Skip to main content Accessibility help

We use cookies to distinguish you from other users and to provide you with a better experience on our websites. Close this message to accept cookies or find out how to manage your cookie settings.

Close cookie message
×
Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-fbnjt Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-02T22:50:54.477Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

49 - Surgery for neuropathic bladder and incontinence

from Part V - Urology

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  08 January 2010

By
Prasad Godbole  and
Duncan T. Wilcox
Edited by
Mark D. Stringer ,
Keith T. Oldham  and
Pierre D. E. Mouriquand
Prasad Godbole
Affiliation:
Department of Paediatric Urology, Sheffield Children's NHS Trust, UK
Duncan T. Wilcox
Affiliation:
Pediatric Urology, University of Texas, Dallas, TX, USA
Mark D. Stringer
Affiliation:
University of Otago, New Zealand
Keith T. Oldham
Affiliation:
Children's Hospital of Wisconsin
Pierre D. E. Mouriquand
Affiliation:
Debrousse Hospital, Lyon
Get access

Summary

Introduction

Children with a neuropathic bladder may have bladder characteristics ranging from a high pressure non-compliant small capacity bladder with a high outlet resistance (unsafe), on the one hand, to a compliant low pressure capacious bladder with low outflow resistance (safe), on the other. Most children will demonstrate a mixed picture, and bladder and outflow characteristics may change with time thereby necessitating regular surveillance.

The aims of management of these children are:(i) preservation of renal function (ii) attaining urinary continence and therefore (iii) enabling social integration and improvement in quality of life. These aims can be achieved with a container (reservoir), which is capacious and low pressure, adequate outflow resistance (bladder neck and sphincter muscle complex) and a conduit to keep the reservoir empty at regular intervals (urethra, Mitrofanoff conduit).

This chapter concentrates on the long-term outcomes of the various treatment options that have been used and will not describe the technical aspects for which the reader is referred to several excellent texts on the subject.

The treatment modalities described include non-surgical (CIC and pharmacotherapy) surgery of the outlet (bladder-neck procedures, minimally invasive procedures and sphincters), surgery of the reservoir (augmentation cystoplasty), continent catheterizable conduits (Mitrofanoff principle), and urinary diversion (vesicostomy, refluxing ureterostomy, and ileal conduit).

Type
Chapter
Information
Pediatric Surgery and Urology
Long-Term Outcomes
 , pp. 631 - 642
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2006

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Belman, A., King, L. R., & Kramer, S. A., eds. Clinical Pediatric Urology. 4th edn. Philadelphia: W. B. Saunders, 2003.Google Scholar
Gearhart, J. P., Rink, R. C., & Mouriquand, P. D. E., eds. Pediatric Urology. 1st edn. Philadelphia: W. B. Saunders, 2001.Google Scholar
Frank, J. D., Gearhart, J. P., & Snyder, H. M., eds. Operative Pediatric Urology. 2nd edn. Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone, 2001.Google Scholar
Lapides, J., Diokno, A. C., Lowe, B. S., & Kalish, M. D.Follow up on unsterile, intermittent self-catheterization. J. Urol. 1974; 111:184.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wolraich, M. L., Hawtrey, C., Mapel, J., & Henderson, M.Results of clean intermittent catheterization for children with neurogenic bladders. Urology 1983; 22(5):479.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lyn-Dyken, D. C., Wolraich, M. L., Hawtrey, C. E., & Doja, M. S.Follow-up of clean intermittent catheterization for children with neuropathic bladders. Urology 1992; 40(6):525.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cass, A. S., Luxenberg, M., Gleich, P., Johnson, C. F., & Hagen, S.Clean intermittent catheterisation in the management of the neurogenic bladder in children. J. Urol. 1984; 132(3):526.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Plunkett, J. M. & Braren, V.Five year experience with clean intermittent catheterization in children. Urology 1982; 20(2):128.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Schlager, T. A., Dilks, S., Trudell, J., Whittam, T. S., & Hendley, J. O.Bacteruria in children with neurogenic bladder treated with intermittent cathetrization: natural history. J. Pediatr. 1995; 126(3):490.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kass, E. J., Koff, S. A., Diokno, A. C., & Lapides, J.The significance of bacilluria in children on long term intermittent catheterizatioin. J. Urol. 1981; 126(2):223.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schlager, T. A., Anderson, S., Trudell, J., & Hendley, J. O.Effect of cranberry juice on bacteruria in children with neurogenic bladder receiving intermittent catheterization. J. Pediatr. 1999; 135(6):698.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schlager, T. A., Anderson, S., Trudell, J., & Hendley, J. O.Nitrofurantoin prophylaxis for bacteruria and urinary tract infection in children with neurogenic bladder on intermittent catheterization. J. Pediatr. 1998; 132(4):704.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schlager, T. A., Clark, M., & Anderson, S.Effect of a single use sterile catheter for each void on the frequency of bacteruria in children with neurogenic bladder on intermittent catheterization for bladder emptying. Pediatrics 2001; 108(4):E71.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Heineman, J., Gasgarth, M., & Cuckow, P. M. Experience with the vesicostomy button. Presented at the Annual European Society of Pediatric Urology Meeting, Istanbul, 1999.
Ferrara, P., Aleo, C. M., Tarquini, E., Salvatore, S., & Salvaggio, E.Side-effects of oral or intravesical oxybutinin chloride in children with spina bifida. BJU Int. 2001; 87(7):674.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Buyse, G., Waldeck, K., Verpoorten, C., Bjork, H., Casaer, P., & Andersson, K. E.Intravesical oxybutinin for neurogenic bladder dysfunction: less systemic side effects due to reduced first pass metabolism. J. Urol. 1998; 160(3 Pt 1):892.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Palmar, L. S., Zebold, K., Firlit, C. F., & Kaplan, W. E.Complications of intravesical oxybutinin chloride therapy in the pediatric myelomeningocoele population. J. Urol. 1997; 157(2):638.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Painter, K. A., Vates, T. S., Bukowski, T. P.et al.Long-term intravesical oxybutinin chloride therapy in children with myelodysplasia. J. Urol. 1996; 156(4):1459.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Amark, P., Bussman, G., & Eksborg, S.Follow-up of long-time treatment with intravesical oxybutinin for neurogenic bladder in children. Eur. Urol. 1998; 34(2):148.Google Scholar
Kaplinsky, R., Greenfield, S., Wan, J., & Fera, M.Expanded follow up of intravesical oxybutinin chloride use in children with neurogenic bladder. J. Urol. 1996; 156(2):753.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bolduc, S., Upadhyay, J., Payton, J.et al.The use of tolterodine in children after oxybutinin failure. BJU Int. 2003; 91(4):398.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schulte-Baukloh, H., Michael, T., Schobert, J., Stolze, T., & Knispel, H. H.Efficacy of botulinum-a toxin in children with detrusor hyperreflexia due to myelomeningocoele: preliminary results. Urology 2002; 59(3):325.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kropp, K. A. & Angwafo, F. F.Urethral lengthening and reimplantation for neurogenic incontinence in children. J. Urol. 1986; 135:533–536.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Pippe, Salle J. L., De, Fraga J. C. S., & Amarante, A.Urethral lengthening with anterior bladder flap for urinary incontinence: new approach. J. Urol. 1994; 152:803–806.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Young, H. H.Exstrophy of the bladder: the first case in which a normal bladder and urinary control have been obtained by a plastic operation. Surg. Gynecol. Obstet. 1942; 74:729.Google Scholar
Dees, J. E.Congenital epispadias with incontinence. J. Urol. 1949; 62:513.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Leadbetter, W. H. Jr.Surgical correctioin of total urinary incontinence. J. Urol. 1964; 91:261.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Nill, T. G., Peller, P. A., & Kropp, K. A.Management of urinary incontinence by bladder tube lengthening and submucosal reimplantation. J. Urol. 1990; 144(2 Pt 2):559–561.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Waters, P. R., Chehade, N. C., & Kropp, K. A.Urethral lengthening and reimplantatioin: incidence and management of catheterisation problems. J. Urol. 1997; 158(3 Pt 2):1053–1056.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gauriau, L., Mure, P., & Mollard, P.[Urethral lengthening (the Kropp technic) in neurologic urinary incontinence in children and adolescents. Results of a series of 22 cases]J. Urol. (Paris). 1997; 103(1–2):10–12.Google Scholar
Snodgrass, W.A simplified Kropp procedure for incontinence. J. Urol. 1997:158(3 Pt 2):1049–1052.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Belman, A. B. & Kaplan, G. W.Experience with the Kropp anti-continence procedure. J. Urol. 1989; 141(5):1160–1162.
Parres, J. A. & Kropp, K. A.Urodynamic evaluation of the continence mechanism following urethral lengthening–reimplantation and enterocystoplasty. J. Urol. 1991; 146 (2 Pt 2):535–538.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hayes, M. C., Bulusu, A., Terry, T., Mouriquand, P. D., & Malone, P. S.The Pippe–Salle urethral lengthening procedure; experience and outcome from three United Kingdom centres. BJU Int. 1999; 84(6):701–705.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Salle, J. L., McLorie, G. A., Bagli, D. J., & Khoury, A. E.Modifications of and extended indications for the Pippe–Salle procedure. World J. Urol. 1998; 16(4):279–284.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mouriquand, P. D. E., Sheard, R., Phillips, N., Sharma, S., & Vandeberg, C.The Kropp–Onlay procedure (Pippe–Salle procedure): a simplification of the technique of urethral lengthening. Preliminary results in eight patients. Br. J. Urol. 1995; 75:656–662.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Donnahoo, K. K., Rink, R. C., Cain, M. P., & Casale, A. J.The Young–Dees–Leadbetter bladder neck repair for neurogenic incontinence. J. Urol. 1999; 161(6):1946–1949.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Reda, E. F.The use of the Young–Dees–Leadbetter procedure. Dialog. Pediatr. Urol. 1991; 14(4):7–8.Google Scholar
Hoebeke, P., Kuper, P., Geominne, H., Laecke, E., & Everaert, K.Bladder neck closure for treating pediatric incontinence. Eur. Urol. 2000; 38(4):453–456.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Jayanthi, V. R., Churchill, B. M., McLorie, G. A., & Khoury, A. E.Concomitant bladder neck closure and Mitrofanoff diversion for the management of intractable urinary incontinence. J. Urol. 1995; 154:886–888.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Nguyen, H. T. & Baskin, L. S.The outcome of bladder neck closure in children with severe urinary incontinence. J. Urol. 2003; 169(3):1114–1116.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Nguyen, H. T., Bauer, S. B., Diamond, D. A., & , A. B.Rectus fascial sling for the treatment of neurogenic sphincteric incontinence in boys: is it safe and effective?J. Urol. 2001; 166(2):658–661.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bugg, C. E Jr. & Joseph, D. B.Bladder neck cinch for pediatric neurogenic outlet deficiency. J. Urol. 2003; 170(4 Pt 2):1501–1503.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Godbole, P. & MacKinnon, A. E.Expanded PTFE bladder neck slings for incontinence in children: the long-term outcome. BJU Int. 2004; 93(1):139–141.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Freedman, E. R., Singh, G., Donnell, S. C., Rickwood, A. M., & Thomas, D. G.Combined bladder neck suspension and augmentation cystoplasty for neuropathic incontinence in female patients. Br. J. Urol. 1994; 73(6):621–624.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Godbole, P., Bryant, R., MacKinnon, A. E., & Roberts, J. P.Endourethral injection of bulking agents for urinary incontinence in children. BJU Int. 2003; 91(6):536–539.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kassouf, W., Capolicchio, G., Berardinucci, G., & Corcos, J.Collagen injection for the treatment of urinary incontinence in children. J Urol 2001; 165(5):1666–1668.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Guys, J. M., Simeoni-Alias, J., Fakhro, A., & Delarue, A.Use of polydimethylsiloxane for endoscopic treatment of neurogenic urinary incontinence in children. J Urol 1999; 162(6):2133–2135.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Caione, P. & Capozza, N.Endoscopic treatment of urinary incontinence in pediatric patients: 2-year experience with dextranomer/hyaluronic acid copolymer. J. Urol. 2002; 168(4 Pt 2): 1868–1871.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lottmann, H. B., Margaryan, M., Bernuy, M.et al. The effect of endoscopic injections of dextranomer based implants on continence and bladder capacity: a prospective study of 31 patients. J. Urol.. 2002; 168(4 Pt 2): 1863–1867.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hafez, A. T., McLorie, G., Bagli, D., & Khoury, A.A single-centre long-term outcome analysis of artificial urinary sphincter placement in children. BJU Int. 2002; 89(1):82–85.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Herndon, C. D., Rink, R. C., Shaw, M. B.et al. The Indiana experience with artificial urinary sphincters in children and young adults. J. Urol. 2003; 169(2):650–654.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kryger, J. V., Leverson, G., & Gonzalez, R.Long-term results of artificial urinary sphincters in children are independent of age at implantation. J. Urol. 2001; 165(6 Pt 2):2377–2379.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Castera, R., Podesta, M. L., Ruarte, A., Herrera, M., & Medel, R.10-year experience with artificial urinary sphincter in children and adolescents. J. Urol. 2001; 165 (6 Pt 2):2373–2376.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Spiess, P. E., Capolicchio, J. P., Kiruluta, G., Salle, J. P., Berardinucci, G., & Corcos, J.Is an artificial sphincter the best choice for incontinent boys with spina bifida? Review of our long term experience with the AS-800 artificial sphincter. Can. J. Urol. 2002; 9(2):1486–1491.Google ScholarPubMed
Kryger, J. V., Gonzalez, R., & Barthold, J. S.Surgical management of urinary incontinence with neurogenic sphincteric incontinence. J. Urol. 2000; 163(1):256–263.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McInerney, P. D., DeSouza, N., Thomas, P. J., & Mundy, A. R.The role of urodynamic studies in the evaluation of patients with augmentation cystoplasties. Br. J. Urol. 1995; 76(4): 475–478.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Nurse, D. E., McInerney, P. D., Thomas, P. J., & Mundy, A. R.Stones in enterocystoplasties. Br. J. Urol. 1996; 77:684–687.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Palmer, L. S., Franco, I., & Kogan, S. J.Urolithiasis in children following augmentation cystoplasty. J. Urol. 1993; 50:726–729.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mathoera, R. B., Kok, D. J., & Mijman, R. J.Bladder calculi in augmentation cystoplasty in children. Urology 2000; 56(3):482–487.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Krishna, A. & Gough, D. C. Evaluation of augmentatioin cystoplasty in childhood with reference to vesico-ureteric reflux and urinary infection.
Woodhouse, C. R. J.The infective, metabolic and histological consequences of enterocystoplasty. Eur. Urol. Update 1994; 3:10–15.Google Scholar
Hafez, A. T., McLorie, G., Gilday, D.et al.Long-term evaluation of metabolic profile and bone mineral density after ileocystoplasty in children. J. Urol. 2003; 170 (4 Pt 2):1639–1641.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Vajda, P., Pinter, A. B., Harangi, F., Farkas, A., Vastyan, A., & Oberritter, Z.Metabolic findings after colocystoplasty in children. Urology 2003:62(3):542–546.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gerharz, E. W., Preece, M., Dufy, P. G., Ransley, P. G., Leaver, R., & Woodhouse, C. R.Enterocystoplasty in childhood: a second look at the effect on growth. BJU Int. 2003; 91(1):79–83.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lane, T. & Shah, J.Carcinoma following augmentation ileocystoplasty. Urol. Int. 2000; 64(1): 31–32.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Shaw, J. & Lewis, M. A.Bladder augmentation surgery – what about the malignant risk?Eur. J. Pediatr. Surg. 1999; 9 Suppl 1:39–40.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Little, J. S. Jr., Klee, L. W., Hoover, D. M., & Rink, R. C.Long-term histopathological changes observed in rats subjected to augmentation cystoplasty. J. Urol. 1994; 152 (2 Pt 2): 720–724.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Vajda, P., Kaiser, L., Magyarlaki, T., Farkas, A., Vastyan, A. M., & Pinter, A. B.Histological findings after colocystoplasty and gastrocystoplasty. J. Urol. 2002; 168(2):698–701.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Krishna, A., Gough, D. C., Fishwick, J., & Bruce, J.Ileocystoplasty in children: assessing safety and success. Eur. Urol. 1995:27(1):62–66.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Quek, M. L. & Ginsberg, D. A.Long-term urodynamics followup of bladder augmentation for neurogenic bladder. J. Urol. 2003; 169(1):195–198.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Freitas, Filho L. G., Carnevale, J., Leao, J. Q., Schor, N., & Ortiz, V.Gastrocystoplasty and chronic renal failure: an acid-base metabolism study. J. Urol. 2001; 166(1):251–254.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
DeFoor, W., Minevich, E., Reeves, D.et al. Gastrocystoplasty: long-term follow up. J. Urol. 2003; 170(4 Pt 2): 1647–1649.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Vastyan, A. M., Pinter, A. B., Farkas, A. P.et al. Seromuscular gastrocystoplasty in dogs. Urol. Int. 2003; 71(2):215–218.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Leonard, M. P., Dharamsi, N., & Williot, P. E.Outcome of gastrocystoplasty in tertiary paediatric urology practice. J. Urol. 2000; 164(3 Pt 2):947–950.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chadwick Plaire, J., Snodgrass, W. T., Grady, R. W., & Mitchell, M. E.Long-term follow up of the hematuria-dysuria syndrome. J. Urol. 2000; 164 (3 Pt 2): 921–923.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mingin, G. C., Stock, J. A., & Hanna, M. K.Gastrocystoplasty: long term complications in 22 patients. J. Urol. 1999; 162 (3 Pt 2): 1122–1125.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Close, C. E., Tekgul, S., Ganesan, G. S., True, L. D., & Mitchell, M. E.Flow cytometry analysis of proliferative lesions at the gastrocystoplasty anastomosis. J. Urol. 2003; 169(1):365–368.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Abdel-Azim, M. S. & Abdel-Hakim, A. M.Gastrocystoplasty in patients with an areflexic low compliant bladder. Eur. Urol. 2003; 44(2):260–265.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Perovic, S. V., Djordjevic, M. L., Kekic, Z. K., & Vukadinovic, V. M.Bladder autoaugmentation with rectus muscle backing. J. Urol. 2002; 168(4 Pt 2):1877–1880.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
MacNeily, A. E., Afshar, K., Coleman, G. U., & Johnson, H. W.Autoaugmentation by detrusor myotomy: its lack of effectiveness in the management of congenital neuropathic bladder. J Urol 2003; 170(4 Pt 2):1643–1646.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Marte, A., Di Meglio, D., Cotrufo, A. M., Di Iorio, G., Pasquale, M., & Vessella, A.A long term follow up of autoaugmentatioin in myelodysplastic children. BJU Int. 2002; 89(9):928–931.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Potter, J. M., Duffy, P. G., Gordon, E. M., & Malone, P. R.Detrusor myotomy: a 5-year review in unstable and non compliant bladders. BJU Int. 2002; 89(2):932–935.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rivas, D. A., Chancelloe, M. B., Huang, B., Epple, A., & Figueroa, T. E.Comparison of bladder rupture pressure after intestinal bladder augmentatioin (ileocystoplasty) and myotomy (autoaugmentation). Urology 1996; 48(1):40–46.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gonzalez, R., Buson, H., Reid, C., & Reinberg, Y.Seromuscular colocystoplasty lined with urothelium: experience with 16 patients. Urology 1995; 45:124.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lima, S. V. C., Araujo, L. A. P., Vilar, F. O., Kummer, C. L., & Lima, E. C.Nonsecretory sigmoid cystoplasty: experimental and clinical results. J. Urol. 1995; 153:1651.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Adams, M. C., Brock, J. W. 3rd, Pope, J. C. 4th, Rink, R. C.Ureterocystoplasty: is it necessary to detubularize the distal ureter?J. Urol. 1998; 160(3 Pt 1):851–853.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Tekgul, S., Oge, O., Bal, K., Erkan, I., & Bakkaloglu, M.Ureterocystoplasty: an alternative reconstructive procedure to enterocystoplasty in suitable cases. J. Pediatr. Surg 2000; 35(4):577–579.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Pascual, L. A., Sentagne, L. M., Vega-Perogorria, J. M., Badiola, F. I., Puigdevall, J. C., & Ruiz, E.Single distal ureter for ureterocystoplasty: a safe first choice tissue for bladder augmentation. J. Urol. 2001; 165(6 Pt 2):2256–2258.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Husmann, D. A., Snodgrass, W. T., Koyle, M. A.et al. Ureterocystoplasty: indications for a successful augmentation. J. Urol. 2004; 171(1):376–380.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Landau, E. H., Jayanthi, V. R., Khoury, A. E.et al. Bladder augmentation: ureterocystoplasty versus ileocystoplasty. J. Urol. 1994; 152(2 Pt 2): 716–719.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kufeji, D., Kelly, J., & Wilcox, D.Is bladder neck surgery necessary to axchieve continence in a child with a neuropathic bladder?BJU Int. 2003; 91(1):4.Google Scholar
Liard, A., Seguier-Lipszyc, E., Mathiot, A., & Mitrofanoff, P.The Mitrofanoff procedure: 20 years later. J. Urol. 2001; 165(6 Pt 2): 2394–2398.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
McAndrew, H. F. & Malone, P. S.Continent catheterizable conduits: which stoma, which conduit and which reservoir?BJU Int. 2002; 89(1):86–89.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Harris, C. F., Cooper, C. S., Hutcheson, J. C., & Snyder, H. M. 3rd. Appendicovesicostomy: the mitrofanoff procedure – a 15-year perspective. J. Urol. 2000; 163(6):1922–1926.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Fishwick, J. E., Gough, D. C., & Flynn, K. J.The Mitrofanoff procedure: does it last?BJU Int. 2000; 85(4):496–497.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ganck, J., Everaert, K., Laecke, E., Oosterlinck, W., & Hoebeke, P.A high easy to treat complication rate is the price of a continent stoma. BJU Int. 2002; 90(3):240–243.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Narayanswamy, B., Wilcox, D. T., Cuckow, P. M., Duffy, P. G., & Ransley, P. G.The Yang–Monti ileovesicostomy: a problematic channel?BJU Int. 2001; 87(9):861–865.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cain, M. P., Rink, R. C., Yerkes, E. B., Kaefer, M., & Casale, A. J.Long-term follow up and outcome of continent catheterizable vesicostomy using the Rink modification. J. Urol. 2002; 168(6):2583–2585.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hutcheson, J. C., Cooper, C. S., Canning, D. A., Zderic, S. A., & Snyder, H. M. 3rd. The use of vesicostomy as permanent urinary diversion in the child with myelomeningocoele. J. Urol. 2001; 166(6):2351–2353.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Connolly, B., Fitzgerald, R. J., & Guiney, E. J.Has vesicostomy a role in the neuropathic bladder?Z. Kinderchir. 1988; 43 Suppl 2:17–18.Google ScholarPubMed
Snyder, H. M. 3rd, Kalichman, M. A., Charney, E., & Duckett, J. W.Vesicostomy for neurogenic bladder with spina bifida: follow up. J Urol. 1983; 130(4):724–726.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sarduy, G. S., Crooks, K. K., Smith, J. P., & Wise, H. A. 2nd. Results in children managed by cutaneous ureterostomy. Urology 1982; 19(5):486–488.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cass, A. S., Luxenberg, M., Gleich, P., & Johnson, C. F.A 22-year follow up of ileal conduits in children with a neurogenic bladder. J. Urol. 1984; 132(3):529–531.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Shapiro, S. R., Lebowitz, R., & Colodny, A. H.Fate of 90 children with ileal conduit urinary diversion a decade later: analysis of complicatioins, pyelography, renal function and bacteriology. J. Urol. 1975; 114(2):289–295.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Stein, R., Fisch, M., Stockle, M., Demirkesen, O., & Hohenfellner, R.Colonic conduit in children: protection of the upper urinary tract 16 years later?J. Urol. 1996; 156(3):1146–1150.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Save book to Kindle

To save this book to your Kindle, first ensure [email protected] is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

Available formats
×

Save book to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

Available formats
×

Save book to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

Available formats
×