Skip to main content Accessibility help

We use cookies to distinguish you from other users and to provide you with a better experience on our websites. Close this message to accept cookies or find out how to manage your cookie settings.

Close cookie message
×
Hostname: page-component-6bf8c574d5-7jkgd Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2025-02-20T09:16:21.889Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Chapter 14 - Displaying the Dead

Funeral Processions, Tombs, Performance, and Place in Ancient Rome and China

from Part IV - Fringe Places and Endpoints

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  28 November 2024

By
Armin Selbitschka
Edited by
Hans Beck  and
Griet Vankeerberghen
Hans Beck
Affiliation:
Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Germany
Griet Vankeerberghen
Affiliation:
McGill University, Montréal
Get access

Summary

Death constitutes a deep life crisis to the living – depending on the departed, to families, communities, and societies. In this chapter, the author discusses the eminent strategies of overcoming this crisis, that is, funeral and burial practices, and the ritual sequences that connect the two. Both the Roman and the Chinese cases have received much scholarly attention. Armin Selbitschka’s chapter distinguishes itself through its comparative perspective and the theoretical charge with which it is enriched from performance theory and sociologies of place. In the study of each culture, careful consideration is given to the historical development across time. Embarking from conceptual debates on the disruption of the social order and the innate capacity of social performances to restore it, he discusses various practices revolving around the dead, including the preparation of the departed, funerary cortèges, and orations. The subsequent section extends the analysis to the inherent meaning of tombs – their place in the urban landscape, their commemorative force, and their embodiment of social hierarchies. In so doing, it reveals a curious spatial dynamics between the funeral’s beginning in the private sphere and its transition into the public arena. Due to the different configuration of public in Rome and in China, Selbitschka in conclusion makes visible the culture-specific traits in the performances that accompanied mourners on their way to the tomb and beyond, into a future where the social crisis of death was resolved, for the time being.

Keywords

funeral processionsorationsburial practicestombsperformative theorysocial order
Type
Chapter
Information
Place and Performance in Ancient Greece, Rome, and China , pp. 437 - 468
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2024

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Baxter, L. A. 2004. “Relationships as Dialogues.” Personal Relationships 11: 1–22.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Baxter, L. A., and Braithwaite, D. O.. 2012. “Family Rituals.” In Turner, L. H. and West, R. L., eds., The Family Communication Sourcebook, 259–80. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.Google Scholar
Beck, H. 2005. “Züge in die Ewigkeit: Prozessionen durch das republikanische Rom.” Göttinger Forum für Altertumswissenschaft 8: 73–104.Google Scholar
Beck, H. 2008. “Die Rollen des Adeligen: Prominenz und aristokratische Herrschaft in der römischen Republik.” In Beck, H., Scholz, P., and Walter, U., eds., Die Macht der Wenigen: Aristokratische Herrschaftspraxis, Kommunikation und “edler” Lebensstil in Antike und Früher Neuzeit, 101–23. Oldenbourg: De Gruyter.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bell, C. 1998. “Performance.” In Taylor, M. C., ed., Critical Terms for Religious Studies, 205–24. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Benn, J. A. 2007. Burning for the Buddha: Self-Immolation in Chinese Buddhism. Honolulu: University of Hawai’i Press.Google Scholar
Bloch, M., and Parry, J.. 1982. “Introduction: Death and the Regeneration of Life.” In Bloch, M. and Parry, J., eds., Death and the Regeneration of Life, 1–44. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bodel, J. 1999. “Death on Display: Looking at Roman Funerals.” In Bergmann, B. and Kondoleon, C., eds., The Art of Ancient Spectacle, 259–81. New Haven, CT: National Gallery of Art, Washington and Yale University Press.Google Scholar
Bodel, J. 2000. “Dealing with the Dead: Undertakers, Executioners and Potter’s Fields in Ancient Rome.” In Hope, V. M. and Marshall, E., eds., Death and Disease in the Ancient City, 128–51. Abingdon: Routledge.Google Scholar
Borg, B. E. 2019. Roman Tombs and the Art of Commemoration: Contextual Approaches to Funerary Customs in the Second Century CE. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Brashier, K. E. 2011. Ancestral Memory in Early China. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Asia Center.Google Scholar
Brashier, K. E. 2014. Public Memory in Early China. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Asia Center.Google Scholar
Brown, G. 2003. “Theorizing Ritual as Performance: Explorations of Ritual Indeterminacy.” Journal of Ritual Studies 17(1): 3–18.Google Scholar
Brown, M. 2007. The Politics of Mourning in Early China. Albany: State University of New York Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Brück, J. 2001. “Monuments, Power and Personhood in the British Neolithic.” Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute 7(4): 649–67.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Carroll, M. 2011. “Memoria and Damnatio Memoriae: Preserving and Erasing Identities in Roman Funerary Commemoration.” In Carroll, M. and Rempel, J., eds., Living Through the Dead: Burial and Commemoration in the Classical World, 65–90. Oxford: Oxbow Books.Google Scholar
Changsha, shi Wenwu Kaogu Yanjiusuo 長沙市文物考古研究所 and Changsha, Jiandu Bowuguan 長沙簡牘博物館. 2010. “Hunan Changsha Wangchengpo Xi Han Yu Yang mu fajue jianbao” 湖南長沙望城坡西漢漁陽墓發掘簡報. Wenwu 文物 2010(4): 4–35.Google Scholar
Cheal, D. 1988. “The Ritualization of Family Ties.” American Behavioral Scientist 31(6): 632–43.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chunqiu Zuozhuan zhu 春秋左傳注. 2009. Ed. Yang Bojun 楊伯峻 (1909–92) (4 vols.). Beijing: Zhonghua shuju.Google Scholar
Dolansky, F. 2011. “Honouring the Family Dead on the Parentalia: Ceremony, Spectacle, and Memory.” Phoenix 65(1–2): 125–57.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Durrant, S., Li, Wai-yee, and Schaberg, D.. 2016. Zuo Tradition: Commentary on the Spring and Autumn Annals. Classics of Chinese Thought. Seattle: University of Washington Press.Google Scholar
Ebrey, P. 1986. “The Economic and Social History of Later Han.” In Twitchett, D. and Loewe, M., eds., The Cambridge History of China, Vol. 1: The Ch’in and Han Empires, 221 B.C.–A.D. 220, 608–48. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Eck, W. 1987. “Römische Grabinschriften: Aussageabsicht und Aussagefähigkeit im funerären Kontext.” In von Hesberg, H. and Zanker, P., eds., Römische Gräberstraßen: Selbstdarstellung – Status – Standard, 61–84. Munich: Verlag der Bayerischen Akademie der Wissenschaften.Google Scholar
Eich, P. 2008. “Aristokratie und Monarchie im kaiserzeitlichen Rom.” In Beck, H., Scholz, P., and Walter, U., eds., Die Macht der Wenigen: Aristokratische Herrschaftspraxis, Kommunikation und “edler” Lebensstil in Antike und Früher Neuzeit, 125–51. Oldenbourg: De Gruyter.Google Scholar
Erdkamp, P. 2005. The Grain Market in the Roman Empire: A Social, Political and Economic Study. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Favro, D., and Johanson, C.. 2010. “Death in Motion: Funeral Processions in the Roman Forum.” Journal of the Society of Architectural Historians 69(1): 12–37.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Flaig, E. 1995. “Die Pompa Funebris: Adlige Konkurrenz und annalistische Erinnerung in der Römischen Republik.” In Oexle, O. G., ed., Memoria als Kultur, 115–48. Göttingen: Vandenhoeck and Ruprecht.Google Scholar
Flaig, E. 2015. “Prozessionen aus der Tiefe der Zeit: Das Leichenbegängnis des römischen Adels – Rückblick.” In Boschung, D., Hölkeskamp, K.-J., and Sode, C., eds., Raum und Performanz: Rituale in Residenzen von der Antike bis 1815, 99–126. Stuttgart: Franz Steiner Verlag.Google Scholar
Flower, H. I. 1996. Ancestor Masks and Aristocratic Power in Roman Culture. Oxford: Clarendon Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Flower, H. I. 2004. “Spectacle and Political Culture in the Roman Republic.” In Flower, H. I., ed., The Cambridge Companion to the Roman Republic, 322–43. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Flower, H. I. 2006. “Der Leichenzug: Die Ahnen kommen wieder.” In Stein-Hölkeskamp, E. and Hölkeskamp, K.-J., eds., Erinnerungsorte der Antike: Die römische Welt, 321–38. Munich: Verlag C. H. Beck.Google Scholar
Floyd, K., Mikkelson, A. C., and Judd, J.. 2012. “Defining the Family Through Relationships.” In Turner, L. H. and West, R. L., ed., The Family Communication Sourcebook, 21–40. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.Google Scholar
Fu, Tianqiu 傅天仇. 1964. “Shaanxi Xingping xian Huo Qubing mu qian de Xi Han shidiao yishu” 陜西興平縣霍去病墓前的西漢石雕雕藝術. Wenwu 文物 1964(1): 40–4.Google Scholar
Gee, R. 2008. “From Corpse to Ancestor: The Role of Tombside Dining in the Transformation of the Body in Ancient Rome.” In Fahlander, F. and Oestigaard, T., eds., The Materiality of Death: Bodies, Burials, Beliefs, 59–68. Oxford: Archaeopress.Google Scholar
Gieryn, T. F. 2000. “A Space for Place in Sociology.” Annual Review of Sociology 26: 463–96.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gieryn, T. F. 2002. “What Buildings Do.” Theory and Society 31(1): 35–74.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Grainger, R. 2008. The Social Symbolism of Grief and Mourning. London: Jessica Kingsley.Google Scholar
Habberstad, L. 2014. “Texts, Performance, and Spectacle: The Funeral Procession of Marquis Yi of Zeng, 433 B.C.E.” Early China 37: 181–219.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Han, Zhao 韓釗, Li, Ku 李庫, Zhang, Lei 張雷, and Jia, Qiang 賈强. 2004. “Gudai quemen ji xiangguan wenti” 古代闕門及相關問題. Kaogu yu wenwu 考古與文物 2004(5): 58–64.Google Scholar
Hankel, B. 1994. Der Weg in den Sarg: Die ersten Tage des Bestattungsrituals in den konfuzianischen Ritenklassikern. Bad Honnef: Bock und Herchen.Google Scholar
Hanshu 漢書. 1962. Compiled by Ban Gu 班固 (32–92 CE) et al. 100 juan (12 vols.). Beijing: Zhonghua shuju.Google Scholar
Hodder, I. 2006. “The Spectacle of Daily Performance at Catalhöyük.” In Inomata, T. and Coben, L. S., eds., Archaeology of Performance: Theaters of Power, Community, and Politics, 81–102. Lanham, MD: AltaMira Press.Google Scholar
Hölkeskamp, K.-J. 2004. “Under Roman Roofs: Family, House, and Household.” In Flower, H. I., ed., The Cambridge Companion to the Roman Republic, 113–38. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Hölkeskamp, K.-J. 2006. “Konsens und Konkurrenz: Die politische Kultur der römischen Republik in neuer Sicht.” Klio 88(2): 360–96.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hope, V. M. 2007. Death in Ancient Rome: A Sourcebook. Abingdon: Routledge.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hopkins, K. 1983. Death and Renewal: Sociological Studies in Roman History, Vol. 2. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hou Hanshu 後漢書. 1965. Compiled by Fan Ye 范曄 (398–446 CE). 120 juan (12 vols.). Beijing: Zhonghua shuju.Google Scholar
Hu, Fangping 胡方平. 1994. “Zhongguo fengtumu de chansheng he liuxing” 中國封土墓的產生和流行. Kaogu 考古 1994(6): 556–8.Google Scholar
Hubei, sheng Bowuguan 湖北省博物館. 1989. Zeng hou Yi mu 曾侯乙墓 (2 vols.). Beijing: Wenwu chubanshe.Google Scholar
Hubei, sheng Jing Sha Tielu Kaogudui 湖北省荆沙鐵路考古隊. 1991. Baoshan Chu mu 包山楚墓 (2 vols.). Beijing: Wenwu chubanshe.Google Scholar
Hubei, sheng Jingzhou Bowuguan 湖北省荊州博物館. 2003. Jingzhou Tianxingguan erhao Chu mu 荊州天星觀二號楚墓. Beijing: Wenwu chubanshe.Google Scholar
Hubei, sheng Wenwu Kaogu Yanjiusuo 湖北省文物考古研究所. 1996. Jiangling Wangshan Shazhong Chu mu 江陵望山沙冢楚墓. Beijing: Wenwu chubanshe.Google Scholar
Hunan, sheng Bowuguan 湖南省博物館, and Zhongguo, Kexueyuan Kaogu Yanjiusuo 中國科學院考古研究所. 1973. Changsha Mawangdui yihao Han mu 長沙馬王堆一號漢墓.Beijing: Wenwu chubanshe.Google Scholar
Lai, Guolong. 2015. Excavating the Afterlife: The Archaeology of Early Chinese Religion. Seattle: University of Washington Press.Google Scholar
Landels, J. G. 1999. Music in Ancient Greece and Rome. Abingdon: Routledge.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Laurence, R. 1994. “Rumour and Communication in Roman Politics.” Greece & Rome 41(1): 62–74.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Levine, J. M., Moreland, R. L., and Choi, Hoon-Seok. 2001. “Group Socialization and Newcomer Innovation.” In Hogg, M. A. and Tindale, R. S., eds., Blackwell Handbook of Social Psychology: Group Processes, 86–106. Malden, MA: Blackwell.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lewis, M. E. 2015. “Public Spaces in Cities in the Roman and Han Empires.” In Scheidel, W., ed., State Power in Ancient China and Rome, 204–29. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Liji zhengyi 禮記正義. 2008. Commentators Zheng Xuan 鄭玄 (127–200 CE) and Kong Yingda 孔穎達 (574–648 CE). 70 juan (3 vols.). Shanghai: Shanghai guji chubanshe.Google Scholar
Loewe, M. 1985. “The Royal Tombs of Zhongshan (c. 310 B.C.).” Arts Asiatiques 40: 130–4.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Loewe, M. 1986. “The Former Han Dynasty.” In Twitchett, D. and Loewe, M., eds., The Cambridge History of China, Vol. 1: The Ch’in and Han Empires, 221 B.C.–A.D. 220, 103–222. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Loewe, M. 2000. A Biographical Dictionary of the Qin, Former Han and Xin Periods (221 BC–AD 24). Leiden: Brill.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lüshi chunqiu jishi 呂氏春秋集釋. 2009. Lü Buwei 呂不韋 (d. 235 BCE). Ed. Weiyu, Xu 許維遹. 26 juan (2 vols.). Beijing: Zhonghua shuju.Google Scholar
Metcalf, P., and Huntington, R.. 1991. Celebrations of Death: The Anthropology of Mourning Ritual. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Morris, I. 1992. Death Ritual and Social Structure in Ancient Antiquity. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Nienhauser, W. H. 2002. “The Exalted Ancestor, Basic Annals 8.” In Nienhauser, W. H., ed., The Grand Scribe’s Records, Vol. II: The Basic Annals of Han China, 1–104. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.Google Scholar
Nylan, M. 2012. “The Power of Highway Networks During China’s Classical Era (323 BCE–316 CE): Regulations, Metaphors, Rituals, and Deities.” In Alcock, S. E., Bodel, J., and Talbert, R. J. A., eds., Highways, Byways, and Road Systems in the Pre-modern World, 34–65. Chichester: Wiley-Blackwell.Google Scholar
Pearce, J. 2011. “Marking the Dead: Tombs and Topography in the Roman Provinces.” In Carroll, M. and Rempel, J., eds., Living Through the Dead: Burial and Commemoration in the Classical World, 134–58. Oxford: Oxbow Books.Google Scholar
Pines, Y. 1997. “Intellectual Change in the Chunqiu Period: The Reliability of the Speeches of the Zuo zhuan as Sources of Chunqiu Intellectual History.” Early China 22: 77–132.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Purcell, N. 1987. “Tomb and Suburb.” In von Hesberg, H. and Zanker, P., eds., Römische Gräberstraßen: Selbstdarstellung – Status – Standard, 25–42. Munich: Verlag der Bayerischen Akademie der Wissenschaften.Google Scholar
Rappaport, R. A. 1999. Ritual and Religion in the Making of Society. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Rawson, B. 2013. “Marriages, Families, Households.” In Erdkamp, P., ed., The Cambridge Companion to Ancient Rome, 93–109. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Riegel, J. 1995. “Do Not Serve the Dead As You Serve the Living: The Lüshi chunqiu Treatises on Moderation in Burial.” Early China 20: 301–30.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rowell, H. T. 1940. “The Forum and Funeral Imagines of Augustus.” Memoirs of the American Academy in Rome 17: 131–43.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rutgers, L. V. 2013. “Cemeteries and Catacombs.” In Erdkamp, P., ed., The Cambridge Companion to Ancient Rome, 497–521. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sanft, C. 2011. “Debating the Route of the Qin Direct Road (Zhidao): Text and Excavation.” Frontiers of History in China 6(3): 323–46.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sanft, C. 2014. Communication and Cooperation in Early Imperial China: Publicizing the Qin Dynasty. Albany: State University of New York Press.Google Scholar
Schaberg, D. 2001. A Patterned Past: Form and Thought in Early Chinese Historiography. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Asia Center.Google Scholar
Schechner, R. 1985. Between Theater and Anthropology. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Selbitschka, A. 2018a. “‘I Write, Therefore I Am’: Scribes, Literacy and Identity in Early China.” Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies 78(2): 413–76.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Selbitschka, A. 2018b. “Sacrifice vs. Sustenance: Food as a Burial Good in Late Pre-imperial and Early Imperial Chinese Tombs and Its Relation [to] Funerary Rites.” Early China 41: 179–243.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Shandong, sheng Wenwu Kaogu Yanjiusuo 山東省文物考古研究所. 2007. Linzi Qi mu 臨淄齊墓. Beijing: Wenwu chubanshe.Google Scholar
Shiji 史記. 1959. Compiled by Sima Qian 司馬遷 (145?–86? BCE) et al. 130 juan (10 vols.). Beijing: Zhonghua shuju.Google Scholar
Shi, Jie. 2015. “Rolling Between Burial and Shrine: A Tale of Two Chariot Processions at Chulan Tomb 2 in Eastern Han China (171 C.E.).” Journal of the American Oriental Society 135(3): 433–52.Google Scholar
Shi, Jie 2020. Modeling Peace: Royal Tombs and Political Ideology in Early China. New York: Columbia University Press.Google Scholar
Spannagel, M. 1999. Exemplaria principis: Untersuchungen zu Entstehung und Ausstattung des Augustusforums. Heidelberg: Verlag Archäologie und Geschichte.Google Scholar
Thorp, R. L. 1979. “The Mortuary Art and Architecture of Early Imperial China.” PhD dissertation, University of Kansas.Google Scholar
Toynbee, J. M. C. 1996. Death and Burial in the Roman World. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Turner, V. 1988. The Anthropology of Performance. New York: PAJ Publications.Google Scholar
Van Gennep, A. 2004. “The Rites of Passage.” In Robben, A. C. G. M., ed., Death, Mourning and Burial: A Cross-Cultural Reader, 213–23. Oxford: Blackwell.Google Scholar
Vankeerberghen, G. 2021. “Of Gold and Purple: Nobles in Western Han China and Republican Rome.” In Beck, H. and Vankeerberghen, G., eds., Rulers and Ruled in Ancient Greece, Rome, and China, 25–69. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Venture, O. 2017. “Zeng: The Rediscovery of a Forgotten Regional State.” In Kósa, G., ed., China Across the Centuries: Papers from a Lecture Series in Budapest, 1–32. Budapest: Department of East Asian Studies, Eötvös Loránt University.Google Scholar
Von Falkenhausen, L. 2006. Chinese Society in the Age of Confucius (1000–250 BC): The Archaeological Evidence. Los Angeles: Cotsen Institute of Archaeology, University of California Los Angeles.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Von Hesberg, H., and Zanker, P.. 1987. “Einleitung.” In von Hesberg, H. and Zanker, P., eds., Römische Gräberstraßen: Selbstdarstellung – Status – Standard, 7–20. Munich: Verlag der Bayerischen Akademie der Wissenschaften.Google Scholar
Von Hesberg, H., and Zanker, P. 1987. “Planung und Ausgestaltung der Nekropolen Roms im 2. Jh. n. Chr.” In von Hesberg, H. and Zanker, P., eds., Römische Gräberstraßen: Selbstdarstellung – Status – Standard, 43–60. Munich: Verlag der Bayerischen Akademie der Wissenschaften.Google Scholar
Von Hesberg, H., and Zanker, P. 1992. Römische Grabbauten. Darmstadt: Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft.Google Scholar
Wallace-Hadrill, A. 1996. “The Imperial Court.” In Bowman, A. K., Champlin, E., and Lintott, A., eds., The Cambridge Ancient History, Vol. 10: The Augustean Empire, 43 B.C.–A.D. 69, 238–308. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Wallace-Hadrill, A. 2008. “Housing the Dead: The Tomb as House in Roman Italy.” In Brink, L. and Green, D., eds., Commemorating the Dead: Texts and Artifacts in Context – Studies of Roman, Jewish, and Christian Burials, 39–78. Berlin: Walter de Gruyter.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wang, Shimin 王世民. 1981. “Zhongguo Chunqiu Zhanguo shidai de zhongmu” 中國春秋戰國時代的冢墓. Kaogu 考古 1981(5): 459–66.Google Scholar
Wolin, S. J., and Bennett, L. A.. 1984. “Family Rituals.” Family Process 23(3): 401–20.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wong, D. C. 2007. Chinese Steles: Pre-Buddhist and Buddhist Use of a Symbolic Form. Honolulu: University of Hawai’i Press.Google Scholar
Wu, Hung. 1995. Monumentality in Early Chinese Art and Architecture. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.Google Scholar
Wu, Hung 1999. “The Art and Architecture of the Warring States Period.” In Loewe, M. and Shaughnessy, E. L., eds., The Cambridge History of Ancient China: From the Origins of Civilization to 221 B.C. 651–744. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Wu, Hung 2011. The Art of the Yellow Springs: Understanding Chinese Tombs. Honolulu: University of Hawai’i Press.Google Scholar
Zhongguo, Shehui Kexueyuan Kaogu Yanjiusuo 中國社會科學院考古研究所. 1994. Shanxian Dong Zhou Qin Han mu 陜縣東周秦漢墓. Beijing: Kexue chubanshe.Google Scholar
Zhongguo, Shehui Kexueyuan Kaogu Yanjiusuo 中國社會科學院考古研究所. 2005. Tengzhou Qianzhangda mudi 滕州前掌大墓地 (2 vols.). Beijing: Wenwu chubanshe.Google Scholar
Zhouli zhengyi 禮記正義. 2008. Ed. Sun Yirang 孫詒讓 (1848–1908) 86 juan (14 vols.). Beijing: Zhonghua shuju.Google Scholar

Save book to Kindle

To save this book to your Kindle, first ensure [email protected] is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

Available formats
×

Save book to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

Available formats
×

Save book to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

Available formats
×