Skip to main content Accessibility help

We use cookies to distinguish you from other users and to provide you with a better experience on our websites. Close this message to accept cookies or find out how to manage your cookie settings.

Close cookie message
×
Hostname: page-component-586b7cd67f-tf8b9 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-28T09:48:23.899Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Chapter 9 - Fall Prevention in Community-Dwelling Older Adults

from Section II - Geriatric Syndromes

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  30 June 2022

By
Levan Atanelov
Edited by
Jan Busby-Whitehead ,
Samuel C. Durso ,
Christine Arenson ,
Rebecca Elon ,
Mary H. Palmer  and
William Reichel
Jan Busby-Whitehead
Affiliation:
University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill
Samuel C. Durso
Affiliation:
The Johns Hopkins University, Maryland
Christine Arenson
Affiliation:
Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia
Rebecca Elon
Affiliation:
The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine
Mary H. Palmer
Affiliation:
University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill
William Reichel
Affiliation:
Georgetown University Medical Center
Get access

Summary

Falls are common in older adults. Falls are the number one cause of injury and death in the geriatric population. Fortunately, falls can be prevented. When evaluating falls acute triggers of falls should be distinguished from chronic predisposing factors. Syncopal/pre-syncopal episodes comprise the minority of falls causes. Gait and balance deficits are the most important culprits contributing to falls. Exercise is the only single intervention shown to prevent falls in older adults. Multicomponent medical and biomechanical interventions should be utilized to successfully treat falls.

Keywords

fallsbalancegait deficitsolder adultsgeriatricexercise
Type
Chapter
Information
Reichel's Care of the Elderly
Clinical Aspects of Aging
 , pp. 91 - 101
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2022

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

O’Loughlin, JL, Robitaille, Y, Boivin, JF, Suissa, S. Incidence of and risk factors for falls and injurious falls among the community-dwelling elderly. Am J Epidemiol. 1993 (Feb. 1); 137(3):342–354. doi: 10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a116681. PMID: 8452142.Google Scholar
Bergen, G, Stevens, MR, Burns, ER. Falls and fall injuries among adults aged ≥65 years – United States, 2014. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2016 (Sep. 23); 65(37):993–998. doi: 10.15585/mmwr.mm6537a2. PMID: 27656914.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Data searches available at the National Center for Health Statistics (NCHS), National Vital Statistics System. Accessed from Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) Web-based Inquiry Statistics Query and Reporting System (WISQARS) at www.cdc.gov/injury/wisqars. Accessed on 5/8/2020.Google Scholar
Stevens, JA, Ballesteros, MF, Mack, KA, Rudd, RA, DeCaro, E, Adler, G. Gender differences in seeking care for falls in the aged Medicare population. Am J Prev Med. 2012 (Jul.); 43(1):59–62. doi: 10.1016/j.amepre.2012.03.008. PMID: 22704747.Google Scholar
Hartholt, KA, Lee, R, Burns, ER, van Beeck, EF. Mortality from falls among US adults aged 75 years or older, 2000–2016. JAMA. 2019 (Jun. 4); 321(21):2131–2133. doi: 10.1001/jama.2019.4185. Erratum in: JAMA. 2019 (Sep. 17); 322(11):1108. PMID: 31162561; PMCID: PMC6549288.Google Scholar
Burns, E, Kakara, R. Deaths from falls among persons aged ≥65 years: United States, 2007–2016. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2018 (May 11); 67(18):509–514. doi: 10.15585/mmwr.mm6718a1. PMID: 29746456; PMCID: PMC5944976.Google Scholar
Alexander, BH, Rivara, FP, Wolf, ME. The cost and frequency of hospitalization for fall-related injuries in older adults. Am J Public Health. 1992 (Jul.); 82(7):1020–1023. doi: 10.2105/ajph.82.7.1020. PMID: 1609903; PMCID: PMC1694056. 102Google Scholar
Sterling, DA, O’Connor, JA, Bonadies, J. Geriatric falls: Injury severity is high and disproportionate to mechanism. J Trauma. 2001 (Jan.); 50(1):116–119. doi: 10.1097/00005373-200101000-00021. PMID: 11231681.Google Scholar
Parkkari, J, Kannus, P, Palvanen, M, Natri, A, Vainio, J, Aho, H, Vuori, I, Järvinen, M. Majority of hip fractures occur as a result of a fall and impact on the greater trochanter of the femur: A prospective controlled hip fracture study with 206 consecutive patients. Calcif Tissue Int. 1999 (Sep.); 65(3):183–187. doi: 10.1007/s002239900679. PMID: 10441647.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Jager, TE, Weiss, HB, Coben, JH, Pepe, PE. Traumatic brain injuries evaluated in U.S. emergency departments, 1992–1994. Acad Emerg Med. 2000 (Feb.); 7(2):134–140. doi: 10.1111/j.1553-2712.2000.tb00515.x. PMID: 10691071.Google Scholar
Wongrakpanich, S, Kallis, C, Prasad, P, Rangaswami, J, Rosenzweig, A. The study of rhabdomyolysis in the elderly: An epidemiological study and single center experience. Aging Dis. 2018 (Feb. 1); 9(1):1–7. doi: 10.14336/AD.2017.0304. PMID: 29392076; PMCID: PMC5772847.Google Scholar
Scheffer, AC, Schuurmans, MJ, van Dijk, N, van der Hooft, T, de Rooij, SE. Fear of falling: Measurement strategy, prevalence, risk factors and consequences among older persons. Age Ageing. 2008 (Jan.); 37(1):19–24. doi: 10.1093/ageing/afm169. PMID: 18194967.Google Scholar
Benjamin, EJ, Muntner, P, Alonso, A, et al.; American Heart Association Council on Epidemiology and Prevention Statistics Committee and Stroke Statistics Subcommittee. Heart disease and stroke statistics: 2019 update – A report from the American Heart Association. Circulation. 2019 (Mar. 5); 139(10):e56–e528. doi: 10.1161/CIR.0000000000000659. Erratum in: Circulation. 2020 (Jan. 14); 141(2):e33. PMID: 30700139.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Jernberg, T, Hasvold, P, Henriksson, M, Hjelm, H, Thuresson, M, Janzon, M. Cardiovascular risk in post-myocardial infarction patients: Nationwide real world data demonstrate the importance of a long-term perspective. Eur Heart J. 2015 (May 14); 36(19):1163–1170. doi: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehu505. Epub 2015 Jan 13. PMID: 25586123.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Schnell, S, Friedman, SM, Mendelson, DA, Bingham, KW, Kates, SL. The 1-year mortality of patients treated in a hip fracture program for elders. Geriatr Orthop Surg Rehabil. 2010 (Sep.); 1(1):6–14. doi: 10.1177/2151458510378105. PMID: 23569656; PMCID: PMC3597289.Google Scholar
Campbell, AJ, Borrie, MJ, Spears, GF, Jackson, SL, Brown, JS, Fitzgerald, JL. Circumstances and consequences of falls experienced by a community population 70 years and over during a prospective study. Age Ageing. 1990 (Mar.); 19(2):136–141. doi: 10.1093/ageing/19.2.136. Erratum in: Age Ageing. 1990 (Sep.); 19(5):345–346. PMID: 2337010.Google Scholar
Berg, WP, Alessio, HM, Mills, EM, Tong, C. Circumstances and consequences of falls in independent community-dwelling older adults. Age Ageing. 1997 (Jul.); 26(4):261–268. doi: 10.1093/ageing/26.4.261. PMID: 9271288.Google Scholar
Cali, CM, Kiel, DP. An epidemiologic study of fall-related fractures among institutionalized older people. J Am Geriatr Soc. 1995 (Dec.); 43(12):1336–1340. doi: 10.1111/j.1532-5415.1995.tb06610.x. PMID: 7490382.Google Scholar
Lord, SR, Ward, JA, Williams, P, Anstey, KJ. An epidemiological study of falls in older community-dwelling women: The Randwick falls and fractures study. Aust J Public Health. 1993 (Sep.); 17(3):240–245. doi: 10.1111/j.1753-6405.1993.tb00143.x. PMID: 8286498.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Allan, LM, Ballard, CG, Rowan, EN, Kenny, RA. Incidence and prediction of falls in dementia: A prospective study in older people. PLoS One. 2009; 4(5):e5521. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0005521. Epub 2009 May 13. PMID: 19436724; PMCID: PMC2677107.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hoogendijk, EO, Afilalo, J, Ensrud, KE, Kowal, P, Onder, G, Fried, LP. Frailty: Implications for clinical practice and public health. Lancet. 2019 (Oct. 12); 394(10206):1365–1375. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(19)31786-6. PMID: 31609228.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Yeung, SSY, Reijnierse, EM, Pham, VK, Trappenburg, MC, Lim, WK, Meskers, CGM, Maier, AB. Sarcopenia and its association with falls and fractures in older adults: A systematic review and meta-analysis. J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle. 2019 (Jun.); 10(3):485–500. doi: 10.1002/jcsm.12411. Epub 2019 Apr. 16. PMID: 30993881; PMCID: PMC6596401.Google Scholar
Park, JK, Deutz, NEP, Cruthirds, CL, Kirschner, SK, Park, H, Madigan, ML, Engelen, MPKJ. Risk factors for postural and functional balance impairment in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. J Clin Med. 2020 (Feb. 24); 9(2):609. doi: 10.3390/jcm9020609. PMID: 32102421; PMCID: PMC7074538.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Barbour, KE, Sagawa, N, Boudreau, RM, Winger, ME, Cauley, JA, Nevitt, MC, Fujii, T, Patel, KV, Strotmeyer, ES. Knee osteoarthritis and the risk of medically treated injurious falls among older adults: A community-based US cohort study. Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken). 2019 (Jul.); 71(7):865–874. doi: 10.1002/acr.23725. Epub 2019 Jun. 13. PMID: 30133173; PMCID: PMC6384154.Google Scholar
Zhang, X, Sun, M, Liu, S, Leung, CH, Pang, L, Popat, UR, Champlin, R, Holmes, HM, Valero, V, Dinney, CP, Tripathy, D, Edwards, BJ. Risk factors for falls in older patients with cancer. BMJ Support Palliat Care. 2018 (Mar.); 8(1):34–37. doi: 10.1136/bmjspcare-2017-001388. Epub 2017 Aug. 31. PMID: 28860112Google Scholar
Hewston, P, Deshpande, N. Falls and balance impairments in older adults with type 2 diabetes: thinking beyond diabetic peripheral neuropathy. Can J Diabetes. 2016 (Feb.); 40(1):6–9. doi: 10.1016/j.jcjd.2015.08.005. Epub 2016 Jan 6. PMID: 26778679.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kimura, A, Takeshita, K, Shiraishi, Y, et al. Effectiveness of surgical treatment for degenerative cervical myelopathy in preventing falls and fall-related neurological deterioration: A prospective multi-institutional study. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 2020 (Jun. 1); 45(11):E631–E638. doi: 10.1097/BRS.0000000000003355. PMID: 31809466.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Canning, CG, Paul, SS, Nieuwboer, A. Prevention of falls in Parkinson’s disease: A review of fall risk factors and the role of physical interventions. Neurodegener Dis Manag. 2014; 4(3):203–221. doi: 10.2217/nmt.14.22. PMID: 25095816.Google Scholar
Denissen, S, Staring, W, Kunkel, D, Pickering, RM, Lennon, S, Geurts, AC, Weerdesteyn, V, Verheyden, GS. Interventions for preventing falls in people after stroke. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2019 (Oct. 1); 10(10):CD008728. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD008728.pub3. Epub ahead of print. PMID: 31573069; PMCID: PMC6770464.Google Scholar
Sri-on, J, Tirrell, GP, Lipsitz, LA, Liu, SW. Is there such a thing as a mechanical fall? Am J Emerg Med. 2016 (Mar.); 34(3):582–585. doi: 10.1016/j.ajem.2015.12.009. Epub 2015 Dec. 12. PMID: 26795891; PMCID: PMC6785031.Google Scholar
Ganz, DA, Latham, NK. Prevention of falls in community-dwelling older adults. N Engl J Med. 2020 (Feb. 20); 382(8):734–743. doi: 10.1056/NEJMcp1903252. PMID: 32074420.Google Scholar
American Geriatrics Society, British Geriatrics Society, and American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons Panel on Falls Prevention. Guideline for the prevention of falls in older persons. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2001 (May); 49(5):664–672. PMID: 11380764.Google Scholar
Stevens, JA, Ballesteros, MF, Mack, KA, Rudd, RA, DeCaro, E, Adler, G. Gender differences in seeking care for falls in the aged Medicare population. Am J Prev Med. 2012 (Jul.); 43(1):59–62. doi: 10.1016/j.amepre.2012.03.008. PMID: 22704747.Google Scholar
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Algorithm for Fall Risk Screening, Assessment, and Intervention. www.cdc.gov/steadi/pdf/STEADI-Algorithm-508.pdf. Accessed on 5/8/2020.Google Scholar
Johnston, YA, Bergen, G, Bauer, M, et al. Implementation of the Stopping Elderly Accidents, Deaths, and Injuries initiative in primary care: An outcome evaluation. Gerontologist. 2019 (Nov. 16); 59(6):1182–1191. doi: 10.1093/geront/gny101. PMID: 30239774; PMCID: PMC6625936.Google Scholar
Mustapa, A, Justine, M, Mohd Mustafah, N, Jamil, N, Manaf, H. Postural control and gait performance in the diabetic peripheral neuropathy: A systematic review. Biomed Res Int. 2016; 9305025. doi: 10.1155/2016/9305025. Epub 2016 Jul. 20. PMID: 27525281; PMCID: PMC4971307.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gratza, SK, Chocano-Bedoya, PO, Orav, EJ, Fischbacher, M, Freystätter, G, Theiler, R, Egli, A, Kressig, RW, Kanis, JA, Bischoff-Ferrari, HA. Influence of fall environment and fall direction on risk of injury among pre-frail and frail adults. Osteoporos Int. 2019 (Nov.); 30(11):2205–2215. doi: 10.1007/s00198-019-05110-7. Epub 2019 Aug. 3. PMID: 31377914.Google Scholar
Hwang, HF, Lee, HD, Huang, HH, Chen, CY, Lin, MR. Fall mechanisms, bone strength, and hip fractures in elderly men and women in Taiwan. Osteoporos Int. 2011 (Aug.); 22(8):2385–2393. doi: 10.1007/s00198-010-1446-4. Epub 2010 Oct. 21. PMID: 20963399.Google Scholar
Smeesters, C, Hayes, WC, McMahon, TA. Disturbance type and gait speed affect fall direction and impact location. J Biomech. 2001 (Mar.); 34(3):309–317. doi: 10.1016/s0021-9290(00)00200-1. PMID: 11182121.Google Scholar
Lusardi, MM, Fritz, S, Middleton, A, Allison, L, Wingood, M, Phillips, E, Criss, M, Verma, S, Osborne, J, Chui, KK. Determining risk of falls in community dwelling older adults: A systematic review and meta-analysis using posttest probability. J Geriatr Phys Ther. 2017 (Jan./Mar.); 40(1):1–36. doi: 10.1519/JPT.0000000000000099. PMID: 27537070; PMCID: PMC5158094.Google Scholar
Park, SH. Tools for assessing fall risk in the elderly: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Aging Clin Exp Res. 2018 (Jan.); 30(1):1–16. doi: 10.1007/s40520-017-0749-0. Epub 2017 Apr. 3. PMID: 28374345.Google Scholar
Horak, FB. Postural orientation and equilibrium: What do we need to know about neural control of balance to prevent falls? Age Ageing. 2006 (Sep.); 35(Suppl.2):ii7–ii11. doi: 10.1093/ageing/afl077. PMID: 16926210.Google Scholar
Henry, M, Baudry, S. Age-related changes in leg proprioception: Implications for postural control. J Neurophysiol. 2019 Aug. 1; 122(2):525–538. doi: 10.1152/jn.00067.2019. Epub 2019 Jun. 5. PMID: 31166819; PMCID: PMC6734411.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Verghese, J, LeValley, A, Hall, CB, Katz, MJ, Ambrose, AF, Lipton, RB. Epidemiology of gait disorders in community-residing older adults. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2006 (Feb.); 54(2):255–261. doi: 10.1111/j.1532-5415.2005.00580.x. PMID: 16460376; PMCID: PMC1403740.Google Scholar
Hsu, CL, Nagamatsu, LS, Davis, JC, Liu-Ambrose, T. Examining the relationship between specific cognitive processes and falls risk in older adults: A systematic review. Osteoporos Int. 2012 (Oct.); 23(10):2409–2424. doi: 10.1007/s00198-012-1992-z. Epub 2012 May 26. PMID: 22638707; PMCID: PMC4476839.Google Scholar
Lord, SR. Visual risk factors for falls in older people. Age Ageing. 2006 (Sep.); 35(Suppl.2):ii42–ii45. doi: 10.1093/ageing/afl085. PMID: 16926203.Google Scholar
Gillespie, LD, Robertson, MC, Gillespie, WJ, Sherrington, C, Gates, S, Clemson, LM, Lamb, SE. Interventions for preventing falls in older people living in the community. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2012 Sep 12;2012 (9):CD007146. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD007146.pub3. PMID: 22972103.Google ScholarPubMed
Haran, MJ, Lord, SR, Cameron, ID, et al. Preventing falls in older multifocal glasses wearers by providing single-lens distance glasses: The protocol for the VISIBLE randomised controlled trial. BMC Geriatr. 2009 (Mar. 26); 9:10. doi: 10.1186/1471-2318-9-10. PMID: 19321012; PMCID: PMC2667180.Google Scholar
Campbell, AJ, Robertson, MC, La Grow, SJ, Kerse, NM, Sanderson, GF, Jacobs, RJ, Sharp, DM, Hale, LA. Randomised controlled trial of prevention of falls in people aged > or =75 with severe visual impairment: The VIP trial. BMJ. 2005 (Oct. 8); 331(7520):817. doi: 10.1136/bmj.38601.447731.55. Epub 2005 Sep. 23. PMID: 16183652; PMCID: PMC1246082.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
O’Rourke, B, Walsh, ME, Brophy, R, Vallely, S, Murphy, N, Conroy, B, Cunningham, C, Horgan, NF. Does the shoe really fit? Characterizing ill-fitting footwear among community-dwelling older adults attending geriatric services: an observational cross-sectional study. BMC Geriatr. 2020 (Feb. 13); 20(1):55. doi: 10.1186/s12877-020-1448-9. PMID: 32054464; PMCID: PMC7020372.Google Scholar
Neville, C, Nguyen, H, Ross, K, Wingood, M, Peterson, E, DeWitt, J, Moore, J, King, MJ, Atanelov, L, White, J, Najafi, B. Lower-limb factors associated with balance and falls in older adults: a systematic review and clinical synthesis. J Am Podiatr Med Assoc. 2019 (Nov. 19). doi: 10.7547/19-143. Epub ahead of print. PMID: 31743051.Google Scholar
Blalock, SJ, Ferreri, SP, Renfro, CP, Robinson, JM, Farley, JF, Ray, N, Busby-Whitehead, J. Impact of STEADI-Rx: A community pharmacy-based fall prevention intervention. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2020 (Aug);68(8):1778–1786. doi: 10.1111/jgs.16459. Epub ahead of print. PMID: 32315461.Google Scholar
Huiskes, VJ, Burger, DM, van den Ende, CH, van den Bemt, BJ. Effectiveness of medication review: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. BMC Fam Pract. 2017 (Jan. 17); 18(1):5. doi: 10.1186/s12875-016-0577-x. PMID: 28095780; PMCID: PMC5240219.Google Scholar
Campbell, AJ, Robertson, MC, Gardner, MM, Norton, RN, Buchner, DM. Psychotropic medication withdrawal and a home-based exercise program to prevent falls: A randomized, controlled trial. J Am Geriatr Soc. 1999 (Jul.); 47(7):850–853. doi: 10.1111/j.1532-5415.1999.tb03843.x. PMID: 10404930.Google Scholar
Tricco, AC, Thomas, SM, Veroniki, AA, et al. Comparisons of interventions for preventing falls in older adults: A systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA. 2017 (Nov. 7); 318(17):1687–1699. doi: 10.1001/jama.2017.15006. PMID: 29114830; PMCID: PMC5818787.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Guirguis-Blake, JM, Michael, YL, Perdue, LA, Coppola, EL, Beil, TL. Interventions to prevent falls in older adults: Updated evidence report and systematic review for the US Preventive Services Task Force. JAMA. 2018 (Apr. 24); 319(16):1705–1716. doi: 10.1001/jama.2017.21962. PMID: 29710140.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sherrington, C, Michaleff, ZA, Fairhall, N, Paul, SS, Tiedemann, A, Whitney, J, Cumming, RG, Herbert, RD, Close, JCT, Lord, SR. Exercise to prevent falls in older adults: An updated systematic review and meta-analysis. Br J Sports Med. 2017 (Dec.); 51(24):1750–1758. doi: 10.1136/bjsports-2016-096547. Epub 2016 Oct. 4. PMID: 27707740.Google Scholar
Sherrington, C, Whitney, JC, Lord, SR, Herbert, RD, Cumming, RG, Close, JC. Effective exercise for the prevention of falls: A systematic review and meta-analysis. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2008 (Dec.); 56(12):2234–2243. doi: 10.1111/j.1532-5415.2008.02014.x. PMID: 19093923.Google Scholar
Liu-Ambrose, T, Davis, JC, Best, JR, Dian, L, Madden, K, Cook, W, Hsu, CL, Khan, KM. Effect of a home-based exercise program on subsequent falls among community-dwelling high-risk older adults after a fall: A randomized clinical trial. JAMA. 2019 (Jun. 4); 321(21):2092–2100. doi: 10.1001/jama.2019.5795. Erratum in: JAMA. 2019 (Jul. 9); 322(2):174. PMID: 31162569; PMCID: PMC6549299.Google Scholar
Sherrington, C, Michaleff, ZA, Fairhall, N, Paul, SS, Tiedemann, A, Whitney, J, Cumming, RG, Herbert, RD, Close, JCT, Lord, SR. Exercise to prevent falls in older adults: An updated systematic review and meta-analysis. Br J Sports Med. 2017 (Dec.); 51(24):1750–1758. doi: 10.1136/bjsports-2016-096547. Epub 2016 Oct. 4. PMID: 27707740.Google Scholar
Lipardo, DS, Aseron, AMC, Kwan, MM, Tsang, WW. Effect of exercise and cognitive training on falls and fall-related factors in older adults with mild cognitive impairment: A systematic review. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2017 (Oct.); 98(10):2079–2096. doi: 10.1016/j.apmr.2017.04.021. Epub 2017 May 26. PMID: 28554873.Google Scholar
Menant, JC, Steele, JR, Menz, HB, Munro, BJ, Lord, SR. Optimizing footwear for older people at risk of falls. J Rehabil Res Dev. 2008; 45(8):1167–1181. PMID: 19235118.Google Scholar
Koepsell, TD, Wolf, ME, Buchner, DM, Kukull, WA, LaCroix, AZ, Tencer, AF, Frankenfeld, CL, Tautvydas, M, Larson, EB. Footwear style and risk of falls in older adults. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2004 (Sep.); 52(9):1495–1501. doi: 10.1111/j.1532-5415.2004.52412.x. PMID: 15341551.Google Scholar
Aboutorabi, A, Bahramizadeh, M, Arazpour, M, Fadayevatan, R, Farahmand, F, Curran, S, Hutchins, SW. A systematic review of the effect of foot orthoses and shoe characteristics on balance in healthy older subjects. Prosthet Orthot Int. 2016 (Apr.); 40(2):170–181. doi: 10.1177/0309364615588342. Epub 2015 Jun. 25. PMID: 26112468.Google Scholar
Kim, DH, Brown, RT, Ding, EL, Kiel, DP, Berry, SD. Dementia medications and risk of falls, syncope, and related adverse events: Meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2011 (Jun.); 59(6):1019–1031. doi: 10.1111/j.1532-5415.2011.03450.x. Epub 2011 (Jun. 7). PMID: 21649634; PMCID: PMC3260523.Google Scholar
Zijlstra, GA, van Haastregt, JC, Ambergen, T, van Rossum, E, van Eijk, JT, Tennstedt, SL, Kempen, GI. Effects of a multicomponent cognitive behavioral group intervention on fear of falling and activity avoidance in community-dwelling older adults: Results of a randomized controlled trial. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2009 (Nov.); 57(11):2020–2028. doi: 10.1111/j.1532-5415.2009.02489.x. Epub 2009 (Sep. 28). PMID: 19793161.Google Scholar
Pighills, A, Drummond, A, Crossland, S, Torgerson, DJ. What type of environmental assessment and modification prevents falls in community dwelling older people? BMJ. 2019 (Mar. 14); 364:l880. doi: 10.1136/bmj.l880. PMID: 30872322.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Guirguis-Blake, JM, Michael, YL, Perdue, LA, Coppola, EL, Beil, TL. Interventions to prevent falls in older adults: Updated evidence report and systematic review for the US Preventive Services Task Force. JAMA. 2018 (Apr. 24); 319(16):1705–1716. doi: 10.1001/jama.2017.21962. PMID: 29710140.Google Scholar
Ensrud, KE, Crandall, CJ. Osteoporosis. Ann Intern Med. 2017 (Aug. 1); 167(3):ITC17-ITC32. doi: 10.7326/AITC201708010. Erratum in: Ann Intern Med. 2017 (Oct. 3); 167(7):528. PMID: 28761958.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Santesso, N, Carrasco-Labra, A, Brignardello-Petersen, R. Hip protectors for preventing hip fractures in older people. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2014 (Mar. 31); (3):CD001255. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD001255.pub5. PMID: 24687239.Google Scholar
Ganetsky, M, Lopez, G, Coreanu, T, Novack, V, Horng, S, Shapiro, NI, Bauer, KA. Risk of intracranial hemorrhage in ground-level fall with antiplatelet or anticoagulant agents. Acad Emerg Med. 2017 (Oct.); 24(10):1258–1266. doi: 10.1111/acem.13217. Epub 2017 (Jun. 5). PMID: 28475282.Google Scholar
Nishijima, DK, Offerman, SR, Ballard, DW, Vinson, DR, Chettipally, UK, Rauchwerger, AS, Reed, ME, Holmes, JF, for the Clinical Research in Emergency Services and Treatment (CREST) Network. Immediate and delayed traumatic intracranial hemorrhage in patients with head trauma and preinjury warfarin or clopidogrel use. Ann Emerg Med. 2012 (Jun.); 59(6):460–8.e1-7. doi: 10.1016/j.annemergmed.2012.04.007. PMID: 22626015; PMCID: PMC3361700.Google Scholar
Jepsen, DB, Thomsen, K, Hansen, S, Jørgensen, NR, Masud, T, Ryg, J. Effect of whole-body vibration exercise in preventing falls and fractures: A systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ Open. 2017 (Dec. 29); 7(12):e018342. doi: 10.1136/bmjopen-2017-018342. PMID: 29289937; PMCID: PMC6027066.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hamel, C, Hekmatjah, N, Hakakian, B, Banooni, M, Lalezari, J, Simino, MS, Azizi, J, Zaghi, D, Kamen, L, Atanelov, L. Evidence-based community fall prevention programs at senior centers near 10 US academic centers. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2019 (Jul.); 67(7):1484–1488. doi: 10.1111/jgs.15961. Epub 2019 (May 3). PMID: 31050817.Google Scholar
Sun, R, Sosnoff, JJ. Novel sensing technology in fall risk assessment in older adults: A systematic review. BMC Geriatr. 2018 (Jan. 16); 18(1):14. doi: 10.1186/s12877-018-0706-6. PMID: 29338695; PMCID: PMC5771008.Google Scholar
Hempel, S, Newberry, S, Wang, Z, Booth, M, Shanman, R, Johnsen, B, Shier, V, Saliba, D, Spector, WD, Ganz, DA. Hospital fall prevention: A systematic review of implementation, components, adherence, and effectiveness. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2013 (Apr.); 61(4):483–494. doi: 10.1111/jgs.12169. Epub 2013 Mar. 25. PMID: 23527904; PMCID: PMC3670303.Google Scholar
Oliver, D, Hopper, A, Seed, P. Do hospital fall prevention programs work? A systematic review. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2000 (Dec.); 48(12):1679–1689. doi: 10.1111/j.1532-5415.2000.tb03883.x. PMID: 11129762.Google Scholar
Avanecean, D, Calliste, D, Contreras, T, Lim, Y, Fitzpatrick, A. Effectiveness of patient-centered interventions on falls in the acute care setting compared to usual care: A systematic review. JBI Database System Rev Implement Rep. 2017 (Dec.); 15(12):3006–3048. doi: 10.11124/JBISRIR-2016-003331. PMID: 29219876.Google Scholar
Cameron, ID, Gillespie, LD, Robertson, MC, Murray, GR, Hill, KD, Cumming, RG, Kerse, N. Interventions for preventing falls in older people in care facilities and hospitals. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2012 Dec 12;12:CD005465. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD005465.pub3. Update in: Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2018 Sep.7;9:CD005465. PMID: 23235623.Google Scholar
Vlaeyen, E, Coussement, J, Leysens, G, et al. Center of Expertise for Fall and Fracture Prevention Flanders. Characteristics and effectiveness of fall prevention programs in nursing homes – A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2015 (Feb.); 63(2):211–221. doi: 10.1111/jgs.13254. Epub 2015 (Feb. 2). PMID: 25641225.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lee, SH, Kim, HS. Exercise interventions for preventing falls among older people in care facilities: A meta-analysis. Worldviews Evid Based Nurs. 2017 (Feb.); 14(1):74–80. doi: 10.1111/wvn.12193. Epub 2016 (Dec. 16). PMID: 27984675.Google Scholar
Liu-Ambrose, T, Davis, JC, Best, JR, Dian, L, Madden, K, Cook, W, Hsu, CL, Khan, KM. Effect of a home-based exercise program on subsequent falls among community-dwelling high-risk older adults after a fall: A randomized clinical trial. JAMA. 2019 (Jun. 4); 321(21):2092–2100. doi: 10.1001/jama.2019.5795. Erratum in: JAMA. 2019 (Jul. 9); 322(2):174. PMID: 31162569; PMCID: PMC6549299.Google Scholar

Save book to Kindle

To save this book to your Kindle, first ensure [email protected] is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

Available formats
×

Save book to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

Available formats
×

Save book to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

Available formats
×