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Substitution
Published online by Cambridge University Press: 01 July 2021
Chapter six looks at the operational and tactical levels of strategy and brings forward the phenomenon of substitution. Substitution, or the waterbed effect, occurs as a result of counter-measures and means a displacement of violent activities towards other targets, tactics, territory or time frames. Sri Lanka’s Tamil Tigers and Nicaragua’s Sandinist National Liberation Front are the two vignettes treated here. The Tigers are notable for their military defeat in 2009 and the SNLF for their ultimate military success in overthrowing the Somoza dictatorship at the end of the 1970s.
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