Skip to main content Accessibility help

We use cookies to distinguish you from other users and to provide you with a better experience on our websites. Close this message to accept cookies or find out how to manage your cookie settings.

Close cookie message
×
Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-fscjk Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-26T14:25:18.471Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Bibliography

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  05 November 2012

Milan W. Svolik
Milan W. Svolik
Affiliation:
University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign
Get access

Summary

A summary is not available for this content so a preview has been provided. Please use the Get access link above for information on how to access this content.
Image of the first page of this content. For PDF version, please use the ‘Save PDF’ preceeding this image.'
Type
Chapter
Information
The Politics of Authoritarian Rule , pp. 203 - 222
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2012

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Abrami, Regina, Edmund, Malesky, and Yu, Zheng. 2008. “Accountability and Inequality in Single-Party Regimes: A Comparative Analysis of Vietnam and China.” Working Paper.Google Scholar
Acemoglu, Daron, and James A., Robinson. 2001. “A Theory of Political Transitions.” American Economic Review 91(4): 938–63.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Acemoglu, Daron, James A., Robinson, and Thierry, Verdier. 2003. “Kleptocracy and Divide-and-Rule: A Model of Personal Rule.” NBER Working Paper.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Acemoglu, Daron, and James A., Robinson. 2005. Economic Origins of Dictatorship and Democracy. New York: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Acemoglu, Daron, Georgy, Egorov, and Konstantin, Sonin. 2008a. “Coalition Formation in Non-Democracies.” Review of Economic Studies 75(4): 987–1009.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Acemoglu, Daron, Davide, Ticchi, and Andrea, Vindigni. 2008b. “A Theory of Military Dictatorships.” Working Paper.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Albertus, Michael, and Victor A., Menaldo. Forthcoming. “If You're Against Them You're with Us: The Effect of Expropriation on Autocratic Survival.” Comparative Political Studies.
Aldrich, John H. 1995. Why Parties? The Origin and Transformation of Party Politics in America. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ali Khan, M. S., A., Khalique, and A. M., Abouammoh. 1989. “On Estimating Parameters in a Discrete Weibull Distribution.” IEEE Transactions on Reliability 38(3): 348–50.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Alvarez, Michael, José Antonio, Cheibub, Fernando, Limongi, and Adam, Przeworski. 1996. “Classifying Political Regimes.” Studies in Comparative International Development 31(2): 3–36.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Arendt, Hannah. 1951. The Origins of Totalitarianism. New York: Harvest Books.Google Scholar
Aristotle, . 1988. The Politics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Arriagada, Genaro. 1988. Pinochet: The Politics of Power. Boston, MA: Allen & Unwin.Google Scholar
Atkinson, Rick. 1993. Crusade: The Untold Story of the Persian Gulf War. Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin.Google Scholar
Aumann, Robert J. 1985. “What Is Game Theory Trying to Accomplish?” In Kenneth J., Arrow and Seppo, Honkapohja (Eds.), Frontiers of Economics. London: Basil Blackwell, pp. 27–76.Google Scholar
Babones, Salvatore J. 2008. “Standardized Income Inequality Data for Use in Cross-National Research.” Sociological Inquiry 77(1): 3–22.Google Scholar
Banks, Arthur S. 2001. “Cross National Time-Series Data Archive.” Dataset.Google Scholar
Barros, Robert. 2002. Constitutionalism and Dictatorship: Pinochet, the Junta, and the 1980 Constitution. New York: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Batatu, Hanna. 1978. The Old Social Classes and the Revolutionary Movements in Iraq. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Batatu, Hanna. 1981. “Some Observations on the Social Roots of Syria's Ruling, Military Group and the Causes for Its Dominance.” Middle East Journal 35(3): 331–44.Google Scholar
Bates, Robert H. 2008. When Things Fell Apart: State Failure in Late-Century Africa. New York: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bates, Robert H., Avner, Greif, Margaret, Levi, and Jean-Laurent, Rosenthal. 1998. Analytic Narratives. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Baum, Richard. 1997. “The Road to Tiananmen: Chinese Politics in the 1980s.” In Roderick, MacFarquhar (Ed.), The Politics of China: The Eras of Mao and Deng.New York: Cambridge University Press, pp. 340–71.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Beck, Nathaniel, and Jonathan N., Katz. 2001. “Throwing out the Baby with the Bath Water: A Comment on Green, Kim, and Yoon.” International Organization 55(2): 487–95.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Beck, Thorsten, George, Clarke, Alberto, Groff, Philip, Keefer, and Patrick, Walsh. 2001. “New Tools in Comparative Political Economy: The Database of Political Institutions.” World Bank Economic Review 15(1): 165–76.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Belkin, Aaron, and Evan, Schofer. 2003. “Toward a Structural Understanding of Coup Risk.” Journal of Conflict Resolution 47(5): 594–620.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Benvenuti, Francesco. 1988. The Bolsheviks and the Red Army, 1918–1922. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Besley, Timothy, and Masayuki, Kudamatsu. 2007. “Making Autocracy Work.” STICERD Development Economics Discussion Paper No. 48.Google Scholar
Bethell, Leslie. 1985. The Cambridge History of Latin America, Volume 3: From Independence to c. 1870. New York: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bialer, Seweryn (Ed.). 1969. Stalin and His Generals: SovietMilitaryMemoirs of World War II. New York: Pegasus.
Blaydes, Lisa. 2007. “Electoral Budget Cycles under Authoritarianism: Economic Opportunism in Mubarak's Egypt.” Unpublished manuscript, Stanford University.Google Scholar
Blaydes, Lisa. 2010. Elections and Distributive Politics inMubarak's Egypt. New York: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bo, Zhiyue. 2007. China's Elite Politics: Political Transition and Power Balancing. New Jersey: World Scientific.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bobbio, Norberto. 1989. Democracy and Dictatorship. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.Google Scholar
Boix, Carles, 2003. Democracy and Redistribution. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Boix, Carles, and Milan, Svolik. 2011. “The Foundations of Limited Authoritarian Government: Institutions and Power-Sharing in Dictatorships.” Unpublished manuscript, Princeton University.Google Scholar
Bowman, Kirk. 2002. Militarization, Democracy, and Development: The Perils of Praetorianism in Latin America. University Park: Pennsylvania State University Press.Google Scholar
Box-Steffensmeier, Janet M., and Bradford S., Jones. 2004. Event History Modeling. New York: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Box-Steffensmeier, Janet M., Peter M., Radcliffe, and Brandon L., Bartels. 2005. “The Incidence and Timing of PAC Contributions to Incumbent U.S. House Members, 1993–94.” Legislative Studies Quarterly 30(4): 549–79.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Brandenburg, Frank. 1964. The Making of Modern Mexico. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.Google Scholar
Bratton, Michael, and Nicolas, Van de Walle. 1997. Democratic Experiments in Africa: Regime Transitions in Comparative Perspective. New York: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Breslauer, George W. 1982. Khrushchev and Brezhnev as Leaders: Building Authority in Soviet Politics. London: Allen & Unwin.Google Scholar
Brooker, Paul. 2000. Non-Democratic Regimes: Theory, Government, and Politics. New York: St. Martin's Press.Google Scholar
Brooks, Risa. 1998. Political–Military Relations and the Stability of Arab Regimes. London: Oxford University Press (Adelphi Paper, International Institute for Strategic Studies).Google Scholar
Brown, Archie. 2009. The Rise and Fall of Communism. London: Bodley Head.Google Scholar
Brownlee, Jason. 2002. “And Yet They Persist: Explaining Survival and Transition in Neopatrimonial Regimes.” Studies in Comparative InternationalDevelopment 37(3): 35–63.Google Scholar
Brownlee, Jason. 2007a. Authoritarianism in an Age of Democratization. New York: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Brownlee, Jason. 2007b. “Hereditary Succession in Modern Autocracies.” World Politics 59(4): 595–628.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Brownlee, Jason. 2009. “Portents of Pluralism: How Hybrid Regimes Affect Democratic Transitions.” American Journal of Political Science 53(3): 515–32.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Buchta, Wilfried. 2000. Who Rules Iran? The Structure of Power in the Islamic Republic. Washington, DC: Washington Institute for Near East Policy.Google Scholar
Bueno de Mesquita, Bruce, Alastair, Smith, Randolph M., Siverson, and James D., Morrow. 2003. The Logic of Political Survival. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.Google Scholar
Bunce, Valerie. 1999. Subversive Institutions: The Design and the Destruction of Socialism and the State. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Burlatsky, Fedor. 1991. Khrushchev and the First Russian Spring. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson.Google Scholar
Callaghy, Thomas M. 1984. The State–Society Struggle: Zaire in Comparative Perspective. New York: Columbia University Press.Google Scholar
Cameron, A. Colin, and Pravin K., Trivedi. 2005. Microeconometrics: Methods and Applications. New York: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Campbell, J. B. 1994. The Roman Army, 31 BC–AD 337: A Sourcebook. London: Routledge.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Carlsson, Hans, and Eric, van Damme. 1993. “Global Games and Equilibrium Selection.” Econometrica 61(5): 989–1018.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Castañeda, Jorge G. 2000. Perpetuating Power: How Mexican PresidentsWere Chosen. New York: New Press.Google Scholar
Chan, Heng Chee. 1976. “The Role of Parliamentary Politicians in Singapore.” Legislative Studies Quarterly 1(3): 423–41.Google Scholar
Cheibub, José Antonio. 2007. Presidentialism, Parliamentarism, and Democracy. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Cheibub, José Antonio, and Jennifer, Gandhi. 2005. “Classifying Political Regimes: A Six-Fold Measure of Democracies and Dictatorships.” Dataset.Google Scholar
Cheibub, José A., Jennifer, Gandhi, and James R., Vreeland. 2010. “Democracy and Dictatorship Revisited.” Public Choice 143(1): 67–101.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chwe, Michael. 2001. Rational Ritual: Culture, Coordination, and Common Knowledge. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Collier, David, and Steven, Levitsky. 1997. “Democracy with Adjectives: Conceptual Innovation in Comparative Research.” World Politics 49(3): 430–51.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Collier, Paul, and Anke, Hoeffler. 1998. “On Economic Causes of Civil War.” Oxford Economic Papers 50(14): 563–73.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Colton, Timothy J. 1979. Commissars, Commanders, and Civilian Authority: The Structure of Soviet Military Politics. Boston: Harvard University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Communist Party of China. 1981. Resolution on CPC History (1949–1981). Beijing: Foreign Languages Press.
Conquest, Robert. 1967. Power and Policy in the USSR: The Struggle for Stalin's Succession, 1945–1960. New York: Harper & Row.Google Scholar
Constable, Pamela, and Arturo, Valenzuela. 1993. A Nation of Enemies: Chile under Pinochet. New York: W. W. Norton & Company.Google Scholar
Cook, Steven A. 2007. Ruling but Not Governing. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press.Google ScholarPubMed
Corbett, Ben. 2002. This Is Cuba: An Outlaw Culture Survives. Cambridge, MA: Westview Press.Google Scholar
Correlates of War Project. 2006. Direct Contiguity Data, 1816–2006. Version 3.1.
Cox, Gary. 2011. “War, Moral Hazard, and Ministerial Responsibility: England after the Glorious Revolution.” The Journal of Economic History 71(1): 133–61.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cox, Gary W. 1997. Making Votes Count: Strategic Coordination in the World's Electoral Systems. New York: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Crankshaw, Edward. 1966. Khrushchev: A Career. New York: Viking Press.Google Scholar
Crouch, Harold. 1978. The Army and Politics in Indonesia. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.Google Scholar
Crowder, Martin J. 2001. Classical Competing Risks. Boca Raton, FL: Chapman & Hall.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dahl, Robert A. 1971. Polyarchy: Participation and Opposition. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.Google Scholar
Davenport, Christian. 2007. “State Repression and the Tyrannical Peace.” Journal of Peace Research 44(4): 485–504.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Debs, Alexandre. 2007. “The Wheel of Fortune: Agency Problems in Dictatorship.” Unpublished manuscript, Yale University.Google Scholar
Debs, Alexandre. 2009. “Living by the Sword and Dying by the Sword? Leadership Transitions in and out of Dictatorships.” Working Paper.Google Scholar
Decalo, Samuel. 1990. Coups and Army Rule in Africa: Motivations and Constraints. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.Google Scholar
Deininger, Klaus, and Lyn, Squire. 1996. “A New Data Set Measuring Income Inequality.” World Bank Economis Review 10(3): 565–91.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Demick, Barbara. 2009. Nothing to Envy: Ordinary Lives in North Korea. New York: Spiegel & Grau.Google Scholar
Desch, Michael C. 1999. Soldiers, States, and Structure: Civilian Control of the Military in a Changing Security Environment. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press.Google Scholar
Diamond, Larry. 2002. “Thinking about Hybrid Regimes.” Journal of Democracy 13(2): 21–35.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Diamond, Larry. 2008. “The Democratic Rollback: The Resurgence of the Predatory State.” Foreign Affairs 87(2): 36–48.Google Scholar
Dickson, Bruce J. 2003. Red Capitalists in China: The Party, Private Entrepreneurs, and Prospects for Political Change. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Dikötter, Frank. 2010. Mao's Great Famine: The History of China's Most Devastating Catastrophe, 1958–1962. New York: Walker & Co.Google Scholar
Dittmer, Lowell. 2002. “Chinese Factional Politics under Jiang.” In Gang, Lin and Susan, Shirk (Eds.), The 16th CCP Congress and Leadership Transition in China. Washington, DC: The Woodrow Wilson Center Asia Program, pp. 20–7.Google Scholar
Djilas, Milovan. 1962. Conversations with Stalin. New York: Harcourt.Google Scholar
Domínguez, Jorge I. 1978. Cuba: Order and Revolution. Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press.Google Scholar
Drake, Paul W. 1996. Labor Movements and Dictatorships: The Southern Cone in Comparative Perspective. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press.Google Scholar
Droz-Vincent, Philippe. 2007. “From Political to Economic Actors: The Changing Role of Middle Eastern Armies.” In Oliver, Schlumberger (Ed.), Debating Arab Authoritarianism: Dynamics and Durability in Nondemocratic Regimes. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, pp. 195–214.Google Scholar
Edin, Maria. 2003. “State Capacity and Local Agent Control in China: CCP Cadre Management from a Township Perspective.” The China Quarterly 173: 35–52.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Edmond, Chris. 2007. “Information Manipulation, Coordination, and Regime Change.” Unpublished manuscript, New York University.Google Scholar
Egorov, Georgy, Sergei M., Guriev, and Konstantin, Sonin. 2009. “Why Resource-Poor Dictators Allow Freer Media: A Theory and Evidence from Panel Data.” American Political Science Review 103(4): 645–68.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Egorov, Georgy, and Konstantin, Sonin. 2005. “The Killing Game: Reputation and Knowledge in Politics of Succession.” Unpublished manuscript, Northwestern University.Google Scholar
Egorov, Georgy, and Konstantin, Sonin. Forthcoming. “Dictators and Their Viziers: Endogenizing the Loyalty.Competence Trade-Off.” Journal of the European Economic Association.
Eichengreen, Barry, and David, Leblang. 2008. “Democracy and Globalization.” Economics and Politics 20(3): 289–334.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Elkins, Zachary. 2000. “Gradations of Democracy? Empirical Tests of Alternative Conceptualizations.” American Journal of Political Science 44(2): 293–300.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Elson, R. E. 2001. Suharto: A Political Biography. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Escribà-Folch, Abel, and Joseph, Wright. 2008. “Dealing with Tyranny: International Sanctions and Autocrats' Duration.” Working Paper.Google Scholar
Farcau, Bruce W. 1994. The Coup: Tactics in the Seizure of Power. Westport, CT: Praeger.Google Scholar
Farouk-Sluglett, Marion, and Peter, Sluglett. 1987. Iraq Since 1958: From Revolution to Dictatorship. London: I. B. Tauris.Google Scholar
Fearon, James D. 2005. “Primary Commodity Exports and Civil War.” Journal of Conflict Resolution 49(4): 483–507.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fearon, James D. 2008. “Self-Enforcing Democracy.” Unpublished manuscript, Stanford University.Google Scholar
Feaver, Peter D. 1999. “Civil–Military Relations.” Annual Review of Political Science 2: 211–41.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Finer, S. E. 1999. The History of Government from the Earliest Times: The Intermediate Ages. New York: Oxford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Finer, Samuel E. 1962. The Man on Horseback. London: Pall Mall.Google Scholar
Fontana, Andres Miguel. 1987. Political Decision Making by a Military Corporation: Argentina 1976–1983. The University of Texas at Austin: Ph.D. Dissertation.
Frantz, Erica. 2007. “Tying the Dictator's Hands: Leadership Survival in Authoritarian Regimes.” Unpublished manuscript, Bridgewater State University.Google Scholar
Frantz, Erica, and Natasha, Ezrow. 2009. “‘Yes Men’ and the Likelihood of Foreign Policy Mistakes Across Dictatorships.” Paper presented at the 2009 Annual Meeting of the American Political Science Association.Google Scholar
Frantz, Erica, and Natasha M., Ezrow. 2011. The Politics of Dictatorship: Institutions and Outcomes in Authoritarian Regimes. Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner Publishers.Google Scholar
Friedrich, Karl, and Zbigniew, Brzezinski. 1965. Totalitarian Dictatorship and Autocracy. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Galetovic, Alexander, and Ricardo, Sanhueza. 2000. “Citizens, Autocrats, and Plotters: A Model and New Evidence on Coups D'État.” Economics and Politics 12(2): 183–204.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gandhi, Jennifer, 2008. Political Institutions underDictatorship. New York: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gandhi, Jennifer, and Adam, Przeworski. 2006. “Cooperation, Cooptation, and Rebellion Under Dictatorships.” Economics & Politics 18(1): 1–26.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gandhi, Jennifer, and Adam, Przeworski. 2007. “Authoritarian Institutions and the Survival of Autocrats.” Comparative Political Studies 40(11): 1279–1301.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Geddes, Barbara. 1999a. “Authoritarian Breakdown: Empirical Test of a Game Theoretic Argument.” Working Paper.Google Scholar
Geddes, Barbara. 1999b. “What Do We Know about Democratization after Twenty Years?” Annual Review of Political Science 2: 115–44.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Geddes, Barbara. 2003. Paradigms and Sand Castles: Theory Building and Research Design in Comparative Politics. Ann Arbor, MI: University of Michigan Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Geddes, Barbara. 2005. “Authoritarian Breakdown.” Working Paper.Google Scholar
Geddes, Barbara. 2008. “Party Creation as an Autocratic Survival Strategy.” Unpublished manuscript, UCLA.Google Scholar
Geddes, Barbara. 2009. “How Autocrats Defend Themselves against Armed Rivals.” Working Paper.Google Scholar
Gehlbach, Scott G., and Philip, Keefer. 2008. “Investment without Democracy: Ruling-Party Institutionalization and Credible Commitment in Autocracies.” Unpublished manuscript, University of Wisconsin-Madison.Google Scholar
Gelman, Andrew, and Jennifer, Hill. 2006. Data Analysis Using Regression and Multilevel/Hierarchical Models. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
George, Alan. 2003. Syria: Neither Bread nor Freedom. New York: Zed Books.Google Scholar
Gerber, Hans U. 1991. “From the Generalized Gamma to the Generalized Negative Binomial Distribution.” Insurance: Mathematics and Economics 10(4): 303–9.Google Scholar
Gerolymatos, Andre. 2009. “The Road to Authoritarianism: The Greek Army in Politics, 1935–49.” Journal of the Hellenic Diaspora 35(1): 7–26.Google Scholar
Gershenson, Dmitriy, and Hershel I., Gorossman. 2001. “Co-option and Repression in the Soviet Union.” Economics and Politics 13(1): 31–47.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ghazvinian, John. 2008. Untapped: The Scramble for Africa's Oil. Orlando, FL: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt.Google Scholar
Gillespie, Charles. 1991. Negotiating Democracy: Politicians and Generals in Uruguay. New York: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gleditsch, Nils Petter, Peter, Wallensteen, Mikael, Eriksson, Margareta, Sollenberg, and Håvard, Strand. 2002. “Armed Conflict 1946–2001: A New Dataset.” Journal of Peace Research 39(5): 615–37.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Goemans, Hein E. 2008. “Which Way Out? The Manner and Consequences of Losing Office.” Journal of Conflict Resolution 52(6): 771–94.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Goemans, Hein, Kristian Skrede, Gleditsch, and Giacomo, Chiozza. 2009. “Introducing Archigos: A Data Set of Political Leaders.” Journal of Peace Research 46(2): 269–83.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Goodwin, Jeff. 2001. No OtherWay Out: States and Revolutionary Movements, 1945–1991. New York: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gorlizki, Yoram, and Oleg, Khlevniuk. 2004. Cold Peace: Stalin and the Soviet Ruling Circle, 1945–1953. Oxford: Oxford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gorlizki, Yoram, and Oleg, Khlevniuk. 2006. “Stalin and His Circle.” In Ronald G., Suny (Ed.), The Cambridge History of Russia, Volume 3. New York: Cambridge University Press, pp. 243–67.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Green, Donald P., and Alan S., Gerber. 2004. Get Out The Vote! How to Increase Voter Turnout. Washington, DC: Brookings Institution Press.Google Scholar
Greene, Kenneth F. 2007. Why Dominant Parties Lose: Mexico's Democratization in Comparative Perspective. New York: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gregory, Paul R. 2009. Terror by Quota: State Security from Lenin to Stalin. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gregory, Paul R., Philipp J. H., Schroder, and Konstantin, Sonin. 2006. “Dictators, Repression and the Median Citizen: An ‘Eliminations Model’ of Stalin's Terror.” Working Paper.Google Scholar
Grindle, Merilee Serrill. 1977. Bureaucrats, Politicians, and Peasants in Mexico: A Case Study in Public Policy. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Grzymala-Busse, Anna. 2002. Redeeming the Communist Past: The Regeneration of Communist Parties in East Central Europe. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Grzymala-Busse, Anna. 2007. Rebuilding Leviathan: Party Competition and State Exploitation in Post-Communist Democracies. New York: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Guriev, Sergei, and Konstantin, Sonin. 2009. “Dictators and oligarchs: A dynamic theory of contested property rights.” Journal of Public Economics 93(1–2): 1–13.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Guo, Gang. 2005. “Party Recruitment of College Students in China.” Journal of Contemporary China 14(43): 371–93.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Haber, Stephen H. 2007. “Authoritarian Regimes.” In Barry R., Weingast and Donald, Wittman (Eds.), The Oxford Handbook of Political Economy. New York: Oxford University Press, pp. 693–707.Google Scholar
Haber, Stephen H., Noel, Maurer, and Armando, Razo. 2003. The Politics of Property Rights: Political Instability, Credible Commitments, and Economic Growth in Mexico, 1876–1929. New York: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hadenius, Axel, and Jan, Teorell. 2007. “Pathways from Authoritarianism.” Journal of Democracy 18(1): 143–57.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hale, William M. 1994. Turkish Politics and the Military. London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Hanson, Russell L. 1989. “Democracy.” In Terrence, Ball, James, Farr, and Russell L., Hanson (Eds.), Political Innovation and Conceptual Change. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Hanson, Stephen. 2006. “The Brezhnev Era.” In Ronald G., Suny (Ed.), The Cambridge History of Russia, Volume 3. New York: Cambridge University Press, pp. 292–315.Google Scholar
Harding, Harry. 1997. “The Chinese State in Crisis, 1966–9.” In Roderick, MacFarquhar (Ed.), Politics of China 1949–1989: Eras of Mao and Deng. New York: Cambridge University Press, pp. 148–247.Google Scholar
Herb, Michael. 1999. All in the Family. Albany, NY: State University of New York Press.Google Scholar
Herz, John H. 1952. “The Problem of Successorship in Dictatorial Regimes: A Study in Comparative Law and Institutions.” The Journal of Politics 14(1): 19–40.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hinnebusch, Raymond. 2002. Syria: Revolution from Above. London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Hinnebusch, Raymond A. 1990. Authoritarian Power and State Formation in Ba'thist Syria: Army, Party, and Peasant. Boulder, CO: Westview Press.Google Scholar
Hirshleifer, Jack. 1989. “Conflict and Rent-Seeking Success Functions: Ration vs. Difference Models of Relative Success.” Public Choice 63(2): 101–12.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hobbes, Thomas. 1996 [1651]. Leviathan. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Holmes, Stephen. 2003. “Lineages of the Rule of Law.” In Jose Maria, Maravall and Adam, Przeworski (Eds.), Democracy and the Rule of Law. New York: Cambridge University Press, pp. 19–61.Google Scholar
Honaker, James, and Gary, King. 2009. “What to Do About Missing Values in Time-Series Cross-Section Data.” Working Paper.Google Scholar
Honaker, James, Gary, King, and Matthew, Blackwell. 2009. AMELIA II: A Program for Missing Data. Version 1.2–14.Google Scholar
Hong, Lysa, and Jianli, Huang. 2008. The Scripting of a National History: Singapore and its Past. Hong Kong: Hong Kong University Press.Google Scholar
Horowitz, Donald L. 1985. Ethnic Groups in Conflict. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Hough, Jerry F. 1980. Soviet Leadership in Transition. Washington, DC: The Brookings Institution.Google Scholar
Huang, Jing. 2008. “Institutionalization of Political Succession in China: Progress and Implications.” In Cheng, Li (Ed.), China's Changing Political Landscape. Washington, DC: The Brookings Institution Press, pp. 80–97.Google Scholar
Hume, David. 1748. “Of the First Principles of Government.” In Essays, Moral and Political, London: Cadell.Google Scholar
Humphreys, Macartan. 2005. “Natural Resources, Conflict, and Conflict Resolution: Uncovering the Mechanisms.” Journal of Conflict Resolution 49(4): 508–37.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Huntington, Samuel P. 1957. The Soldier and the State. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Huntington, Samuel P. 1968. Political Order in Changing Societies. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.Google Scholar
Huntington, Samuel P. 1970. “Social and Institutional Dynamics of One-Party Systems.” In Samuel P., Huntington and Clement H., Moore (Eds.), Authoritarian Politics in Modern Society: The Dynamics of Established One-Party Systems. NewYork: Basic Books, pp. 3–45.Google Scholar
Huntington, Samuel P. 1993. The Third Wave: Demoratization in the Late Twentieth Century. Norman, OK: University of Oklahoma Press.Google Scholar
Jackson, Robert H., and Carl G., Rosberg. 1982. Personal Rule in Black Africa: Prince, Autocrat, Prophet, Tyrant. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Janowitz, Morris. 1964. The Military in the Political Development of New Nations: An Essay in Comparative Analysis. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Johnson, John J. 1958. Political Change in Latin America: The Emergence of the Middle Sectors. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.Google Scholar
Karl, Terry Lynn. 1997. The Paradox of Plenty: Oil Booms and Petro-States. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Karsh, Efraim. 2002. Saddam Hussein: A Political Biography. New York: Grove Press.Google Scholar
Kassem, May. 1999. In the Guise of Democracy: Governance in Contemporary Egypt. Reading, NY: Ithaca Press.Google Scholar
Kechichian, Joseph A. 2008. Power and Succession in Arab Monarchies. Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner Publishers.Google Scholar
Khlevniuk, Oleg V. 2009. Master of the House: Stalin andHis Inner Circle. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.Google Scholar
Khrushchev, Nikita Sergeevich. 1970. Khrushchev Remembers. Boston: Little, Brown.Google Scholar
King, Gary, James, Honaker, Anne, Joseph, and Kenneth, Scheve. 2001. “Analyzing Incomplete Political Science Data: An Alternative Algorithm for Multiple Imputation.” The American Political Science Review 95(1): 49–69.Google Scholar
Kitschelt, Herbert, and Steven, Wilkinson. Eds. 2007. Patrons, Clients, and Policies: Patterns of Democratic Accountability and Political Competition. New York: Cambridge University Press.CrossRef
Klaren, Peter F. 1999. Peru: Society and Nationhood in the Andes. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Klein, John P., and Melvin L., Moeschberger. 2003. Survival Analysis Techniques for Censored and Truncated Data. New York: Springer.Google Scholar
Klieman, Aaron S. 1980. “Confined to Barracks: Emergencies and the Military in Developing Societies.” Comparative Politics 12(2): 143–63.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kligman, Gail. 1998. The Politics of Duplicity: Controlling Reproduction in Ceausescu's Romania. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Knight, Amy. 1995. Beria. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Krauze, Enrique. 1997. Biography of Power: A History of Modern Mexico, 1810–1996. New York: Harper Collins.Google Scholar
Kreps, David M. 1990. Game Theory and Economic Modelling. New York: Oxford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kuran, Timur. 1991. “Now Out of Never: The Element of Surprise in the East European Revolution of 1989.” World Politics 44: 7–48.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
La Porta, Rafael, Florencio Lopez, de Silanes, Andrei, Shleifer, and Robert, Vishny. 1999. “The Quality of Government.” Journal of Law, Economics and Organization 15(April): 222–79.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lai, Brian, and Dan, Slater. 2006. “Institutions of the Offensive: Domestic Sources of Dispute Initiation in Authoritarian Regimes, 1950–1992.” American Journal of Political Science 50(1): 113–26.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lamb, David. 1984. The Africans. New York: Vintage Books.Google Scholar
Landry, Pierre F. 2008. Decentralized Authoritarianism in China: The Communist Party's Control of Local Elites in the Post-Mao Era. New York: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Langston, Joy, and Scott, Morgenstern. 2009. “Campaigning in an Electoral Authoritarian Regime: The Case of Mexico.” Comparative Politics 41(2): 165–81.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Laver, Michael, and Norman, Schofield. 1990. Multiparty Government: The Politics of Coalition in Europe. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Lazarev, Valery. 2005. “Economics of One-Party State: Promotion Incentives and Support for the Soviet Regime.” Comparative Economic Studies 47(2): 346–363.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lazarev, Valery. 2007. “Political Labor Market, Government Policy, and Stability of a Nondemocratic Regime.” Journal of Comparative Economics 35(3): 546–63.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Leverett, Flynt. 2005. Inheriting Syria: Bashar's Trial by Fire. Washington, DC: The Brookings Institution Press.Google Scholar
Levitsky, Steven, and Lucan A., Way. 2002. “The Rise of Competitive Authoritarianism.” Journal of Democracy 13(2): 51–65.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Levitsky, Steven, and Lucan A., Way. 2010. Competitive Authoritarianism: Hybrid Regimes after the Cold War. New York: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lewis, Paul H. 1978. “Salazar's Ministerial Elite, 1932–1968.” Journal of Politics 40(3): 622–47.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lewis, Paul H. 2002. Latin Fascist Elites: The Mussolini, Franco, and Salazar Regimes. Westport, CT: Praeger.Google Scholar
Li, Cheng. 2010. “China's Communist Party-State: The Structure and Dynamics of Power.” In William A., Joseph (Ed.), “Politics in China: An Introduction,” New York: Oxford University Press, pp. 165–91.Google Scholar
Li, Kim-Hung, Xiao-Li, Meng, T. E., Raghunathan, and Donald B., Rubin. 1991. “Significance Levels from Repeated p-Values withMultiply-Imputed Data.” Statistica Sinica 1: 65–92.Google Scholar
Lingle, Christopher. 1996. Singapore's Authoritarian Capitalism: Asian Values, Free Market Illusions, and Political Dependency. Barcelona, Spain: Edicions Sirocco.Google Scholar
Linz, Juan. 1975. “Totalitarian and Authoritarian Regimes.” In Fred, Greenstein and Nelson, Polsby (Eds.), Handbook of Political Science, Vol. 3. Reading, MA: Addison Wesley Publishing Company, pp. 191–357.Google Scholar
Linz, Juan J., and H. E., Chehabi. 1998. Sultanistic Regimes. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press.Google Scholar
Londregan, John B., and Keith T., Poole. 1990. “Poverty, the Coup Trap, and the Seizure of Executive Power.” World Politics 42: 151–83.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
López-Calvo, Ignacio. 2005. God and Trujillo: Literary and Cultural Representations of the Dominican Dictator. Gainesville: University Press of Florida.Google Scholar
Lorentzen, Peter L. 2008. “The Value of Incomplete Censorship for an Authoritarian State.” Working Paper presented at the 2008 Annual Meeting of the American Political Science Association.Google Scholar
Lorentzen, Peter L. 2009. “Regularizing Rioting: Permitting Public Protest in an Authoritarian Regime.” Working Paper.Google Scholar
Loveman, Brian. 1993. The Constitution of Tyranny: Regimes of Exception in Spanish America. Pittsburgh, PA: University of Pittsburgh Press.Google Scholar
Lust-Okar, Ellen, and Amaney Ahmad, Jamal. 2002. “Rulers and Rules: Reassessing the Influence of Regime Type on Electoral Law Formation.” Comparative Political Studies 35(3): 337–67.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Luttwak, Edward. 1968. Coup D'état: A Practical Handbook. New York: Knopf.Google Scholar
MacCulloch, Robert. 2005. “Income Inequality and the Taste for Revolution.” Journal of Law and Economics 48(1): 93–123.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
MacFarquhar, Roderick. 1974–1997. The Origins of the Cultural Revolution. New York: Columbia University Press.Google Scholar
MacFarquhar, Roderick. 1997a. The Politics of China: The Eras of Mao and Deng. New York: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
MacFarquhar, Roderick. 1997b. “The Succession to Mao and the End of Maoism, 1969–82.” In Roderick, MacFarquhar (Ed.), Politics of China 1949–1989: Eras of Mao and Deng. New York: Cambridge University Press, pp. 248–339.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
MacFarquhar, Roderick, and Michael, Schoenhals. 2006. Mao's Last Revolution. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Machiavelli, Niccolò. 2005[1513]. The Prince. Oxford: Oxford University Publication. Translated by Peter, Bondanella.Google Scholar
Maddison, Angus. 2008. “Statistics on World Population, GDP and Per Capita GDP, 1–2006 AD.” Dataset.Google Scholar
Magaloni, Beatriz. 2006. Voting for Autocracy: Hegemonic Party Survival and Its Demise in Mexico. New York: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Magaloni, Beatriz. 2008. “Credible Power-Sharing and the Longevity of Authoritarian Rule.” Comparative Political Studies 41(4/5): 715–41.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Magaloni, Beatriz, and Ruth, Kricheli. 2010. “Political Order and One-Party Rule.” Annual Review of Political Science 13: 123–43.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Makiya, Kanan. 1998. Republic of Fear: The Politics of Modern Iraq. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Malesky, Edmund. 2009. “Gerrymandering Vietnam Style: Escaping the Partial Reform Equilibrium in a Non-Democratic Regime.” Journal of Politics 71(1): 132–59.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Malesky, Edmund, and Paul, Schuler. 2010. “Nodding or Needling: Analyzing Delegate Responsiveness in an Authoritarian Parliament.” American Political Science Review 104(3): 482–502.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Manin, Bernard. 1997. The Principles of Representative Government. NewYork: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Manion, Melanie. 1992. “Politics and Policy in Post-Mao Cadre Retirement.” The China Quarterly 129: 1–25.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Manion, Melanie. 1993. Retirement of Revolutionaries in China: Public Policies, Social Norms, Private Interests. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mao, Zedong. 1954. Problems of War and Strategy. Beijing: Foreign Languages Press.Google Scholar
Marr, Phebe A. 1975. “The Political Elite in Iraq.” In George, Lenczowski (Ed.), Political Elites in the Middle East. Washington, DC: American Enterprise Institute for Public Policy Research.Google Scholar
Marshall, Monty G., and Keith, Jaggers. 2008. “Polity IV: Political Regime Characteristics and Transitions, 1800–2008.” Dataset.Google Scholar
Martínez, Luis. 2007. The Libyan Paradox. New York: Columbia University Press.Google Scholar
Mattes, Hanspeter. 2008. “Formal and Informal Authority in Libya since 1969.” In Dirk J., Vandewalle (Ed.), Libya since 1969: Qadhafi's Revolution Revisited. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.Google Scholar
Mauzy, Diane K., and R. S., Milne. 2002. Singapore Politics under the People's Action Party. London: Routledge.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mawdsley, Evan, and Stephen, White. 2000. The Soviet Elite from Lenin to Gorbachev: The Central Committee and Its Members, 1917–1991. New York: Oxford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McCarty, Nolan, and Adam, Meirowitz. 2007. Political Game Theory. New York: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McLachlan, Geoffrey, and David, Peel. 2000. Finite Mixture Models. New York: Wiley.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Medina, Luis Fernando. 2007. A Unified Theory of Collective Action and Social Change. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Merkel, Wolfgang. 2010. “Are Dictatorships Returning? Revisiting the ‘Democratic Rollback' Hypothesis.” Contemporary Politics 16(1): 17–31.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mićunović, Veljko. 1980. Moscow Diary. Garden City, NY: Doubleday.Google Scholar
Migdal, Joel S. 1988. Strong Societies and Weak States: State-Society Relations and State Capabilities in the Third World. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Miller, Alice L. 2004. “Hi Jintao and the Party Politburo.” China Leadership Monitor (9).Google Scholar
Miller, Alice L. 2008. “Institutionalization and the Changing Dynamics of Chinese Leadership Politics.” In Cheng, Li (Ed.), China's Changing Political Landscape. Washington, DC: The Brookings Institution Press, pp. 61–79.Google Scholar
Miller, Alice L. 2011. “The Politburo Standing Committee under Hu Jintao.” China Leadership Monitor 35: 1–9.Google Scholar
Miranda, Carlos R. 1990. The Stroessner Era: Authoritarian Rule in Paraguay. Boulder, CO: Westview Press.Google Scholar
Montesquieu, Charles de Secondat. 1989 [1748]. The Spirit of the Laws. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Morris, Stephen, and Hyun Song, Shin. 2003. “Global Games: Theory and Applications.” In Mathias, Dewatripont, Lars Peter, Hansen, and Stephen J., Turnovsky (Eds.), Advances in Economics and Econometrics. New York: Cambridge University Press, pp. 56–114.Google Scholar
Morrison, Kevin. 2009. “Oil, Non-Tax Revenue, and the Redistributional Foundations of Regime Stability.” International Organization 63(1): 107–38.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Morrow, James D. 1994. Game Theory for Political Scientists. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Morton, Rebecca B. 1999. Methods and Models: A Guide to the Empirical Analysis of Formal Models in Political Science. New York: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Muller, Edward N., and Mitchell A., Seligson. 1987. “Inequality and Insurgency.” American Political Science Review, 81(2): 425–51.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mulvenon, James. 2003a. “The Crucible of Tragedy: SARS, the Ming 361 Accident, and Chinese Party-Army Relations.” China Leadership Monitor (8): 1–12.Google Scholar
Mulvenon, James. 2003b. “The PLA and the 16th Party Congress: Jiang Controls the Gun?” China Leadership Monitor (5): 20–29.Google Scholar
Mulvenon, James. 2003c. “Reduced Budgets, the ‘Two Centers,’ and Other Mysteries of the 2003 National People's Congress.” China Leadership Monitor (7): 1–8.Google Scholar
Mulvenon, James. 2005. “The King Is Dead! Long Live the King! The CMC Leadership Transition from Jiang to Hu.” China Leadership Monitor (13): 1–8.Google Scholar
Mussolini, Benito. 1935. Fascism: Doctrine and Institutions. Rome: Ardita.Google Scholar
Mutibwa, Phares Mukasa. 1992. Uganda since Independence: A Story of Unfulfilled Hopes. Kampala, Uganda: Fountain Publishers.Google Scholar
Myerson, Roger. 2004. “Justice, Institutions, and Multiple Equilibria.” Chicago Journal of International Law 5(1): 91–107.Google Scholar
Myerson, Roger B. 1991. Game Theory: Analysis of Conflict. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Myerson, Roger B. 1992. “On the Value of Game Theory in Social Science.” Rationality and Society 4(1): 62–73.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Myerson, Roger B. 1999. “Nash Equilibrium and the History of Economic Theory.” Journal of Economic Literature 37(3): 1067–82.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Myerson, Roger B. 2008. “The Autocrat's Credibility Problem and Foundations of the Constitutional State.” American Political Science Review 102(1): 125–39.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nathan, Andrew J. 2003. “Authoritarian Resilience.” Journal of Democracy 14(1): 6–17.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nawaz, Shuja. 2008. Crossed Swords: Pakistan, Its Army, and the Wars Within. Karachi: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Nelson, Harold D. (Ed.). 1986. Tunisia: A Country Study. Washington, DC: American University Foreign Area Studies.CrossRef
Nordlinger, Eric A. 1977. Soldiers in Politics: Military Coups and Governments. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.Google Scholar
North, Douglass C., and Barry R., Weingast. 1989. “Constitutions and Commitment: The Evolution of Institutions Governing Public Choice in Seventeenth-Century England.” Journal of Economic History 49(4): 803–32.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
O'Donnell, Guillermo A. 1973. Modernization and Bureaucratic-Authoritarianism. Berkeley: Institute of International Studies, University of California.Google Scholar
O'Donnell, Guillermo, and Philippe C., Schmitter. 1986. Transitions from Authoritarian Rule: Comparative Perspective, vol. 4. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.Google Scholar
Oh, Kong Dan, and Ralph C., Hassig. 2000. North Korea through the Looking Glass. Washington, DC: The Brookings Institution Press.Google Scholar
O'Kane, Rosemary H. T. 1981. “A Probabilistic Approach to the Causes of Coups D'etat.” British Journal of Political Science 11: 287–308.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Osborne, Martin J. 2004. An Introduction to Game Theory. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Ottaway, Marina. 2003. Democracy Challenged: The Rise of Semi-Authoritarianism. Washington, DC: Carnegie Endowment for International Peace.Google Scholar
Paige, Jeffery M. 1997. Coffee and Power: Revolution and the Rise of Democracy in Central America. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Payne, Stanley G. 1987. The Franco Regime, 1936–1975. Madison, WI: University of Wisconsin Press.Google Scholar
Pepinsky, Thomas B. 2009. Economic Crises and the Breakdown of Authoritarian Regimes: Indonesia and Malaysia in Comparative Perspective. New York: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pérez, Louis A. 1976. Army Politics in Cuba, 1898–1958. Pittsburgh, PA: University of Pittsburg Press.Google Scholar
Pérez, Louis A. Jr., 1995. Cuba: Between Reform and Revolution. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Perlmutter, Amos. 1977. Military and Politics in Modern Times: Professionals, Praetorians and Revolutionary Soldiers. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.Google Scholar
Persson, Torsten, and Guido, Tabellini. 2009. “Democratic Capital: The Nexus of Political and Economic Change.” American Economic Journal: Macroeconomics 1(2): 88–126.Google Scholar
Perthes, Volker. 1995. The Political Economy of Syria under Asad. London: I. B. Tauris.Google Scholar
Perthes, Volker. 2006. Syria under Bashar al-Asad: Modernisation and the Limits of Change. London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Pion-Berlin, David. 1992. “Military Autonomy and Emerging Democracies in South America.” Comparative Politics 25(1): 83–102.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Powell, Robert. 1999. In the Shadow of Power: States and Strategies in International Politics. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Przeworski, Adam. 1991. Democracy and the Market: Political and Economic Reforms in Eastern Europe and Latin America. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Przeworski, Adam. 2005. “Democracy as an Equilibrium.” Public Choice 123(2): 253–73.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Przeworski, Adam. 2007. “Capitalism, Democracy and Science.” In Geraldo L., Munck and Richard, Snyder (Eds.), Passion, Craft, and Method in Comparative Politics. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press, pp. 456–503.Google Scholar
Przeworski, Adam. 2011. “Force and Elections.” Unpublished manuscript, New York University.Google Scholar
Przeworski, Adam, Michael E., Alvarez, Jose Antonio, Cheibub, and Fernando, Limongi. 2000. Democracy and Development: Political Institutions and Well-Being in the World, 1950–1990. New York: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Puddington, Arch. 2008. “Freedom in Retreat: Is the Tide Turning? Findings of Freedom in the World 2008.” Freedom House Report.Google Scholar
Quinlivan, James T. 1999. “Coup-Proofing: Its Practice and Consequences in the Middle East.” International Security 24(2): 131–65.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rabe-Hesketh, Sophia, and Anders, Skrondal. 2008. Multilevel and Longitudinal Modeling Using Stata, Second Edition. Stata Press, 2nd ed.Google Scholar
Ramseyer, J. Mark, and Frances M., Rosenbluth. 1995. The Politics of Oligarchy: Institutional Choice in Imperial Japan. New York: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rees, E. A. (Ed.). 2004. The Nature of Stalin's Dictatorship: The Politburo, 1924–1953. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.CrossRef
Reich, Bernard. 1990. Political Leaders of the Contemporary Middle East and North Africa: A Biographical Dictionary. New York: Greenwood Press.Google Scholar
Remmer, Karen L. 1989. Military Rule in Latin America. Boston: Unwin Hyman.Google Scholar
Reuter, Ora John, and Jennifer, Gandhi. 2010. “Economic Performance and Elite Defection from Hegemonic Parties.” Brit 41: 83–110.Google Scholar
Rigby, T. H. 1968. Communist Party Membership in the U.S.S.R., 1917–1967. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Rigby, T. H. 1988. “Staffing USSR Incorporated: The Origins of the Nomenklatura System.” Soviet Studies 40(4): 523–37.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rivero, Gonzalo. 2011. “Oligopoly of Violence.” Working Paper.Google Scholar
Robertson, Graeme B. 2011. The Politics of Protest in Hybrid Regimes: Managing Dissent in Post-communist Russia. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Rock, David. 1987. Argentina, 1516–1987: From Spanish Colonization to Alfonsin. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Ross, Michael. 2004. “How Does Natural Resource Wealth Influence Civil War? Evidence from Thirteen Cases.” International Organization 58(1): 35–68.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Roth, Guenther. 1968. “Personal Rulership, Patrimonialism, and Empire-Building in the New States.” World Politics 20(2): 194–206.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rouquié, Alain. 1987. The Military and the State in Latin America. Berkeley: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Rubin, Barry M. 2008. The Truth about Syria. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.Google Scholar
Rubin, Donald B. 1987. Multiple Imputation for Nonresponse in Surveys. New York: Wiley.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rubinstein, Ariel. 1991. “Comments on the Interpretation of Game Theory.” Econometrica 59: 909–24.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rush, Myron. 1991. The Fate of the Party Apparatus under Gorbachev. RAND Corporation.Google Scholar
Safford, Frank. 1985. “Politics, Ideology and Society in Post-Independence Spanish America.” In Leslie, Bethell (Ed.), The Cambridge History of Latin America, Volume 3: From Independence to c. 1870. New York: Cambridge University Press, pp. 347–421.Google Scholar
Sarkees, Meredith Reid. 2000. “The Correlates of War Data on War: An Update to 1997.” Conflict Management and Peace Science 18(1): 123–44.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schedler, Andreas. 2006. Electoral Authoritarianism: The Dynamics of Unfree Competition. Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner Publishers.Google Scholar
Schelling, Thomas C. 1960. The Strategy of Conflict. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Schmitter, Philippe, and Terry Lynn, Karl. 1991. “What Democracy Is… and Is Not.” Journal of Democracy 2(5): 75–88.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schnytzer, Adi, and Janez, Sustersic. 1998. “Why Join the Party in a One-Party System? Popularity versus Political Exchange.” Public Choice 94(1): 117–34.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schumacher, Edward. 1986/1987. “The United States and L ibya.” Foreign Affairs 65: 329–34.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schumpeter, Joseph. 1950. Capitalism, Socialism, and Democracy. New York: Harper.Google Scholar
Seale, Patrick. 1990. Asad: The Struggle for the Middle East. Berkeley: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Shadmehr, Mehdi. 2011. “The Repression Puzzle: Grievances, Opportunities, and Rationality.” Working Paper.Google Scholar
Shambaugh, David. 2009. China‘s Communist Party: Atrophy and Adaptation. Berkeley: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Shih, Victor. 2010. “The Autocratic Difference: Information Paucity.” Working Paper.Google Scholar
Shirk, Susan. 2002. “The Succession Game.”In Gang, L in and Susan, Shirk (Eds.), The 16th CCP Congress and L eadership Transition in China, Washington, DC: The Woodrow Wilson Center Asia Program, pp. 5–9.Google Scholar
Siani-Davies, Peter. 2007. The Romanian Revolution of December 1989. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.Google Scholar
Simons, William B., and Stephen, White. 1984. The Party Statutes of the Communist World. Boston, MA: Kluwer.Google Scholar
Sissons, Miranda. 2008. “Iraq's New Accountability and Justice Law.” International Center for Transitional Justice Briefing Paper.Google Scholar
Skaperdas, Stergios. 1996. “Contest Success Functions.” Economic Theory 7(2): 283–90.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Skidmore, Thomas E. 1990. The Politics of Military Rule in Brazil, 1964–1985. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Slater, Dan. 2003. “Iron Cage in an Iron Fist: Authoritarian Institutions and The Personalization of Power in Malaysia.” Comparative Politics 36(1): 81–101.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Smith, Benjamin. 2005. “Life of The Party: The Origins of Regime Breakdown and Persistence Under Single-Party Rule.” World Politics 57(3): 421–51.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Smith, Lones. 1992. “Folk Theorems in Overlapping Generations Games.” Games and Economic Behavior 4(3): 426–49.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Snyder, Richard. 1992. “Explaining Transitions from Neopatrimonial Dictatorships.” Comparative Politics 24(October): 379–99.Google Scholar
Snyder, Richard, and Ravi, Bhavnani. 2005. “Diamonds, Blood, and Taxes: A Revenue-Centered Framework for Explaining Political Order.” Journal of Conflict Resolution 49(4): 563–97.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Snyder, Timothy. 2010. Bloodlands: Europe between Hitler and Stalin. New York: Basic Books.Google Scholar
Spooner, Mary Helen. 1999. Soldiers in a Narrow Land: The Pinochet Regime in Chile. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Staar, Richard F. 1988. Communist Regimes in Eastern Europe. Stanford, CA: Hoover Institution Press.Google Scholar
Stanley, William. 1996. The Protection Racket State: Elite Politics, Military Extortion, and Civil War in El Salvador. Philadelphia, PA: Temple University Press.Google Scholar
Stepan, Alfred. 1974. The Military in Politics: Changing Patterns in Brazi. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Stepan, Alfred. 1988. Rethinking Military Politics: Brazil and The Southern Cone. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Stevens, Evelyn P. 1974. Protest and Response in Mexico. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.Google Scholar
Suny, Ronald Grigor. 1997. “Stalin and His Stalinism: Power and Authority in The Soviet Union, 1930–53.” In Ian, Kershaw and Moshe, Lewin (Eds.), Stalinism and Nazism: Dictatorships in Comparison. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 26–52.Google Scholar
Suny, Ronald Grigor. 1998. The Soviet Experiment: Russia, the USSR, and the Successor States. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Svolik, Milan. 2008. “Authoritarian Reversals and Democratic Consolidation.” American Political Science Review 102(2): 153–68.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Svolik, Milan. 2009. “Power-Sharing and Leadership Dynamics in Authoritarian Regimes.” American Journal of Political Science 53(2): 477–94.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tatu, Michel. 1970. Power in The Kremlin: From Krushchev to Kosygin. NewYork: Viking Press.Google Scholar
Taubman, William. 2004. Khrushchev: The Man and His Era. New York: W.W. Norton.Google Scholar
Teiwes, Frederick. 2010. “Mao Zedong in Power (1949–1976).” In William A., Joseph (Ed.), Politics in China: An I ntroduction. New York: Oxford University Press, pp. 165–91.Google Scholar
Teiwes, Frederick C. 1987. “Establishment and Consolidation of The New Regime.” In Roderick, MacFarquhar and John K., Fairbank (Eds.), The People's Republic, Part 1: The Emergence of Revolutionary China 1949–1965. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Teiwes, Frederick C. 2001. “Normal Politics with Chinese Characteristics.” The China Journal 45(January): 69–82.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Themnér, Lotta, and Peter, Wallensteen. 2011. “Armed Conflict, 1946–2010.” Journal of Peace Research 48(4): 525–36.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tolstoy, Leo. 1961 [1873–1877]. Anna Karenina. New York: New American Library.Google Scholar
Tompson, William. 2003. The Soviet Union under Brezhnev. Harlow, England: Pearson.Google Scholar
Tompson, William J. 1995. Khrushchev: A Political Life. New York: Macmillan.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Treharne, R. F. 1986. Simon de Montfort and Baronial Reform: Thirteenth-Century Essays. London: Hambledon Press.Google Scholar
Tripp, Charles. 2000. A History of Iraq. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Trivedi, Kishor S. 2002. Probability and Statistics with Reliability, Queuing, and Computer Science Applications. New York: Wiley.Google Scholar
Tsebelis, George. 1990. Nested Games: Rational Choice in Comparative Politics. Berkeley: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Tullock, Gordon. 1987. Autocracy. Boston, MA: Kluwer Academic Publishers.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ulfelder, Jay. 2005. “Contentious Collective Action and the B reakdown of Authoritarian Regimes.” International Political Science Review 26(3): 311–34.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
UNU-WIDER. 2008. World Income Inequality Database. Helsinki, Finland: UNU-WIDER.
U.S. Department of Justice. 2009. “Interview Session Number 5.” In Joyce, Battle (Ed.), “Saddam Hussein Talks to The FBI: Twenty Interviews and Five Conversations with ‘High Value Detainee No. 1’ in 2004.” Washington, DC: National Security Archive.
UTIP-UNIDO. 2008. Estimated Household Income Inequality Data Set. Austin, TX: UTIP-UNIDO.
Van Dam, Nikolaos. 1979. The Struggle for Power in Syria. New York: St. Martin's Press.Google Scholar
Van de Walle, Nicolas. 2001. African Economies and The Politics of Permanent Crisis, 1979–1999. New York: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Van de Walle, Nicolas. 2007. “Meet The New Boss, Same As The Old Boss? The Evolution of Political Clientelism in Africa.” In Herbert, Kitschelt and Steven I., Wilkinson (Eds.), Patrons, Clients and Policies: Patterns of Democratic Accountability and Political Competition. New York: Cambridge University Press, pp. 50–67.Google Scholar
Vargas Llosa, Mario. 2001. The Feast of the Goat. New York: Farrar, Straus, and Giroux.Google Scholar
Vogel, Ezra F. 2011. Deng Xiaoping and The Transformation of China. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Von Hagen, Mark. 1990. Soldiers in the Proletarian Dictatorship: The Red Army and the Soviet Socialist State, 1917–1930. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.Google Scholar
Voslensky, Michael. 1984. Nomenklatura: The Soviet Ruling Class. Gorden City, NY: Doubleday.Google Scholar
Walder, Andrew G. 1995. “Career Mobility and the Communist Political Order.” American Sociological Review 60(3): 309–28.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ward, Ken. 1974. The 1971 Elections in Indonesia: An East Java Case Study. Monash University: Center of Southeast Asian Studies.Google Scholar
Ware, L. B. 1985. “The Role of the Tunisian Military in The Post-Bourgiba Era.” Middle East Journal 39(1): 27–47.Google Scholar
Ware, L. B. 1988. “Ben Ali's Constitutional Coup in Tunisia.” Middle East Journal 42(4): 587–601.Google Scholar
Waterbury, John. 1983. The Egypt of Nasser and Sadat: The Political Economy of Two Regimes. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Weber, Max. 1964. The Theory of Social and Economic Organization. New York: The Free Press.Google Scholar
Wedeen, Lisa. 1999. Ambiguities of Domination: Politics, Rhetoric, and Symbols in Contemporary Syria. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Weeks, Jessica L. 2008. “Autocratic Audience Costs: Regime Type and Signaling Resolve.” International Organization 62(Winter): 35–64.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Weinstein, Martin. 1975. Uruguay: The Politics of Failure. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press.Google Scholar
Wintrobe, Ronald. 1998. The Political Economy of Dictatorship. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
World Bank. 2008. World Development Indicators. Dataset.
Wright, Joseph. 2008a. “Do Authoritarian Institutions Constrain? How Legislatures Impact Economic Growth and Foreign Aid Effectiveness.” American Journal of Political Science 52(2): 322–342.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wright, Joseph. 2008b. “To Invest or Insure? How Authoritarian Time Horizons Impact Foreign Aid Effectiveness.” Comparative Political Studies 41(7): 971–1000.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wright, Thomas C. 2001. Latin America in the Era of the Cuban Revolution. Westport, CT: Praeger.Google Scholar
Young, Crawford. 1985. The Rise and Decline of The Zairian State. Madison, WI: University of Wisconsin Press.Google Scholar
Zakaria, Fareed. 1997. “The Rise of Illiberal Democracy.” Foreign Affairs 76(6): 22–43.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zemtsov, Ilya. 1991. Encyclopedia of Soviet Life. New Brunswick: Transaction Publishers.Google Scholar
Zisser, Eyal. 2001. Asad's Legacy: Syria in Transition. New York: New York University Press.Google Scholar
Zolberg, Aristide R. 1966. Creating Political Order: The Party-States of West Africa. Chicago: Rand McNally.Google Scholar
Zürcher, Erik Jan. 2004. Turkey: A Modern History. London: I. B. Tauris.Google Scholar
Amsterdam, Robert. “The Real Power Struggle.” The New York Times. 2 December 2008, Online Edition.Google Scholar
Bakri, Nada, and Steven, Erlanger. “E.U. Bans Syrian Oil as Protests Continue.” The New York Times, 3 September 2011, p. A–8.Google Scholar
Barry, Ellen. “Putin Once More Moves to Assume Russia's Top J ob.” The New York Times, 24 September 2011, p. A–1.Google Scholar
Bush, George W. “Remarks by The President-Elect Following a Meeting with Congressional Leaders,” The American Presidency Project, December 18, 2000, online at http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/?pid=84891.Google Scholar
Crossette, Barbara. “A Soldier's Soldier, Not a Political General.” The New York Times, 13 October 1998, p. A–12.Google Scholar
Cullison, Alan. “Russia Releases Official From Jail in Fraud Case.” The Wall Street Journal, 22 October 2008, p. A–12.Google Scholar
Dugger, Celia W. “Pakistani Premier Prevails in Clash With General.” The New York Times, 20 October 1998, p. A–4.Google Scholar
Eckholm, Erik. “China's Leader Won't Hold On, Anonymous Author Says.” The New York Times, 5 September 2002, p. A–3.Google Scholar
Eckholm, Erik. “Chinese Leader Gives Up a Job But Not Power.” The New York Times, 16 November 2002, p. A–1.Google Scholar
The Economist. “Whose Cash Is It?” 31 August 1996, p. 39.
The Economist. “The Fog and Dogs of War.” 20 March 2004, p. 45.
The Economist. “Toughs at the Top.” 18 December 2004, pp. 70–2.
The Economist. “Oil Makes Friends of Us All.” 18 July 2009, pp. 70–2.
The Economist. “Intrigue in Equatorial Guinea.” 24 February 2009, p. 68.
The Economist. “A Coup Against The Constitution.” 1 January 2011, p. 31.
The Economist. “A Dictator Deposed.” 15 January 2011. Online.
The Economist. “Ali Baba Gone, But What About the 40 Thieves?” 22 January 2011, pp. 31–3.
The Economist. “Hard Choices for the Government.” 22 January 2011, p. 56.
The Economist. “Tunisia's Upheaval: No One Is Really in Charge.” 29 January 2011, pp. 44–5.
The Economist. “A Cycle of Violence May Take Hold.” 9 April 2011, pp. 52–3.
Fahim, Kareem and David D., Kirkpatrick. “Mubarak's Backers Storm Protesters as U.S. Condemns Egypt's Violent Turn.” The New York Times, 3 February 2011, p. A–1.Google Scholar
Harden, Blaine. “Zaire's President Mobutu Sese Seko: Political Craftsman Worth Billions,” The Washington Post, 10 November 1987, p. A–1.Google Scholar
Hirst, David. “The Terror from Takrit.” The Guardian, 26 November 1971, p. 15.Google Scholar
Kahn, Joseph. “China's 2 Top Leaders Square Off in Contest to Run Policy.” The New York Times, 2 September 2002, p. A–3.Google Scholar
Kahn, Joseph. “China Ex-President May Be Set to Yield Last Powerful Post.” The New York Times, 7 September 2002, p. A–1.Google Scholar
Kahn, Joseph. “Officially, Jiang Is History; In News, He's Still on Top.” The New York Times, 17 November 2002, p. A–18.Google Scholar
Kahn, Joseph. “Analysts See Tension in China Within the Top Leadership.” The New York Times, 1 July 2003, p. A–1.Google Scholar
Kahn, Joseph. “Former Leader Is Still a Power In China's L ife.” The New York Times, 16 July 2004, p. A–1.Google Scholar
Kahn, Joseph. “Hu Takes Full Power in China As H e Gains Control of Military.” The New York Times, 20 September 2004, p. A–1.Google Scholar
Kirkpatrick, David D. “Egypt's Military Expands Power, Raising Alarms.” The New York Times, 15 October 2011, p. A–1.Google Scholar
Lipman, Masha. “Putin's ‘Sovereign Democracy.’” The Washington Post, 15 July 2006.Google Scholar
Mason, John. “Qatar to Pursue Case Against Ex-emir.” Financial Times, 24 September 1996, p. 3.Google Scholar
McDermott, Darren. “Singapore's Voters Get a Choice: Slums or the Ruling Party.” The Wall Street Journal Asia, 31 December 1996, p. 1.Google Scholar
Nakvi, M. B. “Pak Army Chief Tells Sharif to Create a Security Council.” The Times of India, 8 October 1998, p. 1.Google Scholar
Page, Jeremy. “China Anoints Its Next Leader.” The Wall Street Journal, 19 October 2010, p. A–1.Google Scholar
Pang, Gek Choo. “Upgrading Link Swung Vote in GE.” The Straits Times, 12 January 1998, p. 3.Google Scholar
Reuters. “Bahrain's King Gives out Cash Ahead of Protests.” 12 February 2011.
Slackman, Michael and Nadim, Audi. “Bahrain King in Saudi Arabia to Discuss Unrest.” The New York Times, 24 February 2011, Online.Google Scholar
Swirtz, Michael. “Belarus Leader Blames Excess of Democracy for Bombing.” The New York Times, 22 April 2011, p. A–9.Google Scholar
The Times of India. “Backdoor Junta,” 8 October 1998, p. 10.
Weiner, Tim, “C.I.A. Spent Millions to Support Japanese Right in 50's and 60's.” The New York Times, 9 October 1994, p. A–1.Google Scholar
Weiner, Tim, “Countdown to Pakistan's Coup: A Duel of Nerves in The Air.” The New York Times, 17 October 1999, p. A–10.Google Scholar

Save book to Kindle

To save this book to your Kindle, first ensure [email protected] is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

  • Bibliography
  • Milan W. Svolik, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign
  • Book: The Politics of Authoritarian Rule
  • Online publication: 05 November 2012
  • Chapter DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781139176040.008
Available formats
×

Save book to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

  • Bibliography
  • Milan W. Svolik, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign
  • Book: The Politics of Authoritarian Rule
  • Online publication: 05 November 2012
  • Chapter DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781139176040.008
Available formats
×

Save book to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

  • Bibliography
  • Milan W. Svolik, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign
  • Book: The Politics of Authoritarian Rule
  • Online publication: 05 November 2012
  • Chapter DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781139176040.008
Available formats
×