercentenarians: compression of morbidity at the approximate limit of lifespan. Journals of Gerontology: Series A, Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences. 2012 Apr;67(4):395–405. PubMed PMID: 22219514. Pubmed Central PMCID: 3309876.Google Scholar

Sebastiani, P, Solovieff, N, Dewan, AT, Walsh, KM, Puca, A, Hartley, SW, et al. Genetic signatures of exceptional longevity in humans. PloS One. 2012;7(1):e29848. PubMed PMID: 22279548. Pubmed Central PMCID: 3261167.Google Scholar

Schachter, F, Faure-Delanef, L, Guenot, F, Rouger, H, Froguel, P, Lesueur-Ginot, L, et al. Genetic associations with human longevity at the APOE and ACE loci. Nature Genetics. 1994 Jan;6(1):29–32. PubMed PMID: 8136829.Google Scholar

Kenyon, NS, Russell, TR, Xu, XM, Knapp, J, Ricordi, C. Enrichment of hematopoietic stem cells from human vertebral body marrow. Transplantation Proceedings. 1997 Jun;29(4):1951. PubMed PMID: 9193467.CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Willcox, BJ, Donlon, TA, He, Q, Chen, R, Grove, JS, Yano, K, et al. FOXO3A genotype is strongly associated with human longevity. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 2008 Sep 16;105(37):13987–92. PubMed PMID: 18765803. Pubmed Central PMCID: 2544566.Google Scholar

Bluher, M, Kahn, BB, Kahn, CR. Extended longevity in mice lacking the insulin receptor in adipose tissue. Science. 2003 Jan 24;299(5606):572–4. PubMed PMID: 12543978.Google Scholar

Smith, RL, de Boer, R, Brul, S, Budovskaya, Y, van Spek, H. Premature and accelerated aging: HIV or HAART? Frontiers in Genetics. 2012;3:328. PubMed PMID: 23372574. Pubmed Central PMCID: 3556597.Google Scholar

Ness, KK, Krull, KR, Jones, KE, Mulrooney, DA, Armstrong, GT, Green, DM, et al. Physiologic frailty as a sign of accelerated aging among adult survivors of childhood cancer: a report from the St. Jude Lifetime Cohort Study. Journal of Clinical Oncology. 2013 Dec 20;31(36):4496–503. PubMed PMID: 24248696. Pubmed Central PMCID: 3871511.Google Scholar

Meeske, KA, Nelson, MB. The role of the long-term follow-up clinic in discovering new emerging late effects in adult survivors of childhood cancer. Journal of Pediatric Oncology Nursing. 2008 Jul–Aug;25(4):213–9. PubMed PMID: 18539912.Google Scholar

Meyer, J. Centenarians: 2010. Washington, DC: United States Census Bureau Special Reports 2010, No. C2010SR-03; 2012.Google Scholar

Ka’opua, LS, Braun, KL, Browne, CV, Mokuau, N, Park, CB. Why are Native Hawaiians underrepresented in Hawai’i’s older adult population? Exploring social and behavioral factors of longevity. Journal of Aging Research. 2011;2011:701232. PubMed PMID: 21966592. Pubmed Central PMCID: 3182069.Google Scholar

Arias, E. United States Life Tables, 2010. National Vital Statistics Reports. 2014;63(7):1–63. Pubmed PMID: 25383611.Google Scholar

Harrison, DE, Strong, R, Sharp, ZD, Nelson, JF, Astle, CM, Flurkey, K, et al. Rapamycin fed late in life extends lifespan in genetically heterogeneous mice. Nature. 2009 Jul 16;460(7253):392–5. PubMed PMID: 19587680. Pubmed Central PMCID: 2786175.CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Miller, RA, Harrison, DE, Astle, CM, Baur, JA, Boyd, AR, de Cabo, R, et al. Rapamycin, but not resveratrol or simvastatin, extends lifespan of genetically heterogeneous mice. Journals of Gerontology: Series A, Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences. 2011 Feb;66(2):191–201. PubMed PMID: 20974732. Pubmed Central PMCID: 3021372.Google Scholar

Strong, R, Miller, RA, Astle, CM, Baur, JA, de Cabo, R, Fernandez, E, et al. Evaluation of resveratrol, green tea extract, curcumin, oxaloacetic acid, and medium-chain triglyceride oil on lifespan of genetically heterogeneous mice. Journals of Gerontology: Series A, Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences. 2013 Jan;68(1):6–16. PubMed PMID: 22451473. Pubmed Central PMCID: 3598361.Google Scholar

Martin-Montalvo, A, Mercken, EM, Mitchell, SJ, Palacios, HH, Mote, PL, Scheibye-Knudsen, M, et al. Metformin improves healthspan and lifespan in mice. Nature Communications. 2013;4:2192. PubMed PMID: 23900241. Pubmed Central PMCID: 3736576.CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Strong, R, Miller, RA, Astle, CM, Floyd, RA, Flurkey, K, Hensley, KL, et al. Nordihydroguaiaretic acid and aspirin increase lifespan of genetically heterogeneous male mice. Aging Cell. 2008 Oct;7(5):641–50. PubMed PMID: 18631321. Pubmed Central PMCID: 2695675.Google Scholar

Harrison, DE, Strong, R, Allison, DB, Ames, BN, Astle, CM, Atamna, H, et al. Acarbose, 17-alpha-estradiol, and nordihydroguaiaretic acid extend mouse lifespan preferentially in males. Aging Cell. 2014 Apr;13(2):273–82. PubMed PMID: 24245565. Pubmed Central PMCID: 3954939.Google Scholar

Fontana, L, Partridge, L, Longo, VD. Extending healthy lifespan – from yeast to humans. Science. 2010 Apr 16;328(5976):321–6. PubMed PMID: 20395504. Pubmed Central PMCID: 3607354.Google Scholar

Mattison, JA, Roth, GS, Beasley, TM, Tilmont, EM, Handy, AM, Herbert, RL, et al. Impact of caloric restriction on health and survival in rhesus monkeys from the NIA study. Nature. 2012 Sep 13;489(7415):318–21. PubMed PMID: 22932268. Pubmed Central PMCID: 3832985.Google Scholar

Colman, RJ, Anderson, RM, Johnson, SC, Kastman, EK, Kosmatka, KJ, Beasley, TM, et al. Caloric restriction delays disease onset and mortality in rhesus monkeys. Science. 2009 Jul 10;325(5937):201–4. PubMed PMID: 19590001. Pubmed Central PMCID: 2812811.Google Scholar

Dirks, AJ, Leeuwenburgh, C. Caloric restriction in humans: potential pitfalls and health concerns. Mechanisms of Ageing and Development. 2006 Jan;127(1):1–7. PubMed PMID: 16226298.Google Scholar

References

Ferrucci, L, Baldasseroni, S, Bandinelli, S, et al. Disease severity and health-related quality of life across different chronic conditions. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2000;48:1490–5.Google Scholar

Reuben, D, Rubenstein, LV, Hirsch, SH, Hays, RD. Value of functional status as a predictor of mortality: Results of a prospective study. Am J Med. 1992;93:663–9.CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Satish, S, Winograd, CH, Chavez, C, Bloch, DA. Geriatric targeting criteria as predictors of survival and health care utilization. J Am Geriatr Soc. 1996;44(8):914–21.Google Scholar

Nelson, E, Conger, B, Douglass, R, Gephart, D, Kirk, J, Page, R, et al. Functional health status levels of primary care patients. JAMA. 1983;249(24):3331–8.Google Scholar

Rosen, SL, Reuben, DB. Geriatric assessment tools. Mt Sinai J Med. 2011;78(4):489–97.Google Scholar

Ellis, G, Whitehead, MA, O’Neill, D, Langhorne, P, Robinson, D. Comprehensive geriatric assessment for older adults admitted to hospital. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2011(7):Cd006211.Google Scholar

Rubenstein, LZ. Joseph, T. Freeman award lecture: comprehensive geriatric assessment: from miracle to reality. Journals of Gerontology Series A-Biological Sciences & Medical Sciences. 2004;59(5):473–7.Google Scholar

Anonymous. National Institutes of Health Consensus Development Conference Statement: geriatric assessment methods for clinical decision-making. J Am Geriatr Soc. 1988;36(4):342–7.Google Scholar

Stuck, AE, Siu, AL, Wieland, GD, Adams, J, Rubenstein, LZ. Comprehensive geriatric assessment: a meta-analysis of controlled trials. Lancet. 1993;342(8878):1032–6.Google Scholar

Reuben, DB, Frank, JC, Hirsch, SH, McGuigan, KA, Maly, RC. A randomized clinical trial of outpatient comprehensive geriatric assessment coupled with an intervention to increase adherence to recommendations [see comments]. J Am Geriatr Soc. 1999;47(3):269–76.Google Scholar

Burns, R, Nichols, LO, Martindale-Adams, J, Graney, MJ. Interdisciplinary geriatric primary care evaluation and management: two-year outcomes. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2000;48:8–13.Google Scholar

Rubenstein, LV, McCoy, JM, Cope, DW, Barrett, PA, Hirsch, SH, Messer, KS, et al. Improving patient quality of life with feedback to physicians about functional status. Journal of General Internal Medicine. 1995;10(11):607–14.Google Scholar

Moore, AA, Siu, A, Partridge, JM, Hays, RD, Adams, J. A randomized trial of office-based screening for common problems in older persons. American Journal of Medicine. 1997;102(4):371–8.Google Scholar

Fletcher, AE, Price, GM, Ng, ESW, Stirling, SL, Bulpitt, CJ, Breeze, E, et al. Population-based multidimensional assessment of older people in UK general practice: a cluster-randomised factorial trial. Lancet. 2004;364(9446):1667–77.Google Scholar

Stuck, AE, Beck, JC, Egger, M. Preventing disability in elderly people.[comment]. Lancet. 2004;364(9446):1641–2.Google Scholar

Hughes, C. What you need to know about the Medicare preventive services expansion. Fam Pract Manag. 2011;18(1):22–5.Google Scholar

Reuben, DB, Borok, GM, Wolde-Tsadik, G, Ershoff, DH, Fishman, LK, Ambrosini, VL, et al. A randomized trial of comprehensive geriatric assessment in the care of hospitalized patients. N Engl J Med. 1995;332(20):1345–50.Google Scholar

Gill, TM, Allore, HG, Hardy, SE, Guo, Z. The dynamic nature of mobility disability in older persons. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2006;54(2):248–54.Google Scholar

Hardy, SE, Allore, HG, Guo, Z, Dubin, JA, Gill, TM. The effect of prior disability history on subsequent functional transitions. Journals of Gerontology Series A-Biological Sciences & Medical Sciences. 2006;61(3):272–7.Google Scholar

Pacala, JT, Boult, C, Boult, L. Predictive validity of a questionnaire that identifies older persons at risk for hospital admission. J Am Geriatr Soc. 1995;43(4):374–7.Google Scholar

Rubenstein, LZ, Goodwin, M, Hadley, E, Patten, SK, Rempusheski, VF, Reuben, D, et al. Working group recommendations: targeting criteria for geriatric evaluation and management research. J Am Geriatr Soc. 1991;39(9 Pt 2):37S–41S.Google Scholar

Reuben, DB, Maly, RC, Hirsch, SH, Frank, JC, Oakes, AM, Siu, AL, et al. Physician implementation of and patient adherence to recommendations from comprehensive geriatric assessment [see comments]. American Journal of Medicine. 1996;100(4):444–51.Google Scholar

Alessi, CA, Stuck, AE, Aronow, HU, Yuhas, KE, Bula, CJ, Madison, R, et al. The process of care in preventive in-home comprehensive geriatric assessment. J Am Geriatr Soc. 1997;45(9):1044–50.Google Scholar

Glazier, SR, Schuman, J, Keltz, E, Vally, A, Glazier, RH. Taking the next steps in goal ascertainment: a prospective study of patient, team, and family perspectives using a comprehensive standardized menu in a geriatric assessment and treatment unit. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2004;52(2):284–9.Google Scholar

Bogardus, ST Jr., Bradley, EH, Williams, CS, Maciejewski, PK, Gallo, WT, Inouye, SK. Achieving goals in geriatric assessment: role of caregiver agreement and adherence to recommendations. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2004;52(1):99–105.Google Scholar

Stuck, AE, Aronow, HU, Steiner, A, Alessi, CA, Bula, CJ, Gold, MN, et al. A trial of annual in-home comprehensive geriatric assessments for elderly people living in the community. N Engl J Med. 1995;333(18):1184–9.Google Scholar

Rubenstein, LZ, Schairer, C, Wieland, GD, Kane, R. Systematic biases in functional status assessment of elderly adults: effects of different data sources. Journal of Gerontology. 1984;39(6):686–91.Google Scholar

Reuben, DB, Zwanziger, J, Bradley, TB, Fink, A, Hirsch, SH, Williams, AP, et al. How many physicians will be needed to provide medical care for older persons? Physician manpower needs for the twenty-first century. J Am Geriatr Soc. 1993;41(4):444–53.Google Scholar

Besdine, R, Boult, C, Brangman, S, Coleman, EA, Fried, LP, Gerety, M, et al. Caring for older Americans: the future of geriatric medicine. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2005;53(6 Suppl):S245–56.Google Scholar

Miller, DK, Brunworth, D, Brunworth, DS, Hagan, R, Morley, JE. Efficiency of geriatric case-finding in a private practitioner’s office. J Am Geriatr Soc. 1995;43(5):533–7.Google Scholar

Bush, K, Kivlahan, DR, McDonell, MB, Fihn, SD, Bradley, KA. The AUDIT alcohol consumption questions (AUDIT-C): an effective brief screening test for problem drinking. Ambulatory Care Quality Improvement Project (ACQUIP). Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test. Arch Intern Med. 1998;158(16):1789–95.Google Scholar

Perkins, NA, Murphy, JE, Malone, DC, Armstrong, EP. Performance of drug–drug interaction software for personal digital assistants. Annals of Pharmacotherapy. 2006;40(5):850–5.Google Scholar

Schmader, KE, Hanlon, JT, Pieper, CF, Sloane, R, Ruby, CM, Twersky, J, et al. Effects of geriatric evaluation and management on adverse drug reactions and suboptimal prescribing in the frail elderly. American Journal of Medicine. 2004;116(6):394–401.Google Scholar

Blanco-Reina, E, Ariza-Zafra, G, Ocana-Riola, R, Leon-Ortiz, M. 2012 American Geriatrics Society Beers Criteria: enhanced Applicability for Detecting Potentially Inappropriate Medications in European Older Adults? A Comparison with the Screening Tool of Older Person’s Potentially Inappropriate Prescriptions. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2014;62(7):1217–23.Google Scholar

Chumlea, WC, Roche, AF, Steinbaugh, ML. Estimating stature from knee height for persons 60 to 90 years of age. J Am Geriatr Soc. 1985;33:116–20.Google Scholar

Yueh, B, Shapiro, N, Maclean, CH, Shekelle, PG. Screenning and management of adult hearing loss in primary care: scientific review. JAMA. 2003;289(15):1976–85.Google Scholar

Hamalainen, P, Rantanen, T, Keskinen, M, Meurman, JH. Oral health status and change in handgrip strength over a 5-year period in 80-year-old people. Gerotontology. 2004;21(3):155–60.Google Scholar

Boustani, M, Peterson, B, Hanson, L, Harris, R, Lohr, KN; US Preventive Services Task Force. Screening for dementia in primary care: a summary of the evidence for the US preventive services task force. Ann Int Med. 2003;138:927–37.Google Scholar

Tombaugh, TN, McIntyre, NJ. The Mini-mental State Examination: a comprehensive review. J Am Geriatr Soc. 1992;40(9):922–35.Google Scholar

Mitchell, AJ, Malladi, S. Screening and case finding tools for the detection of dementia. Part I: evidence-based meta-analysis of multidomain tests. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2010;18(9):759–82.Google Scholar

Cummings-Vaughn, LA, Chavakula, NN, Malmstrom, TK, Tumosa, N, Morley, JE, Cruz-Oliver, DM. Veterans affairs Saint Louis University mental status examination compared with the Montreal Cognitive Assessment and the short test of mental status. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2014;62(7):1341–6.CrossRef Google Scholar

Inouye, SK, Robison, JT, Froehlich, TE, Richardson, ED. The Time and Change Test: a simple screening test for dementia. J Gerontol: Med Sci. 1998;53A(4):M281–M6.Google Scholar

Borson, S, Scanlan, J, Brush, M, Vitaliano, P, Dokmak, A. The Mini-Cog: a cognitive “vital signs” measure for dementia screening in multi-lingual elderly. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2000;15:1021–7.Google Scholar

Borson, S, Scanlan, JM, Chen, P, Ganguli, M. The Mini-Cog as a screen for dementia: validation in a population-based sample. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2003;51:1451–4.Google Scholar

MacKinnon, A, Mulligan, R. Combining cognitive testing and informant report to increase accuracy in screening for dementia. Am J Psych. 1998;155:1529–35.Google Scholar

Watson, LC, Pignone, MP. Screening accuracy for late-life depression in primary care: a systematic review [see comment]. Journal of Family Practice. 2003;52(12):956–64.Google Scholar

Blank, K, Gruman, C, Robison, JT. Case-finding for depression in elderly people: balancing ease of administration with validity in varied treatment settings. Journals of Gerontology Series A-Biological Sciences & Medical Sciences. 2004;59(4):378–84.Google Scholar

Phelan, E, Williams, B, Meeker, K, Bonn, K, Frederick, J, Logerfo, J, et al. A study of the diagnostic accuracy of the PHQ-9 in primary care elderly. BMC Fam Pract. 2010;11:63.Google Scholar

Lamers, F, Jonkers, CC, Bosma, H, Penninx, BW, Knottnerus, JA, van Eijk, JT. Summed score of the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 was a reliable and valid method for depression screening in chronically ill elderly patients. J Clin Epidemiol. 2008;61(7):679–87.Google Scholar

Reuben, DB, Seeman, TE, Keeler, E, Hayes, RP, Bowman, L, Sewall, A, et al. Refining the categorization of physical functional status: the added value of combining self-reported and performance-based measures. Journals of Gerontology Series A-Biological Sciences & Medical Sciences. 2004;59(10):1056–61.Google Scholar

Katz, S, Akpom, CA. A measure of primary sociobiological functions. Int J Health Serv. 1976;6:493–507.Google Scholar

McDowell, I. Measuring Health: A Guide to Rating Scales and Questionnaires. 3rd ed. New York: Oxford University Press; 2006.Google Scholar

Mahoney, F, Barthel, D. Functional evaluation: the Barthel Index. Maryland State Med J. 1965;14(2):61–5.Google Scholar

Lawton, MP, Brody, EM. Assessment of older people: self-maintaining and instrumental activities of daily living. Gerontologist. 1969;9(3):179–86.Google Scholar

Guralnik, JM, Ferrucci, L, Pieper, CF, Leveille, SG, Markides, KS, Ostir, GV, et al. Lower extremity function and subsequent disability: consistency across studies, predictive models, and value of gait speed alone compared with the short physical performance battery. Journals of Gerontology Series A-Biological Sciences & Medical Sciences. 2000;55(4):M221–31.Google Scholar

Curb, JD, Ceria-Ulep, CD, Rodriguez, BL, Grove, J, Guralnik, JM, Willcox, BJ, et al. Performance-based measures of physical function for high-function populations. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2006;54:737–42.Google Scholar

Barry, E, Galvin, R, Keogh, C, Horgan, F, Fahey, T. Is the timed up and go test a useful predictor of risk of falls in community dwelling older adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Geriatr. 2014;14:14.Google Scholar

Donoghue, OA, Savva, GM, Cronin, H, Kenny, RA, Horgan, NF. Using timed up and go and usual gait speed to predict incident difficulty in daily activities among community-dwelling adults aged 65 and older. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2014 Oct;95(10):1954–61.Google Scholar

Studenski, S, Perera, S, Patel, K, Rosano, C, Faulkner, K, Inzitari, M, et al. Gait speed and survival in older adults. JAMA. 2011;305(1):50–8.Google Scholar

Chaves, PH, Garrett, ES, Fried, LP. Predicting the risk of mobility difficulty in older women with screening nomograms: the Women’s Health and Aging Study II. Archives of Internal Medicine. 2000;160(16):2525–33.Google Scholar

Pine, ZM, Gurland, B, Chren, MM. Report of having slowed down: evidence for the validity of a new way to inquire about mild disability in elders. Journals of Gerontology Series A-Biological Sciences & Medical Sciences. 2000;55(7):M378–83.Google Scholar

Pine, ZM, Gurland, B, Chren, MM. Use of a cane for ambulation: marker and mitigator of impairment in older people who report no difficulty walking. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2002;50(2):263–8.Google Scholar

Summary of the Updated American Geriatrics Society/British Geriatrics Society clinical practice guideline for prevention of falls in older persons. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2011;59(1):148–57.Google Scholar

Management of Urinary Incontinence in Primary Care: A National Clinical Guideline. Edinburgh: Scottish Intercollegia Guidelines Network, Royal College of Physicians; 2004 [cited 2006].Google Scholar

Donovan, JL, Badia, X, Corcos, J, Gotoh, M, Kelleher, C, Naughton, M, et al. Symptom and quality of life assessment. In: Abrams, P, Cardozo, L, Khoury, S, Wein, A, editors. Incontinence: 2nd International Consultation on Incontinence, Paris, July 1–3, 2001. Plymouth: Health Publications, Ltd; 2002: 267–314.Google Scholar

Guigoz, Y, Lauque, S, Vellas, B. Identifying the elderly at risk for malnutrition: the Mini Nutritional Assessment. Clin Ger Med. 2002;18(4):737–57.Google Scholar

Rubenstein, LZ, Harker, JO, Salva, A, Guigoz, Y, Vellas, B. Screening for undernutrition in geriatric practice: developing the short-form mini-nutritional assessment (MNA-SF). Journals of Gerontology Series A-Biological Sciences & Medical Sciences. 2001;56(6):M366–72.Google Scholar

Covinsky, KE, Martin, GE, Beyth, RJ, Justice, AC, Sehgal, AR, Landefeld, CS. The relationship between clinical assessments of nutritional status and adverse outcomes in older hospitalized medical patients. J Am Geriatr Soc. 1999;47(5):532–8.Google Scholar

Detsky, AS, Smalley, PS, Chang, J. The rational clinical examination. Is this patient malnourished? JAMA. 1994;271(1):54–8.Google Scholar

Cutler, LJ. Assessment of physical environments of older adults. In: Kane, RL, Kane, RA, editors. Assessing Older Persons: Measures, Meaning, and Practical Applications. Oxford: Oxford University Press; 2000: 360–79.Google Scholar

Close, J, Ellis, M, Hooper, R, Glucksman, E, Jackson, S, Swift, C. Prevention of falls in the elderly trial (PROFET): a randomised controlled trial. Lancet. 1999;353(9147):93–7.Google Scholar

Nikolaus, T, Bach, M. Preventing falls in community-dwelling frail older people using a home intervention team (HIT): results from the randomized Falls-HIT trial. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2003;51(3):300–5.Google Scholar

Stevens, M, Holman, CD, Bennett, N. Preventing falls in older people: impact of an intervention to reduce environmental hazards in the home. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2001;49(11):1442–7.Google Scholar

Van Bemmel, T, Vandenbroucke, JP, Westendorp, RGJ, Gussekloo, J. In an observational study elderly patients had an increased risk of falling due to home hazards. Journal of Clinical Epidemiology. 2005;58(1):63–7.Google Scholar

Marshall, SW, Runyan, CW, Yang, J, Coyne-Beasley, T, Waller, AE, Johnson, RM, et al. Prevalence of selected risk and protective factors for falls in the home. American Journal of Preventive Medicine. 2005;28(1):95–101.Google Scholar

Runyan, CW, Johnson, RM, Yang, J, Waller, AE, Perkis, D, Marshall, SW, et al. Risk and protective factors for fires, burns, and carbon monoxide poisoning in US households. American Journal of Preventive Medicine. 2005;28(1):102–8.Google Scholar

Tanner, EK. Assessing home safety in homebound older adults. Geriatric Nursing. 2002;24(4):250–4.Google Scholar

Burns, R, Nichols, LO, Graney, MJ, Cloar, FT. Impact of continued geriatric outpatient management on health outcomes of older veterans. Archives of Internal Medicine. 1995;155(12):1313–8.Google Scholar

Engelhardt, JB, Toseland, RW, O’Donnell, JC, Richie, JT, Jue, D, Banks, S. The effectiveness and efficiency of outpatient geriatric evaluation and management [see comments]. J Am Geriatr Soc. 1996;44(7):847–56.Google Scholar

Gillespie, LD, Gillespie, WJ, Robertson, MC, Lamb, SE, Cumming, RG, Rowe, BH. Interventions for preventing falls in elderly people. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2006;4:CD000340.Google Scholar

Fabacher, D, Josephson, K, Pietruszka, F, Linderborn, K, Morley, JE, Rubenstein, LZ. An in-home preventive assessment program for independent older adults: a randomized controlled trial. J Am Geriatr Soc. 1994;42(6):630–8.Google Scholar

Boult, C, Boult, L, Murphy, C, Ebbitt, B, Luptak, M, Kane, RL. A controlled trial of outpatient geriatric evaluation and management. J Am Geriatr Soc. 1994;42(5):465–70.Google Scholar

Gerson, LW, Camargo, CA Jr., Wilber, ST. Home modification to prevent falls by older ED patients. American Journal of Emergency Medicine. 2005;23(3):295–8.Google Scholar

Lubben, JE, Gironda, M. Social support networks. In: Osterweil, D, Brummel-Smith, K, Beck, JC, editors. Comprehensive Geriatric Assessment. New York: McGraw-Hill; 2000: 121–38.Google Scholar

Lubben, J, Blozik, E, Gillmann, G, Iliffe, S, von Renteln Kruse, W, Beck, JC, et al. Performance of an abbreviated version of the Lubben Social Network Scale among three European community-dwelling older adult populations. Gerontologist. 2006;46(4):503–13.Google Scholar

Schulz, R, Beach, SR. Caregiving as a risk factor for mortality: the Caregiver Health Effects Study. JAMA. 1999;282(23):2215–9.Google Scholar

Zarit, SH, Reever, KE, Bach-Peterson, J. Relatives of the impaired elderly: Correlates of feelings of burden. Gerontologist. 1980;20:649–55.Google Scholar

Hirschman, KB, Shea, JA, Xie, SX, Karlawish, JHT. The development of a rapid screen for caregiver burden. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2004;52(10):1724–9.Google Scholar

Fulmer, T, Guadagno, L, Bitondo Dyer, C, Connolly, MT. Progress in elder abuse screening and assessment instruments. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2004;52(2):297–304.Google Scholar

Berkman, ND, DeWalt, DA, Pignone, MP, Sheridan, S, Lohr, KN, Lux, L, et al. Literacy and Health Outcomes. Summary, Evidence Report/Technology Assessment No. 87. Rockville, MD: Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality; 2004 January. Report No.: AHRQ Publication No. 04-E007-1.Google Scholar

Wolf, MS, Gazmararian, JA, Baker, DW. Health literacy and functional health status among older adults [see comment]. Archives of Internal Medicine. 2005;165(17):1946–52.Google Scholar

Howard, DH, Sentell, T, Gazmararian, JA. Impact of health literacy on socioeconomic and racial differences in health in an elderly population. Journal of General Internal Medicine. 2006;21(8):857–61.Google Scholar

Howard, DH, Gazmararian, J, Parker, RM. The impact of low health literacy on the medical costs of Medicare managed care enrollees [erratum appears in Am J Med. 2005 Aug;118(8):933]. Am J Med. 2005;118(4):371–7.Google Scholar

Gausman Benson, J, Forman, WB. Comprehension of written health care information in an affluent geriatric retirement community: use of the Test of Functional Health Literacy. Gerontology. 2002;48(2):93–7.Google Scholar

Chew, LD, Bradley, KA, Boyko, EJ. Brief questions to identify patients with inadequate health literacy. Family Medicine. 2004;36(8):588–94.Google Scholar

Wallace, LS, Rogers, ES, Roskos, SE, Holiday, DB, Weiss, BD. Brief report: screening items to identify patients with limited health literacy skills. Journal of General Internal Medicine. 2006;21(8):874–7.Google Scholar

Saad, L. Religion is very important to majority of Americans: Gallup News Service; 2003 [updated December 5, 2003; cited 2006 October 23, 2006]. Available from: http://brain.gallup.com/content/default.aspx?ci=9853.Google Scholar

Koenig, HG, George, LK, Titus, P. Religion, spirituality, and health in medically ill hospitalized older patients. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2004;52(4):554–62.Google Scholar

MacLean, CD, Susi, B, Phifer, N, Schultz, L, Bynum, D, Franco, M, et al. Patient preference for physician discussion and practice of spirituality. Journal of General Internal Medicine. 2003;18(1):38–43.Google Scholar

Post, SG, Puchalski, CM, Larson, DB. Physicians and patient spirituality: professional boundaries, competency, and ethics [see comment]. Annals of Internal Medicine. 2000;132(7):578–83.Google Scholar

Daaleman, TP. Religion, spirituality, and the practice of medicine. Journal of the American Board of Family Practice. 2004;17(5):370–6.Google Scholar

Anandarajah, G, Hight, E. Spirituality and medical practice: using the HOPE questions as a practical tool for spiritual assessment [see comment]. American Family Physician. 2001;63(1):81–9.Google Scholar

Daaleman, TP, Frey, BB. The Spirituality Index of Well-Being: a new instrument for health-related quality-of-life research. Annals of Family Medicine. 2004;2(5):499–503.Google Scholar

Wang, CC, Kosinski, CJ, Schwartzberg, JG, Shanklin, AV. Physician’s Guide to Assessing Counseling Older Drivers. Washington, DC: National Highway Traffic Safety Administration; 2003.Google Scholar

Di Stefano, M, Macdonald, W. Assessment of older drivers: relationships among on-road errors, medical conditions and test outcome. Journal of Safety Research. 2003;34(4):415–29.Google Scholar

AGS Panel on Chronic Pain in Older Persons. The management of persistent pain in older persons. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2002;50:S205–24.Google Scholar

Herr, KA, Spratt, K, Mobily, PR, Richardson, G. Pain intensity assessment in older adults: use of experimental pain to compare psychometric properties and usability of selected pain scales with younger adults. Clinical Journal of Pain. 2004;20(4):207–19.Google Scholar

Herr, KA, Garand, L. Assessment and measurement of pain in older adults. Clinics in Geriatric Medicine. 2001;17(3):457–78.Google Scholar

Stolee, P, Hillier, LM, Esbaugh, J, Bol, N, McKellar, L, Gauthier, N. Instruments for the assessment of pain in older persons with cognitive impairment. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2005;53(2):319–26.Google Scholar

Zwakhalen, SMG, Hamers, JPH, Abu-Saad, HH, Berger, MPF. Pain in elderly people with severe dementia: A systematic review of behavioural pain assessment tools. BMC Geriatrics. 2006;6(3).Google Scholar

DOLOPLUS-2: Behavioral pain assessment scale for elderly subjects with verbal communication disorders 2004 [updated March, 2004; cited 2006 November 24]. Available from: www.doloplus.com/versiongb/index.htm.Google Scholar

Fuchs-Lacelle, S, Hadjistavropoulos, T. Development and preliminary validation of the pain assessment checklist for seniors with limited ability to communicate (PACSLAC). Pain Manag Nurs. 2004;5(1):37–49.Google Scholar

Zwakhalen, SMG, Hamers, JPH, Berger, MPF. The psychometric quality and clinical usefulness of three pain assessment tools for elderly people with dementia. Pain. 2006;126(1–3):210–20.Google Scholar

Ramsdell, JW, Jackson, JE, Guy, HJB, Renvall, MJ. Comparison of clinic-based home assessment to a home visit in demented elderly patients. Alzheimer Disease & Associated Disorders. 2004;18(3):145–53.Google Scholar

Stuck, AE, Egger, M, Hammer, A, Minder, CE, Beck, JC. Home visits to prevent nursing home admission and functional decline in elderly people: systematic review and meta-regression analysis. JAMA. 2002;287(8):1022–8.Google Scholar

Brignell, M, Wootton, R, Gray, L. The application of telemedicine to geriatric medicine. Age Ageing. 2007;36(4):369–74.Google Scholar

Cohen, HJ, Feussner, JR, Weinberger, M, Carnes, M, Hamdy, RC, Hsieh, F, et al. A controlled trial of inpatient and outpatient geriatric evaluation and management. N Engl J Med. 2002;346(12):905–12.Google Scholar

Fox, MT, Persaud, M, Maimets, I, O’Brien, K, Brooks, D, Tregunno, D, et al. Effectiveness of acute geriatric unit care using acute care for elders components: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2012;60(12):2237–45.Google Scholar

Mor, V. A comprehensive clinical assessment tool to inform policy and practice: applications of the minimum data set. Medical Care. 2004;42(4 Suppl):III50–9.Google Scholar

Saliba, D, Buchanan, J. Making the investment count: revision of the Minimum Data Set for nursing homes, MDS 3.0. J Am Med Dir Assoc. 2012;13(7):602–10.Google Scholar

Saliba, D, Buchanan, J, Edelen, MO, Streim, J, Ouslander, J, Berlowitz, D, et al. MDS 3.0: brief interview for mental status. J Am Med Dir Assoc. 2012;13(7):611–7.Google Scholar

Steinberg, K. Minimum Data Set 3.0: a big step forward. J Am Med Dir Assoc. 2013;14(2):139–40.Google Scholar

References

Clarfield, AM. Screening in frail older people: an ounce of prevention or a pound of trouble? Journal of the American Geriatrics Society. 2010;58(10):2016–21.Google Scholar

Vila-Corcoles, A, Ochoa-Gondar, O, Hospital, I, Ansa, X, Vilanova, A, Rodriguez, T, et al. Protective effects of the 23-valent pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine in the elderly population: the EVAN-65 study. Clinical Infectious Diseases: an Official Publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America. 2006;43(7):860–8.Google Scholar

Rivetti, D, Jefferson, T, Thomas, R, Rudin, M, Rivetti, A, Di Pietrantonj, C, et al. Vaccines for preventing influenza in the elderly. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2006(3):CD004876.Google Scholar

DiazGranados, CA, Dunning, AJ, Kimmel, M, Kirby, D, Treanor, J, Collins, A, et al. Efficacy of high-dose versus standard-dose influenza vaccine in older adults. New England Journal of Medicine. 2014;371(7):635–45.Google Scholar

Fashner, J, Bell, AL. Herpes zoster and postherpetic neuralgia: prevention and management. American Family Physician. 2011;83(12):1432–7.Google Scholar

Wilson, JF. Herpes zoster. Annals of Internal Medicine. 2011;154(5):ITC31–15; quiz ITC316.Google Scholar

Fukutomi, M, Kario, K. Aging and hypertension. Expert Review of Cardiovascular Therapy. 2010;8(11):1531–9.Google Scholar

Mahvan, TD, Mlodinow, SG. JNC 8: what’s covered, what’s not, and what else to consider. Journal of Family Practice. 2014;63(10):574–84.Google Scholar

Kjeldsen, S, Feldman, RD, Lisheng, L, Mourad, JJ, Chiang, CE, Zhang, W, et al. Updated national and international hypertension guidelines: a review of current recommendations. Drugs. 2014;74(17):2033–51.Google Scholar

James, PA, Oparil, S, Carter, BL, Cushman, WC, Dennison-Himmelfarb, C, Handler, J, et al. 2014 evidence-based guideline for the management of high blood pressure in adults: report from the panel members appointed to the Eighth Joint National Committee (JNC 8). JAMA. 2014;311(5):507–20.Google Scholar

Stone, NJ, Robinson, JG, Lichtenstein, AH, Bairey Merz, CN, Blum, CB, Eckel, RH, et al. 2013 ACC/AHA guideline on the treatment of blood cholesterol to reduce atherosclerotic cardiovascular risk in adults: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines. Circulation. 2014;129(25 Suppl 2):S1–45.Google Scholar

Pang, WY, Inderjeeth, CA. FRAX without bone mineral density versus osteoporosis self-assessment screening tool as predictors of osteoporosis in primary screening of individuals aged 70 and older. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society. 2014;62(3):442–6.Google Scholar

Cosman, F, de Beur, SJ, LeBoff, MS, Lewiecki, EM, Tanner, B, Randall, S, et al. Clinician’s guide to prevention and treatment of osteoporosis. Osteoporosis International: a Journal Established as Result of Cooperation between the European Foundation for Osteoporosis and the National Osteoporosis Foundation of the USA. 2014;25(10):2359–81.Google Scholar

Foundation No. 2013 Clinician’s Guide to Prevention and Treatment of Osteoporosis 2013 [cited 2015 January 15, 2015]. Available at: http://nof.org/files/nof/public/content/file/917/upload/481.pdf.Google Scholar

Recommendations abstracted from the American Geriatrics Society Consensus Statement on vitamin D for Prevention of Falls and Their Consequences. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society. 2014;62(1):147–52.Google Scholar

Institute of Medicine Committee to Review Dietary Reference Intakes for Vitamin D, Calcium. The National Academies Collection: reports funded by National Institutes of Health. In: Ross, AC, Taylor, CL, Yaktine, AL, Del Valle, HB (eds). Dietary Reference Intakes for Calcium and Vitamin D. Washington, DC: National Academies Press (US) National Academy of Sciences.; 2011.Google Scholar

Kanis, JA, Johnell, O, Oden, A, Johansson, H, De Laet, C, Eisman, JA, et al. Smoking and fracture risk: a meta-analysis. Osteoporosis International: a Journal Established as Result of Cooperation between the European Foundation for Osteoporosis and the National Osteoporosis Foundation of the USA. 2005;16(2):155–62.Google Scholar

Kanis, JA, Johansson, H, Johnell, O, Oden, A, De Laet, C, Eisman, JA, et al. Alcohol intake as a risk factor for fracture. Osteoporosis International: a Journal Established as Result of Cooperation between the European Foundation for Osteoporosis and the National Osteoporosis Foundation of the USA. 2005;16(7):737–42.Google Scholar

Nelson, ME, Rejeski, WJ, Blair, SN, Duncan, PW, Judge, JO, King, AC, et al. Physical activity and public health in older adults: recommendation from the American College of Sports Medicine and the American Heart Association. Circulation. 2007;116(9):1094–105.Google Scholar

Robertson, MC, Campbell, AJ, Gardner, MM, Devlin, N. Preventing injuries in older people by preventing falls: a meta-analysis of individual-level data. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society. 2002;50(5):905–11.Google Scholar

Nash, SD, Cruickshanks, KJ, Klein, R, Klein, BE, Nieto, FJ, Huang, GH, et al. The prevalence of hearing impairment and associated risk factors: the Beaver Dam Offspring Study. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2011;137(5):432–9.Google Scholar

Gates, GA, Mills, JH. Presbycusis. Lancet. 2005;366(9491):1111–20.Google Scholar

Walker, JJ, Cleveland, LM, Davis, JL, Seales, JS. Audiometry screening and interpretation. American Family Physician. 2013;87(1):41–7.Google Scholar

Arlinger, S. Negative consequences of uncorrected hearing loss – a review. Int J Audiol. 2003;42 Suppl 2:2S17–20.Google Scholar

Pelletier, AL, Thomas, J, Shaw, FR. Vision loss in older persons. American Family Physician. 2009;79(11):963–70.Google Scholar

Albert, RH, Clark, MM. Cancer screening in the older patient. American Family Physician. 2008;78(12):1369–74.Google Scholar

Walter, LC, Covinsky, KE. Cancer screening in elderly patients: a framework for individualized decision making. JAMA. 2001;285(21):2750–6.Google Scholar

Rosen, SL, Reuben, DB. Geriatric assessment tools. Mt Sinai J Med. 2011;78(4):489–97.Google Scholar

Maurer, DM. Screening for depression. American Family Physician. 2012;85(2):139–44.Google Scholar

Uher, R, Payne, JL, Pavlova, B, Perlis, RH. Major depressive disorder in DSM-5: implications for clinical practice and research of changes from DSM-IV. Depress Anxiety. 2014;31(6):459–71.Google Scholar

Cahoon, CG. Depression in older adults. American Journal of Nursing. 2012;112(11):22–30; quiz 1.Google Scholar

Mauk, KL. Rooting out hypothyroidism in the elderly. Nursing. 2005;35(12):65–6.Google Scholar

Mohandas, R, Gupta, KL. Managing thyroid dysfunction in the elderly: answers to seven common questions. Postgraduate Medicine. 2003;113(5):54–6, 65–8, 100.Google Scholar

American College of Physicians. Clinical guideline, part 1: screening for thyroid disease. Annals of Internal Medicine. 1998;129(2):141–3.Google Scholar

Felz, MW. Who should be screened for thyroid disease? Postgraduate Medicine. 2005;118(3):9–10.Google Scholar

Helfand, M, Crapo, LM. Screening for thyroid disease. Annals of Internal Medicine. 1990;112(11):840–9.Google Scholar

Hennessey, JV, Espaillat, R. Subclinical hypothyroidism: a historical view and shifting prevalence. International Journal of Clinical Practice. 2015 Jul;69(7):771–82.Google Scholar

Fowler, NR, Boustani, MA, Frame, A, Perkins, AJ, Monahan, P, Gao, S, et al. Effect of patient perceptions on dementia screening in primary care. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society. 2012;60(6):1037–43.Google Scholar

Galvin, JE, Sadowsky, CH. Practical guidelines for the recognition and diagnosis of dementia. J Am Board Fam Med. 2012;25(3):367–82.Google Scholar

Borson, S, Frank, L, Bayley, PJ, Boustani, M, Dean, M, Lin, PJ, et al. Improving dementia care: the role of screening and detection of cognitive impairment. Alzheimers Dement. 2013;9(2):151–9.Google Scholar

Lin, JS, O’Connor, E, Rossom, RC, Perdue, LA, Eckstrom, E. Screening for cognitive impairment in older adults: a systematic review for the US Preventive Services Task Force. Annals of Internal Medicine. 2013;159(9):601–12.Google Scholar

Boustani, M. Dementia screening in primary care: not too fast! Journal of the American Geriatrics Society. 2013;61(7):1205–7.Google Scholar

Kilik, LA, Hopkins, RW, Prince, CR. How to avoid 3 common errors in dementia screening. Journal of Family Practice. 2014;63(8):E1–7.Google Scholar

Bond, MC, Butler, KH. Elder abuse and neglect: definitions, epidemiology, and approaches to emergency department screening. Clinics in Geriatric Medicine. 2013;29(1):257–73.Google Scholar

Forum on Global Violence P, Board on Global H, Institute of M, National Research C. The National Academies Collection: Reports funded by National Institutes of Health. Elder Abuse and Its Prevention: Workshop Summary. Washington, DC: National Academies Press (US). Copyright 2014 by the National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved; 2014.Google Scholar

Elder Abuse and Its Prevention: Workshop Summary. Washington, DC: National Academy of Sciences; 2014 Mar 18.Google Scholar

Fulmer, T, Guadagno, L, Bitondo Dyer, C, Connolly, MT. Progress in elder abuse screening and assessment instruments. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society. 2004;52(2):297–304.Google Scholar

Tinetti, ME, Inouye, SK, Gill, TM, Doucette, JT. Shared risk factors for falls, incontinence, and functional dependence: unifying the approach to geriatric syndromes. JAMA. 1995;273(17):1348–53.Google Scholar

Vaught, SL. Gait, balance, and fall prevention. Ochsner J. 2001;3(2):94–7.Google Scholar

Nevitt, MC, Cummings, SR, Hudes, ES. Risk factors for injurious falls: a prospective study. J Gerontol. 1991;46(5):M164–70.Google Scholar

Penninx, BW, Pluijm, SM, Lips, P, Woodman, R, Miedema, K, Guralnik, JM, et al. Late-life anemia is associated with increased risk of recurrent falls. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society. 2005;53(12):2106–11.Google Scholar

Woolcott, JC, Richardson, KJ, Wiens, MO, Patel, B, Marin, J, Khan, KM, et al. Meta-analysis of the impact of 9 medication classes on falls in elderly persons. Archives of Internal Medicine. 2009;169(21):1952–60.Google Scholar

Cumming, RG, Thomas, M, Szonyi, G, Salkeld, G, O’Neill, E, Westbury, C, et al. Home visits by an occupational therapist for assessment and modification of environmental hazards: a randomized trial of falls prevention. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society. 1999;47(12):1397–402.Google Scholar

Cawthon, PM, Harrison, SL, Barrett-Connor, E, Fink, HA, Cauley, JA, Lewis, CE, et al. Alcohol intake and its relationship with bone mineral density, falls, and fracture risk in older men. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society. 2006;54(11):1649–57.Google Scholar

Tencer, AF, Koepsell, TD, Wolf, ME, Frankenfeld, CL, Buchner, DM, Kukull, WA, et al. Biomechanical properties of shoes and risk of falls in older adults. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society. 2004;52(11):1840–6.Google Scholar

Tinetti, ME. Performance-oriented assessment of mobility problems in elderly patients. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society. 1986;34(2):119–26.Google Scholar

Mathias, S, Nayak, US, Isaacs, B. Balance in elderly patients: the “get-up and go” test. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 1986;67(6):387–9.Google Scholar

Wilson, SR, Knowles, SB, Huang, Q, Fink, A. The prevalence of harmful and hazardous alcohol consumption in older US adults: data from the 2005–2008 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES). J Gen Intern Med. 2014;29(2):312–9.Google Scholar

Blow, FC, Barry, KL. Alcohol and substance misuse in older adults. Curr Psychiatry Rep. 2012;14(4):310–9.Google Scholar

Wang, YP, Andrade, LH. Epidemiology of alcohol and drug use in the elderly. Curr Opin Psychiatry. 2013;26(4):343–8.Google Scholar

Bakhshi, S, While, AE. Older people and alcohol use. Br J Community Nurs. 2014;19(8):370–4.Google Scholar

Messinger-Rapport, BJ. How to assess and counsel the older driver. Cleve Clin J Med. 2002;69(3):184–5, 9–90, 92.Google Scholar

Ott, BR, Davis, JD, Papandonatos, GD, Hewitt, S, Festa, EK, Heindel, WC, et al. Assessment of driving-related skills prediction of unsafe driving in older adults in the office setting. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society. 2013;61(7):1164–9.Google Scholar

Tombaugh, TN. Trail making Test A and B: normative data stratified by age and education. Arch Clin Neuropsychol. 2004;19(2):203–14.Google Scholar

Rigotti, NA. Clinical practice: treatment of tobacco use and dependence. New England Journal of Medicine. 2002;346(7):506–12.Google Scholar

Helge, TD, Denelsky, GY. Pharmacologic aids to smoking cessation. Cleve Clin J Med. 2000;67(11):818, 21–4.Google Scholar

Connolly, MJ. Smoking cessation in old age: closing the stable door? Age and ageing. 2000;29(3):193–5.Google Scholar

References

Federal Interagency Forum on Aging-Related Statistics. Older Americans Update 2010: Key Indicators of Well-Being. Federal Interagency Forum on Aging-Related Statistics. Washington, DC: US Government Printing Office; July 2010. Available at: www.agingstats.gov.Google Scholar

www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/hus/hus13.pdf#092 (accessed on December 2, 2015).Google Scholar

Corsonello, A, Pedone, C, Incalzi, RA. Age-related pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic changes and related risk of adverse drug reactions. Curr Med Chem 2010;17:571–84.Google Scholar

Kekki, M, Samloff, IM, Ihamaki, T, et al. Age- and sex-related behaviour of gastric acid secretion at the population level. Scand J Gastroenterol 1982;17:737–43.Google Scholar

Orr, WC, Chen, CL. Aging and neural control of the GI tract: IV. Clinical and physiological aspects of gastrointestinal motility and aging. Am J Physiol 2002;283:G1226–31.Google Scholar

Corazza, GR, Frazzoni, M, Gatto, MR, et al. Aging and small-bowel mucosa: a morphometric study. Gerontology 1986;32:60–5.Google Scholar

Anantharaju, A, Feller, A, Chedid, A. Aging liver: a review. Gerontology 2002;48:343–53.Google Scholar

Le Couteur, DG, McLean, AJ. The aging liver: drug clearance and an oxygen diffusion barrier hypothesis. Clin Pharmacokinet 1998;34:359–73.Google Scholar

Brenner, SS, Klotz, U. P-glycoprotein function in the elderly. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 2004;60:97–102.Google Scholar

Kaestli, LZ, Wasilewski-Rasca, AF, Bonnabry, P, Vogt-Ferrier, N. Use of transdermal formulations in the elderly. Drugs Aging 2008;25:269–80.Google Scholar

Beaufrere, B, Morio, B. Fat and protein redistribution with aging: metabolic considerations. Eur J Clin Nutr 2000;54:S48–53.Google Scholar

Cusack, B, Kelly, J, O’Malley, K, et al. Digoxin in the elderly: pharmacokinetic consequences of old age. Clin Pharmacol Ther 1979;25:772–6.Google Scholar

Campion, EW, deLabry, LO, Glynn, RJ. The effect of age on serum albumin in healthy males: report from the Normative Aging Study. J Gerontol 1988;43:M18–20.Google Scholar

Verbeeck, RK, Cardinal, JA, Wallace, SM. Effect of age and sex on the plasma binding of acidic and basic drugs. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 1984;27:91–7.Google Scholar

Woodhouse, KW, James, OF. Hepatic drug metabolism and ageing. British Medical Bulletin. 1990;46:22–35.Google Scholar

Schmucker, DL. Liver function and phase I drug metabolism in the elderly: a paradox. Drugs Aging 2001;18:837–51.Google Scholar

Hammerlein, A, Derendorf, H, Lowenthal, DT. Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic changes in the elderly: clinical implications. Clin Pharmacokinet 1998;35:49–64.Google Scholar

Benedetti, MS, Whomsley, R, Canning, M. Drug metabolism in the pediatric population and in the elderly. Drug Discov Today 2007;12:599–610.Google Scholar

Bressler, R, Bahl, JJ. Principles of drug therapy for the elderly patient. Mayo Clin Proc 2003;78:1564–77.Google Scholar

Muhlberg, W, Platt, D. Age-dependent changes of the kidneys: pharmacological implications. Gerontology 1999;45:243–53.Google Scholar

Fliser, D. Assessment of renal function in elderly patients. Curr Opin Nephrol Hypertens 2008;17:604–8.Google Scholar

Stevens, LA, Coresh, J, Greene, T, Levey, AS. Assessing kidney function: measured and estimated glomerular filtration rate. N Engl J Med 2006;354:2473–83.Google Scholar

Levey, AS, Bosch, JP, Lewis, JB, et al. A more accurate method to estimate glomerular filtration rate from serum creatinine: a new prediction equation. Modification of Diet in Renal Disease Study Group. Ann Intern Med 1999;130:461–70.Google Scholar

Verhave, JC, Fesler, P, Ribstein, J, du Cailar, G, Mimran, A. Estimation of renal function in subjects with normal serum creatinine levels: influence of age and body mass index. Am J Kidney Dis 2005;46:233–41.Google Scholar

Bowie, MW, Slattum, PW. Pharmacodynamics in older adults: a review. Am J Geriatr Pharmacother 2007;5:263–303.Google Scholar

Abernethy, DR, Schwartz, JB, Plachetka, JR, Todd, EL, Egan, JM. Comparison in young and elderly patients of pharmacodynamics and disposition of labetalol in systemic hypertension. Am J Cardiol 1987;60:697–702.Google Scholar

Schwartz, JB, Gibb, WJ, Tran, T. Aging effects on heart rate variation. J Gerontol 1991;46:M99–106.Google Scholar

Trifior, G, Spina, E. Age-related changes in pharmacodynamics: focus on drugs acting on central nervous and cardiovascular systems. Curr Drug Metab 2011;12:611–20.Google Scholar

Beers, MH, Ouslander, JG, Rollingher, J, Reuben, DB, Beck, JC. Explicit criteria for determining inappropriate medication use in nursing home residents. Arch Intern Med 1991;151:1825–32.Google Scholar

American Geriatrics Society 2012 Beers Criteria Update Expert Panel. American Geriatrics Society updated Beers Criteria for potentially inappropriate medication use in older adults. J Am Geriatri Soc. 2012 Apr;60(4):616–31.Google Scholar

Jano, E, Aparasu, RR. Healthcare outcomes associated with Beers’ criteria: a systematic overview. Ann Pharmacother 2007;41:438–48.Google Scholar

Fialova, D, Onder, G. Medication errors in elderly people: contributing factors and future perspectives. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2009;67:641–5.Google Scholar

Onder, G, Pedone, C, Landi, F, Cesari, M, Della Vedova, C, Bernabei, Gambassi G. Adverse drug reactions as a cause of hospital admissions: results from the Italian Group of Pharmacoepidemiology in the Elderly (GIFA). J Am Geriatr Soc 2002;50:1962–8.Google Scholar

Swagerty, D, Brickley, R. American Medical Directors Association and American Society of Consultant Pharmacists joint position statement on the Beers list of potentially inappropriate medications in older adults. J Am Med Dir Assoc 2005;6:80–6.Google Scholar

Gallagher, P, Ryan, C, Byrne, S, Kennedy, J, O’Mahony, D. STOPP (Screening Tool of Older Person’s Prescriptions) and START (Screening Tool to Alert doctors to Right Treatment). Consensus validation. Int J Clin Pharmacol Ther 2008 Feb;46(2):72–83.Google Scholar

Gallagher, P, O’Mahony, D. STOPP (Screening Tool of Older Persons’ potentially inappropriate Prescriptions): application to acutely ill elderly patients and comparison with Beers’ criteria. Ageing 2008;37(6):673–79.Google Scholar

Hamilton, H, Gallagher, P, Ryan, C, Byrne, S, O’Mahony, D. Potentially inappropriate medications defined by STOPP criteria and the risk of adverse drug events in older hospitalized patients. Arch Intern Med 2011;171(11):1013.Google Scholar

Edwards, IR, Aronson, JK. Adverse drug reactions: definitions, diagnosis, and management. Lancet 2000;356:1255–9.Google Scholar

Kongkaew, C, Noyce, PR, Ashcroft, DM. Hospital admissions associated with adverse drug reactions: a systematic review of prospective observational studies. Ann Pharmacother 2008;42:1017–25.Google Scholar

Hanlon, JT, Artz, MB, Lindblad, CI, Pieper, CF, Sloane, RJ, Ruby, CM, Schmader, KE. Adverse drug reaction risk factors in older outpatients. Am J Geriatr Pharmacother 2003;1:82–9.Google Scholar

Ernst, FR, Grizzle, AJ. Drug-related morbidity and mortality: updating the cost-of-illness model. J Am Pharm Assoc (Wash) 2001 Mar–Apr;41(2):192–9.Google Scholar

Bootman, JL, Harrison, DL, Cox, E. The health care cost of drug-related morbidity and mortality in nursing facilities. Arch Intern Med 1997 Oct 13;157(18):2089–96.Google Scholar

Tinetti, ME, Speechley, M, Ginter, SF. Risk factors for falls among elderly persons living in the community. N Engl J Med 1988;319:1701–7.Google Scholar

Tinetti, ME. Clinical practice: preventing falls in elderly persons. N Engl J Med 2003;348:42–9.Google Scholar

Moylan, KC, Binder, EF. Falls in older adults: risk assessment, management and prevention. American Journal of Medicine 2007; 120(6):493 e1–e6.Google Scholar

US Department of Health and Human Services. Bone health and osteoporosis a report of the surgeon general – 2004. Available at: www.surgeongeneral.gov/library/bonehealth/content.html (accessed October 5, 2007).Google Scholar

Zeire, G, Dieleman, JP, Hofman, A, et al. Polypharmacy and falls in the middle age and elderly population. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2005;61:218–23.Google Scholar

Leipzig, RM, Cumming, RG, Tinetti, ME. Drugs and falls in older people: a systematic review and meta-analysis: I. Psychotropic drugs. J Am Geriatr Soc 1999;47:30–9.Google Scholar

Maixner, SM, Mellow, AM, Tandon, R. The efficacy safety and tolerability of antipsychotics in the elderly. J Clin Psychiatry 1999;60:29–41.Google Scholar

Ensrud, DE, Blackwell, TL, Mangione, CM, et al. Central nervous system-active medications and risk for falls in older women. J Am Geriatr Soc 2002;50:1629–37.Google Scholar

Thapa, PB, Gideon, P, Cost, TW, Milam, AB, Ray, WA. Antidepressants and the risk of falls among nursing home residents. N Engl J Med 1998;339:875–82.Google Scholar

Cook, PJ. Benzodiazepine hypnotics in the elderly. Acta Psychiatr Scand 1986;73(Suppl 332):149–58.Google Scholar

Hayes, BD, Klein-Schwartz, W, Barrueto, F Jr.. Polypharmacy and the geriatric patient. Clinics in Geriatric Medicine 2007; 23(2):371–90.Google Scholar

Leipzig, RM, Cumming, RG, Tinetti, ME. Drugs and falls in older people: a systematic review and meta-analysis: II. Cardiac and analgesic drugs. J Am Geriatr Soc 1999;47:40–50.Google Scholar

Buckeridge, D, Huang, A, Hanley, J, Kelome, A, Reidel, K, Verma, A, et al. Risk of injury associated with opioid use in older adults. J Am Geriatr Soc 2010;58(9):1664–70.Google Scholar

McEvoy, GK, ed. AHFS Drug Information 2007. Bethesda, MD: ASHP; 2007.Google Scholar

Carruthers, SG. Adverse effects of alpha 1-adrenergic blocking drugs. Drug Saf 1994;11:12–20.Google Scholar

Liang, SY, Mackowiak, PA. Infections in the elderly. Clin Geriatr Med 2007;23:441–56.Google Scholar

Cohen, MB, Mather, PJ. A review of the association between congestive heart failure and cognitive impairment. Am J Geriatr Cardiol 2007;16:171–4.Google Scholar

Knopman, DS, Peterson, RC. Mild cognitive impairement and mild dementia: a clinical perspective. Mayo Clin Proc 2014;89:1452–9.Google Scholar

Fick, DM, Cooper, JW, Wade, WE, Waller, JL, Maclean, JR, Beers, MH. Updating the Beers criteria for potentially inappropriate medication use in older adults: results of a US consensus panel of experts. Arch Intern Med 2003;163:2716–24.Google Scholar

McShane, R, Keene, J, Gedling, K, Fairburn, C, Jacoby, R, Hope, T. Do neuroleptic drugs hasten cognitive decline in dementia? Br Med J 1997;314:266–70.Google Scholar

Mintzer, J, Burns, A. Anticholinergic side-effects of drugs in elderly people. J R Soc Med 2000;93:457–62.Google Scholar

Ancelin, ML, Artero, S, Portet, F, et al. Non-degenerative mild cognitive impairment in elderly people and use of anticholinergic drugs: longitudinal cohort study. Br Med J 2006;332:455–9.Google Scholar

Higashi, T, Shekelle, PG, Solomon, DH, Knight, EL, Roth, C, Chang, JT, Kamberg, CJ, MacLean, CH, Young, RT, Adams, J, Reuben, DB, Avorn, J, Wenger, NS. The quality of pharmacologic care for vulnerable older patients. Ann Intern Med 2004;140(9):714–20.Google Scholar

Kuijpers, MAJ, vanMarum, RJ, Egberts, ACG, Jansen, PAF. Relationship between polypharmacy and underprescribing. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2008;65:130–3.Google Scholar

Steinman, MA, Landefeld, CS, Rosenthal, GE, et al. Polypharmacy and prescribing quality in older people. J Am Geriatr Soc 2006;54:1516–23.Google Scholar

Ghosh, S, Ziesmer, V, Aronow, WS. Underutilization of aspirin, beta blockers, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors, and lipid-lowering drugs and overutilization of calcium channel blockers in older persons with coronary artery disease in an academic nursing home. J Gerontol 2002;57A:M398–400.Google Scholar

Spinewine, A, Swine, C, Dhillon, S, et al. Effect of a collaborative approach on the quality of prescribing for geriatric inpatients: a randomized, controlled trial. J Am Geriatr Soc 2007;55:658–65.Google Scholar

MacLaughlin, EJ, Raehl, CL, Treadway, AK, et al. Assessing medication adherence in the elderly – which tools to use in clinical practice? Drugs Aging 2005;22:231–55.Google Scholar

Bisonette, JM. Adherence: a concept analysis. J Ad Nurs 2008;63:634–43.Google Scholar

Marzec, LN, Maddox, TM. Medication adherence in patients with diabetes and dyslipidemia: associated factors and strategies for improvement. Curr Cardiol Rep 2013;15:418.Google Scholar

Haynes, RB, Ackloo, E, Sahota, N, McDonald, HP, Yao, X. Interventions for enhancing medication adherence. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2008:2:CD000011. DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD000011.pub3.Google Scholar

Viswanathan, M, Golin, CE, Jones, CD, et al. Interventions to improve adherence to self-administered medications for chronic diseases in the United States: a systematic review. Ann Intern Med 2012;157:785–95.Google Scholar

McDonald, HP, Garg, AX, Haynes, RB. Interventions to enhance patient adherence to medication prescriptions: scientific review. JAMA 2002;288:2868–79.Google Scholar

Kripalani, S, Yao, X, Haynes, RB. Interventions to enhance medication adherence in chronic medical conditions: a systematic review. Arch Intern Med 2007;167:540–50.Google Scholar

Bangalore, S, Kamalakkannan, G, Parkar, S, et al. Fixed-dose combinations improve medication compliance: a meta-analysis. Am J Med 2007;120:713–9.Google Scholar

Holmes, HM, Hayley, DC, Alexander, GC, Sachs, GA. Reconsidering medication appropriateness for patients late in life. Arch Intern Med 2006;166:605–9.Google Scholar

References

US Dept of Health and Human Services. Physical activity and health: A report of the surgeon general. Atlanta: US Dept of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion; 1996.Google Scholar

Physical Activity Guidelines Advisory Committee report, 2008. To the Secretary of Health and Human Services. Part A: executive summary. Nutrition reviews 2009;67:114–20.Google Scholar

Sui, X, LaMonte, MJ, Laditka, JN, et al. Cardiorespiratory fitness and adiposity as mortality predictors in older adults. JAMA 2007;298:2507–16.Google Scholar

Pahor, M, Guralnik, JM, Ambrosius, WT, et al. Effect of structured physical activity on prevention of major mobility disability in older adults: the LIFE study randomized clinical trial. JAMA 2014;311:2387–96.Google Scholar

Nelson, ME, Rejeski, WJ, Blair, SN, et al. Physical activity and public health in older adults: recommendation from the American College of Sports Medicine and the American Heart Association. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2007;39:1435–45.Google Scholar

Chodzko-Zajko, W, Proctor, D, Fiatarone Singh, M, et al. American College of Sports Medicine position stand. Exercise and physical activity for older adults. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2009;41(7):1510–30.Google Scholar

Morley, JE, Anker, SD, von Haehling, S. Prevalence, incidence, and clinical impact of sarcopenia: facts, numbers, and epidemiology-update 2014. Journal of Cachexia, Sarcopenia and Muscle 2014;5:253–9.Google Scholar

Fiatarone, MA, Marks, EC, Ryan, ND, Meredith, CN, Lipsitz, LA, Evans, WJ. High-intensity strength training in nonagenarians: Effects on skeletal muscle. JAMA 1990;263(22):3029–34.Google Scholar

Haskell, WL, Lee, IM, Pate, RR, et al. Physical activity and public health: updated recommendation for adults from the American College of Sports Medicine and the American Heart Association. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2007;39:1423–34.Google Scholar

Mavros, Y, Kay, S, Anderberg, KA, et al. Changes in insulin resistance and HbA1 c are related to exercise-mediated changes in body composition in older adults with type 2 diabetes: interim outcomes from the GREAT2DO trial. Diabetes Care 2013;36:2372–9.Google Scholar

Schoenborn, CA, Stommel, M. Adherence to the 2008 adult physical activity guidelines and mortality risk. American Journal of Preventive Medicine 2011;40:514–21.Google Scholar

Azevedo, MR, Araujo, CL, Reichert, FF, Siqueira, FV, da Silva, MC, Hallal, PC. Gender differences in leisure-time physical activity. Int J Public Health 2007;52:8–15.Google Scholar

Fiatarone, MA, O’Neill, EF, Ryan, ND, et al. Exercise training and nutritional supplementation for physical frailty in very elderly people. N Engl J Med 1994;330(25):1769–75.Google Scholar

Morris, J, Fiatarone, M, Kiely, D, et al. Nursing rehabilitation and exercise strategies in the nursing home. Journals of Gerontology Series A – Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences 1999;54:M494–500.Google Scholar

Williams, MA, Haskell, WL, Ades, PA, et al. Resistance exercise in individuals with and without cardiovascular disease: 2007 update: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association Council on Clinical Cardiology and Council on Nutrition, Physical Activity, and Metabolism. Circulation 2007;116:572–84.Google Scholar

Fiatarone Singh, M. Exercise comes of age: Rationale and recommendations for a geriatric exercise prescription. Journal of Gerontology, Medical Sciences 2002;57:M262–82.Google Scholar

Bortz, WM. Redefining human aging. J Am Geriatr Soc 1989;37:1092–6.Google Scholar

Ainsworth, B, Cahalin, L, Buman, M, Ross, R. The current state of physical activity assessment tools. Progress in Cardiovascular Diseases 2015;57:387–95.Google Scholar

Blair, SN, Kampert, JB, Kohn, HW, et al. Influences of Cardiovascular Fitness and Other Precursors on Cardiovascular Disease and All-Cause Mortality in Men and Women. JAMA 1996;276:205–10.Google Scholar

Mavros, Y, Kay, S, Simpson, KA, et al. Reductions in C-reactive protein in older adults with type 2 diabetes are related to improvements in body composition following a randomized controlled trial of resistance training. Journal of Cachexia, Sarcopenia and Muscle 2014;5:111–20.Google Scholar

Guyatt, G, Thompson, P, Berman, L, et al. How should we measure function in patients with chronic heart and lung disease? J Chronic Dis 1985;38:517–28.Google Scholar

Boxer, RS, Wang, Z, Walsh, SJ, Hager, D, Kenny, AM. The utility of the 6-minute walk test as a measure of frailty in older adults with heart failure. Am J Geriatr Cardiol 2008;17:7–12.Google Scholar

Borg, G, Linderholm, H. Perceived exertion and pulse rate during graded exercise in various age group. Acta Med Scand 1970;472(Supp l):194–206.Google Scholar

Yorke, AM, Curtis, AB, Shoemaker, M, Vangsnes, E. Grip strength values stratified by age, gender, and chronic disease status in adults aged 50 years and older. Journal of Geriatric Physical Therapy 2015;38(3):115–21.Google Scholar

Legrand, D, Vaes, B, Mathei, C, Adriaensen, W, Van Pottelbergh, G, Degryse, JM. Muscle strength and physical performance as predictors of mortality, hospitalization, and disability in the oldest old. J Am Geriatr Soc 2014;62:1030–8.Google Scholar

Reid, KF, Fielding, RA. Skeletal muscle power: a critical determinant of physical functioning in older adults. Exercise and Sport Sciences Reviews 2012;40:4–12.Google Scholar

Baker, MK, Atlantis, E, Fiatarone Singh, MA. Multi-modal exercise programs for older adults. Age Ageing 2007;36:375–81.Google Scholar

Singh, NA, Stavrinos, TM, Scarbek, Y, Galambos, G, Liber, C, Fiatarone Singh, MA. A randomized controlled trial of high versus low intensity weight training versus general practitioner care for clinical depression in older adults. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 2005;60:768–76.Google Scholar

Marques, EA, Mota, J, Carvalho, J. Exercise effects on bone mineral density in older adults: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Age 2012;34:1493–515.Google Scholar

Suominen, H. Muscle training for bone strength. Aging Clin Exp Res 2006;18:85–93.Google Scholar

Zhao, R, Zhao, M, Zhang, L. Efficiency of jumping exercise in improving bone mineral density among premenopausal women: a meta-analysis. Sports Medicine 2014;44:1393–402.Google Scholar

Martyn-St James, M, Carroll, S. A meta-analysis of impact exercise on postmenopausal bone loss: the case for mixed loading exercise programmes. British Journal of Sports Medicine 2009;43:898–908.Google Scholar

Pojednic, RM, Clark, DJ, Patten, C, Reid, K, Phillips, EM, Fielding, RA. The specific contributions of force and velocity to muscle power in older adults. Experimental Gerontology 2012;47:608–13.Google Scholar

Borg, G, Linderholme, H. Exercise performance and perceived exertion in patients with coronary insufficiency, arterial hypertension and vasoregulatory asthenia. Acta Med Scand 1970;187:17–26.Google Scholar

Aamot, IL, Karlsen, T, Dalen, H, Stoylen, A. Long-term exercise adherence after high-intensity interval training in cardiac rehabilitation: a randomized study. Physiotherapy Research International: the Journal for Researchers and Clinicians in Physical Therapy 2015 Feb 16. DOI: 10.1002/pri.1619. [Epub ahead of print.]Google Scholar

Weston, KS, Wisloff, U, Coombes, JS. High-intensity interval training in patients with lifestyle-induced cardiometabolic disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis. British Journal of Sports Medicine 2014;48:1227–34.Google Scholar

Church, TS, Earnest, CP, Skinner, JS, Blair, SN. Effects of different doses of physical activity on cardiorespiratory fitness among sedentary, overweight or obese postmenopausal women with elevated blood pressure: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA 2007;297:2081–91.Google Scholar

Pedersen, BK, Saltin, B. Evidence for prescribing exercise as therapy in chronic disease. Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports 2006;16:3–63.Google Scholar

Jakicic, JM, Clark, K, Coleman, E, et al. American College of Sports Medicine position stand: appropriate intervention strategies for weight loss and prevention of weight regain for adults. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2001;33:2145–56.Google Scholar

Paterson, DH, Jones, GR, Rice, CL. Ageing and physical activity: evidence to develop exercise recommendations for older adults. Can J Public Health 2007;98(Suppl 2):S69–108.Google Scholar

O’Keefe, JH, Bell, DS. Postprandial hyperglycemia/hyperlipidemia (postprandial dysmetabolism) is a cardiovascular risk factor. Am J Cardiol 2007;100:899–904.Google Scholar

Rizvi, AA. Management of diabetes in older adults. Am J Med Sci 2007;333:35–47.Google Scholar

Parmenter, B, Raymond, J, Dinnen, P, Fiatarone Singh, M. A systematic review of randomized controlled trials: walking versus alternative exercise prescription as treatment for intermittent claudication. Atherosclerosis 2011;218:1–12.Google Scholar

Norgren, L, Hiatt, WR, Dormandy, JA, et al. Inter-society consensus for the management of peripheral arterial disease (TASC II). Journal of Vascular Surgery 2007;45(Suppl S):S5–67.Google Scholar

Parmenter, BJ, Dieberg, G, Smart, NA. Exercise training for management of peripheral arterial disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Sports Medicine 2015;45:231–44.Google Scholar

Lagally, KM, Amorose, AJ. The validity of using prior ratings of perceive exertion to regulate resistance exercise intensity. Percept Mot Skills 2007;104:534–42.Google Scholar

Seynnes, O, Fiatarone Singh, M. Relationship between resistance training intensity and physiological and functional adaptation in frail elders. J Gerontol (Biol Sci Med Sci) 2004;59(A):3–9.Google Scholar

Reid, KF, Doros, G, Clark, DJ, et al. Muscle power failure in mobility-limited older adults: preserved single fiber function despite lower whole muscle size, quality and rate of neuromuscular activation. European Journal of Applied Physiology 2012;112:2289–301.Google Scholar

Taaffe, DR. Sarcopenia – exercise as a treatment strategy. Aust Fam Physician 2006;35:130–4.Google Scholar

Umpierre, D, Ribeiro, PA, Kramer, CK, et al. Physical activity advice only or structured exercise training and association with HbA1c levels in type 2 diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA 2011;305:1790–9.Google Scholar

Tanasescu, M, Leitzmann, MF, Rimm, EB, Willett, WC, Stampfer, MJ, Hu, FB. Exercise type and intensity in relation to coronary heart disease in men. JAMA 2002;288:1994–2000.Google Scholar

Conn, VS, Hafdahl, AR, Minor, MA, Nielsen, PJ. Physical activity interventions among adults with arthritis: meta-analysis of outcomes. Semin Arthritis Rheum 2007;0(0):307–16.Google Scholar

Gordon, N, Kohl, H, Pollock, M, Vaandrager, H, Gibbons, S, Blair, S. Cardiovascular safety of maximal strength testing in healthy adults. Am J Cardiol 1995;76:851–3.Google Scholar

Cadore, EL, Rodriguez-Manas, L, Sinclair, A, Izquierdo, M. Effects of different exercise interventions on risk of falls, gait ability, and balance in physically frail older adults: a systematic review. Rejuvenation research 2013;16:105–14.Google Scholar

Sherrington, C, Tiedemann, A, Fairhall, N, Close, JC, Lord, SR. Exercise to prevent falls in older adults: an updated meta-analysis and best practice recommendations. New South Wales Public Health Bulletin 2011;22:78–83.Google Scholar

Oliver, D, Connelly, JB, Victor, CR, et al. Strategies to prevent falls and fractures in hospitals and care homes and effect of cognitive impairment: systematic review and meta-analyses. BMJ 2007;334:82.Google Scholar

Rubenstein, LZ. Falls in older people: epidemiology, risk factors and strategies for prevention. Age Ageing 2006;35(Suppl 2):ii37–41.Google Scholar

Tsang, WW, Hui-Chan, CW. Comparison of muscle torque, balance, and confidence in older tai chi and healthy adults. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2005;37:280–9.Google Scholar

Orr, R, Raymond, J, Fiatarone Singh, M. Efficacy of progressive resistance training on balance performance in older adults: a systematic review of randomized controlled trials. Sports Med 2008;38:1–51.Google Scholar

Clemson, L, Fiatarone Singh, MA, Bundy, A, et al. Integration of balance and strength training into daily life activity to reduce rate of falls in older people (the LiFE study): randomised parallel trial. BMJ 2012;345:e4547.Google Scholar

Chan, WC, Fai Yeung, JW, Man Wong, CS, et al. Efficacy of physical exercise in preventing falls in older adults with cognitive impairment: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of the American Medical Directors Association 2015;16:149–54.Google Scholar

Silva, RB, Eslick, GD, Duque, G. Exercise for falls and fracture prevention in long term care facilities: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of the American Medical Directors Association 2013;14:685–9 e2.Google Scholar

Thorp, AA, Owen, N, Neuhaus, M, Dunstan, DW. Sedentary behaviors and subsequent health outcomes in adults a systematic review of longitudinal studies, 1996–2011. American Journal of Preventive Medicine 2011;41:207–15.Google Scholar

Visvanathan, R, Chapman, I. Undernutrition and anorexia in the older person. Gastroenterol Clin N Am 2009;38:393–409.Google Scholar

Kaiser, MJ, Bauer, JM, Ramsch, C, et al. Frequency of malnutrition perspective using the Mini Nutritional Assessment. J Am Geriatr Soc 2010;58:1734–8.Google Scholar

Nordin, S, Bamerson, A, Bringlov, E, et al. Substance and tongue-specific loss in specific taste quality identification in elderly adults. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol 2007;264:285–89.Google Scholar

Di Francesco, V, Barazzoni, R, Bissoli, L, et al. The quantity of meal fat influences the profile of postprandial hormones as well as hunger sensation in healthy elderly people. J Am Med Dir Assoc 2010;11:188–93.Google Scholar

Walls, AW, Steele, JG. The relationship between oral health and nutrition in older people. Mech Ageing Dev 2004;125(12):853–7.Google Scholar

Donini, LM, Poggiogalle, E, Piredda, M, et al. Anorexia and eating patterns in the elderly. PLoS One 2013;8:e63539.Google Scholar

Evans, WJ, Morley, JE, Argiles, J, et al. Cachexia: a new definition. Clin Nutr 2008; 27:793.Google Scholar

Von Haehling, S, Anker, SD. Cachexia as a major underestimated and unmet medical need: facts and numbers. J Cachex Sarcopenia Muscle 2010;1(1):1–5.Google Scholar

Krasnow, SM, Marks, DL. Neuropeptides in the pathophysiology and treatment of cachexia. Curr Opin Support Palliat Care 2010;4(4):266–71.Google Scholar

Tisdale, MJ. Cancer cachexia. Curr Opin Gastroenterol 2010;26(2):146–51.Google Scholar

Muscaritoli, M, Lucia, S, Molfino, A, et al. Muscle atrophy in aging and chronic diseases: is it sarcopenia or cachexia? Internal and Emergency Medicine 2013;8: 553–60.Google Scholar

Morely, JE, Abbatecola, AM, Argiles, JM, et al. Sarcopenia with limited mobility: an international consensus. J Am Med Dir Assoc 2011;12(6):403–9.Google Scholar

Evans, WJ. Skeletal muscle loss: cachexia, sarcopenia, and inactivity. Am J Clin Nutr 2010;91: 1123S–1127S.Google Scholar

Goodpaster, BH, Park, SW, Harris, TB, et al. The loss of skeletal muscle strength, mass, and quality in older adults: the health, aging and body composition study. J Gerontol A Biol Med Sci 2006;61:1059–64.Google Scholar

Muller, MJ, Geisler, C, Pourhassan, M, et al. Assessment and definition of lean body mass deficiency in the elderly. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition 2014;68:1220–27; doi: 10.1038/ejcn.2014.169 published online August 2014.Google Scholar

Santilli, V, Bernetti, A, Mangone, M, et al. Clinical definition of sarcopenia. Clin Cases Miner Bone Metab 2014; 11(3): 177–80.Google Scholar

US Department of Agriculture. Dietary guidelines for Americans 2010: executive summary. Available at: www.cnpp.usda.gov/sites/default/files/dietary_guidelines_for_americans/ExecSumm.pdf (accessed February 23, 2015).Google Scholar

Institute of Medicine. Dietary reference intakes tables and application. Available at: www.iom.edu/Activities/Nutrition/SummaryDRIs/DRI-Tables.aspx (accessed February 25, 2015).Google Scholar

Health Canada. The DRI values: definitions. Available at: www.hc-sc.gc.ca/fn-an/nutrition/reference/dri_ques-ques_anref-eng.php#a5a (accessed February 25, 2015).Google Scholar

2008 physical activity guidelines for Americans. Available at: www.cdc.gov/physicalactivity/downloads/pa_fact_sheet_adults.pdf (accessed February 20, 2015).Google Scholar

Elmafa, I, Meyer, AL. Body composition, changing physiological functions and nutrient requirements of the elderly. Ann Nutr Metab 2008;52(1):2–5.Google Scholar

Pennypacker, LC, Allen, RH, Kelly, JP, et al. High prevalence of cobalamin deficiency in elderly outpatients. J Am Geriatr Soc 1992;40(12):1997–204.Google Scholar

Van Asselt, DZ, de Groot, LC, van Staveren, WA, et al. Role of cobalamin intake and atrophic gastritis in mild cobalamin deficiency in older Dutch subjects. Am J Clin Nutr. 1998;68:328–334.Google Scholar

Walters, JR, Balesaria, S, Chavele, KM, et al. Calcium channel TRPV6 expression in human duodenum: different relationships to the vitamin D system and aging in men and women. J Bone Miner Res 2006;21:1770–7.Google Scholar

Bischoff-Ferrari, HA, Dawson-Hughes, B, Willett, WC, et al. Effect of Vitamin D on falls: a meta-analysis. JAMA 2004;291(16):1999–2006.Google Scholar

Anderson, JL, May, HT, Horne, BD, et al. Relation of vitamin D deficiency to cardiovascular risk factors, disease status, and incident events in a general healthcare population. Am J Cardiol 2010;106(7):963–8.Google Scholar

Bolland, MJ, Avenell, A, Baron, JA, et al. Effect of calcium supplements on risk of myocardial infarction and cardiovascular events: meta-analysis. BMJ 2010;341:c3691.Google Scholar

Bolland, MJ, Grey, A, Avenell, A, et al. Calcium supplements with or without vitamin D and risk of cardiovascular events: reanalysis of the Women’s Health Initiative limited access dataset and meta-analysis. BMJ 2011;342:d2040.Google Scholar

Kaiser, M, Bauer, J, Ramsch, C, et al. Validation of the nutritional assessment short-form (MNA-SF): a practical tool for identification of nutritional status. J Nutr Health Aging 2009;13(9):782–8.Google Scholar

Isenring, EA, Bauer, JD, Banks, MD, et al. The malnutrition screening tool is a useful tool for identifying malnutrition risk in residential aged care. Journal of Human Nutrition and Dietetics 2009;22(6):545–50.Google Scholar

Kortebein, P, Ferrando, A, Lombeida, J, et al. Effect of 10 days bedrest on skeletal muscle in healthy older adults. JAMA 2007;297:1772–4.Google Scholar

Flegal, KM, Kit, BK, Orpana, H, et al. Association of all- cause mortality with overweight and obesity using standard body mass index categories: a systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA 2013;309(1):71–82.Google Scholar

Fontana, L, Hu, F. Optimal body weight for health and longevity: bridging basic, clinical, and population research. Aging Cell 2014;13(3):391–400.Google Scholar

Sujino, Y, Tanno, J, Nakano, S, et al. Impact of hypoalbuminemia, frailty, and body mass index on early prognosis in older patients (>/= 85 years) with ST-elevation myocardial infarction. Journal of Cardiology 2014; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jjcc.2014.12.001./=+85+years)+with+ST-elevation+myocardial+infarction.+Journal+of+Cardiology+2014;+http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jjcc.2014.12.001.>Google Scholar

Milne, AC, Potter, J, Vivanti, A, et al. Protein and energy supplementation in elderly people at risk from malnutrition. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2009 Apr 15;(2):CD003288.Google Scholar

Book contents

Section I - General approach to the care of the elderly

Access options

References

References

References

References

References

References

References

Save book to Kindle

Save book to Dropbox

Save book to Google Drive