Index

Roland Erne; Sabina Stan; Darragh Golden; Imre Szabó; Vincenzo Maccarrone

doi:10.1017/9781009053433.021

Index

access to public services. See coverage levels of public services, NEG prescriptions on

accession policies. See EU enlargement

Adequate Minimum Wage Directive. See also minimum wage regulation; post-Covid NEG regime

adoption of, 39, 128–130, 325–326, 357

collective bargaining provisions, 130, 325

minimum wage-setting provisions, 130, 324–325

significance, 130–131, 306, 350

Albert, Michel, 26

Andriessen, Frans, 135

austerity policies. See expenditure on public services, NEG prescriptions on

aviation services. See civil aviation services

bailout programmes for banks, 1–2, 27–28

bailout programmes for Member States, 27–29, 35–36, 313–314, 361

Ban, Cornel, 103–104

Barrett, Gavin, 28, 39

Barroso, José Manuel, 2, 29

Bartolini, Stefano, 22

Beck, Ulrich, 26, 38

Belgian Platform for Action on Health and Solidarity, 259

Bellamy, Richard, 42–43, 254, 297

Berlusconi, Silvio, 104, 113, 117

Bieler, Andreas, 159, 192–193

Blair, Tony, 103–104

Bolkestein Directive. See service trade liberalisation via Services Directive

Bolkestein, Frits, 50, 138–139, 208

Bourdieu, Pierre, 78–79

Boyer, Robert, 26

Boylan, Lynn, 228

Brexit, 49, 131, 312, 356

Broad Economic Policy Guidelines, 24, 31, 35, 44, 104

broadband services. See telecommunications services

Brooks, Eleanor, 54, 241–243, 253, 256

Büchs, Milena, 105

Burawoy, Michael, 45, 50

bus services, Ireland, 180, 187

Byrne, David, 240

Calmfors, Lars, 32

capitalist accumulation

by dispossession, 47–49

marketisation of public services. See public services marketisation

NEG regime based on logic of, 28–29, 40, 353–354

solidaristic employment and welfare arrangements, tempering function, 21–22, 46–47, 233

carers’ rights regulation, 102, 128

Centrale nationale des employés (CNE) (Belgian trade union), 259

CFR Infrastructura (Romanian railway infrastructure company), 184, 186

CFR Marfă (Romanian state-owned freight railway company), 185

CGT (Confédération Générale du Travail) (French trade union), 262

childcare services, NEG prescriptions on, 148, 156

CIDs (Council Implementing Decisions), 323, 361–362

civil aviation services. See also transport services

European Aviation and Safety Agency, 183

Ireland, commodification of, 177–180

liberalisation (pre-2008), 169–170

CNE (Centrale nationale des employés) (Belgian trade union), 259

coercive power of NEG prescriptions

concept and taxonomy, 80–81, 85, 109–111

employment relations prescriptions, 111, 113–114, 118

EU funds, NEG conditionalities

RRF funds. See Resilience and Recovery Facility (RRF)

social and cohesion funds, 32, 185, 190, 321

Europe 2020 strategy, weakness of, 2, 35

MIP’s coercive power, 85, 278–279

fines for compliance failures, 30–32, 35, 321

post-Covid prescriptions, 321–322

public services prescriptions. See coercive power of public services NEG prescriptions

SGP’s coercive power, 85, 278

Covid-19 pandemic suspension, 9, 232, 265, 306–309, 313, 356

fines for compliance failures, 29–32, 35

synthesising assessment, 276, 280–281, 355

uneven coercive power, challenge for transnational protests, 304–306

coercive power of public services NEG prescriptions

generally, 142, 154–155, 292

on healthcare services, 243, 249

on transport, 177, 183, 188, 202

on water services, 211–213, 220, 229

cohesion funds, 32, 175, 185, 190, 206, 321

collective action, transnational. See transnational collective action

collective bargaining. See also trade unions; wages

Adequate Minimum Wage Directive on, 130, 325

Germany, healthcare worker protests over, 258

Laval Quartet rulings, 106, 120, 128

NEG prescriptions on, 114–116, 283, 329–330, 357

commodifying or decommodifying potential, 62–65, 114, 119–120, 281

pre-2008 wage negotiations, 17, 31, 45, 100–101, 103–104, 121

Commission. See European Commission

commodifying or decommodifying potential of NEG prescriptions

comparative analyses. See comparative analyses of commodifying or decommodifying potential

conceptual framework, 58–60, 85, 108–109, 354–355

employment relations prescriptions, 6–7, 108–109, 114, 116, 118–120, 276–277, 283–284

NRRPs and post-Covid prescriptions, 324–330, 348, 356–357

healthcare services prescriptions, 8, 231–232, 242–243, 253–257

NRRPs and post-Covid prescriptions, 265–266, 343–347, 349, 351

public services prescriptions generally, 7, 142, 147–149, 154–157, 160, 163–164, 276–277

NRRPs and post-Covid prescriptions, 330–335, 348–350, 357

transport services prescriptions, 7, 176–177, 187–190, 200–202

NRRPs and post-Covid prescriptions, 336–338

water services prescriptions, 7–8, 209–210, 213–214, 218–221, 229–230

NRRPs and post-Covid prescriptions, 340–342

comparative analyses of commodifying or decommodifying potential

employment relations and public services prescriptions

expenditure boosts, 279–281

expenditure curtailments, 277–279

generally, 276–277, 283–285, 351

marketising prescriptions, 281–283

public services sectoral prescriptions

expenditure boosts, 291–293

expenditure curtailments, 290–291

generally, 285–290, 296–298

marketising prescriptions, 293–296

quantitative and qualitative prescriptions distinguished, 8–9, 59, 271–276

competitive tendering liberalisation. See public services marketisation

Concessions Directive

healthcare services under, 242, 258, 295

social clause, 163

transport services exclusion from, 295

water services exclusion from, 158, 221–222, 226–227, 305

Confédération Générale du Travail (CGT) (French trade union), 262

Constitutional Treaty and Lisbon Treaty referendums, 24, 139, 320

consultation rights, 102, 116–117

Conte, Giuseppe, 32

contracts of employment. See employment protection

Copeland, Paul, 46–47, 57, 60

Copenhagen accession criteria, 16–17, 137, 235

Cornago, Elisabetta, 321

Corporate Sustainability Due Diligence Directive, 326

corporatisation of public service providers, 69–70

cost-coverage mechanisms, 71–72, 154, 214–215, 252–253. See also coverage levels of public services, NEG prescriptions on

Council of Europe, 19, 360

Council of the European Union

CIDs (Council Implementing Decisions), 323, 361–362

Council of finance ministers, 27, 29–31, 43–44, 104, 107, 189, 191, 219, 231–232

Council of transport ministers, 167–168, 189–191, 200, 294

European Council and Council of Europe distinguished from, 359–360

NEG Recommendations of, 33–35

QMV in. See qualified majority voting (QMV) in Council

country-specific nature of NEG prescriptions

country-specific recommendations defined, 360–361

national countermovements triggered by, 41, 44, 49, 305, 311–312

post-Covid prescriptions, 320–321

research implications, 4, 42–44, 52, 62, 80–83, 354

specific country studies. See Germany; Ireland; Italy; Romania

synthesising assessments. See coercive power of NEG prescriptions; commodifying or decommodifying potential of NEG prescriptions

transnational collective action, challenge for, 96, 127, 164, 232, 264–265, 304–305, 354

coverage levels of public services, NEG prescriptions on

healthcare services, 251–253

public services generally, 153–154, 349–350

quantitative and qualitative prescriptions distinguished, 71–72

transport services, 187

water services, 214–216

Covid-19 pandemic. See also post-Covid NEG regime

employment relations impact, 130–131

Eurogroup crisis loans, 309–310

hospital bed and equipment shortages, 254–255, 307, 309, 343, 347, 349

lockdowns, 307, 317–318

NRRPs issued during. See National Resilience and Recovery Plans (NRRPs)

road haulage services in, 200

RRF funds. See Resilience and Recovery Facility (RRF)

SGP suspended during, 9, 232, 265, 306–309, 313, 356

state aid rules suspended during, 309

transnational collective action during, 347–348

Crespy, Amandine, 56–57, 71, 241–242

cross-border healthcare services

commercial route, 239–240, 256

Cross-Border Care Directive, 157, 241–242, 257–258, 264

social security route, 234–235

Crouch, Colin, 40

Daly, Mary, 57

Dawson, Mark, 55, 80

De Spiegelaere, Stan, 330

decommodifying potential of NEG prescriptions. See commodifying or decommodifying potential of NEG prescriptions

Degli Abbati, Carlo, 172

Degryse, Christophe, 35

Dehove, Mario, 26

Delors, Jacques, 99, 101, 121

democracy

EU policymaking democratisation, 23–25

European Citizens’ Initiatives, 24, 198

QMV reforms. See qualified majority voting (QMV) in Council

NEG’s democratic deficit. See democratic deficit of NEG regime

referendums. See referendums

social policies and democratisation, 21–22, 46

democratic deficit of NEG regime

alternative methods of governance. See governance

European Parliament’s role limited, 31, 160–164, 256, 263, 313

necessity rationale, 38, 308

popular protests against, 41, 44, 49, 305, 311–312, 356

post-Covid prescriptions, 322

transnational protests against. See transnational collective action

transport prescriptions example, 201

demonstrations, transnational. See transnational collective action

Deutsche Bahn (German state railway company), 173–174, 184, 188, 191–192, 294

Díaz, Yolanda, 319

differentiated integration, NEG as reversed form of, 42–43, 254, 297, 304, 320–321, 355

digitalisation policies, 317–318, 333, 349. See also e-health systems

dockworkers’ strikes, 193, 198, 203, 304

Drinking Water Directives, 205–207, 222, 227, 342

Dublin Bus, 180, 187

Dyrhauge, Helene, 175, 184, 190

EASA (European Aviation and Safety Agency), 183

economic and monetary union (EMU)

accession criteria, 17, 100–101, 136

transport services commodification via, 174–176

Broad Economic Policy Guidelines, 24, 31, 35, 44, 104

core and periphery Member States, differentiated impacts, 17–18

Covid-19 pandemic, Eurogroup response, 309–310

labour and public services impacts, 16–17, 95, 103, 235–237

Maastricht Treaty on. See Maastricht Treaty

soveriegn debt crisis. See eurozone crisis

economic governance, EU

post-2008. See NEG (new economic governance) regime

pre-2008. See EU economic governance (pre-2008)

EDP (excessive deficit procedure) of SGP, 29–30, 32–33, 136, 278–279, 332

e-health systems

European Health Data Space Regulation (draft), 345–347

NEG prescriptions on, 70, 76, 251, 296, 317, 344

EHIC (European Health Insurance Card), 234–235, 242

employee information and consultation rights, 102, 116–117

employment protection

flexible working rights, 102, 128, 324

flexicurity policies (pre-2008), 25, 105

Germany, mini-jobs, 118, 282–283, 324

information and consultation rights, 102, 116–117

Italy, Jobs Act, 117, 153, 281

NEG prescriptions on, 31, 36, 117, 282–283, 328–329

commodifying or decommodifying potential, 65–66, 118–119, 281

for pregnant workers, 102, 128

self-employed worker status, 131, 326

employment relations

commodification of. See labour commodification

democratisation of, 21–22, 46

dimensions of. See collective bargaining; employment protection; wages

EU governance pre-2008. See employment relations governance (pre-2008)

MIP social indicators, 31–32

NEG, labour politics of, 3, 13–14, 44–46, 306, 311–312, 353, 357–358

transnational collective action. See transnational collective action

post-Covid. See Adequate Minimum Wage Directive; post-Covid NEG regime

self-employed worker status, 131, 326

trade unions. See trade unions

employment relations governance (pre-2008)

approaches characterising, 1, 20–21, 25

flexicurity policies, 25, 105

health and safety policies. See occupational health and safety

phases, 97, 120–121, 129

1950s–1980s, 97–99

1980s–1990s, 99–103

2000–2008, 103–107

wage moderation policies, 17, 31, 100–101, 103–104

employment security. See employment protection

EMU. See economic and monetary union (EMU)

enhancing social inclusion policies. See social inclusion policies

enlargement policies. See EU enlargement process

ENPCHSP. See European Network Against Privatisation and Commercialisation of Health and Social Protection (ENPCHSP)

environmental policies

EU’s competence for, 207

green economy policy rationale, 156, 202, 221, 292, 316–317, 340

post-Covid transport measures, 338–340

post-Covid water service measures, 341–342

EPSU. See European Public Service Union (EPSU)

Erne, Roland, 39, 49, 85, 95, 127, 160, 308–309

writing with Béthoux and Golden, 50, 121, 139, 174, 311–312, 320

writing with Jordan and Maccarrone, 9, 35, 39, 83, 85, 271, 278

writing with Maccarrone and Golden, 16, 324–325

writing with Maccarrone and Regan, 88, 112, 115, 153, 182, 327

writing with Nowak, 4, 9, 46, 62, 89–91, 121, 193, 223

writing with Stan, 3, 45, 83, 88, 104, 232, 234–235, 309, 349

writing with Szabó and Golden, 5, 24, 39, 45, 50, 88, 137, 158, 193, 198, 202–203, 210, 216, 226, 230, 306

ESM (European Stability Mechanism), 310, 361

ETF. See European Transport Workers’ Federation (ETF)

ETUC. See European Trade Union Confederation (ETUC)

EU competence

‘competence creep’ strategies and arguments, 28–29, 38, 105, 108, 158, 318–319

for decommodifying measures, arguments for, 38–39, 130, 325–326

for environmental policies, 207

EU economic governance (post-2008). See NEG (new economic governance) regime

EU economic governance (pre-2008)

asymmetry of economic and social integration, 14–16, 18

employment relations governance. See employment relations governance (pre-2008)

EMU. See economic and monetary union (EMU)

‘governance’ term, 41–42

neoliberalism, emergence of, 134–135, 169–170

political dynamics, 18–25

public services governance. See public services governance (pre-2008)

service trade liberalisation. See service trade liberalisation via Services Directive

single market. See single market project

EU enlargement

Copenhagen accession criteria, 16–17, 136–137, 235

core and periphery Member States, differentiated impacts, 17–18

public services commodification and, 136–137, 193

water governance and, 206–207

workers’ free movement restrictions, 99–100

EU integration. See single market project

EU legal instruments, 360

Euratom (European Atomic Energy Community), 20

Europe 2020 strategy, 2, 33, 35, 361

European Atomic Energy Community (Euratom), 20

European Aviation and Safety Agency (EASA), 183

European Central Bank, 27–29, 103

European Citizens’ Initiatives, 24, 198

examples. See Fair Transport; Right2Water

European Coal and Steel Community, 19–20

European Commission

bank bailout approvals, 1–2, 27

Covid-19 pandemic relief programmes, 309–310, 312

definition, 360

democratisation of policymaking, 23–24

eurozone crisis role, 27–29

NEG enforcement powers, 29–32

NEG implementation assessments by, 36

NRRP implementation assessments by, 313–320, 323–324

rail services, competition enforcement action, 191–192

state aid regulation. See state aid regulation

wage policy competence claim, 108

European Council

Council of the European Union and Council of Europe distinguished from, 359–360

EU Constitution, call for, 23

role, 20

European Federation of Salaried Doctors, 262

European Health Data Space Regulation (draft), 345–347

European Health Insurance Card (EHIC), 234–235, 242

European Network Against Privatisation and Commercialisation of Health and Social Protection (ENPCHSP)

establishment, 8, 259, 265

membership, 259, 263

‘Our health is not for sale’ annual days of action, 259–264, 306, 356

post-Covid protests organisation, 347–348

European Parliament

definition, 360

legislative role, 18, 20, 171

NEG regime, role limited, 31, 160–164, 256, 263, 313

service trade liberalisation opposition, 24, 139–140

European Pillar of Social Rights, 127–128, 160, 222, 316

European Public Service Union (EPSU)

Cross-Border Care Directive opposition, 257–258, 264

European Health Data Space Regulation response, 347

healthcare commodification protests, support for, 262–264

healthcare workers’ protests organisation (post-Covid), 347–348

NEG regime protests organisation, 8, 159, 302

Right2Water. See Right2Water (European Citizens’ Initiative)

Procurement Directive protests organisation, 222, 239, 258

Services Directive protests organisation, 223–226, 257, 302

European Semester process

NEG prescriptions integration role, 2, 34–35

NRRP, Commission assessments, 313–320, 323–324

outlined, 209, 361

trade union participation in, 127

European Stability Mechanism (ESM), 310, 361

European Trade Union Confederation (ETUC)

establishment, 98

in pre-2008 period, 99, 101–102, 121

NEG regime protests organisation, 121, 127, 159–160

NEG regime social dialogue, 127–129, 160, 264–265

European Transport Workers’ Federation (ETF)

aim, 192–193

Fair Transport (European Citizens’ Initiative), 7, 198–200, 202–203

pre-2008 period protests, 202, 301–302, 304

Public Services Obligation Regulation welcomed by, 172

rail services measures, concerns about, 191

road haulage workers’ rights initiatives, 200

Eurosceptic politics, 44, 49, 305, 311–312, 356

eurozone crisis

German opposition to debt mutualisation policies, 310–311

Member State bailout programmes, 27–29, 35–36, 313–314, 361

NEG adoption during, 1–2, 13, 25–27, 37–38, 95–96, 107

excessive deficit procedure of SGP, 29–30, 32–33, 136, 278–279, 332

expenditure on public services, NEG prescriptions on

cross-sectoral synthesising assessment, 290–293

general public spending, 66–68, 146–149

healthcare services spending, 243–248, 290–291, 318

in Covid-19 pandemic and post-Covid period, 332–333, 350

public sector wages. See public sector wages

transport spending, 180–182, 187–188

water services spending, 218

Fair Transport (European Citizens’ Initiative), 7, 198–200, 202–203

female labour market participation, prescriptions on, 148, 156, 248, 293

Ferrovie dello Stato (Italian state railway company), 184, 186

Finger, Matthias, 175, 189

Fiscal Treaty (Treaty on Stability, Coordination, and Governance in the Economic and Monetary Union), 30, 121, 147

Fischbach-Pyttel, Carola, 257

flexible working rights, 102, 128, 324

flexicurity policies (pre-2008), 25, 105

Forum Italiano dei Movimenti per L’acqua, 91, 184–185, 227–228

France

Constitutional Treaty referendum, 24, 139, 320

NEG prescriptions for, 35

public services tradition, 133

state aid provision, 137–138

gender equality policies, 99, 131

Germany

business associations

Covid-19 resilience and recovery funds, support for, 310–312

opposition to NEG, 27, 311

Deutsche Bahn (state railway company), 173–174, 184, 188, 191–192, 294

employment relations prescriptions. See Germany, employment relations prescriptions

healthcare services, EMU convergence criteria impact, 236–237, 251

mini-jobs, 118, 282–283, 324

minimum wage regulation, 327–328, 348

MIP’s wage policy, reception in, 107–108

NRRP for. See Germany, NRRP (National Resilience and Recovery Plan)

private hospitals, 254, 258

public services prescriptions. See Germany, public services prescriptions

public services tradition, 133

rail services liberalisation, resistance to, 173–174

road haulage regulation, 171

transport reform, post-Covid, 338

wage moderation policies (pre-2008), 31, 103–104, 119, 284

water charges, protests against, 226–227

Germany, employment relations prescriptions

on collective bargaining, 64, 115–116, 281

on employment protection, 118–119, 281–283

on public sector wages, 279

on wage levels, 111, 113, 119–120, 324

Germany, NRRP (National Resilience and Recovery Plan)

on healthcare services, 344–345

on transport services, 337–338

Germany, public services prescriptions

on expenditure, 147–149, 156, 181–182, 218, 279

on healthcare services, 78, 82, 247, 249–250, 290–291, 344

on public procurement, 148–150, 155, 216–217, 222, 227

on public sector wages, 279

on transport, 148, 181–184, 188–189, 202

on water services, 216–220, 340

rebalance the EU economy rationale, 6, 113, 220, 279–280, 293, 324

global financial crisis, 1–2, 27. See also eurozone crisis

glossary of terms, 359–362

Golden, Darragh, 128, 258, 263

writing with Béthoux and Erne, 50, 121, 139, 174, 311–312, 320

writing with Maccarrone and Erne, 16, 324–325

writing with Szabó and Erne, 5, 24, 39, 45, 50, 88, 137, 158, 193, 198, 202–203, 209–210, 216, 226, 230, 306

governance

by ad hoc prescriptions. See NEG prescriptions

by law, 87, 188, 221–223, 257, 276, 338

by numbers, 24, 29, 70

MIP’s scoreboard of indicators, 31–32, 107–108, 112, 278–279

ULCs (unit labour costs) benchmark, 107, 112, 119, 276–279, 284, 296

NEG model, TNC corporate governance analogy, 3, 5, 42–46, 305, 319

pre-2008 period. See employment relations governance (pre-2008); EU economic governance (pre-2008); public services governance (pre-2008)

technocratic, 13–14, 33, 51, 55, 357

term, 41–42

green economy policy rationale, 156, 202, 221, 292, 316–317, 340. See also environmental policies

Greer, Ian, 69, 71

Greer, Scott L., 54

Griffith-Jones, Stephany, 26

Haas, Ernst, 20

Hall, David, 206

Harvey, David, 47–48, 59

health and safety regulation. See occupational health and safety

healthcare services. See also Covid-19 pandemic; social welfare

commodifying or decommodifying potential of prescriptions, 8, 231–232, 242–243, 253–257

NRRPs and post-Covid prescriptions, 265–266, 343–347, 349, 351

coverage level prescriptions, 251–253

cross-border provision. See cross-border healthcare services

e-health systems

European Health Data Space Regulation (draft), 345–347

NEG prescriptions on, 70, 76, 251, 296, 317, 344

EMU convergence criteria, impact on, 235–237, 251, 264

EU governance (pre-2008), 231–232

1950s–1990s, 232–235

1990s–2000, 235–237, 264

2000–2008, 140, 237–242

expenditure, prescriptions on, 243–248, 290–291, 318

Germany, prescriptions on, 78, 82, 247, 249–250, 290–291, 344

hospitals, private services and privatisations, 60, 254–255, 258

Ireland, prescriptions on. See Ireland, healthcare services prescriptions

Italy, prescriptions on, 77–78, 82, 248–249, 252, 293

marketisation reforms (pre-2008), 140, 237–242, 256

NEG application, socialisation thesis on, 54

provider-level governance, prescriptions on, 250–251, 295–296

Romania, prescriptions on. See Romania, healthcare services prescriptions

sector-level governance, prescriptions on, 248–250, 295–296

healthcare services, transnational collective action on

healthcare worker protests (post-Covid), 347–348

NEG regime protests, 239, 257–265, 306, 356

Services Directive inclusion protests, 8, 232, 238–240, 256–257

Henrich-Franke, Christian, 168

Héritier, Adrienne, 171

hiring and firing mechanisms. See employment protection

Höpner, Martin, 120

horizontal–vertical EU integration paradigm

adoption of, 37–41, 95–96, 353–354

democratic deficit of. See democratic deficit of NEG regime

labour politics of NEG, 2–3, 13–14, 44–46, 306, 311–312, 353, 357–358

transnational collective action. See transnational collective action

modes distinguished, 39–40, 44, 359

prescriptions, country-specific nature. See country-specific nature of NEG prescriptions

Horn, Laura, 121

Huws, Ursula, 305–306

Hyman, Richard, 84, 106

information and consultation rights, 102, 116–117

Insurance Directive, 242

internal market. See single market project

International Monetary Fund, 27–29, 42

Ireland

bus services, 180, 187

corporatist agreements (pre-2008), 100–101

employment relations prescriptions. See Ireland, employment relations prescriptions

healthcare services, EMU convergence criteria impact, 236–237

healthcare workers’ protests, 258–259

industrial cluster policies (pre-2008), 17–18

NRRP for. See Ireland, NRRP (National Resilience and Recovery Plan)

private hospitals, 254–255, 266

privatisations, 153

public services prescriptions. See Ireland, public services prescriptions

Ireland, employment relations prescriptions

employment protection, no specific prescriptions, 117–118

on collective bargaining, 115

on healthcare workers (post-Covid), 327

on public sector wages, 111–112, 146, 277–278

on wage levels generally, 119, 327

Ireland, healthcare services prescriptions

cost-efficiency and managerialism, 76–78, 249–251, 254–255, 295–296

generally, 82, 247, 291

post-Covid prescriptions, 327, 343

sector-level governance mechanisms, 249

Ireland, NRRP (National Resilience and Recovery Plan)

on healthcare services, 327, 344

on transport services, 337

on water services, 341

Ireland, public services prescriptions

digitalisation measures, 333

on expenditure, 147, 163–164, 181, 277–278

social infrastructure investments, 148–149, 156, 202, 279–280

on healthcare services. See Ireland, healthcare services prescriptions

on privatisation, 151

on public procurement, 340–341

on public sector wages, 111–112, 146, 277–278

on water services. See Ireland, water services prescriptions

transport, no specific prescriptions, 176, 182–183, 189

Ireland, water services prescriptions

cost-coverage mechanisms, 214–215, 219, 223, 294–295

investment prescriptions, 218, 220–221, 340

Irish Water incorporation, 214–216

national protests against, 215–216, 223, 228, 230, 306

Italian Water Movements Forum, 91, 184–185, 227–228

Italy

Commission enforcement action against, 32

corporatist agreements (pre-2008), 100–101

employment relations prescriptions. See Italy, employment relations prescriptions

general strike (2002), 104, 117

healthcare services, EMU convergence criteria impact, 236–237, 251

Jobs Act, 117, 153, 281

NRRP for. See Italy, NRRP (National Resilience and Recovery Plan)

private hospitals, 254

public services prescriptions. See Italy, public services prescriptions

public services tradition, 133

rail services liberalisation, resistance to, 173–174

Right2Water campaign support in, 227–228

road haulage regulation, 171

Italy, employment relations prescriptions

on collective bargaining, 115

on employment protection, 31, 36, 117, 119

on public sector wages, 112–113, 146–147

on wages generally, 327

Italy, NRRP (National Resilience and Recovery Plan)

on healthcare services, 327, 344–345

on public administration, 334

on public procurement, 334

on transport services, 337

on water services, 341

Italy, public services prescriptions

on expenditure, 147–149, 163–164, 182, 248, 279–280

on healthcare services, 77–78, 82, 248–249, 252, 293, 344

on privatisation, 152, 185–186, 192, 281–282

on professional services liberalisation, 77–78, 150

on public administration, 152–153

on public procurement, 150–151, 155–156, 184–185, 201, 217–218, 336

on public sector wages, 112–113, 146–147

on SOE governance, 152, 186–187, 216

on transport, 148, 182–184, 189, 294

on water services, 217–219

Jobs Act (Italy), 117, 153, 281

Jordan, Jamie, 85

Juncker, Jean-Claude, 127–128, 199, 202, 280, 304

Kaeding, Michael, 167, 170

Kallas, Siim, 174

Kerwer, Dieter, 170

Kölliker, Alkuin, 43

Krachler, Nick, 69, 71

Kriesi, Hanspeter, 89, 159

Kröger, Sandra, 42–43, 254, 297

Kyprianou, Markos, 240

labour commodification. See also employment relations

coercive power of NEG prescriptions, 111, 113–114, 118

commodifying or decommodifying potential of NEG prescriptions, 6–7, 108–109, 114, 116, 118–120, 276–277

post-Covid prescriptions, 324–330, 348

conceptual framework, 58–60, 85, 108–109, 354–355

dimensions of. See under collective bargaining; employment protection; wages

in pre-2008 period, 18, 22, 48, 103–107

negative–positive EU integration, effects on, 15–16, 22

neoliberalism driving, 46–49, 81–83

overview, 60–61

public sector employment. See public sector wages

specific country studies. See Germany, employment relations prescriptions; Ireland, employment relations prescriptions; Italy, employment relations prescriptions; Romania, employment relations prescriptions

transnational action resisting. See transnational collective action

labour politics of NEG regime, 2–3, 13–14, 44–46, 306, 311–312, 353, 357–358. See also transnational collective action

Laval Quartet rulings, 106, 120, 128

legal instruments of EU, 360

Leisink, Peter, 106

Leyen, Ursula von der, 130, 202, 307, 316

Lindberg, Leon N., 169

Lisbon Strategy, 24–25

Lisbon Treaty and Constitutional Treaty referendums, 24, 139, 320

Lobina, Emanuele, 206

Maastricht Treaty

as multilevel governance regime, 20–21, 23–24

Broad Economic Policy Guidelines introduced by, 24, 31, 35, 44, 104

EMU accession criteria, 17, 100–101, 136

environmental governance competence under, 207

healthcare services impact, 235–237

QMV (qualified majority voting) rules, 20, 23, 101

Social Protocol, 16, 23, 101–103

Maccarrone, Vincenzo, 46, 319, 326

writing with Erne and Golden, 16, 324–325

writing with Erne and Jordan, 9, 35, 39, 83, 85, 271, 278

writing with Erne and Regan, 88, 112, 115, 153, 182, 327

Macroeconomic Imbalance Procedure (MIP)

aim, 35

coercive power, 85, 278–279

fines for compliance failures, 30–32, 35, 321

definition, 361

scoreboard of indicators, 31–32, 107–108, 112, 278–279

Social Imbalances Procedure counterpart proposal, 351–352

wage policy, 107–108

macroeconomic imbalances

definition, 2, 30–31

eurozone crisis. See eurozone crisis

German prescriptions, rebalance the EU economy rationale, 6, 113, 220, 279–280, 293, 324

MIP. See Macroeconomic Imbalance Procedure (MIP)

Macron, Emmanuel, 310

Majone, Giandomenico, 13

managerialisation of public service providers, 70, 72

marketisation of public services. See public services marketisation

Martin, Andrew, 45, 299

Marx, Karl, 44–45, 47

Mazzucato, Mariana, 202, 292

McAlevey, Jane, 51

McGowan, Lee, 172

Memoranda of Understanding (MoUs), bailout programmes under, 27–29, 35–36, 313–314, 361

Merkel, Angela, 310–312

Messulam, Pierre, 175, 189

mini-jobs (Germany), 118, 282–283, 324

minimum wage regulation. See also wages

Directive on. See Adequate Minimum Wage Directive

generally, 62

Germany, adoption of, 327–328, 348

Ireland, prescriptions on, 112, 119, 327

for posted workers, 128

Romania, prescriptions on, 112

MIP. See Macroeconomic Imbalance Procedure (MIP)

Miró, Joan, 56–57

Monti, Mario, 117, 132, 192, 282

Morandi Bridge disaster (2018), 182, 336

Morton, Adam David, 192

MoUs (Memoranda of Understanding), bailout programmes under, 27–29, 35–36, 313–314, 361

Nanetti, Raffaella Y., 175

national protests against NEG regime, 41, 44, 49, 305, 311–312, 356

National Resilience and Recovery Plans (NRRPs)

background to adoption, 310–312

characteristics, 320–322, 357

Commission’s assessments of, 313–319, 323–324

definition, 361

on employment relations, 328–329, 348, 350

on healthcare services, 343–347, 349, 351

on transport services, 336–338

on water services, 341–342

policy orientation of. See post-Covid NEG regime

nationalisation policies, 134, 138. See also public services privatisation

NEG (new economic governance) regime

adoption of, 1–2, 13, 25–27, 37–38, 95–96, 107

analytical contributions of study, 353–358

in Covid-19 pandemic and post-Covid period. See Covid-19 pandemic; post-Covid NEG regime

democratic deficit. See democratic deficit of NEG regime

Europe 2020 strategy, 2, 33, 35, 361

European Semester process. See European Semester process

horizontal–vertical paradigm. See horizontal–vertical EU integration paradigm

legality questionable, 28, 38–39

MIP strand. See Macroeconomic Imbalance Procedure (MIP)

MoU strand (bailout programmes), 27–29, 35–36, 313–314, 361

policy orientation, commodification–decommodification axis. See commodifying or decommodifying potential of NEG prescriptions; labour commodification; post-Covid NEG regime; public services commodification

policy orientation, socialisation thesis, 53–55, 79, 160

politicisation of. See politicisation

prescriptions. See NEG prescriptions

research design and methodology. See NEG regime, research design and methodology

SGP strand. See Stability and Growth Pact (SGP)

Six-Pack laws, 13–14, 29–30, 39, 83–84, 147, 361

social dialogue on, 127–129, 160, 264–265

TNC corporate governance analogy, 3, 5, 42–46, 305, 319

Two-Pack laws, 29–30, 147

NEG prescriptions

bailout programmes, 27–29, 35–36, 313–314, 361

coercive power. See coercive power of NEG prescriptions

commodifying or decommodifying potential. See commodifying or decommodifying potential of NEG prescriptions

communicative contexts of, 78–81

country-specific nature. See country-specific nature of NEG prescriptions

in Covid-19 pandemic and post-Covid period. See National Resilience and Recovery Plans (NRRPs); post-Covid NEG regime

definition, 2, 361

European Semester process integrating. See European Semester process

implementation, Commission’s assessments, 36

MIP indicators, linkage to, 31

policy contexts, 81–83

policy rationales. See policy rationales of NEG prescriptions

quantitative and qualitative types. See quantitative and qualitative NEG prescriptions

semantic analysis of, 55–57, 74–78, 85

NEG regime, research design and methodology

case selection and analytical strategy, 84–85, 87–88, 141–142

coercive power, taxonomy of, 80–81, 85, 109–111

country-specific prescriptions, research implications, 4, 42–44, 52, 62, 80–83, 354

data collection and sources, 88–91

overview, 4–6, 73–74, 83–84

semantic analysis of prescriptions, 55–57, 74–78, 85

negative–positive EU integration paradigm, 15–16, 39–40

neoliberalism

commodification and, 1, 46–49, 81–83

emergence in EU governance, 134–135, 169–170

network services liberalisation, 23, 135–136, 172–173

Nowak, Jörg, 4, 9, 46, 62, 89–91, 121, 193, 223

NRRPs. See National Resilience and Recovery Plans (NRRPs)

Ocampo, José Antonio, 26

occupational health and safety

pregnant workers, 102, 128

Single European Act, measures under, 23, 101

working time regulation, 102, 128

Open Method of Coordination, 24, 35, 44, 105, 120

Orbán, Viktor, 318–319, 321

ordinary legislative procedure, 23, 32–33, 41, 158, 221, 263

outsourcing of public services, 69

Palacio, Loyola de, 171

parental rights regulation, 102, 128

Patel, Kiran Klaus, 168–169

Pay Transparency Directive (proposed), 326

People’s Health Movement (PHM) Europe, 91, 259, 262

platform companies, 131, 317–318, 326

Pochet, Philippe, 35

Polanyi, Karl, 50, 61

policy rationales of NEG prescriptions

to boost competitiveness and growth, 155, 163, 220, 280

digitalisation policies, 317–318, 333, 349

enhancing social inclusion. See social inclusion policies

generally, 271, 291–293, 330–332, 340, 356

green economy, 156, 202, 221, 292, 316–317, 340

labour market participation expansion, 148, 156, 248, 255, 293

payroll taxes reduction, 255, 296

private sector involvement in public services promotion, 155–156, 280, 336

to rebalance the EU economy, 6–7, 113, 220, 229, 279–280, 293, 324

political will of EU executives, 295

politicisation

depoliticised policymaking of NEG. See governance

of EU integration, 18–19, 22, 49

labour politics of NEG regime, 2–3, 13–14, 44–46, 306, 311–312, 353, 357–358

by social movements and trade unions. See transnational collective action

term, 359

theory on, 5–6, 46, 50–51

popular protests against NEG regime, 41, 44, 49, 305, 311–312, 356

Port Services Directives, 193, 199, 202, 269–270

positive–negative EU integration paradigm, 15–16, 39–40

post-Covid NEG regime

characteristics of prescriptions, 320–322

employment relations prescriptions, 324–330, 348, 356–357

healthcare services governance, 342–347

minimum wage regulation. See Adequate Minimum Wage Directive

policy orientation, synthesising assessment, 348–351

public service prescriptions generally, 330–335, 348–350, 357

transnational collective action against, 335, 338–339, 347

transport governance, 338–340

water services governance, 340–342

posted workers’ rights, 102, 106, 128, 200

power relations, study of, 6, 42, 53, 57, 82, 84–85

PPPs (public–private partnerships), 60, 69, 137, 202, 207, 222

pregnant workers’ rights, 102, 128

privatisation policies. See public services privatisation

Procurement Directives

healthcare services under, 242, 258

social and environmental content, 140, 163, 222

transnational collection action against, 193, 222, 239, 258

transport services under, 169

professional services liberalisation prescription, Italy, 77–78, 150

protests, transnational. See transnational collective action

public procurement policies. See public services marketisation

public sector wages

commodifying or decommodifying policies, 66, 108, 277–281

Germany, prescriptions on, 279

healthcare worker protests, 258, 347–348

Ireland, prescriptions on, 111–112, 146, 216, 277–278

Italy, prescriptions on, 112–113, 146–147, 149

Romania, prescriptions on, 112, 146, 277–278, 328, 334

public services commodification

comparative analysis of NEG prescriptions. See coercive power of public services NEG prescriptions; commodifying or decommodifying potential of NEG prescriptions

conceptual framework, 58–60, 85, 108–109, 354–355

coverage level dimension. See coverage levels of public services, NEG prescriptions on

EU enlargement process driving, 136–137

in pre-2008 period, 17, 22, 48

marketisation policies, 8, 106–107, 137, 140, 237–242

via Services Directive. See service trade liberalisation via Services Directive

neoliberalism driving, 46–49, 81–83

overview, 66, 72

public sector employment. See public sector wages

resource level dimension. See expenditure on public services, NEG prescriptions on

sectors analysed. See healthcare services; transport services; water services

specific country studies. See Germany, public services prescriptions; Ireland, public services prescriptions; Italy, public services prescriptions; Romania, public services prescriptions

transnational action resisting. See transnational collective action

via marketisation. See public services marketisation

via privatisation. See public services privatisation

public services governance (pre-2008)

approaches characterising, 1, 20–21, 25, 132, 137

marketisation policies, 8, 106–107, 137, 140, 237–242

network services liberalisation, 23, 135–136, 172–173

phases, 133, 163

1950s–1980s, 133–134

1980s–1990s, 134–138

2000–2008, 138–141

privatisation policies, 59–60, 136–137, 173

service trade liberalisation. See service trade liberalisation via Services Directive

specific sectors. See healthcare services; transport services; water services

state aid regulation. See state aid regulation

public services marketisation

concept, 68–69, 71–72

EU laws on. See Concessions Directive; Procurement Directives

Germany, prescriptions on. See under Germany, public services prescriptions

healthcare marketisation reforms. See under healthcare services

in pre-2008 period, 8, 106–107, 137, 140, 237–242

Ireland, prescriptions on, 340–341

Italy, prescriptions on. See under Italy, public services prescriptions

managerialisation of providers, 70, 72

NEG prescriptions on, synthesising assessment, 281–283, 293–296

outsourcing, 69

post-Covid prescriptions on, 333–335

PPPs (public–private partnerships), 60, 69, 137, 202, 207, 222

privatisation. See public services privatisation

Romania, prescriptions on, 150–152, 184

SOEs, corporate governance prescriptions, 152, 186–187, 216, 332, 334–335, 337–338

transport services, 172, 182–185, 188–190, 201, 338

water services, 216–218

public services privatisation

generally, 48

‘implicit’ privatisation, 68

in Ireland, 153

marketisation via, 72

NEG prescriptions on, 151–152, 185–186, 192, 201, 254–255, 281–282, 294

in pre-2008 period, 59–60, 136–137, 173, 175, 254

private hospitals, 60, 254–255, 258

privatisation types, 70

public transport services. See transport services

qualified majority voting (QMV) in Council

health and safety measures adopted by, 23, 101–102

Lisbon Treaty reforms, 169, 174

Maastricht Treaty reforms, 20, 23, 101

reversed QMV on NEG fines on compliance failures, 29–30

Single European Act reforms, 20, 101–102, 135, 170

quantitative and qualitative NEG prescriptions

employment relations prescriptions, 61

generally, 8–9, 59, 271–276

public services prescriptions, 66–72, 285

Radaelli, Claudio M., 188

rail services. See also transport services

Commission competition enforcement action, 191–192

commodification via NEG prescriptions, 175, 294

EU laws on (post-2008), 183–191, 193, 338–340

EU laws on (pre-2008), 170–174, 176, 200

Germany, prescriptions on, 184, 188–189

Ireland, NRRP on, 337

Italy, prescriptions on, 294, 337

privatisations, 185–186, 192, 201, 294

Romania, prescriptions on, 180–181, 183, 186, 189, 201, 294

referendums

generally, 49

on Constitutional Treaty and Lisbon Treaty ratification, 24, 139, 320

on Italian compulsory competitive tendering rules, 184–185, 201, 217–218, 227–228

Regling, Klaus, 314

regulatory independence of public services, 68

Rehn, Olli, 39

remuneration. See wages

Renzi, Matteo, 117, 152–153, 186–187

research design and methodology. See NEG regime, research design and methodology

Resilience and Recovery Facility (RRF). See also National Resilience and Recovery Plans (NRRPs)

background to adoption, 310–312, 361

healthcare commodification, potential effect on, 265–266, 351

NEG conditionalities, 9, 185, 321–322, 349–351, 356

NRRP implementation assessments, 313–320, 323–324

post-Covid prescriptions related to, 320–322

resource level prescriptions. See expenditure on public services, NEG prescriptions on

reversed differentiated integration, NEG as, 42–43, 254, 297, 304, 320–321, 355

reversed qualified majority voting (QMV) on NEG fines, 29–30

Right2Water (European Citizens’ Initiative)

Citizens’ Initiatives generally, 24, 198

country-level support for, 227–228

effects of, 158, 199–200, 203, 226–227, 230, 305–306

reasons for success, 199, 226

road haulage services, 170–171, 200

Rokkan, Stein, 22

Romania

employment relations prescriptions. See Romania, employment relations prescriptions

healthcare services prescriptions. See Romania, healthcare services prescriptions

hospital privatisations, 60, 254, 258

Labour Code (2003), 103–104, 114

NRRP for. See Romania, NRRP (National Resilience and Recovery Plan)

public services prescriptions. See Romania, public services prescriptions

Romania, employment relations prescriptions

on collective bargaining, 114–115, 119–120, 283, 329–330, 356–357

on employment protection, 116–117, 119

on public sector wages, 112, 146, 277–278, 328, 334

on wage levels generally, 112

Romania, healthcare services prescriptions

cost-efficiency and managerialism, 78, 85, 248–251, 254–255, 295–296

coverage levels, 251–253, 291–293, 296

generally, 82

post-Covid prescriptions, 327, 343

resource levels, 243–247, 290–291

Romania, NRRP (National Resilience and Recovery Plan)

on employment relations, 328–329, 348, 350

on healthcare services, 344–345

on public procurement, 334

on public services digitalisation, 333–334

on SOE governance, 332, 334–335, 337–338

on water services, 341–342

Romania, public services prescriptions

on expenditure, 147–149, 163–164, 243–247, 277–280, 332

on healthcare services. See Romania, healthcare services prescriptions

on privatisation, 151–152, 185, 281–282

on public administration, 152, 327

on public procurement, 150–151, 184

on public sector wages, 112, 146, 277–278, 328, 334

rural areas, prescriptions affecting, 147–148, 153–154, 156, 215–216, 221, 229

on SOE governance, 152, 186

on transport, 148, 180–181, 183, 185–186, 189, 201, 294

on water services, 215–216, 218–221, 229, 340

Ross, George, 45, 299

RRF. See Resilience and Recovery Facility (RRF)

Rüffert case, 106–107, 140

Ryanair, 23, 180, 183

Sabato, Sebastiano, 330, 351–352

salaries. See wages

Sarkozy, Nicolas, 138

Savage, James D., 175

Scharpf, Fritz, 15–16, 23, 39–40

Scheingold, Stuart A., 169

Schmid, Achim, 68

Schmidt, Vivien A., 265, 307–308

Schmitter, Philippe C., 41

Scholz, Olaf, 312, 328

Schot, Johan, 168–169

Schröder, Gerhard, 103–104, 236

Schulten, Thorsten, 45

Schuman, Robert, 20

security of employment tenure. See employment protection

Seeliger, Martin, 120

self-employed worker status, 131, 326

service trade liberalisation via Services Directive

background to, 17

consequences of failure, 24, 41

opposition to. See Services Directive opposition

Services Notification Procedure Directive (proposal), 157–158, 230

Services Directive opposition

country-of-origin principle controversies, 105–106, 139, 208–209

generally, 24, 96, 121, 139–141, 158–159, 284, 320

to healthcare services inclusion, 8, 232, 238–240, 256–257

private sector unions’ support for, 302–303

to water services inclusion, 209, 223–226

services of general economic interest (SGEI), 133–134, 138, 172, 208–209, 237–238. See also state aid regulation

SGP. See Stability and Growth Pact (SGP)

silent revolution, 2, 25–27, 29, 37–38, 243

single currency. See economic and monetary union (EMU)

Single European Act

mutual recognition principle, 99

negative integration approach, 16, 22, 41, 45

occupational health and safety measures, 23, 101

QMV (qualified majority voting) rules, 20, 101–102, 135, 170

single market project

core and periphery Member States, differentiated impacts, 17–18

cross-border healthcare. See cross-border healthcare services

economic and social integration differentiated, 14–16, 18

free movement of workers, competitive pressures from, 17–18, 22, 45, 95, 99–100

freedoms, commodifying effect of, 106–107

marketisation reforms. See public services marketisation

negative–positive integration paradigm, 15–16, 39–40

political integration initiatives, 18–21

SEA on. See Single European Act

service trade liberalisation. See service trade liberalisation via Services Directive

social policies, 16–17, 23, 99, 101–103, 233

state aid regulation. See state aid regulation

Six-Pack laws, 13–14, 29–30, 39, 83–84, 147, 361

social and cohesion funds, 32, 175, 185, 190, 206, 321

social inclusion policies

for rural areas in Romania, 147–148, 153–154, 156, 215–216, 221, 229

generally, 111, 255–256, 292–293

Social Protocol, Maastricht Treaty, 16, 23, 101–103

social reproduction of labour, 46–47, 60–62, 97–98

Social Rights, European Pillar of, 127–128, 160, 222, 316

social welfare. See also healthcare services

benefits levels, 62

cross-border healthcare, social security route, 234–235

democratisation, link to, 21–22, 46

EU citizens’ benefits rights, 233

MIP social indicators, 31–32

socialisation thesis (on NEG policy orientation), 53–55, 79, 160

SOEs, corporate governance prescriptions, 152, 186–187, 216, 332, 334–335, 337–338

solidaristic employment and welfare arrangements

capitalist accumulation, tempering function, 21–22, 46–47, 233

decommodifying potential of prescriptions. See commodifying or decommodifying potential of NEG prescriptions

Spasova, Slavina, 330, 351–352

spending on public services. See expenditure on public services, NEG prescriptions on

Springford, John, 321

Stability and Growth Pact (SGP)

aim, 35, 136

coercive power, 85, 278

fines for compliance failures, 29–32, 35

Covid-19 pandemic, suspension during, 9, 232, 265, 306–309, 313, 356

definition, 361

EDP (excessive deficit procedure), 29–30, 32–33, 136, 278–279, 332

greater fiscal flexibility, calls for, 127, 332

‘Growth’ element added, 57

Stan, Sabina, 60, 237, 253

writing with Erne, 3, 45, 83, 88, 104, 232, 234–235, 309, 349

state aid regulation

bank bailouts, exemptions for, 27

Covid-19 pandemic, suspension during, 309

Directive 80/723/EEC, 134–135

healthcare sector and, 238

SGEI (services of general economic interest) concept, 133–134, 138, 172, 208–209, 237–238

transport sector and, 169

state-owned enterprises, NEG prescriptions on, 152, 186–187, 216, 332, 334–335, 337–338

Sterkel, Gabriele, 45

Stevens, Handley, 169–170

Stiglitz, Joseph E., 26, 62

Streeck, Wolfgang, 16, 23, 50, 120

strikes, transnational. See transnational collective action

structure-agency nexus, 54–55

SUD-Health Social (French trade union), 259

Supiot, Alain, 38

SURE funds, 324

Sutherland, Peter, 135

Sweden, collective bargaining in, 64

Szabó, Imre, 66, 112, 318–319

writing with Golden and Erne, 5, 24, 39, 45, 50, 88, 137, 158, 193, 198, 202–203, 209–210, 216, 226, 230, 306

writing with Kahancová, 216, 258

technocratic governance, 13–14, 33, 51, 55, 357

telecommunications services

Italy, prescription on, 148

Romania, prescription on, 148

sector liberalisation, 23, 135

Teutsch, Michael, 170

TNCs. See transnational corporations (TNCs)

Tooze, Adam, 316

trade unions

collective bargaining by. See collective bargaining

EPSU. See European Public Service Union (EPSU)

ETF. See European Transport Workers’ Federation (ETF)

ETUC. See European Trade Union Confederation (ETUC)

EU’s competence for decommodifying measures, union arguments on, 38–39, 130, 325–326

Laval Quartet rulings, 106, 120, 128

Lisbon strategy response, 25

market integration competitive pressures faced by, 16–18, 22, 45, 95, 99–100

NEG policies, perceptions of, 26, 91

rights under EU law, 62

Services Directive, opposition to, 24, 96, 105–106

transnational collective action by. See transnational collective action

transnational collective action

agency-oriented factors affecting, 269

commodifying script prerequisite, 269–270, 303, 355–356

country-specific nature of prescriptions, challenge for, 96, 127, 164, 232, 264–265, 304–305, 354

cross-border competition, challenge for, 193, 198

in Covid-19 pandemic, 347–348

EPSU-organised. See European Public Service Union (EPSU)

ETUC-organised. See European Trade Union Confederation (ETUC)

EU actors targeted, explanations for, 301–303

European Parliament’s limited NEG role, challenge for, 160–164, 263

future priorities, 9

healthcare commodification protests, 258–265, 306, 356

labour politics of NEG regime, 2–3, 13–14, 44–46, 306, 311–312, 353, 357–358

lists of NEG regime protests, 159–160

post-Covid period, 335, 338–339, 347–348

pre-2008 period, 299

dockworkers’ strikes, 193, 198, 203, 304

Procurement Directives protests, 193, 222, 239, 258

Services Directive protests. See Services Directive opposition

private and nation state actors targeted, dearth of protests, 299–301

research data on, 89–91

structural factors affecting, 49–52, 160–163

transport commodification protests, 7, 192–200, 202–203, 338–339

uneven coercive power of prescriptions, challenge for, 304–306

water rights campaign. See Right2Water (European Citizens’ Initiative)

transnational corporations (TNCs)

corporate governance, NEG regime compared, 3, 5, 42–46, 305, 319

digital platform companies, 131, 317–318, 326

ETUC promoting democracy in. See European Trade Union Confederation (ETUC)

healthcare service and pharmaceutical companies, 256–257, 345–347

water companies, 206–207, 222, 226

transport services

buses, 180, 187

civil aviation. See civil aviation services

commodification via EMU accession criteria, 174–176

commodifying or decommodifying potential of prescriptions, 7, 176–177, 187–190, 200–202

NRRPs and post-Covid prescriptions, 336–338

compulsory competitive tendering rules, 172

coverage level prescriptions, 187

EU governance (pre-2008), 167–168, 200

1950s–1970s, 168–169

1980s–1990s, 169–171

2000–2008, 171–174

EU laws on (post-2008), 190–193, 338–340

expenditure, prescriptions on, 180–182, 187–188

Germany, prescriptions on, 148, 181–184, 188–189, 202

Ireland, no specific prescriptions on, 176, 182–183, 189

Italy, prescriptions on, 148, 182–184, 189, 294, 337

provider-level governance, prescriptions on, 185–187, 201

railways. See rail services

Romania, prescriptions on, 148, 180–181, 183, 185–186, 189, 201, 294

sector-level governance, prescriptions on, 182–185, 188–190, 201, 294

transnational collective action on, 7, 192–200, 202–203, 338–339

Treaty on Stability, Coordination, and Governance in the Economic and Monetary Union (Fiscal Treaty), 30, 121, 147

Turnbull, Peter, 193

Two-Pack laws, 29–30, 147

Umney, Charles, 69, 71

unit labour costs (ULCs) benchmark, 107, 112, 119, 276–279, 284, 296

United Kingdom

Brexit, 49, 131, 312, 356

collective bargaining in, 63–64

Maastricht Treaty Social Protocol rejection, 101

privatisation policies, 59–60, 136

unjustified dismissal protections. See employment protection

Urban Waste-Water Treatment Directives, 206–207, 342

utilities

commodification. See public services commodification

network services liberalisation, 23, 135–136, 172–173

sectors analysed. See transport services; water services

Vanhercke, Bart, 54, 78, 330, 351–352

Vanheuverzwijn, Pierre, 56–57

Vanpool, Christine and Todd, 74–75

Velde, Didier van de, 173

Veolia (transnational water and transport services corporation), 180, 213, 226

ver.di (German trade union), 91, 226

vertical integration. See horizontal–vertical EU integration paradigm

Viking and Laval cases, 106, 120, 128

wages

collective bargaining of. See collective bargaining

gender equality policies, 99, 131

minimum wage regulation. See Adequate Minimum Wage Directive; minimum wage regulation

MIP’s wage policy, 107–108

moderation policies (pre-2008), 17, 31, 100–101, 103–104, 284

NEG prescriptions on, 61–62, 111–114, 119–120, 277–281, 327–328

of public sector workers. See public sector wages

Pay Transparency Directive (proposed), 326

Water Framework Directive, 206–208, 295

water services

commodification via Services Directive inclusion, 208–209, 219, 223–226

commodifying or decommodifying potential of prescriptions, 7–8, 209–214, 218–221, 229–230

NRRPs and post-Covid prescriptions, 340–342

coverage level prescriptions, 214–216

EU governance (pre-2008), 204–205

1970s–1990s, 205–206, 229

1990s–2000, 206–208, 229

2000–08, 208–209, 219, 229

EU laws on (post-2008), 221–223, 226–227, 342

expenditure, prescriptions on, 218

Germany, prescriptions on, 216–220, 340

Ireland, prescriptions on. See Ireland, water services prescriptions

Italy, prescriptions on, 217–219

PPPs (public–private partnerships) for, 60, 207

provider-level governance, prescriptions on, 216, 294–295

Romania, prescriptions on, 215–216, 218–221, 229, 340

sector-level governance, prescriptions on, 216–218, 294–295

transnational campaign on. See Right2Water (European Citizens’ Initiative)

welfare services. See social welfare

Wiedemuth, Jörg, 45

Wilks, Stephen, 172

women’s labour market participation, prescriptions on, 148, 156, 248, 293

workplace health and safety regulation. See occupational health and safety

World Bank’s ‘good governance’ interventions, 42

Wüest, Bruno, 89

Würth, Reinhold, 311

Zeitlin, Jonathan, 54, 78

Zuboff, Shoshana, 345

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