Skip to main content Accessibility help

We use cookies to distinguish you from other users and to provide you with a better experience on our websites. Close this message to accept cookies or find out how to manage your cookie settings.

Close cookie message
×
Hostname: page-component-669899f699-vbsjw Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2025-04-30T08:12:00.073Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

55 - Urolithiasis

from Part V - Urology

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  08 January 2010

By
Bartley G. Cilento Jr. ,
Gerald C. Mingin  and
Hiep T. Nguyen
Edited by
Mark D. Stringer ,
Keith T. Oldham  and
Pierre D. E. Mouriquand
Bartley G. Cilento Jr.
Affiliation:
Department of Urology, MA Children's Hospital, Boston,
Gerald C. Mingin
Affiliation:
Department of Urology, Denver Children's Hospital, Denver, CO, USA
Hiep T. Nguyen
Affiliation:
Department of Urology, MA Children's Hospital, Boston,
Mark D. Stringer
Affiliation:
University of Otago, New Zealand
Keith T. Oldham
Affiliation:
Children's Hospital of Wisconsin
Pierre D. E. Mouriquand
Affiliation:
Debrousse Hospital, Lyon
Get access

Summary

Introduction

There is a considerable body of literature dedicated to adult stone disease but very little written about pediatric stone disease. While nephrolithiasis is less prevalent in children, it can be associated with significant morbidity. This chapter will touch upon the pathophysiology, the surgical management, and the current state of evidence base data, particularly long-term outcomes of pediatric stone disease.

Epidemiology

Childhood urolithiasis varies widely around the world both in the composition and location of the stones. For example, it is endemic in the Far East and Turkey where the stones are primarily ammonium uric acid stones. In European countries, the majority of stones found in children are composed of struvite and organic matrix that are frequently the result of urinary tract infections from bacteria containing urease. In the USA, infection-related stones are rare. Stone composition in the USA is mostly calcium-based.

In North America and other developed countries, nephrolithiasis in children has remained stable over the last 20 years. In Europe and the United States, the incidence of stone disease is similar, ranging from 0.13 to 1.0 cases per 1000 hospital admissions. The disease always varies geographically within countries. For example, the incidence tends to be higher in the warm climates of the southeastern United States and California. The incidence is also higher in areas with immigrants from countries where stone disease is endemic. The ratio of boys to girls affected by stone disease is 1.2–1.7:1 in the USA and 1.9–3:1 in the UK.

Type
Chapter
Information
Pediatric Surgery and Urology
Long-Term Outcomes
 , pp. 695 - 706
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2006

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

Book purchase

Temporarily unavailable

References

Polinsky, M. S., Kaiser, B. A., Baluarte, H. J., & Gruskin, A. B.Renal stones and hypercalciuria. Adv. Pediatr. 1993; 40:353–384.Google ScholarPubMed
Noe, H. N., Stapleton, F. B., Jerkins, G. R., & Roy, S. 3rd. Clinical experience with pediatric urolithasis. J. Urol. 1983; 129:1166–1168.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stapleton, F. B.Clinical approach to children with urolithiasis. Semin. Nephrol. 1996; 16:389–397.Google ScholarPubMed
Choi, H., Snyder, H. M. 3rd., & Duckett, J.Urolithasis in childhood: current Management. J. Pediatr. Surg. 1987; 22:158–164.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Milliner, D.Urolithasis in pediatric patients. Mayo Clin. Proc. 1993; 68:241–248.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ozokutan, B. H., Küçükaydin, M., Gündüz, Z., Kabaklioglu, M., Okur, H., & Turan, C.Urolithiasis in childhood. Pediatr. Surgery International. 2000; 16:60–63.Google ScholarPubMed
Gokdemir, A., Avanoglu, I., & Ulman, I.Pediatric urinary lithasis in Turkey. Turk. J. Pediatr.Surg. 1995; 9:299–303.Google Scholar
Miller, O. S., L McAlear, I., Barboroglu, P., & Kaplan, G. W. Pediatric urolithasis: presentation and treatment in the year 2000. Presented at the Society for Pediatric Urology. Anaheim CA, 2001.Google Scholar
Noe, H. N. & Stapleton, F. B. Pediatric stone disease. In Rous, S, ed. Stone Disease: Diagnosis and Management. Orlando, FL: Grune and Stratton; 1987:347–379.Google Scholar
Milliner, D.Cystinuria. Endocrinol. Metab. Clin. North Am. 1990; 19:889–907.Google ScholarPubMed
Gearhart, J. P., Herzberg, G. Z., & Jeffs, R. D.Childhood urolithasis: experience andadvances. Pediatrics 1991; 87:445.Google Scholar
Santos-Victoriano, M., Brouhard, B. H., & Cunningham, R. J. 3rd. Renal stone disease in children. Clin. Pediatr. 1998; 37:583–99.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Pak, C.Citrate and renal calculi: an update. Min. Electr. Metab. 1994; 20:371–377.Google ScholarPubMed
Jayanthi, V. R., Arnold, P. M., & Koff, S. A.Strategies for managing upper tract calculi in young children. J. Urol. 1999; 162:1234–1237.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Picramenos, D., Deliveliotis, C., Alexopoulou, K., Makrichoritis, C., Kostakopoulos, A., & Dimopoulos, C.Extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy for renal stones in children. Urol. Int. 1996; 56:86–89.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Horn, A. C., Hollander, J. B., & Kass, E. J.First and second generation lithotripsy in children: results, comparison and followup. J. Urol. 1995; 153:1969–1971.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Orsola, A., Diaz, I., Caffaratti, J., Izquierdo, F., Alberola, J., & Garat, J. M.Staghorn calculi in children: treatment with monotherapy extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy. J. Urol. 1999; 162:1229–1233.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kroovand, R. H., Harrison, L. H., & McCullough, D. L.Extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy in childhood. J. Urol. 1987; 138:1106–1108.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Elsobky, E.Sheir, K. Z., Madbouly, K ., & Mokhtar, A. A.Extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy in children: experience using two second-generation lithotripters. BJU Int. 2000; 86:851–856.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Woodside, J. R., Stevens, G. F., Stark, G. L., Borden, T. A., & Ball, W. S.Percutaneous stone removal in children. J. Urol. 1985; 134:1166–1167.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Al-Shammari, A. M., Al-Otaibi, K., Leonard, M. P., & Hosking, D. H.Percutaneous nephrolithotomy in the pediatric population [see comments]. J. Urol. 1999; 162:1721–1724.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Badawy, H., Salama, A., Eissa, M., Kotb, E., Moro, H., & Shoukri, I.Percutaneous management of renal calculi: experience with percutaneous nephrolithotomy in 60 children. J. Urol. 1999; 162:1710–1713.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wilson, W. T., Husmann, D. A., Morris, J. S., Miller, G. L., Alexander, M., & Preminger, G. M.A comparison of the bioeffects of four different modes of stone therapy on renal function and morphology. J. Urol. 1993; 150:1267–1270.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Jackman, S. V., Hedican, S. P., Peters, C. A., & Docimo, S.Percutaneous nephrolithotomy in infants and preschool age children: experience with a new technique. Urology. 1998; 52:697–701.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Stoller, M. I., Wolf, J. S. Jr., & St Lezin, M. A.Estimated blood loss and transfusion rates associated with percutaneous nephrolithotomy. J. Urol. 1994; 152:1997–1981.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Thomas, R.Safety and efficacy of pediatric ureteroscopy for the management of calculus disease. J. Urol. 1993; 149:1082.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gough, D. C. & Baillie, C. T.Pediatric anatrophic nephrolithotomy; stone clearance – at what price?BJU Int. 2000; 85:874–878.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hillman, L. S., Chow, W., Salmon, S. S.et al.Vitamin D metabolism, mineral homeostasis and bone mineralizationin term infants fed human milk, cow milk-based formula or soy-based formula. J. Pediatr. 1988; 112:864–874.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kleeman, C. R., Bohannan, J., Bernstein, D.et al.Effect of variations in sodium intake on calcium excretion in normal humans. Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. 1964; 115:29–32.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Osorio, A. V. & Alon, U. S.The relationship between urinary calcium, sodium, and potassium excretion and the role of potassium in treating idiopathic hypercalciuria. Pediatrics 1997; 100:675–681.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Choong, S., Whitfield, H., Duffy, P.et al.The management of pediatric urolithasis. BJU Int. 2000; 88:857–860.Google Scholar
Tekin, I., Tekgul, S., Bakkaloglu, M., & Kendi, S.Results of extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy in children using the Dornier MPL 9000 lithotriptor. J. Pediatr. Surg. 1998; 33:1257–1259.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
al Busaidy, S. S., Prem, A. R., Medhat, M., Giriraj, D., Gopakumar, P., & Bhat, H. S.Paediatric ureteral calculi: efficacy of primary in situ extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy. Br. J. Urol. 1998; 82:90–96.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Nazali, O., Cal, C., Ozyurt, C.et al.Reults of extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy in the pediatric age group. Eur. Urol. 1998; 33:333–336.Google Scholar
Gschwend, J. E., Haag, U., Hollmer, S., Kleinschmidt, K., & Hautmann, R. E.Impact of extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy in pediatric patients: complications and long-term follow-up. Urol. Int. 1996; 54:241–245.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hasanoglu, E., Buyan, N., Tumer, L., Bozkirli, I., Demirel, F., & Karaoglan, U.Extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy in children. Acta Paediatr. 1996; 85:377–379.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cranidias, A. I., Karayainis, A. A., Delakas, D. S., Livadas, C. E., & Anezinis, P. E.Cystein stones: the efficacy bof percutaneous shock wave lithotripsy. Urol. Int. 1996; 56:180–183.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Myers, D. A., Mobley, T. B., Jenkins, J. M., Grine, W. B., & Jordan, W. R.Pediatric low energy lithotripsy with the lithostar. J. Urol. 1995; 153:453–457.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Longo, J. A., Metto, J., N. R.Extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy in children. Urology. 1995; 46:550–552.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sahin, A., Tekgul, S., Erdem, E., Ekici, S., Hasicek, M., & Kendi, S.Percutaneous nephrolithotomy in older children. J. Pediatr. Surg. 2000; 35:1336–1338.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mor, Y., Elmasry, Y. E., Kellett, M. J., & Duffy, P. G.The role of percutaneous nephrolithotomy in the management of pediatric renal calculi. J. Urol. 1997; 158:1319–1321.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kurzrock, E. A., Huffman, J. L., Hardy, B. E., & Fugelso, P.Endoscopic treatment of pediatric urolithiasis. J. Pediatr. Surg. 1996; 31:1413–1416.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Savage, J. G., Palanca, L. G., Andersen, R. D., Rao, G. S., & Slaughenhoupt, B. L.Treatment of distal ureteral stones in children: similarities to the American urological association guidelines in adults. J. Urol. 2000; 164:1089–1093.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wollin, T. A., Teichman, J. M., Rogenes, V. J., Razvi, H. A., Denstedt, J. D., & Grasso, M.Holmium:YAG lithotripsy in children [see comments]. J. Urol. 1999; 162:1717–1720.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Minevich, E., Rousseau, M. B., Wacksman, J., Lewis, A. G., & Sheldon, C. A.Pediatric ureteroscopy: technique and preliminary results. J. Pediatr. Surg. 1997; 32:571–574.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Smith, D. P., Jerkins, G. R., & Noe, H. N.Urethroscopy in small neonates with posterior urethral valves and ureteroscopy in children with ureteral calculi. Urology 1996; 47:908–910.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Scarpa, R. M., DeLisa, A., Porru, D., Canetto, A., & Usay, E.Ureterolithotripsy in children. Urology 1995; 46:859–862.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Shroff, S. & Watson, G. M.Experience with ureteroscopy in children. Br. J. Urol. 1995; 75:395–400.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Polito, C., Manna, A., Cioce, F., Villani, J., Nappi, B., & Di Toro, R.Clinical presentation and natural course of idiopathic hypercalciuria in children. Pediatr. Nephrol. 2000; 15(3–4):211–214.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Polito, C., Manna, A., Maiello, R., Siciliano, M., & Di Toro, R.Urinary sodium and potassium excretion in idiopathic hypercalciuria in children. Nephron. 2002; 91(1):7–12.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Perrone, H. C., Toporovski, J., & Schor, N.Urinary inhibitors of crystallization in hypercalciuric children with hematuria and nephrolithiasis. Pediatr. Nephrol. 1996; 10(4):435–437.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Jimenz Verdejo, A., Arrabal Martin, M., Mijan Ortiz, J. L., Hita Rosino, E., Yago, F., & Zuluaga Gomez, A.Effect of potassium citrate in the prophylaxis of urinary lithiasis. Arch. Esp. Urol. 2001; 54(9):1036–1046.Google Scholar
Ettinger, B.Recurrence of nephrolithiasis. A six-year prospective study. Am. J. Med. 1979; 67(2):245–248.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Brough, R. J., O'Flynn, K. J., Fishwick, J., & Gough, D. C.Bladder washout and stone formation in pediatric enterocystoplasty. Eur. Urol. 1998; 33(5):500–502.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Homer, J. A., Davies-Payne, D. L., & Peddinti, B. S.Randomized prospective comparison of non-contrast enhance helical computed tomography and intravenous urography in the diagnosis of acute ureteric colic. Aust. Radiol. 2001; 45(3):285–290.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Traxer, O., Lottmann, H., Archambaud, F., Helal, B., & Mercier Pageyral, B.Extracorporeal shock-wave lithotripsy in infants. Study of its repercussions on the renal parenchyma. Ann. Urol. 1998; 32(4):191–196.Google ScholarPubMed
Delakas, D., Daskalopoulos, G., Metaxari, M., Triantafyllou, T., & Cranidis, A.Management of ureteral stones in pediatric patients. J. Endourol. 2001; 15(7):674–680.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Save book to Kindle

To save this book to your Kindle, first ensure [email protected] is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

Available formats
×

Save book to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

Available formats
×

Save book to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

Available formats
×