Skip to main content Accessibility help
×
Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-j824f Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-02T09:16:05.837Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

3 - Postnatal ontogeny of facial position in Homo sapiens and Pan troglodytes

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  12 August 2009

B. McBratney-Owen
Affiliation:
Harvard University
D. E. Lieberman
Affiliation:
Harvard University
J. L. Thompson
Affiliation:
University of Nevada, Las Vegas
G. E. Krovitz
Affiliation:
Pennsylvania State University
A. J. Nelson
Affiliation:
University of Western Ontario
Get access

Summary

Introduction

Morphological differences between adult taxa of closely related species, including ancestors and descendants, must arise from differences in development. It follows that to understand how and why such differences arose – and how they are manifested in patterns of integrated morphology – we need to understand the shifts in the developmental processes that generate them. For example, are changes in brain shape responsible for most of the differences in overall cranial shape between modern and archaic humans (Weidenreich, 1941), or do the differences in cranial shape between these taxa reflect multiple pathways of selection on particular aspects of the face and neurocranium that may be adaptations to climate, mastication, speech, and other such factors? Recent advances in evolutionary developmental biology (for reviews, see Hall, 1999; Carroll et al., 2001), as well as studies of craniofacial integration and development (e.g., Ackermann & Krovitz, 2002; Krovitz, 2000; Ponce de León & Zollikofer, 2001) indicate that our null hypothesis should probably be the latter. Apparently most (but not necessarily all) evolutionary changes occur through shifts early in development that make use of pre-existing developmental pathways to generate novel but highly integrated morphologies.

Unraveling the complex relationship between patterns of growth and development and their underlying processes is especially interesting but challenging for studies of the origin of our own species.

Type
Chapter
Information
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2003

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Ackermann, R., & Krovitz, G. E. (2002). Common patterns of facial ontogeny in the hominid lineage. Anatomical Record, 269, 142–147CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Atchley, W. R., & Hall, B. K. (1991). A model for development and evolution of complex morphological structures. Biological Reviews of the Cambridge Philosophical Society, 66, 101–157CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Biegert, J. (1963). The evaluation of characteristics of the skull, hands and feet for primate taxonomy. In Classification and Human Evolution, ed. S. L. Washburn, pp. 116–145. Chicago: Aldine Press
Bilsborough, A., & Wood, B. A. (1988). Cranial morphometry of early hominids: Facial region. American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 76, 61–86CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Carroll, S. B., Grenier, J. K., & Watherbee, S. D. (2001). From DNA to Diversity. Oxford: Blackwell Science
Cole, T. M., III. (2002). WinEDMA: Software for Euclidean Distance Matrix Analysis. Kansas City: University of Missouri, Kansas City School of Medicine
Enlow, D. H. (1990). Facial Growth, 3rd edn. Philadelphia: W. B. Saunders
Green, M. D. (1990). Neanderthal craniofacial growth: An ontogenetic model. MA thesis, University of Tennessee, Knoxville
Green, M., & Smith, F. H. (1991). Neanderthal craniofacial growth. American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 12 (Suppl.), 164Google Scholar
Hall, B. K. (1999). Evolutionary Developmental Biology, 2nd edn. Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers
Jungers, W. L.,Falsetti, A. B., & Wall, C. E. (1995). Shape, relative size, and size-adjustments in morphometrics. Yearbook of Physical Anthropology, 38, 137–161CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Krogman, W. M. (1931). Studies in growth changes in the skull and face of anthropoids. IV: Growth changes in the skull and face of chimpanzee. American Journal of Anatomy, 47, 325–342CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Krovitz, G. E. (2000). Three-dimensional comparisons of craniofacial morphology and growth patterns in Neandertals and modern humans. PhD dissertation, Johns Hopkins University
Lele, S. (1991). Some comments of coordinate-free and scale-invariant methods in morphometrics. American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 85, 407–417CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lele, S. (1993). Euclidean distance matrix analysis (EDMA): Estimation of mean form and mean form differences. Mathematics and Geology, 25, 573–602CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lele, S., &Cole, T. M. III (1996). A new test for shape differences when variance-covariance matrices are unequal. Journal of Human Evolution, 31, 193–212CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lele, S., &Richtsmeier, J. (1991). Euclidean distance matrix analysis: A coordinate-free approach for comparing biological shapes using landmark data. American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 86, 415–427CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lele, S., &Richtsmeier, J. (1995). Euclidean distance matrix analysis: Confidence intervals for form and growth differences. American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 98, 73–86CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lieberman, D. E. (1998). Sphenoid shortening and the evolution of modern human cranial shape. Nature, 393, 158–162CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lieberman, D. E. (2000). Ontogeny, homology, and phylogeny in the hominid craniofacial skeleton: The problem of the browridge. In Development, Growth and Evolution: Implications for the Study of Hominid Skeletal Evolution, eds. P. O'Higgins & M. Cohn, pp. 85–122. London: Academic Press
Lieberman, D. E., &McCarthy, R. C. (1999). The ontogeny of cranial base angulation in humans and chimpanzees and its implications for reconstructing pharyngeal dimensions. Journal of Human Evolution, 36, 487–517CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lieberman, D. E.,Ross, C. F., &Ravosa, M. J. (2000). The primate cranial base: Ontogeny, function, and integration. Yearbook of Physical Anthropology, 43, 117–1693.3.CO;2-9>CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lieberman, D. E.,McBratney, B. M., &Krovitz, G. (2002). The evolution and development of cranial form in Homo sapiens. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA, 99, 1134–1139CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Maresh, M. M. (1948). Growth of the heart related to bodily growth during childhood and adolescence. Pediatrics, 2, 382–402Google ScholarPubMed
Maresh, M. M., &Washburn, A. H. (1938). Size of the heart in healthy children. American Journal of Disabled Children, 56, 33–60CrossRefGoogle Scholar
May, R., &Sheffer, D. B. (1999). Growth changes in measurements of upper facial positioning. American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 108, 269–2803.0.CO;2-0>CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
McCammon, R. (1970). Human Growth and Development. Springfield: C. C. Thomas
McCarthy, R. C., &Lieberman, D. E. (2001). The posterior maxillary (PM) plane and anterior cranial architecture in primates. Anatomical Record, 264, 247–260CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Moore, W. J., & Lavelle, C. L. B. (1974). Growth of the Facial Skeleton in the Hominoidea. London: Academic Press
Moss, M. L., &Young, R. W. (1960). A functional approach to craniology. American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 18, 281–292CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ponce de León, M. S., &Zollikofer, C. P. (2001). Neanderthal cranial ontogeny and its implications for late hominid diversity. Nature, 412, 534–538CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ravosa, M. J. (1988). Browridge development in Cercopithecidae: A test of two models. American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 76, 535–555CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ravosa, M. J. (1991a). Ontogenetic perspectives on mechanical and nonmechanical models of primate circumorbital morphology. American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 85, 95–112CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ravosa, M. J. (1991b). Interspecific perspective on mechanical and nonmechanical models of primate circumorbital morphology. American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 86, 369–396CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ravosa, M. J.,Noble, V. E.,Hylander, W. L.,Johnson, K. R., &Kowalski, E. M. (2000a). Masticatory stress, orbital orientation and the evolution of the primate postorbital bar. Journal of Human Evolution, 38, 667–693CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ravosa, M. J.,Vinyard, C. J., &Hylander, W. L. (2000b). Stressed out: Masticatory forces and primate circumorbital form. Anatomical Record, 261, 173–1753.0.CO;2-X>CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Richtsmeier, J. T., &Lele, S. (1993). A coordinate-free approach to the analysis of growth patterns: Models and theoretical considerations. Biological Reviews, 68, 381–411CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Richtsmeier, J. T.,Cheverud, J. M.,Danahey, S. E.,Corner, B. D., &Lele, S. (1993). Sexual dimorphism of ontogeny in the crab-eating macaque (Macaca fasicularis). Journal of Human Evolution, 25, 1–30CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ross, C. F. (1995a). Allometric and functional influences on primate orbit orientation and the origins of the Anthropoidea. Journal of Human Evolution, 29, 201–227CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ross, C. F. (1995b). Muscular and osseous anatomy of the primate anterior temporal fossa and the functions of the postorbital septum. American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 98, 275–306CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ross, C. F., &Ravosa, M. J. (1993). Basicranial flexion, relative brain size and facial kyphosis in nonhuman primates. American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 91, 305–324CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Schultz, A. H. (1962). Metric age changes and sex differences in primate skulls. Yearbook of Physical Anthropology, 10, 129–154Google Scholar
Semendeferi, K., &Damasio, H. (2000). The brain and its main anatomical subdivisions in living hominoids using magnetic resonance imaging. Journal of Human Evolution, 38, 317–332CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Shea, B. T. (1985a). On aspects of skull form in African apes and orangutans, with implications for hominoid evolution. American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 69, 329–342CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Shea, B. T. (1985b). Ontogenetic allometry and scaling: A discussion based on the growth and form of the skull in African apes. In Size and Scaling in Primate Biology, ed. W. L. Jungers, pp. 175–205. New York: Plenum Press
Shea, B. T. (1986). On skull form and the supraorbital torus in primates. Current Anthropology, 27, 257–259CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Shea, B. T. (1988). Phylogeny and skull form in the hominoid primates. In The Biology of the Orangutans, ed. J. H. Schwartz, pp. 233–246. New York: Oxford University Press
Smith, B. H. (1989). Dental development as a measure of life history in primates. Evolution, 43, 683–688CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Spoor, C. F.,O'Higgins, P.,Dean, M. C., &Lieberman, D. E. (1999). Anterior sphenoid shortening in modern humans. Nature, 397, 572CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Weidenreich, F. (1941). The brain and its role in the phylogenetic transformation of the human skull. Transactions of the American Philosophical Society, 31, 321–442CrossRefGoogle Scholar
White, T. D., & Folkens, P. A. (1991). Human Osteology. San Diego: Academic Press

Save book to Kindle

To save this book to your Kindle, first ensure [email protected] is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

Available formats
×

Save book to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

Available formats
×

Save book to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

Available formats
×