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from Section 11 - Psychosocial Considerations
Published online by Cambridge University Press: 08 April 2025
Female genital mutilation/cutting (FGM/C) is the nontherapeutic alteration of the external female genitalia. It occurs globally but is most prevalent in parts of Africa, Asia, and the Middle East. Globally, FGM/C is considered an act of gender-based violence and is a federal crime in the United States and Canada. The WHO (World Health Organization) classifies FGM/C into four subtypes to standardize diagnosis, documentation, and management. Type 3, also known as infibulation, is considered the most severe subtype. There are infectious, urologic, obstetric, and psychological complications, especially with Types 2 and 3 FGM/C. Recommendations for management of FGM/C Type 3 (infibulation) consist of restoration of the external genitalia by defibulation. Holistic and culturally competent care should drive the overall management approach. In addition to surgical management to restore the external genitalia, comprehensive care should include ongoing counseling, psychosocial support, and comprehensive obstetric and gynecologic care.
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