Skip to main content Accessibility help

We use cookies to distinguish you from other users and to provide you with a better experience on our websites. Close this message to accept cookies or find out how to manage your cookie settings.

Close cookie message
×
Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-p9bg8 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-18T11:45:34.785Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Part 1 - Rules, Sanctions, Membership

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  11 July 2019

Edited by
Göran Ahrne  and
Nils Brunsson
Göran Ahrne
Affiliation:
Uppsala Universitet, Sweden
Nils Brunsson
Affiliation:
Uppsala Universitet, Sweden
Get access

Summary

In this chapter we discuss standards as forms of partial organization. Standards are defined as decided rules for common and voluntary use. Taking the example of CSR and corporate governance standards, we show that the degree of partiality of standards can vary widely – ranging from a single element of organization, i.e. decided rules, to all five elements of organization, i.e. decided rules, hierarchies, membership, monitoring and sanctioning. We demonstrate that in some cases partiality is the result of restrictions in the design of standards, while in other cases it is the result of an explicit choice. We also demonstrate that the degree of partiality of standards can change over time, as there are often pressures for standards to adopt additional organizational elements. Furthermore, we discuss the dispersed nature of many standards, showing how different actors often provide different organizational elements of standards without any central coordination. We close with an outline of an agenda for future research.

Keywords

standardsstandardizationCSRcorporate governancesoft lawregulationprizesdecisionsapproval proceduresstatussanctioningmembershiprulescommunicationmembershipcontributorshippartial organizationNiklas Luhmannorganization theoryorganizational decision makingorganizational boundariesCCO
Type
Chapter
Information
Organization outside Organizations
The Abundance of Partial Organization in Social Life
 , pp. 37 - 112
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2019

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

References

Abbott, K., Levi-Faur, D., & Snidal, D. (2017) Theorizing Regulatory Intermediaries: The RIT Model. Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 670(1): 14–35.Google Scholar
Adler, P. S. (2001) Market, Hierarchy, and Trust: The Knowledge Economy and the Future of Capitalism. Organization Science 12(2): 215–34.Google Scholar
Aguilera, R. & Cuervo-Cazurra, A. (2004) Codes of Good Governance Worldwide: What Is the Trigger? Organization Studies 25(3): 415–44.Google Scholar
Ahrne, G. & Brunsson, N. (2006) Organizing the World. In Djelic, M.-L. and Sahlin-Andersson, K. (eds.), Transnational Governance: Institutional Dynamics of Regulation. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 74–94.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ahrne, G. & Brunsson, N. (2011) Organization Outside Organizations: The Significance of Partial Organization. Organization 18(1): 83–104.Google Scholar
Ahrne, G., Brunsson, N., & Garsten, Ch. (2000) Standardizing through Organization. In Brunsson, N. and Jacobsson, B. (eds.), A World of Standards. Oxford/New York: Oxford University Press. 50–68.Google Scholar
Ahrne, G., Brunsson, N., & Seidl, D. (2016) Resurrecting Organization by Going beyond Organizations. European Management Journal 34(2): 93–101.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Auld, G. & Renckens, S. (2017) Rule-Making Feedbacks through Intermediation and Evaluation in Transnational Private Governance. The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 670(1): 93–111.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bartley, T. (2014) Transnational Governance and the Re-Centered State: Sustainability or Legality? Regulation & Governance 8(1): 93–109.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Brunsson, N. (2000) Organizations, Markets, and Standards. In Brunsson, N. and Jacobsson, B. (eds.), A World of Standards. Oxford/New York: Oxford University Press. 21–39.Google Scholar
Brunsson, N. and Jacobsson, B. (eds.) (2000a) A World of Standards. Oxford/New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Brunsson, N. & Jacobsson, B. (2000b) The Contemporary Expansion of Standardization. In Brunsson, N. and Jacobsson, B. (eds.), A World of Standards. Oxford/New York: Oxford University Press. 1–17.Google Scholar
Brunsson, N., Rasche, A., & Seidl, D. (2012) The Dynamics of Standardization: Three Perspectives on Standards in Organization Studies. Organization Studies 33(5–6): 613–32.Google Scholar
Child, J. (2005) Organization: Contemporary Principles and Practice. Malden: Blackwell.Google Scholar
Coleman, D. (2003) The United Nations and Transnational Corporations: From an Inter-Nation to a ‘Beyond-State’ Model of Engagement. Global Society 17(4): 339–57.Google Scholar
Constance, D. H. & Bonanno, A. (2000) Regulating the Global Fisheries: The World Wildlife Fund, Unilever, and the Marine Stewardship Council. Agriculture and Human Values 17(2): 125–39.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dennis, P., Connole, H., & Kraut, M. (2015) The Efficacy of Voluntary Disclosure: A Study of Water Disclosures by Mining Companies Using the Global Reporting Initiative Framework. Journal of Legal, Ethical & Regulatory Issues 18(2): 87–106.Google Scholar
Egyedi, T. M. & Blind, K. (2008) The Dynamics of Standards. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Etzion, D. & Ferraro, F. (2010) The Role of Analogy in the Institutionalization of Sustainability Reporting. Organization Science 21(5): 1092–107.Google Scholar
Farrell, J. & Saloner, G. (1988) Coordination through Committees and Markets. RAND Journal of Economics 19(2): 235–52.Google Scholar
Gilbert, D. U. & Rasche, A. (2007) Discourse Ethics and Social Accountability: The Ethics of SA 8000. Business Ethics Quarterly 17(2): 187–216.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gilbert, D. U., Rasche, A., & Waddock, S. (2011) Accountability in a Global Economy: The Emergence of International Accountability Standards. Business Ethics Quarterly 21(1): 23–44.Google Scholar
Goetz, A. (2013) Private Governance and Land Grabbing: The Equator Principles and the Roundtable on Sustainable Biofuels. Globalizations 10(1): 199–204.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gregory, H. J. (2003) International Comparison of Selected Corporate Governance Guidelines and Codes of Best Practice. New York: Weil, Gotshal & Manges LLP.Google Scholar
Haack, P., Schoeneborn, D., & Wickert, C. (2012) Talking the Talk, Moral Entrapment, Creeping Commitment? Exploring Narrative Dynamics in Corporate Responsibility Standardization. Organization Studies 33(5/6): 815–45.Google Scholar
Hale, A. & Opondo, M. (2005) Humanising the Cut Flower Chain: Confronting the Realities of Flower Production for Workers in Kenya. Antipode 37(2): 301–23.Google Scholar
Haxhi, I. & van Ees, H. (2010) Explaining Diversity in the Worldwide Diffusion of Codes of Good Governance. Journal of International Business Studies 41(4): 710–26.Google Scholar
Hülsse, R. and Kerwer, D. (2007) Global Standards in Action: Insights from Anti-Money Laundering Regulation. Organization 14(5): 625–42.Google Scholar
Jacobsson, B. (2000) Standardization and Expert Knowledge. In Brunsson, N. and Jacobsson, B. (eds.), A World of Standards. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 40–9.Google Scholar
Kerwer, D. (2005) Rules That Many Use: Standards and Global Regulation. Governance 18(4): 611–32.Google Scholar
Leiponen, A. E. (2008) Competing Through Cooperation: The Organization of Standard Setting in Wireless Telecommunications. Management Science 54(11): 1904–19.Google Scholar
Lipton, M. & Lorsch, J. W. (1992) A Modest Proposal for Improved Corporate Governance. The Business Lawyer 48(1): 59–77.Google Scholar
Loconto, A. M. (2017) Models of Assurance: Diversity and Standardization of Modes of Intermediation. The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 670(1): 112–132.Google Scholar
Mena, S. & Palazzo, G. (2012) Input and Output Legitimacy of Multi-Stakeholder Initiatives. Business Ethics Quarterly 22(3): 527–56.Google Scholar
Moog, S, Spicer, A., & Böhm, S. (2015) The Politics of Multi-Stakeholder Initiatives: The Crisis of the Forest Stewardship Council. Journal of Business Ethics 128(3): 469–93.Google Scholar
Pohl, M. & Tolhurst, N. (2010) Responsible Business: How to Manage a CSR Strategy Successfully. Chichester: John Wiley & Sons.Google Scholar
Rasche, A. (2009) ‘A Necessary Supplement’ What the United Nations Global Compact Is and Is Not. Business & Society 48(4): 511–37.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rasche, A. (2010a) Collaborative Governance 2.0. Corporate Governance: The International Journal for Business in Society 10: 500–11.Google Scholar
Rasche, A. (2010b) The Limits of Corporate Responsibility Standards. Business Ethics: A European Review 19(3): 280–91.Google Scholar
Rasche, A. (2012) Global Policies and Local Practice: Loose and Tight Couplings in Multi-Stakeholder Initiatives. Business Ethics Quarterly 22(4): 679–708.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rasche, A. & Kell, G. (2010) The United Nations Global Compact: Achievements, Trends and Challenges. Cambridge/New York: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rasche, A., Waddock, S., & McIntosh, M. (2013) The United Nations Global Compact: Retrospect and Prospect. Business & Society 52(1): 6–30.Google Scholar
Reinecke, J., Manning, S., & von Hagen, O. (2012) The Emergence of a Standards Market: Multiplicity of Sustainability Standards in the Global Coffee Industry. Organization Studies 33(5/6): 791–814.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ringleb, H. M., Kremer, Th., Lutter, M., & Werder, A. von (2004) Kommentar zum Deutschen Corporate Governance Kodex. München: Beck.Google Scholar
Scherer, A. G., Rasche, A., Palazzo, G., & Spicer, A. (2016) Managing for Political Corporate Social Responsibility: New Challenges and Directions for PCSR 2.0. Journal of Management Studies 53(3): 273–98.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schouten, G. & Glasbergen, P. (2012) Private Multi-Stakeholder Governance in the Agricultural Market Place: An Analysis of Legitimization Processes of the Roundtables on Sustainable Palm Oil and Responsible Soy. International Food and Agribusiness Management Review 15(B): 63–88.Google Scholar
Schoeneborn, D., Haack, P., & Kuhn, T. R. (2012) The Communicative Constitution of Partial Organizations in the Global Realm. Paper presented at the Academy of Management Meeting, August 3–7, Boston, MA.Google Scholar
Seidl, D. (2007) Standard Setting and Following in Corporate Governance: An Observation-Theoretical Study of the Effectiveness of Governance Codes. Organization 14(5): 705–27.Google Scholar
Spira, L. F. & Slinn, J. (2013) The Cadbury Committee: A History. Oxford: Oxford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Timmermans, S. & Epstein, S. (2010) A World of Standards but Not a Standard World: Toward a Sociology of Standards and Standardization. Annual Review of Sociology 36: 69–89.Google Scholar
Weber, M. (1968) Economy and Society. Berkeley: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Werder, A. von, Talaulicar, T., & Kolat, G. L. (2005) Compliance with the German Corporate Governance Code: An Empirical Analysis of the Compliance Statements by German Listed Companies. Corporate Governance: An International Review 13(2): 178.Google Scholar

References

Adler, N. J. & Harzing, A.-W. (2009) When Knowledge Wins: Transcending the Sense and Nonsense of Academic Rankings. Academy of Management Learning & Education 8(1): 72–95.Google Scholar
Allen, M. P. & Lincoln, A. E. (2004) Critical Discourse and the Cultural Consecration of American Films. Social Forces 82(3): 871–93.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Anand, N. & Watson, M. R. (2004) Tournament Rituals in the Evolution of Fields: The Case of the Grammy Awards. Academy of Management Journal 47(1): 59–80.Google Scholar
Appadurai, A. (1986) Introduction: Commodities and the Politics of Valu. In Appadurai, A. (eds.), The Social Life of Things. Commodities in Cultural Perspective. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 3–63.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Best, J. (2008) Prize Proliferation. Sociological Forum 23(1): 1–27.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bourdieu, P. (1991) Language and Symbolic Power. Cambridge: Polity Press.Google Scholar
Breakthrough (2017) Rules. Retrieved 28 March 2017 from https://breakthroughprize.org/Rules/2.Google Scholar
Brumfiel, G. (2012) Physics Prize Dwarfs All Others. Nature 488(7410): 144.Google Scholar
Brunsson, N. & Wedlin, L. (2018) Organizing competition for status. Unpublished paper.Google Scholar
Cohen, P. (2008) On Chicago Campus, Milton Friedman’s Legacy of Controversy Continues. Retrieved 29 March 2017 from www.nytimes.com/2008/07/12/books/12milt.html.Google Scholar
Couldry, N. (2003) Media Rituals: A Critical Approach. London: Routledge.Google Scholar
English, J. F. (2005) The Economy of Prestige: Prizes, Awards, and the Circulation of Cultural Value. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Engwall, L. (2015) Academies and their Roles in Policy Decisions. In Wedlin, L. & Nedeva, M. (eds.), Towards European Science. Dynamics and Policy of an Evolving European Research Space. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar. 147–74.Google Scholar
Espeland, W. N. & Sauder, M. (2007) Rankings and Reactivity: How Public Measures Recreate Social Worlds. American Journal of Sociology 113(1): 1–40.Google Scholar
European Commission (2006) 6 Years of Descartes Prize Winners. Excellence in Scientific Collaborative Research and Science Communication. Retrieved 12 May 2017 from https://ec.europa.eu/research/science-awards/pdf/6_years_descartes_en.pdf.Google Scholar
Feldman, B. (2001) The Nobel Prize: A History of Genius, Controversy, and Prestige: Arcade Publishing.Google Scholar
Fombrun, C. J. & Van Riel, C. B. M. (2004) Fame and Fortune: How Successful Companies Build Winning Reputation. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Education.Google Scholar
Frank, R. H. & Cook, P. J. (1995) The Winner-Take-All Society. New York: Free Press.Google Scholar
Frey, B. S. & Neckermann, S. (2009) Awards: A View from Economics. In Brennan, G. & Eusepi, G. (eds.), The Economics of Ethics and the Ethics of Economics. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar. 73–88.Google Scholar
Friedman, S. M., Dunwoody, S., & Rogers, C. L. (1999) Communicating Uncertainty: Media Coverage of New and Controversial Science. London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Gale (2008) Awards, Honors, and Prizes. Retrieved 24 March 2017 from http://assets.cengage.com/pdf/fs_AHP.pdf.Google Scholar
Goode, W. J. (1978) The Celebration of Heroes: Prestige as a Social Control System. Berkeley: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Grand Slam (2017) 2017 Official Grand Slam Rule Book. London: Grand Slam Board.Google Scholar
Henrich, J. & Gil-White, F. J. (2001) The Evolution of Prestige: Freely Conferred Deference as a Mechanism for Enhancing the Benefits of Cultural Transmission. Evolution and Human Behavior 22(3): 165–96.Google Scholar
Johansson, R. & Zemlianichenko, A. (2014) Fler priser utmanar Nobels status. Retrieved 27 March 2017 from www.svt.se/nyheter/vetenskap/fler-priser-utmanar-nobels-status.Google Scholar
Luhmann, N. (2000) Organisation und Entscheidung. Opladen: Westdeutscher Verlag.Google Scholar
Martins, L. L. (2005) A Model of the Effects of Reputational Rankings on Organizational Change. Organization Science 16(6): 701–20.Google Scholar
Merali, Z. (2013) The New Nobels. Nature 498(7453): 152–4.Google Scholar
Nalebuff, B. J. & Stiglitz, J. E. (1983) Prizes and Incentives: Towards a General Theory of Compensation and Competition. Bell Journal of Economics 14(1): 21–43.Google Scholar
National Geographic (2017) 2017 Breakthrough Prize Ceremony: Scientists Changing the World. Retrieved 28 March 2017 from http://channel.nationalgeographic.com/breakthrough-prize/.Google Scholar
New York Times (2015) Breakthrough Prizes Give Top Scientists the Rock Star Treatment. Retrieved 28 March 2017 from www.nytimes.com/interactive/2015/11/06/science/breakthrough-prize-winners-2016.html?_r=0.Google Scholar
Nobel Prize (2017a) Alfred Nobel. Retrieved 15 May 2017 from www.nobelprize.org/.Google Scholar
Nobel Prize (2017b) Milton Friedman – Facts. Retrieved 29 March 2017 from www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/economic-sciences/laureates/1976/friedman-facts.html.Google Scholar
Pallas, J., Wedlin, L., & Grünberg, J. (2016) Organizations, Prizes, and Media. Journal of Organizational Change Management 29(7): 1066–82.Google Scholar
Power, M. (1997) The Audit Society. Rituals of Verification. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Power, M. (2007) Organized Uncertainty. Designing a World of Risk Management. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Sauder, M. & Espeland, W. N. (2009) The Discipline of Rankings: Tight Coupling and Organizational Change. American Sociological Review 74(1): 63–82.Google Scholar
Schein, E. H. (2010) Organizational Culture and Leadership. Hoboken: John Wiley & Sons.Google Scholar
Seidl, D. (2006) The Basic Concepts of Luhmann’s Theory of Social Systems. In Seidl, D. & Becker, K. H. (eds.), Niklas Luhmann and Organization Studies. Copenhagen: Copenhagen Business School Press. 21–53.Google Scholar
Speier, H. (1935) Honor and Social Structure. Social Research: An International Quarterly 2(1): 74–97.Google Scholar
Street, J. (2005) ‘Showbusiness of a Serious Kind’: A Cultural Politics of the Arts Prize. Media, Culture & Society 27(6): 819–40.Google Scholar
Trice, H. M. & Beyer, J. M. (1984) Studying Organizational Cultures Through Rites and Ceremonials. Academy of Management Review 9(4): 653–69.Google Scholar
UEFA (2017) Regulations of the UEFA Champions League 2015–18 Cycle. Nyon: Union of European Football Associations.Google Scholar
Wedlin, L. (2006) Ranking Business Schools. Forming Fields, Identities and Boundaries in International Management Education. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar.Google Scholar
Wedlin, L. (2007) The Role of Rankings in Codifying a Business School Template: Classifications, Diffusion, and Mediated Isomorphism in Organizational Fields. European Management Review 4(1): 24–39.Google Scholar
Whitley, R. (2000) The Intellectual and Social Organization of the Sciences: Oxford: Oxford University Press on Demand.Google Scholar
Zitzewitz, E. (2006) Nationalism in Winter Sports Judging and Its Lessons for Organizational Decision Making. Journal of Economics & Management Strategy 15(1): 67–99.Google Scholar
Zuckerman, H. (1978) The Sociology of the Nobel Prize. Further Notes and Queries: How Successful are the Prizes in Recognizing Scientific Excellence? American Scientist 66(4): 420–5.Google Scholar

References

Ahrne, G. (1994) Social Organizations: Interaction inside, outside, and between Organizations. London/Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE.Google Scholar
Ahrne, G. & Brunsson, N. (2011) Organization Outside Organizations: The Significance of Partial Organization. Organization 18(1): 83–104. DOI:10.1177/1350508410376256.Google Scholar
Ahrne, G., Brunsson, N., & Kerwer, D. (2016) The Paradox of Organizing States: A Meta-Organization Perspective on International Organizations. Journal of International Organizations Studies 7(1): 5–24.Google Scholar
Ahrne, G., Brunsson, N., & Seidl, D. (2016) Resurrecting Organization by Going beyond Organizations. European Management Journal 34(2): 93–101. DOI:10.1016/j.emj.2016.02.003.Google Scholar
Aldrich, H. (2008) Organizations and Environments. Stanford: Stanford University Press.Google Scholar
Apelt, M., Besio, C., Corsi, G., von Groddeck, V., Grothe-Hammer, M., & Tacke, V. (2017) Resurrecting Organization without Renouncing Society: A Response to Ahrne, Brunsson and Seidl. European Management Journal 35(1): 8–14. DOI:10.1016/j.emj.2017.01.002.Google Scholar
Barley, S. R. (2016) 60th Anniversary Essay: Ruminations on How We Became a Mystery House and How We Might Get Out. Administrative Science Quarterly 61(1): 1–8. DOI:10.1177/0001839215624886.Google Scholar
Barnard, C. I. (1938) The Functions of the Executive. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Bartel, C. & Dutton, J. (2001) Ambiguous Organizational Memberships: Constructing Organizational Identities in Interactions with Others. In Hogg, M. A. & Terry, D. J. (eds.), Social Identity Processes in Organizational Contexts. Philadelphia: Psychology Press. 115–30.Google Scholar
Bencherki, N. & Snack, J. P. (2016) Contributorship and Partial Inclusion: A Communicative Perspective. Management Communication Quarterly 30(3): 279–304. DOI:10.1177/0893318915624163.Google Scholar
Blaschke, S. (2015) It’s All in the Network: A Luhmannian Perspective on Agency. Management Communication Quarterly 29(3): 463–8. DOI:10.1177/0893318915584824.Google Scholar
Bromley, P. & Meyer, J. W. (2015) Hyper-Organization. Global Organizational Expansion. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Cohen, Michael D., March, James G., Olsen, Johan P. (1972) A Garbage Can Model of Organizational Choice. Administrative Science Quarterly 17(1): 1–25. DOI:10.2307/2392088.Google Scholar
den Hond, F., de Bakker, F. G., & Smith, N. (2015) Social Movements and Organizational Analysis. In Della Porta, D. & Diani, M. (eds.), The Oxford Handbook of Social Movements. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 291–305.Google Scholar
Dobusch, L. & Schoeneborn, D. (2015) Fluidity, Identity, and Organizationality: The Communicative Constitution of Anonymous. Journal of Management Studies 52(8): 1005–35. DOI:10.1111/joms.12139.Google Scholar
Haas, J. E. & Drabek, T. E. (1973) Complex Organizations: A Sociological Perspective. New York: Macmillan.Google Scholar
Hernes, T. & Bakken, T. (2003) Implications of Self-Reference: Niklas Luhmann’s Autopoiesis and Organization Theory. Organization Studies 24(9): 1511–35. DOI:10.1177/0170840603249007.Google Scholar
King, B. G., Felin, T. & Whetten, D. A. (2010) Finding the Organization in Organizational Theory: A Meta-Theory of the Organization as a Social Actor. Organization Science 21(1): 290–305. DOI:10.1287/orsc.1090.0443.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kühl, S. (2013) Organizations: A Systems Approach. Farnham: Gower.Google Scholar
Lincoln, Y. S. & Guba, E. G. (1985) Naturalistic Inquiry. Beverly Hills: SAGE.Google Scholar
Luhmann, N. (1995) Social Systems. Stanford: Stanford University Press.Google Scholar
Luhmann, N. (1996) Membership and Motives in Social Systems. Systems Research 13(3): 341–48. DOI:10.1002/(SICI)1099-1735(199609)13:3<341::AID-SRES92>3.0.CO;2-5.Google Scholar
Luhmann, N. (2000) Organisation und Entscheidung. Wiesbaden: VS Verlag für Sozialwissenschaften.Google Scholar
Luhmann, N. (2003) Organization. In Bakken, T. & Hernes, T. (eds.), Autopoietic Organization Theory: Drawing on Niklas Luhmann’s Social Systems Perspective. Oslo, Norway: Abstrakt forlag. 31–52.Google Scholar
Luhmann, N. (2013) Theory of Society: Volume 2. Stanford: Stanford University Press.Google Scholar
March, J. G. & Simon, H. A. (1993) Organizations. Cambridge: Blackwell.Google Scholar
McPhee, R. D. & Iverson, J. (2009) Agents of Constitution in Communidad: Constitutive Processes of Communication in Organizations. In Putnam, L. L. & Nicotera, A. M. (eds.), Building Theories of Organization: The Constitutive Role of Communication. New York: Routledge. 49–87.Google Scholar
McPhee, R. D. & Zaug, P. (2000) The Communicative Constitution of Organizations: A Framework for Explanation. Electronic Journal of Communication 10(1–2).Google Scholar
Miles, R. E. & Snow, C. C. (1986) Organizations: New Concepts for New Forms. California Management Review 28(3): 62. DOI:10.2307/41165202.Google Scholar
Nassehi, A. (2005) Organizations as Decision Machines: Niklas Luhmann’s Theory of Organized Social Systems. The Sociological Review 53: 178–91. DOI:10.1111/j.1467-954X.2005.00549.x.Google Scholar
Nicolini, D. (2012) Practice Theory, Work, & Organizations: An Introduction. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Schoeneborn, D., Blaschke, S., Cooren, F., McPhee, R. D., Seidl, D., & Taylor, J. R. (2014) The Three Schools of CCO Thinking: Interactive Dialogue and Systematic Comparison. Management Communication Quarterly 28(2): 285–316. DOI:10.1177/0893318914527000.Google Scholar
Schoeneborn, D. & Scherer, A. G. (2012) Clandestine Organizations, al Qaeda, and the Paradox of (In)Visibility: A Response to Stohl and Stohl. Organization Studies 33(7): 963–71. DOI:10.1177/0170840612448031.Google Scholar
Schreyögg, G. & Sydow, J. (2010) Organizing for Fluidity? Dilemmas of New Organizational Forms. Organization Science 21(6): 1251–62. DOI:10.1287/orsc.1100.0561.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Scott, W. R. & Davis, G. F. (2007) Organizations and Organizing: Rational, Natural, and Open System Perspectives. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Prentice Hall.Google Scholar
Seidl, D. & Becker, K. H. (2006) Organizations as Distinction Generating and Processing Systems: Niklas Luhmann’s Contribution to Organization Studies. Organization 13(1): 9–35. DOI:10.1177/1350508406059635.Google Scholar
Stohl, C. & Stohl, M. (2011) Secret Agencies: The Communicative Constitution of a Clandestine Organization. Organization Studies 32(9): 1197–215. DOI:10.1177/0170840611410839.Google Scholar
Wilhoit, E. D. & Kisselburgh, L. G. (2015) Collective Action without Organization: The Material Constitution of Bike Commuters as Collective. Organization Studies 36(5): 573–92. DOI:10.1177/0170840614556916.Google Scholar
Yin, R. K. (2009) Case Study Research: Design and Methods. Los Angeles: SAGE.Google Scholar

Save book to Kindle

To save this book to your Kindle, first ensure [email protected] is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

Available formats
×

Save book to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

Available formats
×

Save book to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

Available formats
×