Skip to main content Accessibility help

We use cookies to distinguish you from other users and to provide you with a better experience on our websites. Close this message to accept cookies or find out how to manage your cookie settings.

Close cookie message
×
Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-xbtfd Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-15T10:52:51.493Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Part 3 - Networks and Other Social Relationships

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  11 July 2019

Edited by
Göran Ahrne  and
Nils Brunsson
Göran Ahrne
Affiliation:
Uppsala Universitet, Sweden
Nils Brunsson
Affiliation:
Uppsala Universitet, Sweden
Get access

Summary

The objective of this chapter is to explore the potential of the partial-organization concept as applied to the analysis of inter-firm networks as a form of economic governance that is created, reproduced or transformed with the help of network management practices. Key insights that the partial-organization perspective can provide into the process and the outcome of organizing and managing inter-firm networks are discussed. Inter-firm networks are conceived as partial organization of more or less complete formal organizations. Under specific circumstances, inter-firm networks could even be considered, at least in some aspects, as being even more organized than organizations. With regard to insights into the dynamics of this organizational form the chapter argues that the concept of partial organization helps to understand the development of this form from initial market relationships as well as from hierarchical organizations

Keywords

decisionemergencegovernanceinter-firm networkinter-organizational networknetwork managementmanagement practicesWorld Economic Forumnetworkmembershipmonitoringauthorityorganizationdecisionintimacyfamilymarriagekinshipfriendshipstatesloveorganizationdecisionscitizenshiporganized crimeoutlaw motorcycle gangsmafiasstreet gangskinshipfriendshipnetworkprojectpartial organizationbrotherhoodfriendshipcollectivismmonasteryForeign Legionbiker clubspartial organization
Type
Chapter
Information
Organization outside Organizations
The Abundance of Partial Organization in Social Life
 , pp. 189 - 290
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2019

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

References

Ahrne, G. & Brunsson, N. (2011) Organization outside Organizations: The Significance of Partial Organization. Organization 18(1): 83–104.Google Scholar
Ahrne, G., Brunsson, N., & Seidl, D. (2016) Resurrecting Organizations by Going beyond Organizations. European Management Journal 34(2): 93–101.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Aoki, K. & Wilhelm, M. (2017) The Role of Ambidexterity in Managing Buyer-Supplier Relationships: The Toyota Case. Organization Science 28(6): 1080–97.Google Scholar
Apelt, M., Besio, C., Corsi, G., von Groddeck, V., Grothe-Hammer, M., & Tacke, V. (2017) Resurrecting Organization without Renouncing Society: A Response to Ahrne, Brunsson and Seidl. European Management Journal 35(1): 8–14.Google Scholar
Arndt, J. (1979) Toward a Concept of Domesticated Markets. Journal of Marketing, 43(4): 69–75.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bartelings, J. A., Goedee, J., Raab, J., & Bijl, R. (2017) The Nature of Orchestrational Work. Public Management Review 19(3): 342–60.Google Scholar
Berends, H., van Burg, E., & van Raaij, E. M. (2011) Contacts and Contracts: Cross-Level Network Dynamics in the Development of an Aircraft Material. Organization Science 22: 940–60.Google Scholar
Berthod, O., Grothe-Hammer, M., Müller-Seitz, G., Raab, J., & Sydow, J. (2017) From High-Reliability Organizations to High-Reliability Networks: The Dynamics of Network Governance in the Face of Emergency. Journal of Public Administration Theory 27(2): 352–71.Google Scholar
Borgatti, S. P. & Halgin, D. S. (2011) On Network Theory. Organization Science 22(5): 1168–81.Google Scholar
Brass, D. J., Galaskiewicz, J., Greve, H. R., & Tsai, W. (2004) Taking Stock of Networks and Organizations: A Multilevel Perspective. Academy of Management Journal 47: 795–817.Google Scholar
Brunsson, N. (1989) The Organization of Hypocrisy: Talk, Decisions and Actions in Organizations. Chichester: Wiley.Google Scholar
Das, T. K. & Teng, B.-S. (2000) Instabilities of Strategic Alliances: An Internal Tension Perspective. Organization Science 11(1): 77–101.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Davis, G. F. (2016) The Vanishing American Corporation. San Francisco: Berrett-Koehler.Google Scholar
De Rond, M. & Bouchikhi, H. (2004) On the Dialectics of Strategic Alliance. Organization Science 15(1): 56–69.Google Scholar
DiMaggio, P. J. & Powell, W. W. (1983) The Iron Cage Revisited: Institutional Isomorphism and Collective Rationality in Organizational Fields. American Sociological Review 48: 147–60.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dobusch, L. & Schoeneborn, D. (2015) Fluidity, Identity, and Organizationality: The Communicative Constitution of Anonymous. Journal of Management Studies 52(8): 1005–35.Google Scholar
Doz, Y. L., Olk, P. M., & Ring, P. S. (2000) Formation Processes of R&D Consortia: Which Path to Take? Where Does It Lead? Strategic Management Journal 21(SI): 239–66.Google Scholar
Dyer, J. H. & Nobeoka, K. (2000) Creating and Managing a High-Performance Knowledge-Sharing Network: The Toyota Case. Strategic Management Journal 21(SI): 345–67.Google Scholar
Emirbayer, M. (1997) Manifesto for a Relational Sociology. American Journal of Sociology 103(2): 281–317.Google Scholar
Farjoun, M. (2010) Beyond Dualism: Stability and Change as a Duality. Academy of Management Review 35(2): 202‒25.Google Scholar
Fortwengel, J., Schüßler, E., & Sydow, J. (2017) Studying Organizational Creativity as Process: Fluidity or duality? Creativity and Innovation Management 26(1): 5–16.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Garud, R. & Kumaraswamy, A. (2005) Vicious and Virtuous Circles in the Management of Knowledge: The Case of Infosys Technologies. MIS Quarterly 29(1): 9–33.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Garud, R., Simpson, B., Langley, A., & Tsoukas, H. (2015) Introduction: How does novelty emerge. In Garud, R., Simpson, B., Langley, A., & Tsoukas, H. (eds.), The Emergence of Novelty in Organizations. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 1–24.Google Scholar
Giddens, A. (1984) The Constitution of Society. Cambridge: Polity.Google Scholar
Halinen, A., Salmi, A., & Havila, V. (1999) From Dyadic Change to Changing Business Networks: An Analytical Framework. Journal of Management Studies 36(6): 779–94.Google Scholar
Heckscher, C. & Donnellon, A. (1994) The Post-bureaucratic Organization. Thousand Oaks: SAGE.Google Scholar
Hennig, M., Brandese, U., Pfeffer, J., & Mergel, I. (2012) Studying Social Networks. Frankfurt: Campus.Google Scholar
Hibbert, P. & Huxham, C. (2010) The Past in Play: Tradition in the Structures of Collaboration. Organization Studies 31(5): 525–54.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jarillo, J. C. (1988) On Strategic Networks. Strategic Management Journal 9(1): 31–41.Google Scholar
Jones, C., Hesterly, W. S., & Borgatti, S. P. (1997) General Theory of Network Governance: Exchange Conditions and Social Mechanisms. Academy of Management Review 22(4): 911–45.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kilduff, M. & Tsai, W. (2003) Social Networks and Organizations. London: SAGE.Google Scholar
Kleinaltenkamp, M., Plinke, W., & Geiger, I. (eds.) (2015) Business Relationship Marketing and Management – Mastering Business Markets. Wiesbaden: Gabler.Google Scholar
Lorenzoni, G. & Baden-Fuller, C. (1995) Creating a Strategic Center to Manage a Web of Partners. California Management Review 37(3): 146–63.Google Scholar
Majchrzak, A., Jarvenpaa, S. L., & Bagherzadeh, M. (2015) A Review of Inter-Organizational Collaboration Dynamics. Journal of Management 41: 1338–60.Google Scholar
March, J. & Simon, H. (1958) Organizations. New York: Wiley.Google Scholar
Masuch, M. (1985) Vicious Circles in Organizations. Administrative Science Quarterly 29: 14–33.Google Scholar
Miles, R. E. & Snow, C. C. (1986) Organizations: New Concepts for New Forms. California Management Review 28(2): 62–73.Google Scholar
Perrow, C. (1991) A Society of Organizations. Theory and Society 20(6): 725–62.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Powell, W. W. (1990) Neither Market nor Hierarchy: Network Forms of Organization. Research in Organizational Behavior 12: 295–336.Google Scholar
Provan, K. G., Beyer, J. M., & Kruytbosch, C. (1980) Environmental Linkages and Power in Resource Dependence Relations between Organizations. Administrative Science Quarterly 25(6): 200–25.Google Scholar
Provan, K. G., Fish, A., & Sydow, J. (2007) Inter-Organizational Networks at the Network Level: a Review of the Empirical Literature on Whole Networks. Journal of Management 33(3): 479–516.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Provan, K. G. & Kenis, P. N. (2008) Modes of Network Governance: Structure, Management, and Effectiveness. Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory 18: 229–52.Google Scholar
Raab, J. & Kenis, P. (2009) Heading toward a Society of Networks: Empirical Developments and Theoretical Challenges. Journal of Management Inquiry 18(3): 198–210.Google Scholar
Rometsch, M. & Sydow, J. (2006) On Identities of Networks and Organizations – The Case of Franchising. In Kornberger, M. & Gudergan, S. (eds.), Only Connect: Neat Words, Networks and Identities. Copenhagen: Liber & Copenhagen Business School Press. 19–47.Google Scholar
Schreyögg, G. & Sydow, J. (2010) Organizing for Fluidity? On the Dilemmas of New Organizational Forms. Organization Science 21(6): 1251–62.Google Scholar
Schreyögg, G. & Sydow, J. (eds.) (2013) Self-Reinforcing Processes in and among Organizations. London: Palgrave Macmillan.Google Scholar
Seidl, D. & Becker, K. H. (eds.) (2006) Niklas Luhmann and Organization Studies. Copenhagen: Liber.Google Scholar
Sydow, J. (1992) Strategische Netzwerke. Wiesbaden: Gabler.Google Scholar
Sydow, J., Schüßler, E., & Müller-Seitz, G. (2016) Managing Inter-Organizational Relations. London: Palgrave Macmillan.Google Scholar
Sydow, J. & Windeler, A. (1998) Organizing and Evaluating Interfirm Networks: A Structurationist Perspective on Network Processes and Effectiveness. Organization Science 9(3): 265–84.Google Scholar
Walker, G., Kogut, B., & Shan, W. (1997) Social Capital, Structural Holes and the Formation of an Industry Network. Organization Science 8(2): 109–25.Google Scholar
Williamson, O. E. (1991) Comparative Economic Organization: The Analysis of Discrete Structural Alternatives. Administrative Science Quarterly 36(2): 269–96.Google Scholar
Wilhelm, M. (2011) Managing Coopetition through Horizontal Supply Chain Relations: Linking Dyadic and Network Levels of Analysis. Journal of Operations Management 29(7/8): 663–76.Google Scholar
Windeler, A. (2001) Unternehmungsnetzwerke. Wiesbaden: Westdeutscher Verlag.Google Scholar

References

Ahrne, G. & Brunsson, N. (2005) Organizations and Meta-Organizations. Scandinavian Journal of Management 21(2005): 429–49.Google Scholar
Ahrne, G. & Brunsson, N. (2011) Organization outside Organizations: The Significance of Partial Organization. Organization 18(1): 83–104.Google Scholar
Coleman, J. S. (1974) Power and the Structure of Society. New York: WW Norton.Google Scholar
Coleman, J. S. (1990/1994) Foundations of Social Theory. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Djelic, M. & Quack, S. (2011) Transnational Communities, Shaping Global Economic Governance. Cambridge, MA: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Garsten, C. & Sörbom, A. (2018) Discreet Power: How the World Economic Forum Shapes Market Agendas. Stanford: Stanford University Press.Google Scholar
Giesler, M. & Veresiu, E. (2014) Creating the Responsible Consumer: Moralistic Governance Regimes and Consumer Subjectivity. Journal of Consumer Research 41(3): 840–57.Google Scholar
Higgot, R., Underhill, G., & Bieler, A. (2000) Non-State Actors and Authority in the Global System. New York: Routledge.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hirschman, A. O. (1970) Exit, Voice and Loyalty: Responses to Decline in Firms, Organizations and States. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Jutterström, M. (2004) Att påverka beslut – företag i EU: sregelsättande. Stockholm: EFI, Ekonomiska Forskningsinstitutet vid Handelshögskolan I Stockholm.Google Scholar
Pigman, G. A. (2007) The World Economic Forum: A Multi-Stakeholder Approach to Global Governance. New York: Routledge.Google Scholar
Rasche, A., de Bakker, F., & Moon, J. (2013) Complete and Partial Organizing for Corporate Social Responsibility. Journal of Business Ethics 115: 651–63.Google Scholar
Rose, N. & Miller, P. (1992) Political Power beyond the State: Problematics of Government. The British Journal of Sociology 43(2): 173–205.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ruggie, G. (2004) Reconstituting the Global Domain: Issues, Actors, and Practices. European Journal of International Relations 10(4): 499–531.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stone, D. (2008) Global Public Policy, Transnational Policy Communities, and their Networks. The Policy Studies Journal 36(1): 19–38.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Willets, P. (2011) Non-Governmental Organizations in World Politics: The Construction of Global Governance. New York: Routledge.Google Scholar
World Economic Forum (2015) Global Agenda Councils. Retrieved 25 May 2015 from http://globalsummitryproject.com.s197331.gridserver.com/archive/world_economic_forum_meetings/www.weforum.org/communities.html.Google Scholar
World Economic Forum (2017) World Economic Forum Recognized by the Swiss Government as International Institution. Retrieved 28 February 2017 from https://widgets.weforum.org/history/2015.html.Google Scholar

References

Adeniji, A. (2008) Inte den typ som gifter sig. Feministiska samtal om äktenskapsmotstånd. Göteborg: Makadam förlag.Google Scholar
Ahrne, G. (2014) Samhället mellan oss. Om vänskap, kärlek, relationer och organisationer. Stockholm: Liber.Google Scholar
Alberoni, F. (2016) Friendship. Leiden: Brill.Google Scholar
Almaatouq, A., Radaelli, L., Pentland, A., & Shmueli, E. (2016) Are You Your Friends’ Friend? Poor Perception of Friendship Ties Limits the Ability to Promote Behavioral Change. PLoS ONE 11(3): e0151588. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0151588CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Badgett, M. V. L. (2009) When Gay People Get Married: What Happens When Societies Legalize Same-Sex Marriage. New York: New York University Press.Google Scholar
Beck, U. & Beck-Gernsheim, E. (1995) The Normal Chaos of Love. Cambridge: Polity Press.Google Scholar
Blatterer, H. (2013) Friendship´s Freedom and Gendered Limits. European Journal of Social Theory 16(4): 435–56.Google Scholar
Bommes, M. & Tacke, V. (2005) Luhmann’s Systems Theory and Network Theory. In Seidl, D. & Becker, K. H. (eds.), Niklas Luhmann and Organization Studies. Malmö: Liber. 282–304.Google Scholar
Brunsson, N. (2007) The Consequences of Decision-Making. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Carsten, J. (2000) Introduction: Cultures of Relatedness. In Carsten, J. (ed.), Cultures of Relatedness. New Approaches to the Study of Kinship. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 1–36.Google Scholar
Chauncey, G. (2004) Why Marriage? The History Shaping Today´s Debate over Gay Equality. New York: Basic Books.Google Scholar
Finch, J. (1989) Family Obligations and Social Change. Cambridge: Polity Press.Google Scholar
Finch, J. (2008) Naming Names: Kinship, Individuality and Personal Names. Sociology 42(4): 709–25.Google Scholar
Finch, J. & Mason, J. (1993) Negotiating Family Responsibilities. London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Friedland, R., Mohr, J. W., Roose, H., & Gardinali, P. (2014) The Institutional Logic of Love: Measuring Intimate Life. Theory and Society 43(3/4): 333–70.Google Scholar
Fukuyama, F. (2012) The Origins of Political Order. From Prehuman Times to the French Revolution. New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux.Google Scholar
Giddens, A. (1991) Modernity and Self-Identity. Self and Society in the Late Modern Age. Cambridge: Polity Press.Google Scholar
Giddens, A. (1992) The Transformation of Intimacy. Sexuality, Love & Eroticism in Modern Societies. Cambridge: Polity Press.Google Scholar
Giddens, A. & Sutton, P. W. (2017) Sociology. 8th edition. Cambridge: Polity Press.Google Scholar
Gouldner, A. W. (1959) For Sociology. Renewal and Critique in Sociology Today. Harmondsworth: Penguin Books.Google Scholar
Halleröd, B. & Nyman, C. (2008) Dela rätt är inte lätt. In Grönlund, A. & Halleröd, B. (eds.), Jämställdhetens pris. Umeå: Boréa. 175–93.Google Scholar
Heady, P. & Kohli, M. (2010) Introduction: Towards a Political Economy of Kinship and Welfare. In Heady, P. & Kohli, M. (eds.), Family, Kinship and State in Contemporary Europe. Frankfurt: Campus Verlag. 15–30.Google Scholar
Heater, D. (1999) What Is Citizenship? Cambridge: Polity Press.Google Scholar
Heater, D. (2004) A Brief History of Citizenship. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.Google Scholar
Illouz, E. (2012) Why Love Hurts. Cambridge: Polity Press.Google Scholar
James, P. (2006) Globalism, Nationalism, Tribalism. Bringing Theory Back In. London: SAGE.Google Scholar
Jamieson, L. (1999) Intimacy Transformed? A Critical Look at the ‘Pure Relationship’. Sociology 33(3): 477–94.Google Scholar
Layder, D. (2004) Emotion in Social Life. The Lost Heart of Society. London: SAGE.Google Scholar
Lewis, J. (2001) The End of Marriage. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar.Google Scholar
Luhmann, N. (1986) Love as Passion. The Codification of Intimacy. Cambridge: Polity Press.Google Scholar
Mauss, M. (2002) The Gift: The Form and Reason for Exchange in Archaic Societies. London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Mintzberg, H. (1993) Structure in Fives. Designing Effective Organizations. Englewood Cliffs: Prentice-Hall.Google Scholar
Morgan, D. H. J. (2011) Rethinking Family Practices. Basingstoke: Palgrave.Google Scholar
Robertson, F. (1991) Beyond the Family. The Social Organization of Human Reproduction. Cambridge: Polity Press.Google Scholar
Roman, C. & Peterson, H. (2011) Familjer i tiden. Förhandling, kön och gränslöst arbete. Umeå: Boréa.Google Scholar
Rothman, B. K. (2000) Recreating Motherhood. New Brunswick: Rutgers University Press.Google Scholar
Rubin, L. B. (1985) Just Friends. The Role of Friendship in Our Lives. New York: Harper & Row.Google Scholar
Sahlins, M. (1974) Stone Age Economics. London: Tavistock Publications.Google Scholar
Schatz, E. (2004) Modern Clan Politics. The Power of ‘Blood’ in Kazakhstan and Beyond. Seattle: University of Washington Press.Google Scholar
Scheff, T. (2006) Goffman Unbound. A New Paradigm for Social Science. Boulder: Paradigm Publishers.Google Scholar
Smart, C. (2007) Personal Life. New Directions in Sociological Thinking. Cambridge: Polity Press.Google Scholar
Spencer, L. & Pahl, R. (2006) Rethinking Friendship. Hidden Solidarities Today. Princeton: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Swidler, A. (2001) Talk of Love. How Culture Matters. Chicago: Chicago University Press.Google Scholar
Thomas, L. (2013) The Character of Friendship. In Calouri, D. (ed.), Thinking about Friendship. Historical and Contemporary Philosophical Perspectives. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan. 30–44.Google Scholar
Tilly, C. (2005) Trust and Rule. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Weber, M. (1968) Economy and Society. Volume 1. Berkeley: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Weeks, J., Brian, H., & Donovan, C. (2001) Same Sex Intimacies. Families of Choice and Other Life Experiments. London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Weiner, M. S. (2013) The Rule of the Clan. What an Ancient Form of Social Organization Reveals about the Future of Individualism. New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux.Google Scholar
Young, M. & Willmott, P. (1962) Family and Kinship in East London. Harmondsworth: Penguin Books.Google Scholar
Zelizer, V. A. (2005) The Purchase of Intimacy. Princeton: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Zerubavel, E. (2012) Ancestors and Relatives. Genealogy, Identity, and Community. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar

References

Bakker, R. M. (2010) Taking Stock of Temporary Organizational Forms: A Systematic Review and Research Agenda. International Journal of Management Reviews 12(4): 466–86.Google Scholar
Bandidos, . (2015) The Bible of the Bandidos Motorcycle Club Europe: The Basic Rules of the Bandidos MC Europe.Google Scholar
Barker, T. (2014) Outlaw Motorcycle Gangs as Organized Crime Groups. Heidelberg: Springer.Google Scholar
Barkman, T. & Palmkvist, J. (2011) Maffiakrig. Stockholm: Albert Bonniers Förlag.Google Scholar
Brå, . (2015) Organised Crime. Retrieved 19 January 2016 from www.bra.se/bra/bra-in-english/home/crime-and-statistics/organised-crime.html.Google Scholar
Conklin, J. E. (2010) Criminology. Englewood Cliffs: Prentice-Hall.Google Scholar
Decker, S. H. & Pyrooz, D. C. (2015) The Handbook of Gangs. New York: John Wiley & Sons.Google Scholar
Finansinspektionen, . (2014) Återkallelse av tillstånd: 13–399.Google Scholar
Finckenauer, J. O. (2005) Problems of Definition: What Is Organized Crime? Trends in Organized Crime 8(3): 63–83.Google Scholar
Flyghed, J. (2002) Normalising the Exceptional: The Case of Political Violence. Policing and Society 13(1): 23–41.Google Scholar
Gottschalk, P. (2009) Policing Organized Crime: Intelligence Strategy Implementation. CRC Press.Google Scholar
Hells Angels Motorcycle Corporation. (2005) Hells Angels Bylaws Sweden.Google Scholar
Hells Angels Motorcycle Corporation. (2010) Bylaws.Google Scholar
Hells Angels Motorcycle Corporation. (2017) Charters Worldwide. Hells-Angels.Com. Retrieved 27 April 2017 from http://affa.hells-angels.com/charters.Google Scholar
Holmes, L. (2016) Advanced Introduction to Organised Crime. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar Publishing.Google Scholar
Klein, M. W., Weerman, F. M., & Thornberry, T. P. (2006) Street Gang Violence in Europe. European Journal of Criminology 3(4): 413–37.Google Scholar
von Lampe, K. (2008) Organised Crime in Europe: Conceptions and Realities. Policing: A Journal of Policy and Practice 2(1): 7–17.Google Scholar
von Lampe, K. (2016) Organized Crime: Analyzing Illegal Activities, Criminal Structures, and Extra-Legal Governance. London: SAGE.Google Scholar
von Lampe, K. (2018) Definitions of Organized Crime. Retrieved 8 February 2018 from www.organized-crime.de/organizedcrimedefinitions.htm.Google Scholar
Lauchs, M., Bain, A., & Bell, P. (2015) Outlaw Motorcycle Gangs. Basingstoke: Palgrave.Google Scholar
Levi, M. (1998) Perspectives on ‘Organised Crime’: An Overview. The Howard Journal of Crime and Justice 37(4): 335–45.Google Scholar
Lurigio, A. J. (2012) Mafia Myths and Mythologies in Encyclopaedia of Transnational Crime & Justice. Thousand Oaks: SAGE.Google Scholar
Mauss, M. (2002) The Gift: The Form and Reason for Exchange in Archaic Societies. London: Routledge.Google Scholar
NGIC. (2015) 2015 National Gang Report. Washington, DC: National Gang Intelligence Center.Google Scholar
Paoli, L. (2003) Mafia Brotherhoods: Organized Crime, Italian Style. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Polismyndigheten. (2010) Förundersökningsprotokoll. Göteborg: Polismyndigheten i Västra Götaland.Google Scholar
Polismyndigheten. (2015) Rapport Bandidos MC. Stockholm: Nationella operativa avdelningen.Google Scholar
Prowse, C. E. (2013) Defining Street Gangs in the 21st Century: Fluid, Mobile, and Transnational Networks. New York: Springer.Google Scholar
Quinn, J. F. (2001) Angels, Bandidos, Outlaws, and Pagans: The Evolution of Organized Crime among the Big Four 1% Motorcycle Clubs. Deviant Behavior 22(4): 379–99.Google Scholar
Quinn, J. F. & Forsyth, C. J. (2009) Leathers and Rolexs: The Symbolism and Values of the Motorcycle Club. Deviant Behavior 30(3): 235–65.Google Scholar
Quinn, J. F. & Shane Koch, D. (2003) The Nature of Criminality within One-Percent Motorcycle Clubs. Deviant Behavior 24(3): 281–305.Google Scholar
Rikskriminalpolisen. (2012) Rapport: Hells Angels MC och Red and White Crew. Stockholm.Google Scholar
Rostami, A. (2016a) Criminal Organizing: Studies in the Sociology of Organized Crime. PhD dissertation. Stockholm Studies in Sociology New Series 62, Stockholm University.Google Scholar
Rostami, A. (2016b) Policing Gangs and Organized Crime – Experiences from Conceptual Confusion and Its Consequences from Two Swedish Case Studies. In Maxson, C. L. and Esbensen, F.-A. (eds.), Gang Transitions and Transformations in an International Context. New York: Springer. 279–89.Google Scholar
Rostami, A., Leinfelt, F., & Holgersson, S. (2012) An Exploratory Analysis of Swedish Street Gangs: Applying the Maxson and Klein Typology to a Swedish Gang Dataset. Journal of Contemporary Criminal Justice 28(4): 426–45.Google Scholar
Rostami, A. & Mondani, H. (2017) Organizing on Two Wheels: Uncovering the Organizational Patterns of Hells Angels MC in Sweden. Trends in Organized Crime. Retrieved 24 May 2017 from http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s12117-017–9310-y.Google Scholar
Rostami, A., Mondani, H., Liljeros, F., & Edling, C. (2017) Criminal Organizing Applying the Theory of Partial Organization to Four Cases of Organized Crime. Trends in Organized Crime. Retrieved 1 July 2017 from http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s12117-017–9315-6.Google Scholar
Tingsrätt, Södertälje. (2012) Mål Nr: B2781-10.Google Scholar
Tingsrätt, Södertälje. (2013) Mål Nr: B182-12.Google Scholar
Thrasher, F. M. (1927) The Gang: A Study of 1,313 Gangs in Chicago. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Yu, K.-H., Kang, S.-D., & Rhodes, C. (2018) The Partial Organization of Networked Corruption. Business & Society https://doi.org/10.1177/0007650318775024.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

References

Ahrne, G. (2014) Samhället mellan oss. Om vänskap, kärlek, relationer och organisationer. Malmö: Liber.Google Scholar
Alberoni, F. (2016) Friendship. Leiden: Brill.Google Scholar
Bianco, F. (1998) Voices of Silence. Lives of the Trappists Today. Anchor Books.Google Scholar
Brunsson, N. (2006) The Organization of Hypocrisy. Talk, Decisions and Actions in Organizations. Malmö: Liber.Google Scholar
Clawson, M. A. (1989) Constructing Brotherhood: Class, Gender, and Fraternalism. Princeton: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Cockburn, C. (1991) In the Way of Women. London: Macmillan.Google Scholar
Collins, R. (2004) Interaction Ritual Chains. Princeton: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Durkheim, E. ([1902] 2013) The Division of Labour in Society. 2nd edition. Lukes, S., ed. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.Google Scholar
Ebaugh, H. R. (1988) Becoming an Ex. The Process of Role Exit. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Fundberg, J. (2003) Kom igen, gubbar! Om pojkfotboll och maskulinitet. Stockholm: Carlssons.Google Scholar
Grundvall, S. (2005) Gemenskap, manlighet och marginalitet. En studie av en västsvensk bikerklubb. Gothenburg: Gothenburg University, Department of Social Work.Google Scholar
Grün, A. ([2004] 2005) Saint Benoît. Un message pour aujourd’hui. Paris: Desclée de Brouwer.Google Scholar
Higate, P. R. (2000) Ex-Servicemen on the Road: Travel and Homelessness, Sociological Review 48(3): 331–46.Google Scholar
Hopper, C. B. & Moore, J. (1982) Hell on Wheels: The Outlaw Motorcycle Gangs. Journal of American Culture 6(summer): 58–64.Google Scholar
Jolly, R. (1996) Changing Step: From Military to Civilian Life: People in Transition. London: Brassey’s.Google Scholar
Kiesling, S. F. (2005) Homosocial Desire in Men’s Talk: Balancing and Re-Creating Cultural Discourses of Masculinity. Language in Society 34(5): 695–726.Google Scholar
Lindgren, G. (1996) Broderskapets logik. Kvinnovetenskaplig tidskrift 1: 4–14.Google Scholar
OCSO: Order of Cistercians of the Strict Observance (2014a) Steps to Becoming a Monk or Nun. Retrieved 24 September 2014 from www.trappists.org/becoming-trappist/steps-becoming-monk-or-nun.Google Scholar
OCSO: Order of Cistercians of the Strict Observance (2014b) Monastic Discipline – Lifestyle. Retrieved 23 September 2014 from www.trappists.org/newcomers/monastic-discipline/lifestyle.Google Scholar
Olofsson, J. (2013) ‘The Profession of Firefighting Is about Teamwork, It Is about Trusting Each Other’: Masculine Enactments and Generational Discrepancies within the Swedish Fire Service. Culture, Society & Masculinity 5(1): 75–88.Google Scholar
Schouten, J. W. & McAlexander, J. H. (1995) Subcultures of Consumption: An Ethnography of the New Bikers. Journal of Consumer Research 22(1): 43–61.Google Scholar
Sundberg, M. (2015) A Sociology of the Total Organization: Atomistic Unity in the French Foreign Legion. Farnham: Ashgate.Google Scholar
Wierup, L. & Larsson, M. (2007) Svensk maffia. En kartläggning av de kriminella gängen. Norstedts.Google Scholar
Wierup, L. & Olsson, D. (2012) Helvetet inifrån. Femton år i Sveriges största brottsorganisation. Reporto.Google Scholar
Wolf, D. R. (1991) The Rebels: A Brotherhood of Outlaw Bikers. Toronto: University of Toronto Press.Google Scholar

Save book to Kindle

To save this book to your Kindle, first ensure [email protected] is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

Available formats
×

Save book to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

Available formats
×

Save book to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

Available formats
×