Skip to main content Accessibility help

We use cookies to distinguish you from other users and to provide you with a better experience on our websites. Close this message to accept cookies or find out how to manage your cookie settings.

Close cookie message
×
Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-fscjk Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-27T09:53:42.639Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Part II - Foundations of Wisdom in the Individual and in the World

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  26 May 2022

Edited by
Robert J. Sternberg  and
Judith Glück
Robert J. Sternberg
Affiliation:
Cornell University, New York
Judith Glück
Affiliation:
Universität Klagenfurt, Austria
Get access

Summary

A summary is not available for this content so a preview has been provided. Please use the Get access link above for information on how to access this content.
Image of the first page of this content. For PDF version, please use the ‘Save PDF’ preceeding this image.'
Type
Chapter
Information
The Psychology of Wisdom
An Introduction
 , pp. 105 - 172
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2022

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

References

Ackerman, P. L. and Heggestad, E. D. (1997). Intelligence, personality, and interests: evidence for overlapping traits. Psychological Bulletin, 121(2), 219–45.Google Scholar
Amabile, T. M. (1983). The social psychology of creativity: a componential conceptualization. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 45(2), 357–76.Google Scholar
Ardelt, M. (2003) Empirical assessment of a three-dimensional wisdom scale. Research on Aging. 25(3), 275–324.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Baltes, P. B. and Smith, J. (2008). The fascination of wisdom: its nature, ontogeny, and function. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 3(1), 56–64.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Baltes, P. and Staudinger, U. (2000). Wisdom: a metaheuristic (pragmatic) to orchestrate mind and virtue toward excellence. American Psychologist, 55(1), 122–36.Google Scholar
Bangen, K. J., Meeks, T. W., and Jesete, D.V. (2013) Defining and assessing wisdom: a review of the literature. American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 21(12). 1254–66.Google Scholar
Beaussart, M. L., Andrews, C. J., and Kaufman, J. C. (2013). Creative liars: the relationship between creativity and integrity. Thinking Skills and Creativity, 9, 129–34.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bierly, P. E., Kolodinsky, R.W., and Charette, B. J. (2009) Understanding the complex relationship between creativity and ethical ideologies. Journal of Business Ethics, 86(1), 101–12.Google Scholar
Bipp, T., Steinmayr, R., and Spinath, B. (2008). Personality and achievement motivation: relationship among Big Five domain and facet scales, achievement goals, and intelligence. Personality and Individual Differences, 44(7), 1454–64.Google Scholar
Bluck, S. and Glück, J. (2005). From the inside out: people’s implicit theories of wisdom. In Sternberg, R. J. and Jordan, J., eds., A Handbook of Wisdom: Psychological Perspectives. Cambridge University Press, pp. 84–109.Google Scholar
Carroll, J. B. (1993). Human Cognitive Abilities: A Survey of Factor-Analytic Studies. Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Craft, A. (2006). Fostering creativity with wisdom. Cambridge Journal of Education, 36(3), 337–50.Google Scholar
Cropley, D. H., Kaufman, J. C., and Cropley, A. J. (2008). Malevolent creativity: a functional model of creativity in terrorism and crime. Creativity Research Journal, 20(2), 105–15.Google Scholar
Cropley, D. H., Cropley, A. J., Kaufman, J. C., and Runco, M. A., eds., (2010). The Dark Side of Creativity. Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Cropley, D. H., Kaufman, J. C., White, A. E., and Chiera, B. A. (2014). Layperson perceptions of malevolent creativity: the good, the bad, and the ambiguous. Psychology of Aesthetics, Creativity, and the Arts, 8(4), 400–12.Google Scholar
Dai, D. Y. (2003). The making of the gifted: implications of Sternberg’s WICS model of giftedness. High Ability Studies, 14(2), 141–42.Google Scholar
De Dreu, C. K. W. and Nijstad, B. A. (2008). Mental set and creative thought in social conflict: threat rigidity versus motivated focus. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 95(3), 648–61.Google Scholar
Feist, G. J., Reiter-Palmon, R., and Kaufman, J. C., eds., (2017). The Cambridge Handbook of Creativity and Personality Research. Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Finke, R. A., Ward, T. B., and Smith, S. M. (1992). Creative Cognition: Theory, Research, and Applications. MIT Press.Google Scholar
Forsyth, D. R. (1980). A taxonomy of ethical ideologies. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 39(1), 175–84.Google Scholar
Gardner, H. (1999). Intelligence Reframed: Multiple Intelligences for the 21st Century. Basic Books.Google Scholar
Gill, P., Horgan, J., Hunter, S. T., and Cushenbery, L. D. (2013). Malevolent creativity in terrorist organizations. The Journal of Creative Behavior, 47(2), 125–51.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gino, F. and Ariely, D. (2012). The dark side of creativity: original thinkers can be more dishonest. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 102(3), 445–59.Google Scholar
Glăveanu, V. P. (2013). Rewriting the language of creativity: the Five A’s framework. Review of General Psychology, 17(1), 69–81.Google Scholar
Glück, J. and Bluck, S. (2011). Laypeople’s conceptions of wisdom and its development: cognitive and integrative views. The Journals of Gerontology: Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences, 66B, 321–24.Google Scholar
Greenwald, A. G. and Banaji, M. R. (1995). Implicit social cognition: attitudes, self-esteem, and stereotypes. Psychological Review, 102(1), 4–27.Google Scholar
Grossmann, I., Na, J., Varnum, M. W., Kitayama, S., and Nisbett, R. E. (2013). A route to well-being: intelligence versus wise reasoning. Journal Of Experimental Psychology: General, 142(3), 944–53.Google Scholar
Guilford, J. P. (1950). Creativity. American Psychologist, 5(9), 444–54.Google Scholar
Hennessey, B. A. and Amabile, T. M. (2010). Creativity. Annual Review of Psychology, 61, 569–98.Google Scholar
Horn, J. L. and Cattell, R. B. (1966). Refinement and test of the theory of fluid and crystallized general intelligences. Journal of Educational Psychology, 57(5), 253–70.Google Scholar
Kampylis, P. G. and Valtanen, J. (2010). Redefining creativity—analyzing definitions, collocations, and consequences. The Journal of Creative Behavior, 44(3), 191–214.Google Scholar
Kaufman, J. C. (2016). Creativity 101, 2nd ed. Springer.Google Scholar
Kaufman, J. C. and Baer, J. (2005). The Amusement Park Theoretical (APT) Model of creativity. Korean Journal of Thinking and Problem Solving, 14, 15–25.Google Scholar
Kaufman, J. C. and Beghetto, R. A. (2009). Beyond big and little: the Four C Model of creativity. Review of General Psychology, 13(1), 1–12.Google Scholar
Kaufman, J. C. and Beghetto, R. A. (2013). Do people recognize the Four Cs? Examining layperson conceptions of creativity. Psychology of Aesthetics, Creativity, and the Arts, 7(3), 229–36.Google Scholar
Kaufman, J. C., Beghetto, R. A., Baer, J., and Ivcevic, Z. (2010). Creativity polymathy: what Benjamin Franklin can teach your kindergartener. Learning and Individual Differences, 20(4), 380–87.Google Scholar
Kaufman, J. C., Pumaccahua, T. T., and Holt, R. E. (2013). Personality and creativity in realistic, investigative, artistic, social, and enterprising college majors. Personality and Individual Differences, 54(8), 913–17.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kaufman, J. C., Glăveanu, V., and Baer, J., eds. (2017). The Cambridge Handbook of Creativity Across Domains. Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kennedy, K., Molen, G.R., and Spielberg, S. (1993). Jurassic Park [Motion picture]. Amblin Entertainment.Google Scholar
LeRoy, M. and Fleming, V. (1939). The Wizard of Oz [Motion picture]. Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer.Google Scholar
Lim, W. and Plucker, J. (2001). Creativity through a lens of social responsibility: implicit theories of creativity with Korean samples. Journal of Creative Behavior, 35(2), 115–30.Google Scholar
Lim, W., Plucker, J. A., and Im, K. (2002). We are more alike than we think we are: implicit theories of intelligence with a Korean sample. Intelligence, 30(2), 185–208.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Locard, H. (2005). State violence in democratic Kampuchea (1975–1979) and retribution (1979–2004). European Review of History: Revue Européenne d’Histoire, 12(1), 121–43.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mickler, C. and Staudinger, U. M. (2008). Personal wisdom: validation and age-related differences of a performance measure. Psychology and Aging, 23(4), 787–99.Google Scholar
Mumford, M. D., Mobley, M. I., Uhlman, C. E., Reiter-Palmon, R., and Doares, L. M. (1991). Process analytic models of creative capacities. Creativity Research Journal, 4(2), 91–122.Google Scholar
Mumford, M. D., Waples, E. P., Antes, A. L. et al. (2010). Creativity and ethics: the relationship of creative and ethical problem-solving. Creativity Research Journal, 22(1), 74–89.Google Scholar
Reiter-Palmon, R. and Robinson, E. J. (2009). Problem identification and construction: what do we know, what is the future? Psychology of Aesthetics, Creativity, and the Arts, 3(1), 43–47.Google Scholar
Rhodes, M. (1961). An analysis of creativity. Phi Delta Kappan, 42(7), 305–11.Google Scholar
Schneider, W. J. and McGrew, K. (2012). The Cattell–Horn–Carroll model of intelligence. In Flanagan, D. and Harrison, P., eds., Contemporary Intellectual Assessment: Theories, Tests, and Issues, 3rd ed. Guilford, pp. 99–144.Google Scholar
Simonton, D. K. (2012). Taking the U.S. Patent Office criteria seriously: a quantitative three-criterion definition and its implications. Creativity Research Journal, 24(2–3), 97–106.Google Scholar
Spearman, C. (1904). “General intelligence,” objectively determined and measured. The American Journal of Psychology, 15(2), 201–92.Google Scholar
Staudinger, U. M., Lopez, D. F., and Baltes, P. B. (1997). The psychometric location of wisdom-related performance: intelligence, personality, and more? Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 23(11), 1200–14.Google Scholar
Sternberg, R. J. (1985a). Beyond IQ: A Triarchic Theory of Human Intelligence. Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Sternberg, R. J. (1985b). Implicit theories of intelligence, creativity, and wisdom. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 49(3), 607–27.Google Scholar
Sternberg, R. J. (1996). Successful Intelligence. Simon & Schuster.Google Scholar
Sternberg, R.J. (1998) A balance theory of wisdom. Review of General Psychology, 2(4), 347–65.Google Scholar
Sternberg, R. J. (2000). Practical Intelligence in Everyday Life. Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Sternberg, R. J. (2001). Why schools should teach for wisdom: the balance theory of wisdom in educational settings. Educational Psychologist, 36(4), 227–45.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sternberg, R. J. (2003a). WICS as a model of giftedness. High Ability Studies, 14(2), 109–37.Google Scholar
Sternberg, R J. (2003b). Wisdom, Intelligence, and Creativity Synthesized. Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Sternberg, R. J. (2007). A systems model of leadership: WICS. American Psychologist, 62(1), 34–42.Google Scholar
Sternberg, R. J. (2010). WICS: a new model for school psychology. School Psychology International, 31(6), 599–616.Google Scholar
Sternberg, R. J. (2019a). A theory of adaptive intelligence and its relation to general intelligence. Journal of Intelligence, 7(4), 23.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sternberg, R. J. (2019b). Why people often prefer wise guys to guys who are wise: an augmented balance theory of the production and reception of wisdom. In Sternberg, R. J. and Glück, J., eds., The Cambridge Handbook of Wisdom. Cambridge University Press, pp. 162–81.Google Scholar
Sternberg, R. J. (2020). The augmented theory of successful intelligence. In Sternberg, R. J., ed., The Cambridge Handbook of Intelligence, 2nd ed. Vol. 2. Cambridge University Press, pp. 679–708.Google Scholar
Sternberg, R. J. and Grigorenko, E. L. (2004). WICS: a model for selecting students for nationally competitive scholarships. In Ilchman, A. S., Ilchman, W. F., and Tolar, M. H., eds., The Lucky Few and the Worthy Many: Scholarship Competitions and the World’s Future Leaders. Indiana University Press, pp. 32–61.Google Scholar
Sternberg, R. J. and Hedlund, J. (2002). Practical intelligence, g, and work psychology. Human Performance, 15(1–2), 143–60.Google Scholar
Sternberg, R. J., Conway, B. E., Ketron, J. L., and Bernstein, M. (1981). People’s conceptions of intelligence. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 41(1), 37–55.Google Scholar
Sternberg, R. J., Bonney, C. R., Gabora, L., and Merrifield, M. (2012). WICS: a model for college and university admissions. Educational Psychologist, 47(1), 30–41.Google Scholar
Weststrate, N. M. and Glück, J. (2017). Hard-earned wisdom: exploratory processing of difficult life experience is positively associated with wisdom. Developmental Psychology, 53(4), 800–14.Google Scholar
Zenasni, F., Besançon, M., and Lubart, T. (2008). Creativity and tolerance of ambiguity: an empirical study. Journal of Creative Behavior, 42(1), 61–73.Google Scholar

References

Ardelt, M. (2003). Empirical assessment of a three-dimensional wisdom scale. Research on Aging, 25(3), 275–324.Google Scholar
Asadi, S., Khorshidi, R., and Glück, J. (2019). Iranian children’s knowledge about wisdom. Cognitive Development, 52, Article 100814.Google Scholar
Baltes, P. B. and Staudinger, U. M. (2000). A metaheuristic (pragmatic) to orchestrate mind and virtue toward excellence. American Psychologist, 55(1), 122–36.Google Scholar
Baumeister, R. F., Vohs, K. D., and Funder, D. C. (2007). Psychology as the science of self-reports and finger movements: whatever happened to actual behavior? Perspectives on Psychological Science, 2(4), 396–403.Google Scholar
Boehm, C. (1999). Hierarchy in the Forest: The Evolution of Egalitarian Behavior. Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Brewer, M. B. (1979). In-group bias in the minimal intergroup situation: a cognitive-motivational analysis. Psychological Bulletin, 86(2), 307–24.Google Scholar
Colby, A., Kohlberg, L., Speicher, B. et al. (1987). The Measurement of Moral Judgement: Volume 2, Standard Issue Scoring Manual. Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Darley, J. M. and Batson, C. D. (1973). “From Jerusalem to Jericho”: a study of situational and dispositional variables in helping behavior. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 27(1), 100–8.Google Scholar
Darley, J. M. and Latané, B. (1968). Bystander intervention in emergencies: diffusion of responsibility. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 8(4), 377–83.Google Scholar
De Waal, F. B. (2008). Putting the altruism back into altruism: the evolution of empathy. Annual Review of Psychology, 59, 279–300.Google Scholar
Fehr, E. and Gächter, S. (2000). Cooperation and punishment in public goods experiments. The American Economic Review, 90(4), 980–94.Google Scholar
Glück, J. and Bluck, S. (2013). The MORE life experience model: a theory of the development of personal wisdom. In Ferrari, M. and Weststrate, N. M., eds., The Scientific Study of Personal Wisdom: From Contemplative Traditions to Neuroscience. Springer, pp. 75–97.Google Scholar
Glück, J., Gussnig, B., and Schrottenbacher, S. M. (2020). Wisdom and value orientations: just a projection of our own beliefs? Journal of Personality, 88(4), 833–55.Google Scholar
Graham, J., Haidt, J., and Nosek, B. A. (2008). The Moral Foundations Questionnaire. Downloaded from https://moralfoundations.org/questionnaires/.Google Scholar
Graham, J., Haidt, J., and Nosek, B. A. (2009). Liberals and conservatives rely on different sets of moral foundations. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 96(5), 1029–46.Google Scholar
Greene, J. (2013). Moral Tribes: Emotion, Reason, and the Gap Between Us and Them. Penguin.Google Scholar
Grossmann, I. (2017). Wisdom in context. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 12(2), 233–57.Google Scholar
Grossmann, I., Na, J., Varnum, M. E. W. et al. (2010). Reasoning about social conflicts improves into old age. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 107(16), 7246–50.Google Scholar
Haidt, J. (2001). The emotional dog and its rational tail: a social intuitionist approach to moral judgment. Psychological Review, 108(4), 814–34.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Haidt, J. (2013). The Righteous Mind: Why Good People are Divided by Politics and Religion. Vintage.Google Scholar
Jeste, D. V., Ardelt, M., Blazer, D. et al. (2010). Expert consensus on characteristics of wisdom: a Delphi method study. The Gerontologist, 50(5), 668–80.Google Scholar
Kahneman, D. (2011). Thinking, Fast and Slow. Macmillan.Google Scholar
Kohlberg, L. (1958). The Development of Modes of Thinking and Choices in Years 10 to 16. PhD dissertation, University of Chicago.Google Scholar
Kross, E. and Grossmann, I. (2012). Boosting wisdom: distance from the self enhances wise reasoning, attitudes, and behavior. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 141(1), 43–48.Google Scholar
Kunzmann, U. and Baltes, P. (2003). Wisdom-related knowledge: affective, motivational, and interpersonal correlates. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 29(9), 1104–19.Google Scholar
Latané, B. and Darley, J. M. (1970). Unresponsive Bystander: Why Doesn’t He Help? Prentice-Hall.Google Scholar
Latané, B. and Rodin, J. (1969). A lady in distress: inhibiting effects of friends and strangers on bystander intervention. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 5(2), 189–202.Google Scholar
Pasupathi, M. and Staudinger, U. M. (2001). Do advanced moral reasoners also show wisdom? Linking moral reasoning and wisdom-related knowledge and judgement. International Journal of Behavioral Development, 25(5), 401–15.Google Scholar
Paulhus, D. L., Wehr, P., Harms, P. D., and Strasser, D. I. (2002). Use of exemplar surveys to reveal implicit types of intelligence. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 28(8), 1051–62.Google Scholar
Paxton, J. M., Ungar, L., and Greene, J. D. (2012). Reflection and reasoning in moral judgment. Cognitive Science, 36(1), 163–77.Google Scholar
Schwartz, S. H. (2012). An overview of the Schwartz theory of basic values. Online Readings in Psychology and Culture, 2(1), Article 11. Downloaded from https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/10687025.pdfCrossRefGoogle Scholar
Staudinger, U. M. (2019). The distinction between personal and general wisdom: How far have we come? In Sternberg, R. J. and Glück, J., eds., The Cambridge Handbook of Wisdom. Cambridge University Press, pp. 182–201.Google Scholar
Sternberg, R. J. (1998). A balance theory of wisdom. Review of General Psychology, 2(4), 347–65.Google Scholar
Sternberg, R. J. (2015). Epilogue: why is ethical behavior challenging? A model of ethical reasoning. In Sternberg, R. J. and Fiske, S. T., eds., Ethical Challenges in the Behavioral and Brain Sciences. Cambridge University Press, pp. 219–26.Google Scholar
Sternberg, R. J. and Glück, J. (2022). Wisdom: The Psychology of Wise Thoughts, Words, and Deeds. Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Webster, J. D. (2010). Wisdom and positive psychosocial values in young adulthood. Journal of Adult Development, 17(2), 70–80.Google Scholar
Weststrate, N. M., Ferrari, M., and Ardelt, M. (2016). The many faces of wisdom: an investigation of cultural-historical wisdom exemplars reveals practical, philosophical, and benevolent prototypes. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 42(5), 662–76.Google Scholar

References

Aldwin, C. M., Igarashi, H., and Levenson, M. R. (2019). Wisdom as self-transcendence. In Sternberg, R. J. and Glück, J., eds., The Cambridge Handbook of Wisdom. Cambridge University Press, pp. 122–43.Google Scholar
Ardelt, M. (1997). Wisdom and life satisfaction in old age. The Journals of Gerontology, Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences, 52B(1), P15–27.Google Scholar
Ardelt, M. (1998). Social crisis and individual growth: the long-term effects of the Great Depression. Journal of Aging Studies, 12(3), 291–314.Google Scholar
Ardelt, M. (2000). Still stable after all these years? Personality stability theory revisited. Social Psychology Quarterly, Special Millennium Issue on The State of Sociological Social Psychology, 63(4), 392–405.Google Scholar
Ardelt, M. (2003). Empirical assessment of a three-dimensional wisdom scale. Research on Aging, 25(3), 275–324.Google Scholar
Ardelt, M. (2004). Wisdom as expert knowledge system: a critical review of a contemporary operationalization of an ancient concept. Human Development, 47(5), 257–85.Google Scholar
Ardelt, M. (2005). How wise people cope with crises and obstacles in life. ReVision: A Journal of Consciousness and Transformation, 28(1), 7–19.Google Scholar
Ardelt, M. (2010). Age, experience, and the beginning of wisdom. In Dannefer, D. and Phillipson, C., eds., The SAGE Handbook of Social Gerontology. Sage, pp. 306–16.Google Scholar
Ardelt, M. (2016). Disentangling the relations between wisdom and different types of well-being in old age: findings from a short-term longitudinal study. Journal of Happiness Studies, 17(5), 1963–84.Google Scholar
Ardelt, M. (2019). Wisdom and well-being. In Sternberg, R. J. and Glück, J., eds., The Cambridge Handbook of Wisdom. Cambridge University Press, pp. 602–25.Google Scholar
Ardelt, M. (2020). Can wisdom and psychosocial growth be learned in university courses? The Journal of Moral Education, 49(9), 30–45.Google Scholar
Ardelt, M. and Oh, H. (2010). Wisdom: definition, assessment, and relation to successful cognitive and emotional aging. In Depp, C. and Jeste, D., eds., Successful Cognitive and Emotional Aging. American Psychiatric Publishing, Inc., pp. 87–113.Google Scholar
Ardelt, M. and Vaillant, G. E. (2009). “The Presence and Absence of Wisdom in Everyday Life: Evidence from Two Longitudinal Case Studies.” The Gerontological Society of America Annual Meetings, Atlanta, GA, November 2009.Google Scholar
Ardelt, M., Gerlach, K. R., and Vaillant, G. E. (2018). Early and midlife predictors of wisdom and subjective well-being in old age. The Journals of Gerontology: Series B, Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences, 73(8), 1514–25.Google Scholar
Ardelt, M., Ferrari, M., and Shi, W. (2020). Implicit wisdom theories from around the world and their implications for wise business and management. In Schwartz, B., Bernacchio, C., González-Cantón, C., and Robson, A., eds., Handbook of Practical Wisdom in Business and Management. Springer, pp. 1–30.Google Scholar
Armstrong, K. (2001). Buddha. Penguin Group.Google Scholar
Baltes, P. B. and Smith, J. (2008). The fascination of wisdom: its nature, ontogeny, and function. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 3(1), 56–64.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Baltes, P. B. and Staudinger, U. M. (2000). Wisdom: a metaheuristic (pragmatic) to orchestrate mind and virtue toward excellence. American Psychologist, 55(1), 122–36.Google Scholar
Beaumont, S. L. (2011). Identity styles and wisdom during emerging adulthood: relationships with mindfulness and savoring. Identity: An International Journal of Theory and Research, 11(2), 155–80.Google Scholar
Blanchard-Fields, F. and Norris, L. (1995). The development of wisdom. In Kimble, M. A., McFadden, S. H., Ellor, J. W., and Seeber, J. J., eds., Aging, Spirituality, and Religion: A Handbook. Fortress Press, pp. 102–18.Google Scholar
Bourgeault, C. (2004). Centering Prayer and Inner Awakening. Cowley Publications.Google Scholar
Brienza, J. P., Kung, F. Y. H., Santos, H. C., Bobocel, D. R., and Grossmann, I. (2018). Wisdom, bias, and balance: toward a process-sensitive measurement of wisdom-related cognition. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 115(6), 1093–126.Google Scholar
Bruya, B. and Ardelt, M. (2018a). Fostering wisdom in the classroom, Part 1: A general theory of wisdom pedagogy. Teaching Philosophy, 41(3), 239–53.Google Scholar
Bruya, B. and Ardelt, M. (2018b). Fostering wisdom in the classroom, Part 2: A curriculum. Teaching Philosophy, 41(4), 349–80.Google Scholar
Bruya, B. and Ardelt, M. (2018c). Wisdom can be taught: a proof-of-concept study for fostering wisdom in the classroom. Learning and Instruction, 58, 106–14.Google Scholar
Cain, S. (2012). Quiet: The Power of Introverts in a World That Can’t Stop Talking. Crown Publishers.Google Scholar
Chima, A. S. (2014). The contribution of wisdom, cognitive intelligence, emotional intelligence, and Big Five personality traits of high school principals to student achievement. Dissertation, Sofia University, Palo Alto, CA.Google Scholar
Clayton, V. P. and Birren, J. E. (1980). The development of wisdom across the life span: a re-examination of an ancient topic. In Baltes, P. B. and Brim, O. G., Jr., eds., Life-Span Development and Behavior, Vol. 3. Academic Press, pp. 103–35.Google Scholar
Costa, P. T. and McCrae, R. R. (1992). Revised NEO Personality Inventory (NEO-PI-R) and NEO Five-Factor Inventory (NEO-FFI) Professional Manual. Psychological Assessment Resources.Google Scholar
Curnow, T. (1999). Wisdom, Intuition, and Ethics. Ashgate Publishing.Google Scholar
Erikson, E. H. (1963). Childhood and Society. W. W. Norton & Co.Google Scholar
Erikson, E. H. (1964). Insight and Responsibility: Lectures on the Ethical Implications of Psychoanalytic Insight. W. W. Norton & Co.Google Scholar
Erikson, E. H. (1982). The Life Cycle Completed: A Review. W. W. Norton & Co.Google Scholar
Evans, J. (2013). Philosophy for life and other dangerous situations: Ancient philosophy for modern problems. New World Library.Google Scholar
Ferrari, M. and Kim, J. (2019). Educating for wisdom. In Sternberg, R. J. and Glück, J., eds., The Cambridge Handbook of Wisdom. Cambridge University Press, pp. 347–71.Google Scholar
Ferrari, M. and Potworowski, G., eds. (2008). Teaching for Wisdom: Cross-Cultural Perspectives on Fostering Wisdom. Springer.Google Scholar
Fischer, A. (2015). Wisdom – the answer to all the questions really worth asking. International Journal of Humanities and Social Science, 5(9), 73–83.Google Scholar
Glück, J. and Bluck, S. (2013). The MORE life experience model: a theory of the development of wisdom. In Ferrari, M. and Weststrate, N., eds., The Scientific Study of Personal Wisdom: From Contemplative Traditions to Neuroscience. Springer, pp. 75–97.Google Scholar
Glück, J., König, S., Naschenweng, K. et al. (2013). How to measure wisdom: content, reliability, and validity of five measures. Frontiers in Psychology, 4, Article 405.Google Scholar
Glück, J., Bluck, S., and Weststrate, N. M. (2019). More on the MORE Life Experience Model: what we have learned (so far). The Journal of Value Inquiry, 53(6), 349–70.Google Scholar
Goldberg, L. R. (1993). The structure of phenotypic personality traits. American Psychologist, 48(1), 26–34.Google Scholar
Grossmann, I. (2017). Wisdom in context. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 12(2), 233–57.Google Scholar
Grossmann, I., Na, J., Varnum, M. E. W., Kitayama, S., and Nisbett, R. E. (2013). A route to well-being: intelligence versus wise reasoning. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 142(3), 944–53.Google Scholar
Grossmann, I., Kung, F. Y. H., and Santos, H. C. (2019). Wisdom as state versus trait. In Glück, J. and Sternberg, R. J., eds., The Cambridge Handbook of Wisdom. Cambridge University Press, pp. 249–74.Google Scholar
Grunwald, S. and LaMontagne, L. (2021). The state of mindfulness at top U.S. public universities: a brief review and lessons learned. In Dhiman, S. K., ed., The Routledge Companion to Mindfulness at Work. Routledge, pp. 331–53.Google Scholar
Helson, R. and Srivastava, S. (2002). Creative and wise people: similarities, differences, and how they develop. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 28(10), 1430–40.Google Scholar
Isaacowitz, D. M., Vaillant, G. E., and Seligman, M. E. P. (2003). Strengths and satisfaction across the adult lifespan. The International Journal of Aging and Human Development, 57(2), 181–201.Google Scholar
Jeste, D. V., Ardelt, M., Blazer, D. et al. (2010). Expert consensus on characteristics of wisdom: a Delphi method study. The Gerontologist, 50(5), 668–80.Google Scholar
Kekes, J. (1995). Moral Wisdom and Good Lives. Cornell University Press.Google Scholar
Kunzmann, U. and Baltes, P. B. (2003). Wisdom-related knowledge: affective, motivational, and interpersonal correlates. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 29(9), 1104–19.Google Scholar
Lazare, A., Klerman, G. L., and Armor, D. J. (1966). Oral, obsessive, and hysterical personality patterns: an investigation of psychoanalytic concepts by means of factor analysis. Archives of General Psychiatry, 14(6), 624–30.Google Scholar
Lee, E. E., Bangen, K. J., Avanzino, J. A. et al. (2020). Outcomes of randomized clinical trials of interventions to enhance social, emotional, and spiritual components of wisdom: a systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA Psychiatry, 77(9), 925–35.Google Scholar
Levenson, M. R. (2009). Gender and wisdom: the roles of compassion and moral development. Research in Human Development, 6(1), 45–59.Google Scholar
Levenson, M. R., and Aldwin, C. (2013). The transpersonal in personal wisdom. In Ferrari, M. and Weststrate, N. M., eds., The Scientific Study of Personal Wisdom: From Contemplative Traditions to Neuroscience. Springer, pp. 213–28.Google Scholar
Levenson, M. R., Jennings, P. A., Aldwin, C. M., and Shiraishi, R. W. (2005). Self-transcendence: conceptualization and measurement. International Journal of Aging and Human Development, 60(2), 127–43.Google Scholar
McCrae, R. R. and Costa, P. T., Jr. (1997). Personality trait structure as a human universal. American Psychologist, 52(5), 509–16.Google Scholar
McCrae, R. R. and John, O. P. (1992). An introduction to the five-factor model and its applications. Journal of Personality, 60(2), 175–215.Google Scholar
Meeks, T. W. and Jeste, D. V. (2009). Neurobiology of wisdom: a literature overview. Archives of General Psychiatry, 66(4), 355–65.Google Scholar
Mickler, C. and Staudinger, U. M. (2008). Personal wisdom: validation and age-related differences of a performance measure. Psychology and Aging, 23(4), 787–99.Google Scholar
Miller, J. P. (2005). Educating for Wisdom and Compassion: Creating Conditions for Timeless Learning. Corwin Press.Google Scholar
Moody, H. R. (1986). Late life learning in the information society. In Peterson, D. A., Thornton, J. E., and Birren, J. E., eds., Education and Aging. Prentice-Hall, pp. 122–48.Google Scholar
Ñanamoli, B. (2001). The Life of the Buddha. According to the Pali Canon. BPS Pariyatti Editions.Google Scholar
Neff, K. D., Rude, S. S., and Kirkpatrick, K. L. (2007). An examination of self-compassion in relation to positive psychological functioning and personality traits. Journal of Research in Personality, 41(4), 908–16.Google Scholar
Park, C. L., Cohen, L. H., and Murch, R. L. (1996). Assessment and prediction of stress-related growth. Journal of Personality, 64(1), 71–105.Google Scholar
Pasupathi, M. and Staudinger, U. M. (2001). Do advanced moral reasoners also show wisdom? Linking moral reasoning and wisdom-related knowledge and judgement. International Journal of Behavioral Development, 25(5), 401–15.Google Scholar
Plews-Ogan, M., Owens, J. E., and May, N. (2012). Choosing Wisdom: Strategies and Inspiration for Growing Through Life-Changing Difficulties. Templeton Press.Google Scholar
Roberts, B. W., Walton, K. E., and Viechtbauer, W. (2006). Patterns of mean-level change in personality traits across the life course: a meta-analysis of longitudinal studies. Psychological Bulletin, 132(1), 1–25.Google Scholar
Rooney, D., Kupers, W., Pauleen, D., and Zhuravleva, E. (2021). A developmental model for educating wise leaders: the role of mindfulness and habitus in creating time for embodying wisdom. Journal of Business Ethics, 170(3), 181–94.Google Scholar
Ryff, C. D. (1989). Happiness is everything, or is it? Explorations on the meaning of psychological well-being. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 57(6), 1069–81.Google Scholar
Ryff, C. D. and Keyes, C. L. M. (1995). The structure of psychological well-being revisited. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 69(4), 719–27.Google Scholar
Santos, H. C., Huynh, A. C., and Grossmann, I. (2017). Wisdom in a complex world: A situated account of wise reasoning and its development. Social and Personality Psychology Compass, 11(10), Article e12341.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schwartz, B. and Sharpe, K. E. (2019). Practical wisdom: what Aristotle might add to psychology. In Glück, J. and Sternberg, R. J., eds., The Cambridge Handbook of Wisdom. Cambridge University Press, pp. 226–48.Google Scholar
Sharma, A. and Dewangan, R. L. (2017). Can wisdom be fostered: time to test the model of wisdom. Cogent Psychology, 4(1), Article 1381456.Google Scholar
Soldz, S. and Vaillant, G. E. (1999). The Big Five personality traits and the life course: a 45-year longitudinal study. Journal of Research in Personality, 33(2), 208–32.Google Scholar
Staudinger, U. M. (2019). The distinction between personal and general wisdom: how far have we come? In Glück, J. and Sternberg, R. J., eds., The Cambridge Handbook of Wisdom. Cambridge University Press, pp. 182–201.Google Scholar
Staudinger, U. M. and Kessler, E.-M. (2009). Adjustment and growth: two trajectories of positive personality development across adulthood. In Smith, M. C., ed., Handbook of Research on Adult Learning and Development. Routledge, pp. 241–68.Google Scholar
Staudinger, U. M. and Kunzmann, U. (2005). Positive adult personality development: adjustment and/or growth? European Psychologist, 10(4), 320–29.Google Scholar
Staudinger, U. M., Lopez, D. F., and Baltes, P. B. (1997). The psychometric location of wisdom-related performance: intelligence, personality, and more? Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 23(11), 1200–14.Google Scholar
Staudinger, U. M., Maciel, A. G., Smith, J., and Baltes, P. B. (1998). What predicts wisdom-related performance? A first look at personality, intelligence, and facilitative experiential contexts. European Journal of Personality, 12(1), 1–17.Google Scholar
Sternberg, R. J. (1998). A balance theory of wisdom. Review of General Psychology, 2(4), 347–65.Google Scholar
Sternberg, R. J. and Hagen, E. S. (2019). Teaching for wisdom. In Sternberg, R. J. and Glück, J., eds., The Cambridge Handbook of Wisdom. Cambridge University Press, pp. 372–406.Google Scholar
Sternberg, R. J., Jarvin, L., and Reznitskaya, A. (2008). Teaching for wisdom through history: infusing wise thinking skills in the school curriculum. In Ferrari, M. and Potworowski, G., eds., Teaching for Wisdom: Cross-Cultural Perspectives on Fostering Wisdom. Springer, pp. 37–57.Google Scholar
Swartwood, J. and Tiberius, V. (2019). Philosophical foundations of wisdom. In Glück, J. and Sternberg, R. J., eds., The Cambridge Handbook of Wisdom. Cambridge University Press, pp. 10–39.Google Scholar
Tahora, S., Shah, S., and Rooney, D. (2019). Vedanta philosophy’s contribution to wisdom development for leadership: grounding Indian practical wisdom in higher knowledge and purpose. In Sternberg, R. J., Nusbaum, H. C., and Glück, J., eds., Applying Wisdom to Contemporary World Problems. Palgrave Macmillan, pp. 309–36.Google Scholar
Takahashi, M. and Overton, W. F. (2005). Cultural foundations of wisdom: an integrated developmental approach. In Sternberg, R. J. and Jordan, J., eds., A Handbook of Wisdom: Psychological Perspectives. Cambridge University Press, pp. 32–60.Google Scholar
Tedeschi, R. G. and Calhoun, L. G. (1996). The Posttraumatic Growth Inventory: measuring the positive legacy of trauma. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 9(3), 455–71.Google Scholar
Vaillant, G. E. (1977). Adaptation to Life. Little, Brown and Company.Google Scholar
Vaillant, G. E. (1993). The Wisdom of the Ego. Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Vaillant, G. E. (2002). Aging Well: Surprising Guideposts to a Happier Life from the Landmark Harvard Study of Adult Development. Little, Brown and Company.Google Scholar
Vaillant, G. E. (2012). Triumphs of Experience: The Men of the Harvard Grant Study. Belknap Press.Google Scholar
Weber, M. (1980). Wirtschaft und Gesellschaft: Grundriss der verstehenden Soziologie [Economy and Society: An Outline of Interpretive Sociology], 5th revised ed. Mohr.Google Scholar
Webster, J. D. (2003). An exploratory analysis of a self-assessed wisdom scale. Journal of Adult Development, 10(1), 13–22.Google Scholar
Webster, J. D. (2007). Measuring the character strength of wisdom. International Journal of Aging and Human Development, 65(2), 163–83.Google Scholar
Webster, J. D., Westerhof, G. J., and Bohlmeijer, E. T. (2014). Wisdom and mental health across the lifespan. The Journals of Gerontology: Series B, Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences, 69(2), 209–18.Google Scholar
Westermeyer, J. F. (2004). Predictors and characteristics of Erikson’s life cycle model among men: a 32-year longitudinal study. The International Journal of Aging and Human Development, 58(1), 29–48.Google Scholar
Weststrate, N. M., Bluck, S., and Glück, J. (2019). Wisdom of the crowd: exploring people’s conceptions of wisdom. In Glück, J. and Sternberg, R. J. , eds., The Cambridge Handbook of Wisdom. Cambridge University Press, pp. 97–121.Google Scholar
Whitehead, R., Bates, G., and Elphinstone, B. (2020). Growing by letting go: nonattachment and mindfulness as qualities of advanced psychological development. Journal of Adult Development, 27(1), 12–22.Google Scholar
Williams, P. B., Mangelsdorf, H. H., Kontra, C., Nusbaum, H. C., and Hoeckner, B. (2016). The relationship between mental and somatic practices and wisdom. PLoS ONE, 11(2), Article e0149369.Google Scholar
Wink, P. and Staudinger, U. M. (2016). Wisdom and psychosocial functioning in later life. Journal of Personality, 84(3), 306–18.Google Scholar
Woerner-Powell, T. and Edmondson, R. (2019). Practical wisdom and Islam: reimagining Islamic law, from the local to the global. In Sternberg, R. J., Nusbaum, H. C., and Glück, J., eds., Applying Wisdom to Contemporary World Problems. Palgrave Macmillan, pp. 201–36.Google Scholar
Yang, S.-y. and Intezari, A. (2019). Non-western lay conceptions of wisdom. In Glück, J. and Sternberg, R. J., eds., The Cambridge Handbook of Wisdom. Cambridge University Press, pp. 429–52.Google Scholar
Zacher, H., McKenna, B., Rooney, D., and Gold, S. (2015). Wisdom in the military context. Military Psychology, 27(3), 142–54.Google Scholar

References

Ardelt, M. (2003). Empirical assessment of a three-dimensional wisdom scale. Research on Aging, 25(3), 275–324.Google Scholar
Ardelt, M. (2004). Wisdom as expert knowledge system: a critical review of a contemporary operationalization of an ancient concept. Human Development, 47(5), 257–85.Google Scholar
Baltes, P. B. and Kunzmann, U. (2004). The two faces of wisdom: wisdom as a general theory of knowledge and judgment about excellence in mind and virtue vs. wisdom as everyday realization in people and products. Human Development, 47(5), 290–99.Google Scholar
Baltes, P. B. and Smith, J. (1990). The psychology of wisdom and its ontogenesis. In Sternberg, R. J., ed., Wisdom: Its Nature, Origins, and Development. Cambridge University Press, pp. 87–120.Google Scholar
Baltes, P. B. and Staudinger, U. M. (2000). Wisdom: a metaheuristic (pragmatic) to orchestrate mind and virtue toward excellence. American Psychologist, 55(1), 122–36.Google Scholar
Carstensen, L. L., Isaacowitz, D. M., and Charles, S. T. (1999). Taking time seriously: a theory of socioemotional selectivity. American Psychologist, 54(3), 165–81.Google Scholar
Castro, V.L., Cheng, Y., Halberstadt, A.G., and Grühn, D. (2016). EUReKA! A conceptual model of emotion understanding. Emotion Review, 8(3), 258–68.Google Scholar
Clayton, V. P. and Birren, J. E. (1980). The development of wisdom across the life span: a re-examination of an ancient topic. In Baltes, P. B. and Brim, O. G., Jr., eds., Life-Span Development and Behavior, Vol. 3. Academic Press, pp. 103–35.Google Scholar
Ekman, P. (1999). Basic emotions. In Dalgleish, T. and Power, M. J., eds., Handbook of Cognition and Emotion. John Wiley & Sons Ltd, pp. 45–60.Google Scholar
Erikson, E. H. (1959). Identity and the Life Cycle. International University Press.Google Scholar
Fredrickson, B. L. (1998). What good are positive emotions? Review of General Psychology, 2(3), 300–19.Google Scholar
Fredrickson, B. L. (2001). The role of positive emotions in positive psychology: the broaden-and build theory of positive emotions. American Psychologist, 56(3), 218–26.Google Scholar
Fredrickson, B. L. and Branigan, C. A. (2001). Positive emotions. In Mayne, T. J. and Bonnano, G. A., eds., Emotion: Current Issues and Future Developments. Guilford Press, pp. 123–51.Google Scholar
Frijda, N. H., Kuipers, P., and ter Schure, E. (1989). Relations among emotion, appraisal, and emotional action readiness. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 57(2), 212–28.Google Scholar
Glück, J. (2015). Wisdom, psychology of. In Wright, J., ed., International Encyclopedia of Social and Behavioral Sciences, 2nd ed. Vol. 25. Elsevier, pp. 590–97.Google Scholar
Glück, J. and Bluck, S. (2013). The MORE Life Experience Model: a theory of the development of personal wisdom. In Ferrari, M. and Weststrate, N., eds., The Scientific Study of Personal Wisdom. Springer, pp. 75–98.Google Scholar
Glück, J., Bluck, S., and Weststrate, N. M. (2018). More on the MORE Life Experience Model: what we have learned (so far). Journal of Value Inquiry, 53(6), 349–70.Google Scholar
Gross, J. J. (2015). Emotion regulation: current status and future prospects. Psychological Inquiry, 26(1), 1–26.Google Scholar
Grossmann, I. (2017). Wisdom in context. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 12(2), 233–57.Google Scholar
Grossmann, I., Gerlach, T. M., and Denissen, J. J. (2016). Wise reasoning in the face of everyday life challenges. Social Psychological and Personality Science, 7(7), 611–22.Google Scholar
Isen, A. M. (1987). Positive affect, cognitive processes, and social behavior. Advances in Experimental Social Psychology, 20, 203–53.Google Scholar
Isen, A. M. (1999). Positive affect. In Dalgleish, T. and Power, M., eds., Handbook of Emotion and Cognition. Erlbaum, pp. 521–39.Google Scholar
Kramer, G. (2007). Insight Dialogue: The Interpersonal Path to Freedom. Shambhala Publications.Google Scholar
Kunzmann, U. and Baltes, P. B. (2003). Wisdom-related knowledge: affective, motivational, and interpersonal correlates. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 29(9), 1104–19.Google Scholar
Kunzmann, U. and Wrosch, C. (2017). Emotional development in old age. In Pachana, N., ed., Encyclopedia of Geropsychology. Springer, pp. 752–62.Google Scholar
Kunzmann, U. and Wrosch, C. (2018). Comment: The emotion–health link: perspectives from a lifespan theory of discrete emotions. Emotion Review, 10(1), 59–61.Google Scholar
Kunzmann, U., Stange, A., and Jordan, J. (2005). Positive affectivity and lifestyle in adulthood: do you do what you feel? Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 31(4), 574–88.Google Scholar
Kunzmann, U., Wieck, C., and Dietzel, C. (2018). Empathic accuracy: age differences from adolescence into middle adulthood. Cognition and Emotion, 32(8), 1611–24.Google Scholar
Kunzmann, U., Schilling, O., Wrosch, C. et al. (2019). Negative emotions and chronic physical illness: a lifespan developmental perspective. Health Psychology, 38(11), 949–59.Google Scholar
Labouvie-Vief, G. (1990). Wisdom as integrated thought: historical and developmental perspectives. In Sternberg, R. J., ed., Wisdom: Its Nature, Origins, and Development. Cambridge University Press, pp. 52–83.Google Scholar
Labouvie-Vief, G. (2003). Dynamic integration: affect, cognition, and the self in adulthood. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 12(6), 201–6.Google Scholar
Lazarus, R. S. (1991). Emotion and Adaptation. Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Levenson, R. W. (2000). Expressive, physiological, and subjective changes in emotion across adulthood. In Qualls, S. H. and Abeles, N., eds., Psychology and the Aging Revolution: How We Adapt to Longer Life. American Psychological Association, pp. 123–40.Google Scholar
Mickler, C. and Staudinger, U. M. (2008). Personal wisdom: validation and age-related differences of a performance measure. Psychology and Aging, 23(4), 787–99.Google Scholar
Salovey, P., Kokkonen, M., Lopes, P. N., and Mayer, J.D. (2004). Emotional intelligence: what do we know? In Manstead, A. S. R., Frijda, N. H., and Fischer, A. H., eds., Feelings and Emotions: The Amsterdam Symposium. Cambridge University Press, pp. 319–38.Google Scholar
Sheppes, G., Scheibe, S., Suri, G. et al. (2014). Emotion regulation choice: a conceptual framework and supporting evidence. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 143(1), 163–81.Google Scholar
Staudinger, U. M. and Glück, J. (2011). Psychological wisdom research: commonalities and differences in a growing field. Annual Review of Psychology, 62(1), 215–41.Google Scholar
Staudinger, U. M., Lopez, D. F., and Baltes, P. B. (1997). The psychometric location of wisdom-related performance: intelligence, personality, and more? Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 23(11), 1200–14.Google Scholar
Sternberg, R. J., ed. (1990). Wisdom: Its Nature, Origins, and Development. Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Sternberg, R. J. (1998). A balance theory of wisdom. Review of General Psychology, 2(4), 347–65.Google Scholar
Sternberg, R. J. (2001). Why schools should teach for wisdom: the balance theory of wisdom in educational settings. Educational Psychologist, 36(4), 227–45.Google Scholar
Webster, J. D. (2003). An exploratory analysis of a self-assessed wisdom scale. Journal of Adult Development, 10(1), 13–22.Google Scholar
Webster, J.D. (2007). Measuring the character strength of wisdom. The International Journal of Aging and Human Development, 65(2), 163–83.Google Scholar
Wink, P. and Helson, R. (1997). Practical and transcendent wisdom: their nature and some longitudinal findings. Journal of Adult Development, 4(1), 1–15.Google Scholar
Wink, P. and Staudinger, U. M. (2016). Wisdom and psychosocial functioning in later life. Journal of Personality, 84(3), 306–18.Google Scholar

Save book to Kindle

To save this book to your Kindle, first ensure [email protected] is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

Available formats
×

Save book to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

Available formats
×

Save book to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

Available formats
×