Skip to main content Accessibility help

We use cookies to distinguish you from other users and to provide you with a better experience on our websites. Close this message to accept cookies or find out how to manage your cookie settings.

Close cookie message
×
Hostname: page-component-586b7cd67f-t7czq Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-24T06:21:45.852Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Chapter 16 - Surgery in Pregnancy

from Part III - SURGICAL PROCEDURES

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  07 May 2010

John Patrick O'Grady ,
Martin L. Gimovsky ,
Lucy A. Bayer-Zwirello  and
Kevin Giordano
By
Reinaldo Figueroa  and
J. Gerald Quirk
John Patrick O'Grady
Affiliation:
Tufts University, Massachusetts
Reinaldo Figueroa
Affiliation:
Clinical Associate Professor, Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Medicine State University of New York at Stony Brook
J. Gerald Quirk
Affiliation:
Professor and Chair, Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Medicine State University of New York at Stony Brook
Get access

Summary

This chapter considers selected aspects of surgical technique, complications, and the management of some surgical problems that develop in association with pregnancy. The signs and symptoms of various surgical conditions are modified by the anatomic and physiologic changes that accompany pregnancy, paradoxically often resulting in their exacerbation, an apparent reduction in intensity, or a change in the location of the expected physical signs. Impaired healing and wound infections are among the most common complications of surgery, in pregnant as in nonpregnant patients. During abdominal surgery, iatrogenic injuries commonly involve the gastrointestinal and urinary tracts. Surgical complications involve gallbladder disease and appendicitis. The chapter discusses a series of neoplastic disorders encountered at varying degrees of frequency during pregnancy, and outlines their clinical management. In areas of developing surgical techniques, the most significant area of legal exposure falls in the lag between actual practice and the establishment of accepted safeguards.
Type
Chapter
Information
Operative Obstetrics , pp. 393 - 454
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2008

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Beck, WW: Intestinal obstruction in pregnancy. Obstet Gynecol 1974;43:374–378.Google ScholarPubMed
Sharp, HT: The acute abdomen during pregnancy. Clin Obstet Gynecol 2002;45:405–413.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Spira, IA, Rodrigues, R, Wolff, WI: Pseudo-obstruc- tion of the colon. Am J Gastroenterol 1976;65: 397–408.Google Scholar
Baer, JL, Reis, RA, Arens, RA: Appendicitis in pregnancy with changes in positions in areas of normal appendix in pregnancy. JAMA 1932;98:1359–1364.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Baker, DP: Trauma in the pregnant patient. Surg Clin North Am 1982;62:275–289.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Moise, KJ, Belfort, MA: Damage control for the obstetric patient. Surg Clin North Am 1997;77: 835–852.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Fildes, J, Reed, L, Jones, N, et al: Trauma: The leading cause of maternal death. J Trauma 1992;32:643–645.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Franger, AL, Buchsbaum, JH, Peaceman, AM: Abdominal gunshot wounds in pregnancy. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1989;160:1124–1128.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Howard, BK, Goodson, JH, Menger, WF: Supine hypotensive syndrome in late pregnancy. Obstet Gynecol 1953;1:371–376.Google ScholarPubMed
Pearlman, MD, Tintinalli, JE, Lorenz, RP: A prospective controlled study of outcome after trauma during pregnancy. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1990;162: 1502–1510.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Dahmus, MA, Sibai, BM: Blunt abdominal trauma: Are there predictive factors for abruptio placentae or maternal fetal distress?Am J Obstet Gynecol 1993;169:1054–1059.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Brent, RL: The effect of embryonic and fetal exposure to x-ray, microwaves and ultrasound: Counseling the pregnant and nonpregnant about these risks. Semin Oncol 1989;16:347–368.Google ScholarPubMed
Oto, A, Ernst, RD, Shah, R, et al: Right-lower-quadrant pain and suspected appendicitis in pregnant women: Evaluation with MR imaging – initial experience. Radiology 2005;234:445–451.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Birchard, KR, Brown, MA, Hyslop, WB, et al: MRI of acute abdominal and pelvic pain in pregnant patients. AJR Am J Roentgenol 2005;184:452–458.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Tera, H, Aberg, C: Tensile strengths of twelve types of knots employed in surgery, using different suture materials. Acta Chir Scand 1976;142:1–7.Google Scholar
Hendrix, SL, Schimp, V, Martin, J, et al: The legendary superior strength of the Pfannenstiel incision: A myth?Am J Obstet Gynecol 2000;182: 1446–1451.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ellis, H, Coleridge-Smith, PD, Joyce, AD: Abdominal incisions: Vertical or transverse?Postgrad Med J 1984;60:407–410.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Edgerton, MT: In: The Art of Surgical Technique. Baltimore: Williams & Wilkins, 1988; pp. 1–21.Google Scholar
Hasselgren, PO, Hagberg, E, Malmer, H, et al: One instead of two knives for surgical incision: Does it increase the risk of postoperative wound infection?Arch Surg 1984;119:917–920.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ramon, R, Garcia, S, Combalia, A, et al: Bacteriological study of surgical knives: Is the use of two blades necessary?Arch Orthop Trauma Surg 1994; 113:157–158.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Fairclough, JA, Mackie, IG, Mintowt-Czyz, W, et al: The contaminated skin-knife: A surgical myth. J Bone Joint Surg 1983;65:210.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cruse, PJE, Foord, R: The epidemiology of wound infection: A 10-year prospective study of 62,939 wounds. Surg Clin North Am 1980;60:27–40.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Johnson, CD, Serpell, JW: Wound infection after abdominal incision with scalpel or diathermy. Br J Surg 1990;77:626–627.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Franchi, M, Ghezzi, F, Benedetti-Panici, PL, et al: A multicentre collaborative study on the use of cold scalpel and electrocautery for midline abdominal incision. Am J Surg 2001;81:128–321.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Edlich RF, Rodeheaver GT, Thacker JG: Technical factors in the prevention of wound infections. In: Simmons RL, Howard RJ (eds): Surgical Infectious Diseases. Norwalk, CT: Appleton & Lange, 1988; p. 340.
Cruse, PJE, Foord, R: A five-year prospective study of 23,649 surgical wounds. Arch Surg 1973;107:206–210.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mangram, AJ, Horan, TC, Pearson, ML, et al: Guideline for Prevention of Surgical Site Infection, 1999: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) Hospital Infection Control Practices Advisory Committee. Am J Infect Control 1999;27:97–132.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Buckman, RF, Buckman, PD, Hufnagel, HV, et al: A physiologic basis for the adhesion-free healing of deperitonealized surfaces. J Surg Res 1976;21:67–76.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Tulandi, T, Hum, HS, Gelfand, MM: Closure of laparotomy incisions with or without peritoneal suturing and second-look laparoscopy. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1988;158:536–537.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Duffy, DM, Zerega, di GS: Is peritoneal closure necessary?Obstet Gynecol Surv 1994;12:817–822.
Edlich, RF, Tsung, MS, Rogers, W, et al: Studies in the management of the contaminated wound: I. Technique of closure of such wounds together with a note on a reproducible model. J Surg Res 1968;8: 585–592.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stone, IK, Fraunhofer, JA, Masterson, BJ: The biomechanical effects of tight suture closure upon fascia. Surg Gynecol Obstet 1986;163:448–452.Google ScholarPubMed
Israelsson, , Jonsson, T: Suture length to wound length ratio and healing of midline laparotomy incisions. Br J Surg 1993;80:1284–1286.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Fagniez, PL, Hay, JM, Lacaine, F, et al: Abdominal mid-line incision closure: A multicentric randomized prospective trial of 3,135 patients, comparing continuous versus interrupted polyglycolic acid sutures. Arch Surg 1985;120:1351–1353.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Orr, JW Jr, Orr, PF, Barrett, JM, et al: Continuous or interrupted fascial closure: A prospective evaluation of No. 1 Maxon suture in 402 gynecologic procedures. Part 1. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1990;163: 1485–1489.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hodgson, NC, Malthaner, RA, Ostbye, T: The search for an ideal method of abdominal fascial closure: A meta-analysis. Ann Surg 2000;231:436–442.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Holl, D, Rodeheaver, GT, Edgerton, MT, et al: Potentiation of infection by suture closure of dead space. Am J Surg 1974;127:716–720.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Laufman, H, Rubel, T: Synthetic absorbable sutures. Surg Gynecol Obstet 1977;145:597–608.Google Scholar
Orr, JW Jr: Sutures and closures: An update. Ala J Med Sci 1986;23:36–41.Google Scholar
Rijssel, EJC, Trimbos, JB, Booster, MH: Mechanical performance of square knots and sliding knots in surgery: A comparative study. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1990;162:93–97.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Trimbos, JB, Rijssel, EJC, Klopper, PJ: Performance of sliding knots in monofilament and multifilament suture material. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1986;68:425–430.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Qureshi, A, Drew, PJ, Duthie, GS, et al: n-Butyl cyanoacrylate adhesive for skin closure of abdominal wounds: Preliminary results. Ann R Coll Surgeons Engl 1997;79:414–415.Google ScholarPubMed
Chen, HH, Tsai, WAS, Yeh, CY, et al: Prospective study comparing wounds closed with tape with sutured wounds in colorectal surgery. Arch Surg 2001;136:801–803.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Edlich, RF, Becker, DG, Thacker, JG, et al: Scientific basis for selecting staple and skin tape closures. Clin Plast Surg 1990;17:571–581.Google ScholarPubMed
Ranaboldo, CJ, Rowe-Jones, DC: Closure of laparotomy wounds: Skin staples versus sutures. Br J Surg 1992;79:1172–1173.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Frishman, GN, Schwartz, T, Hogan, JW: Closure of Pfannenstiel skin incisions: Staples vs. subcuticular suture. J Reprod Med 1997;42:627–630.Google Scholar
Rush BF: Principles of operative surgery: Antisepsis, asepsis, technique, sutures and drains. In: Sabiston, DC (ed): Essentials of Surgery. Philadelphia: WB Saunders, 1987; pp. 138–140.Google Scholar
Magee, C, Rodeheaver, GT, Golden, GT, et al: Potentiation of wound infection by surgical drains. Am J Surg 1976;131:547–549.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Orr, JW Jr, Hatch, KD, Shingleton, HM, et al: Gastrointestinal complications associated with pelvic exenteration. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1983;145:325–332.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Farrell, MB, Worthington-Self, S, Mucha, P, et al: Closure of abdominal incisions with subcutaneous catheters. Arch Surg 1986;121:641–648.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pearl, ML, Valea, FA, Chalas, E: Panniculectomy and supraumbilical vertical midline incisions in morbidly obese gynecologic oncology patients. J Am Coll Surg 1998;186:649–653.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gallup, DG, Nolan, TE, Smith, RP: Primary mass closure of midline incisions with continuous polyglyconate monofilament absorbable suture. Obstet Gynecol 1990;76:872–875.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Devlin HB: Incisional hernia. In: Dudley H, Carter D, Russell RCG (eds): Atlas of General Surgery. London: Butterworth's, 1986; pp. 662–674.
Hemsell, DL: Prophylactic antibiotics in gynecologic and obstetric surgery. Rev Infect Dis 1991; 13(Suppl10):S821–S841.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cruse PJE: Wound infections: Epidemiology and clinical characteristics. In: Simmons RL, Howard RJ (eds): Surgical Infectious Diseases. Norwalk, CT: Appleton & Lange, 1988; pp. 327.
Robson, MC, Lea, CE, Dalton, JB, et al: Quantitative bacteriology and delayed wound closure. Surg Forum 1968;19:501–502.Google ScholarPubMed
Simmons RL, Howard RJ (eds): Regional surgical infections. In: Surgical Infectious Diseases. Norwalk, CT: Appleton & Lange, 1988; pp. 404–407.
Stephenson, H, Dotters, DJ, Katz, V, et al: Necrotizing fasciitis of the vulva. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1992;166:1324–1327.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Riseman, JA, Zamboni, WA, Curtis, A, et al: Hyperbaric oxygen therapy for necrotizing fasciitis reduces mortality and the need for débridement. Surgery 1990;108:847–850.Google Scholar
Schulak JA, Corry RJ: Surgical complications. In: Sabiston, DC (ed): Essentials of Surgery. Phila- delphia: WB Saunders, 1987; pp. 201–204.Google Scholar
National Institutes of Health Consensus Development Conference: Prevention of venous thrombosis and pulmonary embolism. JAMA 1986;2566:744–749.
American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists: Deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism. In: Précis: An update in obstetrics and gynecology. Obstetrics 3rd ed. 2005: 74–80.
Lockwood, CJ: Inherited thrombophilias in pregnant patients: Detection and treatment paradigm. Obstet Gynecol 2002;99:333–341.Google ScholarPubMed
Macklon, NS, Greer, IS, Bowman, A: An ultrasound study of gestational and postural changes in the deep venous system of the leg in pregnancy. Br J Obstet Gynecol 1997;104:191–197.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
McColl, MD, Ramsay, JE, Trait, RC, et al: Risk factors for pregnancy-associated venous thromboembolism. Thromb Haemost 1997;78:1183–1188.Google ScholarPubMed
Ros, HS, Lichtenstein, P, Belloco, R, et al: Pulmonary embolism and stroke in relation to pregnancy: How can high-risk women be identified?Am J Obstet Gynecol 2002;186:198–203.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Girling, JC, Swiet, M: Thromboembolism in pregnancy: An overview. Current Opin Obstet Gynecol 1996;8:458–463.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Levine, JF, Branch, DW, Rauch, J: The antiphospholipid syndrome. N Engl J Med 2002;346:752–63.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kakkar, VV, Corrigan, TP, Fossard, DP, et al: Prevention of fatal postoperative pulmonary embolism by low doses of heparin: Reappraisal of results of international multicenter trial. Lancet 1977;1:567–569.Google Scholar
Clarke-Pearson, DL, Coleman, RE, Synan, RS, et al: Venous thromboembolism prophylaxis in gynecologic oncology: A prospective controlled trial of low-dose heparin. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1983;145: 606–613.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Dahlman, TC, Hellgren, MSE, Blomback, N: Thrombosis prophylaxis in pregnancy with use of subcutaneous heparin adjusted by monitoring heparin concentration in plasma. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1989;161:420–425.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hull, RD, Raskob, GE, Garb, M, et al: Effectiveness of intermittent leg compression for preventing deep vein thrombosis after total hip replacement. JAMA 1990;63:2313–2317.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Douketis, JD, Ginsberg, JS: Diagnostic problems with venous thromboembolic disease in pregnancy. Haemostasis 1995;25:58–71.Google ScholarPubMed
Hyers, TM: Efficient workup and treatment for pulmonary thromboembolism. Contemp Intern Med 1990:13–24.Google Scholar
Dizon-Townson, D: Pregnancy-related venous thromboembolism. Clin Obstet Gynecol 2002;45: 363–368.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Winer-Muran, HI, Boone, JM, Brown, HL, et al: Pulmonary embolism in pregnant patients: Fetal radiation dose with helical CT. Radiology 2002;224: 487–492.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ginsberg, JS, Hirsh, J, Turner, DC, et al: Risks to the fetus of anticoagulant therapy during pregnancy. Thromb Haemost 1989;61:197–203.Google ScholarPubMed
Hall, JHE, Paul, RM, Wilson, KM: Maternal and fetal sequelae of anticoagulation during pregnancy. Am J Med 1980;68:122–140.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Chong, BH: Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia. Aust NZ J Med 1992;22:145–152.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Dahlman, TC: Osteoporotic fractures and the recurrence of thromboembolism during pregnancy and the puerperium in 184 women undergoing thromboprophylaxis with heparin. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1993;168:12;1265–1270.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Chan, WS, Ray, JG: Low molecular weight heparin use during pregnancy: Issues of safety and practicality. Obstet Gynecol Surv 1999;54:649–654.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
American College of Obstetricians and Gynecolo- gists: Thromboembolism in pregnancy. ACOG Practice Bulletin No 19. Washington, DC: American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists, 2000.
American Society of Regional Anesthesia: Recommendations for neuraxial anesthesia and anticoagulation. Richmond, VA: American Society of Regional Anesthesia, 1998.
Kearon, C, Gent, M, Hirsh, J, et al: A comparison of three months of anticoagulation with extended anticoagulation for a first episode of idiopathic venous thromboembolism. N Engl J Med 1999; 340:901–907.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Reimold, SC, Rutherford, JD: Valvular heart disease in pregnancy. N Engl J Med 2003;52–59.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Chan, WS, Anand, S, Ginsberg, JS: Anticoagulation of pregnant women with mechanical heart valves: A systematic review of the literature. Arch Intern Med 2000;160:191–196.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Walker, ID, Greaves, M, Preston, FE: Guideline investigation and management of heritable thrombophilia. Br J Haematol 2001;114:512–528.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Greer, IA: The challenge of thrombophilia in maternal-fetal medicine. N Engl J Med 2000;342: 424–425.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ginsberg, JS, Hirsh, J: Use of antithrombotic agents during pregnancy. Chest 1998;114:524S–530S.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Barbour, , Pickard, J: Controversies in thromboembolic disease during pregnancy: A critical review. Obstet Gynecol 1995;86:621–633.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Krebs, HB: Intestinal injury in gynecologic surgery: A ten-year experience. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1986; 155:509–514.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kracht, M, Hay, JM, Fagniez, PL, Fingerhut, A: Ileocolonic anastomosis after right hemicolectomy for carcinoma: Staple or hand-sewn? A prospective multi-centered randomized trial. Int J Colorectal Dis 1993;8:29–33.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Thomson JPS: LOOP colostomy. In: Dudley H, Carter DC, Russell CG (eds): Atlas of General Surgery. London: Butterworth's, 1986; pp. 458–461.
Alvarez, RD: Gastrointestinal complications in gynecologic surgery: A review for the general gynecologist. Obstet Gynecol 1988;72:533–540.Google ScholarPubMed
Pitkin RM: Morphologic changes in pregnancy. In: Buchsbaum H, Schmidt J (eds): Gynecologic and Obstetric Urology. Philadelphia: WB Saunders, 1982; p. 476.
Symmonds, RE: Ureteral injuries associated with gynecologic surgery: Prevention and management. Clin Obstet Gynecol 1976;19:623–644.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wheelock, JB, Krebs, HB, Hurt, WG: Sparing and repairing the bladder during gynecologic surgery. Surg Tech Op 1984;163–170.Google Scholar
Mattingly, RF (ed): Anatomy of the female pelvis. In: TeLinde's Operative Gynecology. Philadelphia: JB Lippincott, 1977; pp. 34–36.Google Scholar
Donaldson, JO: Neuropathy. In: Neurology of Pregnancy. Philadelphia: WB Saunders, 1978; pp. 47–48.Google Scholar
Low, JA, Mauger, GM, Carmichael, JA: The effect of Wertheim hysterectomy upon bladder and urethral function. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1981;139:826–834.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Dessole, S, Cosmi, E, Balata, A, et al: Accidental fetal lacerations during cesarean delivery: Experience in an Italian level III university hospital. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2004;191:1673–1677.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Smith, JF, Hernandez, C, Wax, JR: Fetal laceration injury at cesarean delivery. Obstet Gynecol 1997; 90:344–346.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Weiner, JJ, Westwood, J: Fetal lacerations at cesarean section. J Obstet Gynecol 2002;22:23–24.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Diehl, AK, Stern, MP, Ostrower, VS, et al: Prevalence of clinical gallbladder disease in Mexican-American, Anglo, and black women. South Med J 1980;73:438–443.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kern, F Jr: Epidemiology and natural history of gallstones. Semin Liver Dis 1983;3:87–96.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lanzafame, RJ: Laparoscopic cholecystectomy during pregnancy. Surgery 1995;118:627–633.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
McKellar, DR, Anderson, CT, Boynton, CJ, et al: Cholecystectomy during pregnancy without fetal loss. Surg Gynecol Obstet 1992;174:465–468.Google ScholarPubMed
Coleman, MT, Trianfo, VA, Rund, DA: Nonobstetric emergencies in pregnancy: Trauma and surgical conditions. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1997;177:497–502.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Epstein, FB: Acute abdominal pain in pregnancy. Emerg Med Clin North Am 1994;12:151–165.Google ScholarPubMed
Landers, D, Carmona, R, Crombleholme, W, et al: Acute cholecystitis in pregnancy. Obstet Gynecol 1987;69:131–133.Google ScholarPubMed
Jamidar, PA, Beck, FJ, Hoffman, BJ, et al: Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography in pregnancy. Am J Gastroenterol 1995;90:1263–1267.Google ScholarPubMed
Axelrad, AM, Fleischer, , Strack, LL, et al: Performance of ERCP for symptomatic choledocholithiasis during pregnancy: Techniques to increase safety and improve patient management. Am J Gastroenterol 1994;89:109–112.Google ScholarPubMed
Lu, EJ, Curet, MJ, El-Sayed, YY, et al: Medical versus surgical management of biliary tract disease in pregnancy. Am J Surg 2004;188:755–759.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Dixon, NP, Faddis, DM, Silberman, H: Aggressive management of cholecystitis during pregnancy. Am J Surg 1987;154:292–294.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Swisher, SG, Schmit, PJ, Hunt, KK, et al: Biliary disease during pregnancy. Am J Surg 1994;168:576–581.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lee, S, Bradley, JP, Mele, MM, et al: Cholelithiasis in pregnancy: Surgical versus medical management. Obstet Gynecol 2000;95:S70–S71.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Simon, JA: Biliary tract disease and related surgical disorders during pregnancy. Clin Obstet Gynecol 1983;26:810–821.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ghumman, E, Barry, M, Grace, PA: Management of gallstones in pregnancy. Br J Surg 1997;84:1646–1650.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Perisset, J, Collat, D, Belliard, R: Gallstones: Laparoscopic treatment – cholecystectomy, cholecystotomy, and lithotripsy. Surg Endosc 1990;4:1–5.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Graham, G, Baxi, L, Tharakan, T: Laparoscopic cho- lecystectomy during pregnancy: A case series and review of the literature. Obstet Gynecol Surv 1998; 53:566–574.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Barone, JE, Bears, S, Chen, S, et al: Outcome study of cholecystectomy during pregnancy. Am J Surg 1999;177:232–236.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Pucci, RD, Seed, RW: Case report of laparoscopic cholecystectomy in the third trimester of pregnancy. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1991;165:401–402.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Morrell, DG, Mullins, JR, Harrison, PB: Laparoscopic cholecystectomy during pregnancy in symptomatic patients. Surgery 1992;112:856–859.Google ScholarPubMed
Arvidsson, D, Gerdin, E: Laparoscopic cholecystectomy during pregnancy. Surg Laparosc Endosc 1991;1:193–194.Google ScholarPubMed
Soper, NJ: Laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Curr Probl Surg 1991;28:587–655.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rollins, MD, Chan, KJ, Price, RR: Laparoscopy for appendicitis and cholelithiasis doing pregnancy: A new standard of care. Surg Endosc 2004;18:237–241.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Williams, GR: Presidential address: A history of appendicitis. Ann Surg 1983;197:495–506.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hancock, H: Disease of the appendix caeci cured by operation. Lancet 1848;2:380–382.Google Scholar
Black, WP: Acute appendicitis in pregnancy. Br Med J 1960;1:1938–1941.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Babaknia, A, Parsa, H, Woodruff, JD: Appendicitis during pregnancy. Obstet Gynecol 1977;50:40–44.Google ScholarPubMed
Tamir, IL: Acute appendicitis in the pregnant patient. Am J Surg 1990;160:571–576.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mazze, RI, Kallen, B: Appendectomy during pregnancy: A Swedish registry study of 778 cases. Obstet Gynecol 1991;77:835–840.Google ScholarPubMed
Warfield, GL: Acute appendicitis complicating pregnancy. Postgrad Med 1950;8:10–14.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mahmoodian, S: Appendicitis complicating pregnancy. South Med J 1992;85:19–24.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cohen-Kerem, R, Railton, C, Oren, D, et al: Pregnancy outcome following non-obstetric surgical intervention. Am J Surg 2005;190:467–473.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cope Z (ed): The differential diagnosis of appendicitis. In: The Early Diagnosis of the Acute Abdomen. London: Oxford University Press, 1963; pp. 59–75.
DeVore, GR: Acute abdominal pain in the pregnant patient due to pancreatitis, acute appendicitis, cholecystitis, or peptic ulcer disease. Clin Perinatol 1980;7:349–369.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cunningham, GF, McGubbin, JH: Appendicitis complicating pregnancy. Obstet Gynecol 1975;45: 415–420.Google ScholarPubMed
Lim, HK, Bae, SH, Seo, GS: Diagnosis of acute appendicitis in pregnant women: Value of sonography. Am J Roentgenol 1992;159:539–542.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ames, Castro M, Shipp, TD, Castro, EE, et al: The use of helical computed tomography in pregnancy for the diagnosis of acute appendicitis. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2001;184:954–957.Google Scholar
Cobben, JP, Groot, I, Haans, L, et al: MRI for clinically suspected appendicitis during pregnancy. AJR Am J Roentgenol 2004;183:671–675.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Fatum, M, Rojansky, N: Laparoscopic surgery during pregnancy. Obstet Gynecol Survey 2001;56:50–59.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Al-Fozan, H, Tulandi, T: Safety and risks of laparo- scopy in pregnancy. Curr Opin Obstet Gynecol 2002;14:375–379.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Barnes, SL, Shane, MD, Schoemann, MB, et al: Laparoscopic appendectomy after 30 weeks pregnancy: Report of two cases and description of technique. Am Surg 2004;70:733–736.Google ScholarPubMed
Larsson, G: Elective appendectomy at time of cesarean section. JAMA 1954;154:549–552.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sweeney, WA III: Incidental appendectomy at the time of cesarean section. Obstet Gynecol 1959;14: 528–592.Google Scholar
Douglas, RG, Stromme, W: Operative Obstetrics, 3rd ed. New York: Appleton-Century-Crofts, 1976.Google Scholar
Wilson, EA, Dilts, PV Jr, Simpson, TJ: Appendectomy incidental to postpartum sterilization. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1973;116:76–81.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Parsons, AK, Sauer, MV, Parsons, MT, et al: Appendectomy at cesarean section: A prospective study. Obstet Gynecol 1986;479–482.Google ScholarPubMed
Gilstrap, LC III: Elective appendectomy during abdominal surgery. JAMA 1991;265:1736.Google ScholarPubMed
Ober, WB, Fass, RD: The early history of choriocarcinoma. J Hist Med Allied Sci 1961;16:479–482.Google ScholarPubMed
DiSaia, PJ, Creasman, WT (eds): Gestational trophoblastic neoplasia. In: Clinical Gynecologic Oncology, ed 6. St. Louis: Mosby-Year Book, 2002; pp. 185–210.Google Scholar
Li, M, Hertz, R, Spencer, DB: Effects of methotrexate therapy upon choriocarcinoma and chorioadenoma. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 1956;93:361–366.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Berkowitz RS, Goldstein DP: Gestational trophoblastic diseases. In Hoskins, WJ, Perez, CA, Young, RC (eds): Principles and Practice of Gynecologic Oncology, ed 3. Philadelphia (PA): Lippincott-Williams & Wilkins, 2000; pp. 1117–1137.Google Scholar
Lurain, JR, Brewer, JI, Torok, EE, et al: Natural history of hydatidiform mole after primary evacuation. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1983;145:591–595.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Curry, SL, Hammond, CB, Tyrey, L, et al: Hydatidiform mole: Diagnosis, management, and long-term follow up of 347 patients. Obstet Gynecol 1975;45:1–8.Google ScholarPubMed
Berkowitz, RS, Goldstein, DP, Bernstein, MR: Evolving concepts of molar pregnancy. J Reprod Med 1991;36:40–44.Google ScholarPubMed
Berkowitz, RS, Im, SS, Bernstein, MR, et al: Gestational trophoblastic disease: Subsequent pregnancy outcome, including repeat molar pregnancy. J Reprod Med 1998;43:81–86.Google ScholarPubMed
Sand, PK, Lurain, JR, Brewer, JI: Repeat gestational trophoblastic disease. Obstet Gynecol 1984; 63:140–144.Google ScholarPubMed
Soper JT, Lewis JL Jr, Hammond CB: Gestational trophoblastic disease. In: Hoskins, WJ, Perez, CA, Young, RC (eds). Principles and Practice of Gynecologic Oncology, ed 2. Philadelphia, Lippincott-Raven, 1997; pp. 1039–1077.Google Scholar
Berkowitz, RS, Goldstein, DR, Bernstein, MR: Natural history of partial molar pregnancy. Obstet Gynecol 1985;66:677–681.Google ScholarPubMed
Szulman, AE, Ma, HK, Wong, LC, et al: Residual trophoblastic disease in association with partial hydatiform mole. Obstet Gynecol 1981;45:1–8.Google Scholar
Morrow, P, Nakamura, R, Schlaerth, J, et al: The influence of oral contraceptives on the postmolar human chorionic gonadotropin regression curve. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1985;151:906–914.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lurain, JR, Brewer, JI, Torok, EE, et al: Natural history of hydatiform mole after primary evacuation. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1983;145:591–595.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kohorn, EI: The new FIGO 2000 staging and risk factor scoring system for gestational trophoblastic disease: Description and clinical assessment. Int J Gynecol Cancer 2001;11:73–77.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hammond, CB, Borchet, LG, Tyrey, L, et al: Treatment of metastatic trophoblastic disease: Good and poor prognosis. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1973;115: 451–457.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
World Health Organization Scientific Group: Gestational Trophoblastic Disease. Technical Report Series No. 692. Geneva: World Health Organization, 1983.
Bagshawe, KD: Risk and prognostic factors in trophoblastic neoplasia. Cancer 1976;38:1373–1385.3.0.CO;2-E>CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Song, H, Wu, B, Tang, M, et al: A staging system of gestational trophoblastic neoplasms based on the development of the disease. Chin Med J 1984;97: 557–566.Google ScholarPubMed
Pettersson, F, Kolstad, P, Ludwig, H, et al (eds): Annual Report on the Results of Treatment in Gynecologic Cancer, Volume 19. Stockholm: International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics, 1985.Google Scholar
Goldstein, DRP, Berkowitz, RS: Nonmetastatic and low risk metastatic gestational trophoblastic neoplasms. Semin Oncol 1982;9:191–197.Google ScholarPubMed
Osathanondh, R, Goldstein, DP, Pastorfide, GB: Actinomycin D as the primary agent for gestational trophoblastic disease. Cancer 1975;36:863–866.3.0.CO;2-G>CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Berkowitz, RS, Goldstein, DP, Bernstein, MR: Ten years' experience with methotrexate and folinic acid as primary therapy for gestational trophoblastic disease. Gynecol Oncol 1985;23:111–118.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Smith, EB, Weed, JC Jr, Tyrey, L, et al: Treatment of nonmetastatic gestational trophoblastic disease: Results of methotrexate alone versus methotrexate-folinic acid. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1982;144:88–92.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Baxter, JF, Soong, SJ, Hatch, KD, et al: Treatment of nonmetastatic gestational trophoblastic disease with oral methotrexate. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1987;157:1166–1168.Google Scholar
Homesley, HD, Blessing, JA, Rettenmaier, M, et al: Weekly intramuscular methotrexate for nonmeta- static gestational trophoblastic disease. Obstet Gynecol 1988;72:413–418.Google Scholar
Homesley, HD, Blessing, JA, Schlaerth, J, et al: Rapid escalation of weekly intramuscular methotrexate for nonmetastatic gestational trophoblastic disease. Gynecol Oncol 1990;39:305–308.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Goldstein, DP: Prevention of gestational trophoblastic disease by the use of actinomycin D in molar pregnancies. J Obstet Gynecol 1974;43:475–479.Google ScholarPubMed
Petrilli, ES, Twiggs, LB, Blessing, JA, et al: Single-dose actinomycin treatment for nonmetastatic gestational trophoblastic disease. Cancer 1987;60:2173–2176.3.0.CO;2-3>CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Schlaerth, JB, Morros, CP, Nalick, RH, et al: Single-dose actinomycin D in the treatment of postmolar trophoblastic disease. Gynecol Oncol 1984;19:53–56.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hammond, CB, Weed, JC Jr, Currie, JL: The role of operation in the current therapy of gestational trophoblastic disease. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1980; 136:844–858.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mazur MZT, Kurman RJ: Choriocarcinoma and placental-site trophoblastic tumor. In: Szulman, AE, Buchsbaum, HJ (eds): Gestational Trophoblastic Disease. New York: Springer-Verlag, 1987; pp. 45–68.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rosenshein, NB, Wijnen, H, Woodruff, JD: Clinical importance of the diagnosis of trophoblastic pseudotumors. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1985;65:527–534.Google Scholar
Eckstein, RP, Paradinas, FJ, Bagshawe, KD: Placental site trophoblastic tumor (trophoblastic pseudotumor): A study of four cases requiring hysterectomy including one fatal case. Histopathology 1982;6:211–226.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Young, RH, Scully, RE: Placental-site trophoblastic tumor: Current status. Clin Obstet Gynecol 1984; 27:248–258.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lewis, J Jr, Ketcham, AS, Hertz, R: Surgical intervention during chemotherapy of gestational trophoblastic neoplasms. Cancer 1966;19:1517–1522.3.0.CO;2-D>CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lewis, J Jr, Gore, H, Hertig, AT, et al: Treatment of trophoblastic disease with the rationale for the use of adjunctive chemotherapy at the time of indicated operation. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1966;96:710–722.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists: Diagnosis and treatment of gestational trophoblastic disease. ACOG Practice Bulletin No. 53. Obstet Gynecol 2004;103:1365–1377.CrossRef
Lurain, JR, Brewer, JI, Torok, EE, et al: Gestational trophoblastic disease: Treatment results at the Brewer Trophoblastic Disease Center. Obstet Gynecol 1982;60:354–360.Google ScholarPubMed
Bagshawe, KD: Treatment of high-risk choriocarcinoma. J Reprod Med 1984;29:813–820.Google ScholarPubMed
Newlands, ES, Bagshawe, KD, Begent, RHJ, et al: Developments in chemotherapy for medium- and high-risk patients with gestational trophoblastic tumours (1979–1984). Br J Obstet Gynaecol 1986; 93:63–69.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
DuBeshter, B, Berkowitz, RS, Goldstein, DP, et al: Metastatic gestational trophoblastic disease: Experience at the New England Trophoblastic Disease Center, 1965–1985. Obstet Gynecol 1987;69:390–395.Google Scholar
Theodore, C, Azab, M, Dorz, JP, et al: Treatment of high-risk gestational trophoblastic disease with chemotherapy combinations containing cisplatin and etoposide. Cancer 1989;64:1824–1828.3.0.CO;2-Y>CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Weed, JC Jr, Woodward, KT, Hammond, CB: Choriocarcinoma metastatic to the brain: Therapy and prognosis. Semin Oncol 1982;9:208–212.Google ScholarPubMed
Athanassiou, A, Begent, RHJ, Newlands, ES, et al: Central nervous system metastases of choriocarcinoma: 33 years' experience at Charing Cross Hospital. Cancer 1983;52:1728–1735.3.0.CO;2-U>CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Soper, JT, Clarke-Pearson, D, Hammond, CB: Metastatic gestational trophoblastic disease: Prognostic factors in previously untreated patients. Obstet Gynecol 1988;71:338–43.Google ScholarPubMed
Lurain, JR, Casanova, , Miller, DS, et al: Prognostic factors in gestational trophoblastic tumors: A proposed new scoring system based on multivariant analysis. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1991;164:611–616.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Surwit, EA: Management of high-risk gestational trophoblastic disease. J Reprod Med 1987;32:657–662.Google ScholarPubMed
Bolis, G, Bonazzi, C, Landoni, F, et al: EMA-CO regimen in high-risk gestational trophoblastic tumor. Gynecol Oncol 1988;31:439–444.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Schink, HC, Singh, DK, Rademaker, AW, et al: EMA-CO chemotherapy: A well-tolerated, highly effective treatment for metastatic, high-risk gestational trophoblastic disease. Society of Gynecologic Oncologists, 23rd Annual Meeting, San Antonio, TX. March 15–18, 1992.Google Scholar
Lurain, JZR, Brewer, JI: Treatment of high-risk gestational trophoblastic disease with methotrexate, actinomycin D, and cyclophosphamide chemotherapy. Obstet Gynecol 1985;65:830–836.Google ScholarPubMed
Bagshawe, KD: Treatment of trophoblastic tumors. Ann Acad Med (GB) 1976;5:565–570.Google Scholar
Surwit, EA, Alberts, DS, Christian, CD, et al: Poor prognosis gestational trophoblastic disease: An update. Obstet Gynecol 1984;64:21–26.Google ScholarPubMed
Gordon, AN, Kavanaugh, JJ, Gershenson, DM, et al: Cisplatin, vinblastine and bleomycin combination therapy in resistant gestational trophoblastic disease. Cancer 1986;58:1407–1410.3.0.CO;2-2>CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
DeBeshter, B, Berkowitz, RS, Goldstein, DP, et al: Vinblastine, cisplatin, and bleomycin as salvage therapy for refractory high-risk gestational trophoblastic disease. J Reprod Med 1989;34:189–192.Google Scholar
Azab, M, Droz, JP, Theodore, C: Cisplatin, vinblastine and bleomycin combination in treatment of resistant high-risk gestational trophoblastic tumors. Cancer 1989;64:1829–1832.3.0.CO;2-G>CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Choo, YC, Chan, SYW, Wong, WC, et al: Ovarian dysfunction in patients with gestational trophoblastic neoplasia treated with short intensive course of etoposide (VP16–213). Cancer 1985;55:2348–2352.3.0.CO;2-I>CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jones WB: Gestational trophoblastic disease: The role of radiotherapy. In: Nori, D, Hilaris, BS (eds): Radiation Therapy of Gynecologic Cancer. New York: Alan R. Liss, 1987; p. 207.Google Scholar
Rustin, GJS, Newlands, ES, Begent, RHJ, et al: Weekly alternating etoposide, methotrexate, and actinomycin/vincristine and cyclophosphamide for the treatment of CNS metastases of choriocarcinoma. J Clin Oncol 1989;7:900–903.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Evans, AC Jr, Soper, JT, Clarke-Pearson, DL, et al: Gestational trophoblastic disease metastatic to the central nervous system. Gynecol Oncol 1995;59: 226–230.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Xu, LT, Sun, CF, Yang, YE, et al: Resection of pulmonary metastatic choriocarcinoma in 43 drug-resistant patients. Ann Thorac Surg 1985;39:257–259.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Weed, JC, Hammond, CB: Cerebral metastatic choriocarcinoma: Intensive therapy and prognosis. Obstet Gynecol 1980;55:89–94.Google ScholarPubMed
Mutch, DG, Soper, JT, Babcock, CJ, et al: Recurrrent gestational trophoblastic disease: Experience of the Southeastern Regional Trophoblastic Disease Center. Cancer 1990;66:978–982.3.0.CO;2-3>CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Garner, EIO, Lipson, E, Bernstein, MR, et al: Hydatidiform mole: What happens during the next preg- nancy?Contemp Ob/Gyn 2001;46:96–101.Google Scholar
Barclay DL: Surgery of the vulva, perineum, and vagina in pregnancy. In: Barber, HRK, Graber, EA (eds): Surgical Disease in Pregnancy. Philadelphia: WB Saunders, 1974; pp. 320–323.Google Scholar
Sturgeon, S, Briton, , Devessa, SS, et al: In situ and invasive vulvar cancer incidence trends. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1992;166:1482–1485.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lutz, MH, Underwood, PB, Rozier, JC, et al: Genital malignancy in pregnancy. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1977;129:536–542.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Moore, DH, Fowler, WC Jr, Currie, JL, et al: Case report: Squamous cell carcinoma of the vulva in pregnancy. Gynecol Oncol 1991;41:74–77.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Regan, MA, Rosenweig, BA: Vulvar carcinoma in pregnancy: A case report and literature review. Am J Perinatol 1993;10:334–335.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bakour, SH, Jaleel, H, Weaver, JB, et al: Vulvar carcinoma presenting during pregnancy, associated with recurrent bone marrow hypoplasia: A case report and literature review. Gynecol Oncol 2002;87:207–209.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ogunleye, D, Lewin, SN, Huettner, P, et al: Recurrent vulvar carcinoma in pregnancy. Gynecol Oncol 2004;95:400–401.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wilkinson EJ: Vulvar intraepithelial neoplasia and squamous cell carcinoma with emphasis on new nomenclature. In: Damianov, I, Cohen, AH, Mills, SE, Young, RH (eds): Progress in Reproductive and Urinary Tract Pathology, vol 2. New York: Field and Wood, 1990; pp. 1–20.Google Scholar
DiSaia, PJ, Creasman, ST (eds): Staging. In: Clinical Gynecologic Oncology, ed 6. St. Louis: Mosby- Year Book, 2002; pp. 613–620.Google Scholar
Monaghan, JM, Lindegue, A: Vulvar carcinoma in pregnancy. Br J Obstet Gynecol 1986;93:785–786.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Collins, CG, Barclay, DL: Cancer of the vulva and cancer of the vagina in pregnancy. Clin Obstet Gynecol 1963;6:927–942.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gitsch, G, Van, Eukeren M, Hacker, NF: Surgical therapy of vulvar cancer in pregnancy. Gynecol Oncol 1995;56:312–315.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Al-Kurdi, M, Monoghan, JM: Thirty-two years' experience in management of primary tumors of the vagina. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 1981;88:1145–1150.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Brinton, , Nasca, PC, Mallin, K, et al: Case-controlled study of in-situ and invasive carcinoma of the vagina. Gynecol Oncol 1990;38:49–54.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Manetta, A, Gutrecht, EL, Berman, ML, et al: Primary invasive carcinoma of the vagina. Gynecol Oncol 1990;38:49–54.Google Scholar
Senekjian, EK, Hubby, M, Bell, DA, et al: Clear cell adenocarcinoma (CCA) of the vagina and cervix in association with pregnancy. Gynecol Oncol 1986; 24:207–219.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Fujita, K, Aoki, Y, Tanaka, K: Stage I squamous cell carcinoma of vagina complicating pregnancy: Successful conservative treatment. Gynecol Oncol 2005;98:513–515.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Baruah, N, Sangupta, S: Primary carcinoma of the vagina complicating pregnancy. J Ind Med Assoc 1973;60:469–470.Google ScholarPubMed
Singhal, S, Sharma, S, De, S, et al: Adult embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma of the vagina complicating pregnancy: A case report and review of the literature. Asia Oceania J Obstet Gynaecol 1990;16:301–306.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ortega, JA: A therapeutic approach to childhood pelvic rhabdomyocarcinoma without pelvic exenteration. J Paediat 1979;94:205–209.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Stock, RG, Chen, ASJ, Seski, J: A 30-year experience in the management of primary carcinoma of the vagina: Analysis of prognostic factors and treatment modalities. Gynecol Oncol 1995;56:43–52.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Davis, KP, Stanhope, CR, Garton, GR, et al: Invasive vaginal carcinoma: Analysis of early-stage disease. Gynecol Oncol 1991;42:131–136.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kiguchi, K, Bibbo, M, Hasegawa, T, et al: Dysplasia during pregnancy: A cytologic follow-up study. J Reprod Med 1981;26:66–72.Google ScholarPubMed
Hacker, NF, Berek, JS, Lagase, RLD, et al: Carcinoma of the cervix associated with pregnancy. Obstet Gynecol 1982;59:735–746.Google ScholarPubMed
Orr, JW, Wilson, K, Bodiford, C: Corpus and cervix cancer: A nutritional comparison. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1985;153:775–779.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Winkelstein, W: Smoking and cervical cancer – current status: A review. Am J Epidemiol 1990;131: 945–957.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Werness BA, Manger K, Howley PM: The role of the human papillomavirus oncoproteins in transformation and carcinogenic progression. In: DeVita, VT Jr, Helhan, S, Rosenberg, SA (eds): Important Advances in Oncology. Philadelphia: JB Lippincott, 1991; pp. 2–18.Google Scholar
Powell, JL: Pitfalls in cervical colposcopy. Obstet Gynecol Clin North Am 1993;20:177–188.Google ScholarPubMed
Averette, HE, Nasser, N, Yankow, SL, et al: Cervical conization in pregnancy: Analysis of 180 operations. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1979;106:543–549.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rubio, CA, Thomassen, P, Kock, Y: Influence of the size of cone specimens on postoperative hemorrhage. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1975;122:939–944.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
DiSaia, PJ, Creasman, ST (eds): Staging. In: Clinical Gynecologic Oncology, ed 6. St. Louis: Mosby-Year Book, 2002; pp. 613–615.Google Scholar
Greer, BE, Easterling, TR, McLennon, DA, et al: Fetal and maternal considerations in the management of Stage IB cervical cancer during pregnancy. Gynecol Oncol 1989;34:61–65.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Koren, G, Weiner, L, Lishner, M, et al: Cancer in pregnancy: Identification of unanswered questions on maternal and fetal risk. Obstet Gynecol Surv 1991;45:509–514.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nevin, J, Soeters, R, DeHaeck, K, et al: Advanced cervical carcinoma associated with pregnancy. Int J Gynecol Cancer 1993;3:57–63.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Saunders, N, Landon, CR: Management problems associated with carcinoma of the cervix diagnosed in the second trimester of pregnancy. Gynecol Oncol 1988;30:120–122.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
McCall, ML, Keaty, EC, Thompson, JD: Conservation of ovarian tissue in the treatment of carcinoma of the cervix with radical surgery. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1958;75:590–706.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Creasman, WT, Rutledge, FN, Fletcher, GH: Carcinoma of the cervix associated with pregnancy. Gynecol Oncol 1970;36:495–501.Google ScholarPubMed
Sablinska, R, Tarlowska, L, Stelmochow, J: Invasive carcinoma of the cervix associated with pregnancy: Correlation between patient age, advancement of cancer and gestation, and result of treatment. Gynecol Oncol 1977;5:363–373.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
DiSaia, PJ, Creasman, WT (eds): Cancer in pregnancy. In: Clinical Gynecologic Oncology, ed 6. St. Louis: Mosby-Year Book, 2002; pp. 441–445.Google Scholar
Prem, KS, Makowski, EL, McKelvey, JL: Carcinoma of the cervix associated with pregnancy. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1966;95:99–108.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mikuta, JJ: Invasive carcinoma in pregnancy. South Med J 1976;60:843–847.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gustafsson, DC, Kottmeier, HL: Carcinoma of the cervix associated with pregnancy. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 1962;41:1–21.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Katz, VL, Dotters, DJ, Droegemueller, W: Complications of uterine leiomyomas in pregnancy. Obstet Gynecol 1989;73:593–596.Google ScholarPubMed
Muram, D, Gillieson, M, Walters, JH: Myomas of the uterus in pregnancy: Ultrasonographic follow-up. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1980;138:16–19.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Aharoni, A, Reiter, A, Golan, D, et al: Patterns of growth of uterine leiomyomas during pregnancy: A prospective longitudinal study. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 1988;95:510–513.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Caterina, E, Rosati, P: Ultrasound diagnosis of uterine myomas and complications in pregnancy. Obstet Gynecol 1993;82:97–101.Google Scholar
Corscaden, JA, Singh, BP: Leiomyosarcoma of the uterus. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1958;75:149–153.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Connor, O' DM, Norssis, HJ: Mitotically active leiomyomas of the uterus. Hum Pathol 1990;21: 223–227.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Burton, CA, Grimes, DA, March, CM: Surgical management of leiomyomata during pregnancy. Obstet Gynecol 1989;74:707–709.Google ScholarPubMed
Kaymak, O, Ustunyurt, E, Okyay, RE, et al: Myomectomy during cesarean section. Int J Obstet Gynecol 2005;89:90–93.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hales, HA, Peterson, CM, Jones, KP, et al: Leiomyomatosis peritonealis disseminata treated with a gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonist. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1992;167:515–516.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Karlen, JR, Steinberg, LB, Abbott, JN: Carcinoma of the endometrium coexisting with pregnancy. Obstet Gynecol 1972;40:334–339.Google Scholar
Sandstrom, RE, Welch, RW, Green, TH Jr: Adenocarcinoma of the endometrium in pregnancy. Obstet Gynecol 1979;53:73S–76S.Google ScholarPubMed
Hoffman, MS, Cavanagh, D, Walter, TS, et al: Adenocarcinoma of the endometrium and endometroid carcinoma of the ovary associated with pregnancy. Gynecol Oncol 1989;32:82–85.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Suzuki, A, Konishi, I, Okamura, H, et al: Adenocarcinoma of the endometrium associated with intrauterine pregnancy. Gynecol Oncol 1984;18:261–269.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Itoh, K, Shiozawa, T, Shiiohara, S, et al: Endometrial carcinoma in septate uterus detected 6 months after full-term delivery: Case report and review of the literature. Gynecol Oncol 2004;93:242–247.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sivanesaratnam, V: Management of the pregnant mother with malignant conditions. Curr Op Obstet Gynecol 2001;13:121–125.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ayhan, A, Gunalp, S, Karaer, C, et al: Endometrial adenocarcinoma in pregnancy. Gynecol Oncol 1999;75:298–299.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Vaccarello, L, Apte, SM, Copeland, LJ, et al: Endometrial carcinoma associated with pregnancy: A report of the cases and review of the literature. Gynecol Oncol 1999;74:118–122.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gallup, DG, Cordray, DR: Leiomyosarcoma of the uterus: Case reports and a review. Obstet Gynecol Surv 1979;34:300–312.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Di, Saia PJ, Creasman, WT (eds): Cancer in pregnancy. In: Clinical Gynecologic Oncology, ed 6. St. Louis: Mosby-Year Book, 2002; pp. 445–446.Google Scholar
Barter, JF, Smith, EB, Szpak, CA, et al: Leiomyosarcoma of the uterus: Clinicopathological study of 21 cases. Gynecol Oncol 1985;21:220–227.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Armenia CS, Shaver DN, Modisher MW: Decidual transformation of the cervical stroma simulating reticulum cell sarcoma. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1964; 89:808–816.
Elliot, GM, Reynolds, HA, Fidler, HK: Pseudo-sarcoma botryoides of the cervix and vagina in pregnancy. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 1967;74:728–733.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Prakash, S, Scully, RE: Sarcoma-like pseudopregnancy changes in uterine leiomyomas. Obstet Gynecol 1964;24:106–110.Google ScholarPubMed
Boyce, CR, Buddhdev, HN: Pregnancy complicated by metastasizing leiomyoma of the uterus. Obstet Gynecol 1973;42:252–258.Google ScholarPubMed
Lowe, MP, Bender, D, Sood, AK, et al: Two successful pregnancies after conservative treatment of endometrial cancer and assisted reproduction. Fertil Steril 2002;77:188–189.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gotlieb, WH, Beiner, ME, Shalmon, B, et al: Outcome of fertility-sparing treatment with progestins in young patients with endometrial cancer. Obstet Gynecol 2003;102:718–725.Google ScholarPubMed
Mitsushita, J, Toki, T, Kato, K, et al: Endometrial carcinoma remaining after term pregnancy following conservative treatment with medroxyprogesterone acetate. Gynecol Oncol 2000;79:129–132.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ferrandina, G, Zannoni, GF, Gallotta, V, et al: Progression of conservatively treated endometrial carcinoma after full-term pregnancy: A case report. Gynecol Oncol 2005;99:215–217.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Di, Saia PJ, Creasman, WT (eds): Adenocarcinoma of the uterus. In: Clinical Gynecologic Oncology, ed 6. St. Louis: Mosby-Year Book, 2002; pp. 137–171.Google Scholar
Barakat RR, Grigsby PW, Sabbatini P, et al: Corpus: Epithelial tumors. In: Hoskins, WJ, Perez, CA, Young, RC (eds): Principles and Practice of Gynecologic Oncology, ed 3. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2000; pp. 919–959.Google Scholar
Malfetano, JH, Goldkrand, JW: Cis-platinum combination chemotherapy during pregnancy for advanced epithelial ovarian carcinoma. Obstet Gynecol 1990;75:545–547.Google ScholarPubMed
Eastman NJ, Hellman LM: Ovarian tumors in pregnancy. In: Eastman, NJ, Hellman, LM (eds): Williams Obstetrics, ed 13. New York: Appleton-Century-Crofts, 1966; pp. 916–917.Google Scholar
Grimes, WA Jr, Bartholomew, RA, Calvin, ED, et al: Ovarian cysts in pregnancy. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1954;6:594–605.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Marino, T, Craigo, SD: Managing adnexal masses in pregnancy. Contemp Ob/Gyn 2000;45:130–138.Google Scholar
Beral, V, Fraser, P, Chilners, C: Does pregnancy protect against ovarian cancer?Lancet 1978;1:1083–1088.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Casagrande, JT, Pike, MC, Ross, RK, et al: “Incessant ovulation” and ovarian cancer. Lancet 1979;2:170–173.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Centers for Disease Control: Cancer and steroid hormone study: Oral contraceptive use and the risk of ovarian cancer. JAMA 1983;249:1596–1599.CrossRef
Cramer, DW, Hutchinson, GB, Welch, WR, et al: Factors affecting the association of oral contraceptives and ovarian cancer. N Engl J Med 1982;307:1047–1051.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rosenberg, L, Shapiro, S, Slone, D, et al: Epithelial ovarian cancer and combination oral contraceptives. JAMA 1982;247:3210–3212.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Weiss, NS, Lyon, JKL, Liff, LM, et al: Incidence of ovarian cancer in relation to the use of oral contraceptives. Int J Cancer 1981;28:669–671.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Beischer, NA, Buttery, BW, Fortune, DW, et al: Growth and malignancy of ovarian tumors in pregnancy. Aust NZ J Obstet Gynaecol 1971;11:208–220.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Struyk, AP, Treffers, PE: Ovarian tumors in pregnancy. Acta Obstet Gynaecol Scand 1984;63:421–424.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Thornton, JG, Wells, M: Ovarian cysts in pregnancy: Does ultrasound make traditional management inappropriate?Obstet Gynaecol 1987;69:717–721.Google ScholarPubMed
Bromley, B, Benacerraf, B: Adnexal masses during pregnancy: Accuracy of sonographic diagnosis and outcome. J Ultrasound Med 1997;16:447–452.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hill, LM, Connors-Beatty, DJ, Nowak, A, et al: The role of ultrasonography in the detection and management of adnexal masses during the second and third trimesters of pregnancy. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1998;179:703–707.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ueda, M, Ueki, M: Ovarian tumors associated with pregnancy. Int J Gynecol Obstet 1996;55:59–65.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wheeler, TC, Fleischer, AC: Complex adnexal mass in pregnancy: Predictive value of color Doppler sonography. J Ultrasound Med 1997;16:425–428.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ashkenazy, M, Kessler, I, Czernobilsky, B, et al: Ovarian tumors in pregnancy. Int J Gynecol Obstet 1988; 27:79–83.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Butter, BW, Beischer, NA, Fortune, DW, et al: Ovarian tumors in pregnancy. Med J Aust 1973;1:345–349.Google Scholar
Chung, A, Birnbaum, SJ: Ovarian cancer associated with pregnancy. Obstet Gynecol 1973;41:211–214.Google ScholarPubMed
Novak, ER, Lambrose, CD, Woodruff, JD: Ovarian tumors in pregnancy: An ovarian tumor registry review. Obstet Gynecol 1975;46:401–406.Google ScholarPubMed
Geist, SH (ed): Ovarian Tumors. New York: Hoeber Publishing Company, 1942.Google Scholar
Bast, RC Jr, Klug, RL, St, John, et al: A radioimmunoassay using a monoclonal antibody to monitor the course of epithelial ovarian cancer. N Engl J Med 1983;309:883–887.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Jacobs, I, Bast, RC Jr: The CA-125 tumor-associated antigen: A review of the literature. Hum Reprod 1989;4:1–12.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Parker, WH, Childers, JM, Canis, M, et al: Laparoscopic management of benign cystic teratomas during pregnancy. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1996;174:1499–1501.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Reedy, MB, Kalen, B, Kuehl, TJ: Laparoscopy during pregnancy: A study of five fetal outcome parameters with use of the Swedish Health Registry. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1997;177:673–679.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Moore, RD, Smith, WG: Laparoscopic management of adnexal masses in pregnant women. J Reprod Med 1999;44:97–100.Google ScholarPubMed
Piver, MS: Importance of proper staging in ovarian carcinoma. Clin Obstet Gynecol 1983;10:223–234.Google ScholarPubMed
Sonnendecker, EWW: Is appendectomy mandatory in patients with ovarian carcinoma?S Afr Med J 1982;62:978–980.Google ScholarPubMed
Malfetano, JH: The appendix and its metastatic potential in epithelial ovarian cancer. Obstet Gynecol 1987;69:396–398.Google ScholarPubMed
Powell, JL, Donovan, JT, Moran, TJ, et al: Is appendectomy essential for the treatment of ovarian cancer?The Female Patient 1991;16:64–68.Google Scholar
Burghardt, E, Girardi, F, Lahousen, M, et al: Patterns of pelvic and paraaortic lymph node involvement in ovarian cancer. Gynecol Oncol 1991;40:103.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Munnell, EW: Primary ovarian cancer associated with pregnancy. Clin Obstet Gynecol 1963;4:983–993.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
King, , Nevin, PC, Williams, PP, et al: Treatment of advanced epithelial ovarian carcinoma in pregnancy with cis-platinum–based chemotherapy. Gynecol Oncol 1991;44:78–80.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Malfetano, JH, Goldkrand, JW: Cis-platinum combination chemotherapy during pregnancy for advanced epithelial ovarian cancer. Obstet Gynecol 1990;75:545–547.Google Scholar
Einhorn, N, Nilsson, B, Sjovall, K: Factors influencing survival in carcinoma of the ovary. Cancer 1985;55:2019–2025.3.0.CO;2-2>CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Halmo SD, Nisher JA, Allen HH: Primary ovarian cancer in pregnancy. In: Allen HH, Nisher JA (eds): Cancer in Pregnancy: Therapeutic Guidelines. Mount Kisco, NY: Futura Publishing, 1986; pp. 274–275.
Stanhope, CR, Smith, JP: Germ cell tumors. Clin Obstet Gynecol 1983;10:357–364.Google Scholar
Karlen, JR, Bari, A, Cook, WA: Dysgerminoma associated with pregnancy. Obstet Gynecol 1979;53:330–335.Google ScholarPubMed
DePalo, G, Pilotti, S, Kenda, R, et al: Natural history of dysgerminoma. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1982; 143:799–807.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schwartz, RP, Chatwani, AJ, Stremel, W, et al: Endodermal sinus tumor in pregnancy: Report of a case and review of the literature. Gynecol Oncol 1983; 15:434–439.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ito, K, Teshima, K, Suzuki, H, et al: A case of ovarian endodermal sinus tumor associated with pregnancy. Tohoku J Exp Med 1984;142:183–194.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Malone, JM, Gershenson, DM, Creasy, RK, et al: Endodermal sinus tumor of the ovary associated with pregnancy. Obstet Gynecol 1986;68:86S–89S.Google ScholarPubMed
Metz, SA, Day, TG, Pursell, SH: Adjuvant chemotherapy in a pregnant patient with endodermal sinus tumor of the ovary. Gynecol Oncol 1989; 32:371–374.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kim, DS, Park, MI: Maternal and fetal survival following surgery and chemotherapy of endodermal sinus tumor of the ovary during pregnancy: A case report. Obstet Gynecol 1989;73:503–507.Google ScholarPubMed
Farahmand, SM, Marchetti, DL, Asirwatham, JE, et al: Ovarian endodermal sinus tumor associated with pregnancy: Review of the literature. Gynecol Oncol 1991;41:156–160.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Perkins, RL, Hernandez, E, Miyazawa, K: Ovarian endodermal sinus tumor during pregnancy. Am J Gynecol Health 1989;3:71–74.Google Scholar
VanDer, See ACJ, DeBruijn, HWA, Bouma, J, et al: Endodermal sinus tumor of the ovary during pregnancy: A case report. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1991;164:504–506.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Weed, JC Jr, Roh, RA, Mendenhall, HW: Recurrent endodermal sinus tumor during pregnancy. Obstet Gynecol 1979;54:653–656.Google ScholarPubMed
Kurman, RJ, Norris, HJ: Endodermal sinus tumor of the ovary: A clinical and pathologic analysis of 71 cases. Cancer 1976;38:2404–2419.3.0.CO;2-3>CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gershenson, DM, Junco, GD, Herson, J: Endodermal sinus tumor of the ovary: The MD Anderson experience. Obstet Gynecol 1983;61:194–202.Google Scholar
Schwartz, PE: Combination chemotherapy in the management of ovarian germ cell malignancies. Obstet Gynecol 1984;64:564–572.Google ScholarPubMed
Gershenson, DM, Del, Junco G, Silva, EG, et al: Immature teratoma of the ovary. Obstet Gynecol 1986;68:624–629.Google ScholarPubMed
Slayton, RE, Park, RC, Silverberg, SG, et al: Vincristine, dactinomycin and cyclophosphamide in the treatment of malignant germ cell tumors of the ovary: A Gynecologic Oncology Group study (a final report). Cancer 1985;56:243–248.3.0.CO;2-T>CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schneider, J, Erasun, F, Hervas, JL, et al: Normal pregnancy and delivery two years after adjuvant chemotherapy for grade III immature ovarian teratoma. Gynecol Oncol 1988;29:245–249.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lee, RB, Kelly, J, Elg, SA, et al: Pregnancy following conservative surgery and adjunctive chemotherapy for stage III immature teratoma of the ovary. Obstet Gynecol 1989;73:853– 855.Google ScholarPubMed
Young, RH, Dudley, AG, Scully, RE: Granulosa cell, Sertoli-Leydig cell and unclassified sex-cord-stromal tumors associated with pregnancy: A clinicopathological analysis of thirty-six cases. Gynecol Oncol 1984;18:181–205.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Young, RH, Scully, RE: Ovarian sex-cord-stromal tumors: Recent progress. Int J Gynecol Pathol 1982; 1:101–123.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bjorkholm, E, Silfverswerd, C: Prognostic factors in granulosa cell tumors. Gynecol Oncol 1981;11: 261–274.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Roth, LM, Anderson, MD, Goven, AD, et al: Sertoli-Leydig cell tumors: A clinicopathologic study of 34 cases. Cancer 1981;48:187–197.3.0.CO;2-1>CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Adolph, A, Le, T, Khan, K, et al: Recurrent metastatic fallopian tube carcinoma in pregnancy. Gynecol Oncol 2001;81:110–112.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rosen, AC, et al: Management and prognosis of primary fallopian tube carcinoma. Gynecol Obstet Invest 1999;47:45–51.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sedlis, A: Primary carcinoma of the fallopian tube. Obstet Gynecol Surv 1961;16:209–226.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bider, D, Mashiach, S, Dulitzky, M, et al: Clinical, surgical and pathological findings of adnexal torsion in pregnant and nonpregnant women. Surg Gynecol Obstet 1991;173:363–366.Google ScholarPubMed
Yalcin, OT, Hassa, H, Zeytinoglu, S, et al: Isolated torsion of fallopian tube during pregnancy: Report of two cases. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 1997;74:179–182.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kushner, DH, Rosenbaum, M: Torsion of the fallopian tube complicating pregnancy. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1952;64:935–936.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Blum, LL, Sayre, BE: Torsion of fallopian tube in a virgin: Report of a case and review of the literature. Arch Surg 1937;34:1032–1048.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McHutchinson, LLB, Koonings, PP, Ballard, CA, et al: Preservation of ovarian tissue in adnexal torsion with fluorescein. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1993; 168:1386–1388.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
DiSaia, PJ, Townsend, PE, Morris, CP: The rationale for less than radical treatment for gynecologic malignancy in early reproductive years. Obstet Gynecol Surv 1974;29:581–593.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Save book to Kindle

To save this book to your Kindle, first ensure [email protected] is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

Available formats
×

Save book to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

Available formats
×

Save book to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

Available formats
×