Skip to main content Accessibility help
×
Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-gxg78 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-27T14:42:03.907Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Chapter 11 - Building Commitment to Organizational Change

The Important Role of Leadership

from Part V - The Process of Change Leadership

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  28 September 2023

Shaul Oreg
Affiliation:
Hebrew University of Jerusalem
Alexandra Michel
Affiliation:
Universität Heidelberg
Rune Todnem By
Affiliation:
Universitet i Stavanger, Norway
Get access

Summary

Successful organizational change requires the commitment of those charged with its implementation. We focus on the role that organizational leaders play in the development and maintenance of employees’ commitment to organizational change. We review a recent but growing body of research linking leadership to change commitment, beginning with transformational leadership, new genre leadership, change leadership, and change-specific leader behavior. In each case, we examine the link between leadership style/behavior and followers’ commitment to change, the mediating mechanisms (e.g., climate of trust, change self-efficacy) that help to explain the link, and the moderating conditions (magnitude of the change, impact on employees) that influence the strength or direction of the relationship. Evidence suggests that, although leadership at all levels can have an impact, direct managers play a particularly important role in fostering commitment and behavioral support for the change within their units. Organizations are advised to attend to this role in the planning and implementation of change, particularly when the change is likely to have a wide-ranging impact and require commitment at all levels.

Type
Chapter
Information
The Psychology of Organizational Change
New Insights on the Antecedents and Consequences of Individuals' Responses to Change
, pp. 237 - 262
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2023

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Abrell-Vogel, C., & Rowold, J. (2014). Leaders’ commitment to change and their effectiveness in change: A multilevel investigation. Journal of Organizational Change Management, 27(6), 900921.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Allen, N. J., & Meyer, J. P. (1990). The measurement and antecedents of affective, continuance and normative commitment to the organization. Journal of Occupational Psychology, 63(1), 118.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Amundsen, S., & Martinsen, Ø. L. (2014). Empowering leadership: Construct clarification, conceptualization, and validation of a new scale. The Leadership Quarterly, 25(3), 487511.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Armenakis, A. & Harris, S. (2009) Reflections: Our journey in organizational change research and practice. Journal of Change Management, 9(2), 127142.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Avolio, B. J., & Bass, B. M. (2004). Multifactor leadership questionnaire (MLQ), vol. 29. Palo Alto, CA: Mind Garden.Google Scholar
Axtell, C., Wall, T., Stride, C., Pepper, K., Clegg, C., Gardner, P., & Bolden, R. (2002). Familiarity breeds content: The impact of exposure to change on employee openness and well-being. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 75, 217231.Google Scholar
Bakari, H., Hunjra, A. I., Jaros, S., & Khoso, I. (2019). Moderating role of cynicism about organizational change between authentic leadership and commitment to change in Pakistani public sector hospitals. Leadership in Health Services, 32(3), 387404.Google Scholar
Bakari, H., Hunjra, A. I., & Niazi, G. S. K. (2017). How does authentic leadership influence planned organizational change? The role of employees’ perceptions: Integration of theory of planned behavior and Lewin’s three step model. Journal of Change Management, 17(2), 155187.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Barling, J., Weber, T., & Kelloway, E. K. (1996). Effects of transformational leadership training on attitudinal and financial outcomes: A field experiment. Journal of Applied Psychology, 81(6), 827832.Google Scholar
Baruch, Y. (1998). The rise and fall of organizational commitment. Human Systems Management, 17, 135143.Google Scholar
Bass, B. M. (1985). Leadership: Good, better, best. Organizational Dynamics, 13(3), 2640.Google Scholar
Bass, B. M., & Riggio, R. E. (2006). Transformational leadership. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.Google Scholar
Bayraktar, S., & Jiménez, A. (2020), Self-efficacy as a resource: A moderated mediation model of transformational leadership, extent of change and reactions to change. Journal of Organizational Change Management, 33(2), 301317.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bayraktar, S., & Kabasakal, H. (2022). Crafting a change message and delivering it with success: An experimental study. The Journal of Applied Behavioral Science, 58(7), 97119.Google Scholar
Becker, H. S. (1960). Notes on the concept of commitment. American Journal of Sociology, 66(1), 3242.Google Scholar
Beer, M. (1980). Organization change and development: A systems view. Santa Monica, CA: Goodyear.Google Scholar
Bennis, W. (2000). Leadership of change. In Beer, M. & Nohria, N. (eds.), Breaking the code of change (pp. 113121). Boston: Harvard Business School Press.Google Scholar
Bliese, P. D., Maltarich, M. A., & Hendricks, J. L. (2018). Back to basics with mixed-effects models: Nine take-away points. Journal of Business and Psychology, 33(1), 123.Google Scholar
Bouckenooghe, D., Schwarz, G. M., & Minbashian, A. (2015). Herscovitch and Meyer’s three-component model of commitment to change: Meta-analytic findings. European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 24(4), 578595.Google Scholar
Brown, M. E., & Treviño, L. K. (2006). Ethical leadership: A review and future directions. The Leadership Quarterly, 17(6), 595616.Google Scholar
Conger, J. A., & Kanungo, R. N. (1987). Toward a behavioral theory of charismatic leadership in organizational settings. The Academy of Management Review, 12(4), 637647.Google Scholar
Conner, D. R. (1993). Managing at the speed of change: How resilient managers succeed and prosper where others fail. New York: Villard Books.Google Scholar
Conner, D. R., & Patterson, R. W. (1982). Building commitment to organizational change. Training and Development Journal, 36(1), 1830.Google Scholar
Dung, L. T., & Van Hai, P. (2020). The effects of transformational leadership and job satisfaction on commitment to organizational change: A three-component model extension approach. The South Asian Journal of Management, 14(1), 106123.Google Scholar
Eby, L. T., Adams, D. M., Russell, J. E. A., & Gaby, S. H. (2000). Perceptions of organizational readiness for change: Factors related to employees’ reactions to the implementation of team-based selling. Human Relations, 53, 419442.Google Scholar
Eisenberger, R., Karagonlar, G., Stinglhamber, F., Neves, P., Becker, T. E., Gonzalez-Morales, M. G., & Steiger-Mueller, M. (2010). Leader–member exchange and affective organizational commitment: The contribution of supervisor’s organizational embodiment. Journal of Applied Psychology, 95(6), 10851103.Google Scholar
Epitropaki, O., & Martin, R. (2005). From Ideal to Real: A Longitudinal Study of the Role of Implicit Leadership Theories on Leader-Member Exchanges and Employee Outcomes. Journal of Applied Psychology, 90(4), 659676.Google Scholar
Etzioni, A. (1961). A comparative analysis of complex organizations, New York: Free Press.Google Scholar
Faupel, S., & Helpap, S. (2021). Top management’s communication and employees’ commitment to change: The role of perceived procedural fairness and past change experience. The Journal of Applied Behavioral Science, 57(2), 204232.Google Scholar
Fiedler, F. E. (1976). The leadership game: Matching the man to the situation. Organizational Dynamics, 4(3), 616.Google Scholar
Fleishman, E. A., & Harris, E. F. (1962). Patterns of leadership behavior related to employee grievances and turnover. Personnel Psychology, 15, 4356.Google Scholar
Gardner, W. L., Cogliser, C. C., Davis, K. M., & Dickens, M. P. (2011). Authentic leadership: A review of the literature and research agenda. The Leadership Quarterly, 22(6), 11201145.Google Scholar
Guerrero, J. M., Teng-Calleja, M., & Hechanova, M. R. M. (2018). Implicit change leadership schemas, perceived effective change management, and teachers’ commitment to change in secondary schools in the Philippines. Asia Pacific Education Review, 19(3), 375387.Google Scholar
Hannah, S. T., Sumanth, J. J., Lester, P., & Cavarretta, F. (2014). Debunking the false dichotomy of leadership idealism and pragmatism: Critical evaluation and support of the newer genre leadership theories. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 35, 598621.Google Scholar
Harrison, R., Chaun, A., Mingashian, A., McMullan, R., & Schwarz, G. (2022). Is gaining affective commitment the missing strategy for successful management in healthcare? Journal of Healthcare Leadership, 14, 14.Google Scholar
Hechanova, M. R. M., Caringal-Go, J. F., & Magsaysay, J. F. (2018). Implicit change leadership, change management, and affective commitment to change: Comparing academic institutions vs business enterprises. Leadership & Organization Development Journal, 39(7), 914925.Google Scholar
Helpap, S. (2016). The impact of power distance orientation on recipients’ reactions to participatory versus programmatic change communication. The Journal of Applied Behavioral Science, 52(1), 534.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Herold, D. M., Fedor, D. B., Caldwell, S. D., & Liu, Y. (2008). The effects of transformational and change leadership on employees commitment to a change: A multilevel study. Journal of Applied Psychology, 93(2), 346357.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Herscovitch, L., & Meyer, J. P. (2002). Commitment to organizational change: Extension of a three-component model. Journal of Applied Psychology, 87, 474487.Google Scholar
Hill, N. S., Seo, M. G., Kang, J. H., & Taylor, M. S. (2012). Building employee commitment to change across organizational levels: The influence of hierarchical distance and direct managers’ transformational leadership. Organization Science, 23(3), 758777.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
House, R. J., & Howell, J. M. (1992). Personality and charismatic leadership. The Leadership Quarterly, 3(2), 81108.Google Scholar
House, R. J., & Mitchell, T. R. (1974). Path-goal theory of leadership. Contemporary Business, 3, 8198.Google Scholar
Jaros, S. (2010). Commitment to organizational change: A critical review. Journal of Change Management, 10(1), 79108.Google Scholar
Jung, K. B., Kang, S. W., & Choi, S. B. (2020). Empowering leadership, risk-taking behavior, and employees’ commitment to organizational change: The mediated moderating role of task complexity. Sustainability, 12, 2340.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kanter, R. M. (1968). Commitment and social organization: A study of commitment mechanisms in utopian communities. American Sociological Review, 33, 499517.Google Scholar
Kim, H., Im, J., & Shin, Y. H. (2021). The impact of transformational leadership and commitment to change on restaurant employees’ quality of work life during a crisis. Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Management, 48, 322330.Google Scholar
Kotter, J. P. (1996). Leading change. Boston, MA: Harvard Business Press.Google Scholar
Lee, K., Scandura, T. A., & Sharif, M. M. (2014). Cultures have consequences: A configural approach to leadership across two cultures. The Leadership Quarterly, 25(4), 692710.Google Scholar
Liden, R. C., Sparrowe, R. T., & Wayne, S. J. (1997). Leader–member exchange theory: The past and potential for the future. In Ferris, G. R. (ed.), Research in personnel and human resources management, vol. 15 (pp. 47119). Stanford, CT: JAI Press.Google Scholar
Ling, B., Guo, Y., & Chen, D. (2018). Change leadership and employees’ commitment to change. Journal of Personnel Psychology, 17, 8393.Google Scholar
Madsen, S. R., Miller, D., & John, C. R. (2005). Readiness for organizational change: Do organizational commitment and social relationships in the workplace make a difference? Human Resource Development Quarterly, 16, 213233.Google Scholar
Magsaysay, J. F., & Hechanova, M. R. M. (2017). Building an implicit change leadership theory. Leadership & Organization Development Journal, 38(6), 834848.Google Scholar
Mangundjaya, W. L., & Amir, M. T. (2021). Testing resilience and work ethics as mediators between charismatic leadership and affective commitment to change. The Journal of Asian Finance, Economics, and Business, 8(2), 401410.Google Scholar
Mathieu, J. E., & Zajac, D. (1990). A review and meta-analysis of the antecedents, correlates, and consequences of organizational commitment. Psychological Bulletin, 108, 171194.Google Scholar
Meyer, J. P. (2009). Commitment in a changing world of work. In Klein, H. J., Becker, T. E., & Meyer, J. P. (eds.), Commitment in organizations: Accumulated wisdom and new directions (pp. 3768). Florence, KY: Routledge.Google Scholar
Meyer, J. P. (2016). Handbook of employee commitment. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar Publishing.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Meyer, J. P. (2021). Commitment at work: Past, present, and future. In Graf, P. & Dozois, D. J. A. (eds.), Handbook on the state of the art in applied psychology (pp. 1949). New York: John Wiley & Sons.Google Scholar
Meyer, J. P., & Allen, N. J. (1991). A three-component conceptualization of organizational commitment. Human Resource Management Review, 1, 6189.Google Scholar
Meyer, J. P., Allen, N. J., & Smith, C. A. (1993). Commitment to organizations and occupations: Extension and test of a three-component model. Journal of Applied Psychology, 78, 538551.Google Scholar
Meyer, J. P., & Hamilton, L. (2013). Commitment to organizational change: Theory, research, principles, and practice. In Oreg, S., Alexandra, M., & Rune, B. T. (eds.), The psychology of organizational change: Viewing change from the employee’s perspective (pp. 4364). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Meyer, J. P., & Herscovitch, L. (2001). Commitment in the workplace: Toward a general model. Human Resource Management Review, 11(3), 299326.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Meyer, J. P., & Maltin, E. R. (2010). Employee commitment and well-being: A critical review, theoretical framework, and research agenda. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 77(2), 323337.Google Scholar
Meyer, J. P., & Morin, A. J. (2016). A person‐centered approach to commitment research: Theory, research, and methodology. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 37(4), 584612.Google Scholar
Meyer, J. P., & Parfyonova, N. M. (2010). Normative commitment in the workplace: A theoretical analysis and re-conceptualization. Human Resource Management Review, 20, 283294.Google Scholar
Meyer, J. P., Srinivas, E. S., Lal, J. B., & Topolnytsky, L. (2007). Employee commitment and support for an organizational change: Test of the three‐component model in two cultures. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 80(2), 185211.Google Scholar
Meyer, J. P., Stanley, D. J., Herscovitch, L., & Topolnytsky, L. (2002). Affective, continuance, and normative commitment to the organization: A meta-analysis of antecedents, correlates, and consequences. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 61(1), 2052.Google Scholar
Mowday, R. T., Porter, L. W., & Steers, R. (1982). Organizational linkages: The psychology of commitment, absenteeism, and turnover. San Diego, CA: Academic Press.Google Scholar
Mumford, M. D., & Fried, Y. (2014). Give them what they want or give them what they need? Ideology in the study of leadership. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 35, 622634.Google Scholar
Nohe, C., Michaelis, B., Menges, J. I., Zhang, Z., & Sonntag, K. (2013). Charisma and organizational change: A multilevel study of perceived charisma, commitment to change, and team performance. The Leadership Quarterly, 24(2), 378389.Google Scholar
Oreg, S. (2006). Personality, context, and resistance to organizational change. European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 15, 73101.Google Scholar
Oreg, S., & Berson, Y. (2019). Leaders’ impact on organizational change: Bridging theoretical and methodological chasms. Academy of Management Annals, 13(1), 272307.Google Scholar
Oreg, S., Michel, A., & By, R. T. (eds.) (2013). The psychology of organizational change: Viewing change from the employee’s perspective. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Ouedraogo, N., Zaitouni, M., & Ouakouak, M. L. (2023). Leadership credibility and change success: mediating role of commitment to change. International Journal of Productivity and Performance Management, 72(1), 4765.Google Scholar
Peng, J., Li, M., Wang, Z., & Lin, Y. (2021). Transformational leadership and employees’ reactions to organizational change: Evidence from a meta-analysis. The Journal of Applied Behavioral Science, 57(3), 369397.Google Scholar
Podsakoff, P. M., MacKenzie, S. B., Lee, J. Y., & Podsakoff, N. P. (2003). Common method biases in behavioral research: a critical review of the literature and recommended remedies. Journal of Applied Psychology, 88(5), 879903.Google Scholar
Podsakoff, P. M., MacKenzie, S. B., Moorman, R. H., & Fetter, R. (1990). Transformational leader behaviors and their effects on followers’ trust in leader, satisfaction, and organizational citizenship behaviors. The Leadership Quarterly, 1(2), 107142.Google Scholar
Rahaman, H. M. S., Camps, J., Decoster, S., & Stouten, J. (2021). Ethical leadership in times of change: the role of change commitment and change information for employees’ dysfunctional resistance. Personnel Review, 50(2), 630647.Google Scholar
Reichers, A. E., Wanous, J. P., & Austin, J. T. (1997). Understanding and managing cynicism about organizational change. Academy of Management Executive, 11(1), 4859.Google Scholar
Seo, M. G., Taylor, M. S., Hill, N. S., Zhang, X., Tesluk, P. E., & Lorinkova, N. M. (2012). The role of affect and leadership during organizational change. Personnel Psychology, 65(1), 121165.Google Scholar
Shapiro, D. L., & Kirkman, B. L. (1999). Employees’ reaction to the change to work teams: The influence of “anticipatory” injustice. Journal of Organizational Change Management, 12, 5167.Google Scholar
Shin, J., Seo, M. G., Shapiro, D. L., & Taylor, M. S. (2015). Maintaining employees’ commitment to organizational change: The role of leaders’ informational justice and transformational leadership. The Journal of Applied Behavioral Science, 51(4), 501528.Google Scholar
Sonenshein, S., & Dholakia, U. (2012). Explaining employee engagement with strategic change implementation: A meaning-making approach. Organization Science, 23(1), 123.Google Scholar
Stanley, D. J., Meyer, J. P., & Topolnytsky, L. (2005). Employee cynicism and resistance to organizational change. Journal of Business and Psychology, 19, 429459.Google Scholar
Stogdill, R. M. (1948). Personal factors associated with leadership: A survey of the literature. Journal of Psychology, 25, 3571.Google Scholar
Stouten, J., Rousseau, D. M., & De Cremer, D. (2018). Successful organizational change: Integrating the management practice and scholarly literatures. Academy of Management Annals, 12(2), 752768.Google Scholar
Svendsen, M., & Joensson, T. S. (2016). Transformational leadership and change related voice behavior. Leadership & Organization Development Journal, 37(3), 357368.Google Scholar
Van der Voet, J., Kuipers, B. S., & Groeneveld, S. (2016). Implementing change in public organizations: The relationship between leadership and affective commitment to change in a public sector context. Public Management Review, 18(6), 842865.Google Scholar
Wanberg, C. R., & Banas, J. T. (2000). Predictors and outcomes of openness to change in a reorganizing workplace. Journal of Applied Psychology, 85, 132142.Google Scholar
Weiherl, J., & Masal, D. (2016). Transformational leadership and followers’ commitment to mission changes. International Journal of Public Administration, 39(11), 861871.Google Scholar
Weske, U., Boselie, P., van Rensen, E., & Schneider, M. (2019). Physician compliance with quality and patient safety regulations: The role of perceived enforcement approaches and commitment. Health Services Management Research, 32(2), 103112.Google Scholar
Witte, K. (1992). Putting the fear back into fear appeals: The extended parallel process model. Communications Monographs, 59(4), 329349.Google Scholar
Yukl, G. A., & Gardner, W. L. (2020). Leadership in organizations (9th ed.). London: Pearson.Google Scholar
Zappalà, S., Toscano, F., & Licciardello, S. A. (2019). Towards sustainable organizations: Supervisor support, commitment to change and the mediating role of organizational identification. Sustainability, 11(3), 805.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zhao, H. H., Seibert, S. E., Taylor, M. S., Lee, C., & Lam, W. (2016). Not even the past: The joint influence of former leader and new leader during leader succession in the midst of organizational change. Journal of Applied Psychology, 101(12), 17301738.Google Scholar

Save book to Kindle

To save this book to your Kindle, first ensure [email protected] is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

Available formats
×

Save book to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

Available formats
×

Save book to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

Available formats
×