Skip to main content Accessibility help

We use cookies to distinguish you from other users and to provide you with a better experience on our websites. Close this message to accept cookies or find out how to manage your cookie settings.

Close cookie message
×
Hostname: page-component-586b7cd67f-vdxz6 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-27T23:56:25.637Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Chapter 20 - Fetal Surgery

from Part III - SURGICAL PROCEDURES

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  07 May 2010

John Patrick O'Grady ,
Martin L. Gimovsky ,
Lucy A. Bayer-Zwirello  and
Kevin Giordano
By
Shaun M. Kunisaki  and
Russell W. Jennings
John Patrick O'Grady
Affiliation:
Tufts University, Massachusetts
Shaun M. Kunisaki
Affiliation:
Clinical Fellow, Department of Surgery Harvard Medical School Boston
Russell W. Jennings
Affiliation:
Assistant Professor, Harvard Medical School Boston, Massachusetts
Get access

Summary

This chapter provides an overview of the principles of modern operative fetal intervention. In practice, maternal safety has remained the highest priority in fetal surgery. Some have suggested that pregnant women are a particularly vulnerable group of patients who might have a low threshold to consent to highly invasive fetal therapies, even if the benefits to their unborn children could be small. Preoperative preparation for fetoscopic surgery is done in a fashion similar to that used in open fetal surgery. Fetoscopy offers several distinct advantages when compared with open fetal surgery. The chapter talks about twin-twin transfusion syndrome, airway obstruction, thoracic anomalies, and sacrococcygeal teratoma, congenital diaphragmatic hernia, myelomeningocele, and aortic stenosis. Although most prenatally diagnosed anomalies are best managed after birth, several disorders have predictable, irreversible, and devastating consequences under expectant prenatal management.

Keywords

airway obstructionaortic stenosiscongenital diaphragmatic herniasacrococcygeal teratomatwin-twin transfusion syndromefetal surgeryfetoscopy
Type
Chapter
Information
Operative Obstetrics , pp. 638 - 662
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2008

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Patient choice and the maternal-fetal relationship, No. 214, April, 1999. Committee on Ethics. Int J Gynaecol Obstet 1999;65:213–5.
Chervenak, FA, McCullough, LB.The fetus as a patient: An essential concept for the ethics of perinatal medicine. Am J Perinatol 2003;20:399–404.Google ScholarPubMed
American Academy of Pediatrics. Committee on Bioethics. Fetal therapy – ethical considerations. Pediatrics 1999;103:1061–3.CrossRef
Levine, C, Faden, R, Grady, C, Hammerschmidt, D, Eckenwiler, L, Sugarman, J.“Special scrutiny”: A targeted form of research protocol review. Ann Intern Med 2004;140:220–3.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Chescheir, NC, Socol, M.The National Institutes of Health Workshop on Fetal Treatment: Needs assessment and future directions. Obstet Gynecol 2005;106:828–33.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lyerly, AD, Gates, EA, Cefalo, RC, Sugarman, J.Toward the ethical evaluation and use of maternal-fetal surgery. Obstet Gynecol 2001;98:689–97.Google ScholarPubMed
Adzick, NS.Management of fetal lung lesions. Clin Perinatol 2003;30:481–92.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
DiFederico, EM, Harrison, M, Matthay, MA.Pulmonary edema in a woman following fetal surgery. Chest 1996;109:1114–7.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Longaker, MT, Golbus, MS, Filly, RA, Rosen, MA, Chang, SW, Harrison, MR.Maternal outcome after open fetal surgery: A review of the first 17 human cases. JAMA 1991;265:737–41.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Noah, MM, Norton, ME, Sandberg, P, Esakoff, T, Farrell, J, Albanese, CT.Short-term maternal outcomes that are associated with the EXIT procedure, as compared with cesarean delivery. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2002;186:773–7.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wilson, RD, Johnson, MP, Flake, AW, et al. Reproductive outcomes after pregnancy complicated by maternal-fetal surgery. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2004;191:1430–6.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Farrell, JA, Albanese, CT, Jennings, RW, Kilpatrick, SJ, Bratton, BJ, Harrison, MR.Maternal fertility is not affected by fetal surgery. Fetal Diagn Ther 1999;14:190–2.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Liley, AW.Intrauterine transfusion of foetus in haemolytic disease. Br Med J 1963;5365:1107–9.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Quinn, TM, Hubbard, AM, Adzick, NS.Prenatal magnetic resonance imaging enhances fetal diagnosis. J Pediatr Surg 1998;33:553–8.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rahbar, R, Vogel, A, Myers, LB, et al. Fetal surgery in otolaryngology: A new era in the diagnosis and management of fetal airway obstruction because of advances in prenatal imaging. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2005;131:393–8.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Myers, LB, Bulich, , Mizrahi, A, et al. Ultrasonographic guidance for location of the trachea during the EXIT procedure for cervical teratoma. J Pediatr Surg 2003;38:E12.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cohen, MS, Rychik, J, Bush, DM, et al. Influence of congenital heart disease on survival in children with congenital diaphragmatic hernia. J Pediatr 2002;141:25–30.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Graziano, JN.Cardiac anomalies in patients with congenital diaphragmatic hernia and their prognosis: A report from the Congenital Diaphragmatic Hernia Study Group. J Pediatr Surg 2005; 40:1045–9; discussion 9–50.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Nakayama, DK, Harrison, MR, Seron-Ferre, M, Villa, RL.Fetal surgery in the primate II: Uterine electromyographic response to operative procedures and pharmacologic agents. J Pediatr Surg 1984;19:333–9.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Adzick, NS, Harrison, MR, Glick, PL, et al. Fetal surgery in the primate III: Maternal outcome after fetal surgery. J Pediatr Surg 1986;21:477–80.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Harrison, MR, Adzick, NS.Fetal surgical techniques. Semin Pediatr Surg 1993;2:136–42.Google ScholarPubMed
Harrison, MR, Anderson, J, Rosen, MA, Ross, NA, Hendrickx, AG.Fetal surgery in the primate I: Anesthetic, surgical, and tocolytic management to maximize fetal-neonatal survival. J Pediatr Surg 1982;17:115–22.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Jennings, RW, Adzick, NS, Longaker, MT, Lorenz, HP, Harrison, MR.Radiotelemetric fetal monitoring during and after open fetal operation. Surg Gynecol Obstet 1993;176:59–64.Google ScholarPubMed
Graf, JL, Paek, BW, Albanese, CT, et al. Successful resuscitation during fetal surgery. J Pediatr Surg 2000;35:1388–9.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bisits, A, Madsen, G, Knox, M, et al. The Randomized Nitric Oxide Tocolysis Trial (RNOTT) for the treatment of preterm labor. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2004;191:683–90.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Duckitt, K, Thornton, S.Nitric oxide donors for the treatment of preterm labour. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2002.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Quintero, RA, Puder, KS, Cotton, DB.Embryoscopy and fetoscopy. Obstet Gynecol Clin North Am 1993;20:563–81.Google ScholarPubMed
Luks, FI, Deprest, JA, Peers, KH, Desimpelaere, L, Vandenberghe, K.Infrared fetoscopy in the sheep. Fetal Diagn Ther 1994;9:327–30.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Skarsgard, ED, Bealer, JF, Meuli, M, Adzick, NS, Harrison, MR.Fetal endoscopic (‘Fetendo’) surgery: The relationship between insufflating pressure and the fetoplacental circulation. J Pediatr Surg 1995;30:1165–8.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Deprest, JA, Gratacos, E.Obstetrical endoscopy. Curr Opin Obstet Gynecol 1999;11:195–203.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Myers, LB, Cohen, D, Galinkin, J, Gaiser, R, Kurth, CD.Anaesthesia for fetal surgery. Paediatr Anaesth 2002;12:569–78.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Pelletier, GJ, Srinathan, SK, Langer, JC.Effects of intraamniotic helium, carbon dioxide, and water on fetal lambs. J Pediatr Surg 1995;30:1155–8.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Fauza, , Rawn, J, Fishman, SJ.Fetal response to neutral gas and liquid media for intraamniotic distension. J Pediatr Surg 1999;34:591–4.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Evrard, VA, Verbeke, K, Peers, KH, et al. Amnioinfusion with Hartmann's solution: A safe distention medium for endoscopic fetal surgery in the ovine model. Fetal Diagn Ther 1997;12:188–92.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Smith, RP, Gitau, R, Glover, V, Fisk, NM.Pain and stress in the human fetus. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 2000;92:161–5.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Knight, CG, Lorincz, A, Johnson, A, et al. Robot-enhanced fetoscopic surgery. J Pediatr Surg 2004; 39:1463–5.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Frigoletto, FD Jr., Birnholz, JC, Greene, MF.Antenatal treatment of hydrocephalus by ventriculoamniotic shunting. JAMA 1982;248:2496–7.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Manning, FA, Harrison, MR, Rodeck, C.Catheter shunts for fetal hydronephrosis and hydrocephalus: Report of the International Fetal Surgery Registry. N Engl J Med 1986;315:336–40.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Nicolaides, KH, Blott, M, Greenough, A.Chronic drainage of fetal pulmonary cyst. Lancet 1987;1: 618.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wilson, RD, Johnson, MP.Prenatal ultrasound-guided percutaneous shunts for obstructive uropathy and thoracic disease. Semin Pediatr Surg 2003;12:182–9.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Duncan, KR, Denbow, ML, Fisk, NM. The aetiology and management of twin-twin transfusion syndrome. Prenat Diagn 1997;17:1227–36.3.0.CO;2-4>CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bajoria, R, Sullivan, M, Fisk, NM.Endothelin concentrations in monochorionic twins with severe twin-twin transfusion syndrome. Hum Reprod 1999;14:1614–8.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Fox, C, Kilby, MD, Khan, KS.Contemporary treatments for twin-twin transfusion syndrome. Obstet Gynecol 2005;105:1469–77.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lopriore, E, Nagel, HT, Vandenbussche, FP, Walther, FJ.Long-term neurodevelopmental outcome in twin-to-twin transfusion syndrome. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2003;189:1314–9.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bejar, R, Vigliocco, G, Gramajo, H, et al. Antenatal origin of neurologic damage in newborn infants. II. Multiple gestations. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1990; 162:1230–6.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Fusi, L, McParland, P, Fisk, N, Nicolini, U, Wigglesworth, J.Acute twin-twin transfusion: A possible mechanism for brain-damaged survivors after intrauterine death of a monochorionic twin. Obstet Gynecol 1991;78 (Pt 2):517–20.Google ScholarPubMed
Lia, JE, Cruikshank, DP, Keye, WR Jr.Fetoscopic neodymium:YAG laser occlusion of placental vessels in severe twin-twin transfusion syndrome. Obstet Gynecol 1990;75:1046–53.Google ScholarPubMed
Deprest, JA, Schoubroeck, D, Evrard, VA, Flageole, H, Ballaer, P, Vandenberghe, K.Fetoscopic Nd:YAG laser coagulation for twin-twin transfusion syndrome in cases of anterior placenta. J Am Assoc Gynecol Laparosc 1996;3(4, Suppl):S9.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Quintero, RA, Comas, C, Bornick, PW, Allen, MH, Kruger, M.Selective versus non-selective laser photocoagulation of placental vessels in twin-to-twin transfusion syndrome. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 2000;16:230–6.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Senat, MV, Deprest, J, Boulvain, M, Paupe, A, Winer, N, Ville, Y.Endoscopic laser surgery versus serial amnioreduction for severe twin-to-twin transfusion syndrome. N Engl J Med 2004;351:136–44.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Crombleholme, TR, Shera, D, Lee, H, et al., A prospective, randomized, multicenter trial of amnioreduction vs selective fetoscopic laser photocoagulation for the treatment of severe twin-twin transfusion syndrome. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2007, 197:396e1–9.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Quintero, RA, Dickinson, JE, Morales, WJ, et al. Stage-based treatment of twin-twin transfusion syndrome. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2003;188:1333–40.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Taylor, MJ, Govender, L, Jolly, M, Wee, L, Fisk, NM.Validation of the Quintero staging system for twin-twin transfusion syndrome. Obstet Gynecol 2002;100:1257–65.Google ScholarPubMed
Taylor, MJ, Shalev, E, Tanawattanacharoen, S, et al. Ultrasound-guided umbilical cord occlusion using bipolar diathermy for Stage III/IV twin-twin transfusion syndrome. Prenat Diagn 2002;22:70–6.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Saade, GR, Belfort, MA, Berry, DL, et al. Amniotic septostomy for the treatment of twin oligohydramnios-polyhydramnios sequence. Fetal Diagn Ther 1998;13:86–93.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Moise, KJ Jr., Dorman, K, Lamvu, G, et al. A randomized trial of amnioreduction versus septostomy in the treatment of twin-twin transfusion syndrome. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2005;193(Pt 1):701–7.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Feldman, DM, Odibo, A, Campbell, WA, Rodis, JF.Iatrogenic monoamniotic twins as a complication of therapeutic amniocentesis. Obstet Gynecol 1998;91(Pt 2):815–6.Google ScholarPubMed
Allen, MI, Smith, DW, Shepard, TH.Twin reversed arterial perfusion (TRAP) sequence: A study of 14 twin pregnancies with acardius. Semin Perinatol 1983;7:285–93.Google ScholarPubMed
Hanafy, A, Peterson, CM.Twin-reversed arterial perfusion (TRAP) sequence: Case reports and review of literature. Aust N Z J Obstet Gynaecol 1997;37:187–91.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Tan, TY, Sepulveda, W.Acardiac twin: A systematic review of minimally invasive treatment modalities. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 2003;22:409–19.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
McCurdy, CM Jr., Childers, JM, Seeds, JW.Ligation of the umbilical cord of an acardiac-acephalus twin with an endoscopic intrauterine technique. Obstet Gynecol 1993;82(4 Pt 2 Suppl):708–11.Google ScholarPubMed
Quintero, RA, Reich, H, Puder, KS, et al. Brief report: Umbilical-cord ligation of an acardiac twin by fetoscopy at 19 weeks of gestation. N Engl J Med 1994;330:469–71.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tsao, K, Feldstein, VA, Albanese, CT, et al. Selective reduction of acardiac twin by radiofrequency ablation. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2002;187(3):635–40.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Arias, F, Sunderji, S, Gimpelson, R, Colton, E.Treatment of acardiac twinning. Obstet Gynecol 1998;91(5 Pt 2):818–21.Google ScholarPubMed
Sepulveda, W, Corral, E, Aiello, H, et al. Intrafetal alcohol chemosclerosis of acardiac twins: A multicenter experience. Fetal Diagn Ther 2004;19:448–52.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bruner, JP, Wheeler, TC, Bliton, MJ.Sectio parva for fetal preservation. Fetal Diagn Ther 1999;14:254–6.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hubbard, AM, Crombleholme, TM, Adzick, NS.Prenatal MRI evaluation of giant neck masses in preparation for the fetal EXIT procedure. Am J Perinatol 1998;15:253–7.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Morof, D, Levine, D, Grable, I, et al. Oropharyngeal teratoma: Prenatal diagnosis and assessment using sonography, MRI, and CT with management by ex utero intrapartum treatment procedure. AJR Am J Roentgenol 2004;183:493–6.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Levine, D, Jennings, R, Barnewolt, C, Mehta, T, Wilson, J, Wong, G.Progressive fetal bronchial obstruction caused by a bronchogenic cyst diagnosed using prenatal MR imaging. AJR Am J Roentgenol 2001;176:49–52.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Paek, BW, Callen, PW, Kitterman, J, et al. Successful fetal intervention for congenital high airway obstruction syndrome. Fetal Diagn Ther 2002; 17:272–6.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kohl, T, Hering, R, Bauriedel, G, et al. Fetoscopic and ultrasound-guided decompression of the fetal trachea in a human fetus with Fraser syndrome and congenital high airway obstruction syndrome (CHAOS) from laryngeal atresia. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 2006;27:84–8.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zerella, JT, Finberg, FJ.Obstruction of the neonatal airway from teratomas. Surg Gynecol Obstet 1990;170:126–31.Google ScholarPubMed
Langer, JC, Tabb, T, Thompson, P, Paes, BA, Caco, CC.Management of prenatally diagnosed tracheal obstruction: Access to the airway in utero prior to delivery. Fetal Diagn Ther 1992;7:12–6.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Skarsgard, ED, Chitkara, U, Krane, EJ, Riley, ET, Halamek, LP, Dedo, HH.The OOPS procedure (operation on placental support): In utero airway management of the fetus with prenatally diagnosed tracheal obstruction. J Pediatr Surg 1996;31:826–8.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mychaliska, GB, Bealer, JF, Graf, JL, Rosen, MA, Adzick, NS, Harrison, MR.Operating on placental support: The ex utero intrapartum treatment procedure. J Pediatr Surg 1997;32:227–30; discussion 30–1.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bouchard, S, Johnson, MP, Flake, AW, et al. The EXIT procedure: Experience and outcome in 31 cases. J Pediatr Surg 2002;37:418–26.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hirose, S, Harrison, MR.The ex utero intrapartum treatment (EXIT) procedure. Semin Neonatol 2003;8:207–14.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Aubard, Y, Derouineau, I, Aubard, V, Chalifour, V, Preux, PM.Primary fetal hydrothorax: A literature review and proposed antenatal clinical strategy. Fetal Diagn Ther 1998;13:325–33.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wilson, RD, Baxter, JK, Johnson, MP, et al. Thoracoamniotic shunts: Fetal treatment of pleural effusions and congenital cystic adenomatoid malformations. Fetal Diagn Ther 2004;19:413–20.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Smith, RP, Illanes, S, Denbow, ML, Soothill, PW.Outcome of fetal pleural effusions treated by thoracoamniotic shunting. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 2005;26(1):63–6.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rodeck, CH, Fisk, NM, Fraser, DI, Nicolini, U.Long-term in utero drainage of fetal hydrothorax. N Engl J Med 1988;319:1135–8.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kunisaki, SM, Fauza, , Nemes, LP, et al. Bronchial atresia: The hidden pathology within a spectrum of prenatally diagnosed lung masses. J Pediatr Surg 2006;41:61–5.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Adzick, NS, Harrison, MR, Crombleholme, TM, Flake, AW, Howell, LJ.Fetal lung lesions: Management and outcome. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1998; 179(4):884–9.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Miller, JA, Corteville, JE, Langer, JC.Congenital cystic adenomatoid malformation in the fetus: natural history and predictors of outcome. J Pediatr Surg 1996;31:805–8.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Roggin, KK, Breuer, CK, Carr, SR, et al. The unpredictable character of congenital cystic lung lesions. J Pediatr Surg 2000;35:801–5.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Laberge, JM, Flageole, H, Pugash, D, et al. Outcome of the prenatally diagnosed congenital cystic adenomatoid lung malformation: A Canadian experience. Fetal Diagn Ther 2001;16:178–86.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Davenport, M, Warne, SA, Cacciaguerra, S, Patel, S, Greenough, A, Nicolaides, K.Current outcome of antenally diagnosed cystic lung disease. J Pediatr Surg 2004;39:549–56.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Crombleholme, TM, Coleman, B, Hedrick, H, et al. Cystic adenomatoid malformation volume ratio predicts outcome in prenatally diagnosed cystic adenomatoid malformation of the lung. J Pediatr Surg 2002;37:331–8.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Dommergues, M, Louis-Sylvestre, C, Mandelbrot, L, et al. Congenital adenomatoid malformation of the lung: When is active fetal therapy indicated?Am J Obstet Gynecol 1997;177:953–8.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bruner, JP, Jarnagin, BK, Reinisch, L.Percutaneous laser ablation of fetal congenital cystic adenomatoid malformation: Too little, too late?Fetal Diagn Ther 2000;15:359–63.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Harrison, MR, Adzick, NS, Jennings, RW, et al. Antenatal intervention for congenital cystic adenomatoid malformation. Lancet 1990;336:965–7.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kuller, JA, Yankowitz, J, Goldberg, JD, et al. Outcome of antenatally diagnosed cystic adenomatoid malformations. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1992;167(4 Pt 1):1038–41.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hedrick, HL, Flake, AW, Crombleholme, TM, et al. The ex utero intrapartum therapy procedure for high-risk fetal lung lesions. J Pediatr Surg 2005;40:1038–43; discussion 44.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Graf, JL, Albanese, CT, Jennings, RW, Farrell, JA, Harrison, MR.Successful fetal sacrococcygeal teratoma resection in a hydropic fetus. J Pediatr Surg 2000;35–:1489–91.Google Scholar
Hedrick, HL, Flake, AW, Crombleholme, TM, et al. Sacrococcygeal teratoma: Prenatal assessment, fetal intervention, and outcome. J Pediatr Surg 2004;39:430–8; discussion 8.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Paek, BW, Jennings, RW, Harrison, MR, et al. Radiofrequency ablation of human fetal sacrococcygeal teratoma. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2001; 184:503–7.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lam, YH, Tang, MH, Shek, TW.Thermocoagulation of fetal sacrococcygeal teratoma. Prenat Diagn 2002;22:99–101.Google ScholarPubMed
Jona, JZ.Progressive tumor necrosis and lethal hyperkalemia in a neonate with sacrococcygeal teratoma (SCT). J Perinatol 1999;19:538–40.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Freedman, AL, Johnson, MP, Gonzalez, R.Fetal therapy for obstructive uropathy: Past, present, future?Pediatr Nephrol 2000;14:167–76.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Freedman, AL, Bukowski, TP, Smith, CA, et al. Use of urinary beta-2-microglobulin to predict severe renal damage in fetal obstructive uropathy. Fetal Diagn Ther 1997;12:1–6.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Harrison, MR, Golbus, MS, Filly, RA, et al. Fetal surgery for congenital hydronephrosis. N Engl J Med 1982;306:591–3.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Holmes, N, Harrison, MR, Baskin, LS.Fetal surgery for posterior urethral valves: Long-term postnatal outcomes. Pediatrics 2001;108:E7.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Biard, JM, Johnson, MP, Carr, MC, et al. Long-term outcomes in children treated by prenatal vesicoamniotic shunting for lower urinary tract obstruction. Obstet Gynecol 2005;106:503–8.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Quintero, RA, Hume, R, Smith, C, et al. Percutaneous fetal cystoscopy and endoscopic fulguration of posterior urethral valves. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1995;172(1 Pt 1):206–9.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Welsh, A, Agarwal, S, Kumar, S, Smith, RP, Fisk, NM.Fetal cystoscopy in the management of fetal obstructive uropathy: Experience in a single European centre. Prenat Diagn 2003;23:1033–41.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Harrison, MR, Adzick, NS, Nakayama, DK, Lorimier, AA.Fetal diaphragmatic hernia: Fatal but fixable. Semin Perinatol 1985;9:103–12.Google Scholar
Adzick, NS, Vacanti, JP, Lillehei, CW, O'Rourke, PP, Crone, RK, Wilson, JM.Fetal diaphragmatic hernia: Ultrasound diagnosis and clinical outcome in 38 cases. J Pediatr Surg 1989;24:654–7; discussion 7–8.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Harrison, MR, Adzick, NS, Estes, JM, Howell, LJ.A prospective study of the outcome for fetuses with diaphragmatic hernia. Jama 1994;271:382–4.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Dillon, E, Renwick, M, Wright, C.Congenital diaphragmatic herniation: Antenatal detection and outcome. Br J Radiol 2000;73:360–5.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Guibaud, L, Filiatrault, D, Garel, L, et al. Fetal congenital diaphragmatic hernia: Accuracy of sonography in the diagnosis and prediction of the outcome after birth. AJR Am J Roentgenol 1996;166:1195–202.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Colvin, J, Bower, C, Dickinson, JE, Sokol, J.Outcomes of congenital diaphragmatic hernia: A population-based study in Western Australia. Pediatrics 2005;116:e356–63.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lund, DP, Mitchell, J, Kharasch, V, Quigley, S, Kuehn, M, Wilson, JM.Congenital diaphragmatic hernia: the hidden morbidity. J Pediatr Surg 1994;29:258–62; discussion 62–4.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Muratore, CS, Kharasch, V, Lund, DP, et al. Pulmonary morbidity in 100 survivors of congenital diaphragmatic hernia monitored in a multidisciplinary clinic. J Pediatr Surg 2001;36:133–40.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Harrison, MR, Bressack, MA, Churg, AM, Lorimier, AA.Correction of congenital diaphragmatic hernia in utero. II. Simulated correction permits fetal lung growth with survival at birth. Surgery 1980;88:260–8.Google ScholarPubMed
Harrison, MR, Langer, JC, Adzick, NS, et al. Correction of congenital diaphragmatic hernia in utero, V. Initial clinical experience. J Pediatr Surg 1990;25:47–55; discussion 6–7.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Harrison, MR, Adzick, NS, Flake, AW, et al. Correction of congenital diaphragmatic hernia in utero: VI. Hard-earned lessons. J Pediatr Surg 1993; 28:1411–7; discussion 7–8.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
MacGillivray, TE, Jennings, RW, Rudolph, AM, Ring, EJ, Adzick, NS, Harrison, MR.Vascular changes with in utero correction of diaphragmatic hernia. J Pediatr Surg 1994;29:992–6.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Porreco, RP, Chang, JH, Quissell, BJ, Morgan, MA.Palliative fetal surgery for diaphragmatic hernia. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1994;170:833–4.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wilson, JM, DiFiore, JW, Peters, CA.Experimental fetal tracheal ligation prevents the pulmonary hypoplasia associated with fetal nephrectomy: Possible application for congenital diaphragmatic hernia. J Pediatr Surg 1993;28:1433–9; discussion 9–40.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
DiFiore, JW, Fauza, , Slavin, R, Peters, CA, Fackler, JC, Wilson, JM.Experimental fetal tracheal ligation reverses the structural and physiological effects of pulmonary hypoplasia in congenital diaphragmatic hernia. J Pediatr Surg 1994;29:248–56; discussion 56–7.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
DiFiore, JW, Fauza, , Slavin, R, Wilson, JM.Experimental fetal tracheal ligation and congenital diaphragmatic hernia: A pulmonary vascular morphometric analysis. J Pediatr Surg 1995;30:917–23; discussion 23–4.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hedrick, MH, Estes, JM, Sullivan, KM, et al. Plug the lung until it grows (PLUG): A new method to treat congenital diaphragmatic hernia in utero. J Pediatr Surg 1994;29:612–7.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
VanderWall, KJ, Skarsgard, ED, Filly, RA, Eckert, J, Harrison, MR.Fetendo-clip: A fetal endoscopic tracheal clip procedure in a human fetus. J Pediatr Surg 1997;32:970–2.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chiba, T, Albanese, CT, Farmer, DL, et al. Balloon tracheal occlusion for congenital diaphragmatic hernia: Experimental studies. J Pediatr Surg 2000;35:1566–70.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Flake, AW, Crombleholme, TM, Johnson, MP, Howell, LJ, Adzick, NS.Treatment of severe congenital diaphragmatic hernia by fetal tracheal occlusion: Clinical experience with fifteen cases. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2000;183:1059–66.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Harrison, MR, Mychaliska, GB, Albanese, CT, et al. Correction of congenital diaphragmatic hernia in utero IX: Fetuses with poor prognosis (liver herniation and low lung-to-head ratio) can be saved by fetoscopic temporary tracheal occlusion. J Pediatr Surg 1998;33:1017–22; discussion 22–3.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Harrison, MR, Keller, RL, Hawgood, SB, et al. A randomized trial of fetal endoscopic tracheal occlusion for severe fetal congenital diaphragmatic hernia. N Engl J Med 2003;349:1916–24.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Heling, KS, Wauer, RR, Hammer, H, Bollmann, R, Chaoui, R.Reliability of the lung-to-head ratio in predicting outcome and neonatal ventilation parameters in fetuses with congenital diaphragmatic hernia. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 2005; 25:112–8.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cortes, RA, Keller, RL, Townsend, T, et al. Survival of severe congenital diaphragmatic hernia has morbid consequences. J Pediatr Surg 2005;40:36–45; discussion 6.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Deprest, J, Gratacos, E, Nicolaides, KH.Fetoscopic tracheal occlusion (FETO) for severe congenital diaphragmatic hernia: Evolution of a technique and preliminary results. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 2004;24:121–6.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Deprest, J, Jani, J, Gratacos, E, et al. Fetal intervention for congenital diaphragmatic hernia: The European experience. Semin Perinatol 2005;29:94–103.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Dzakovic, A, Kaviani, A, Jennings, RW, Wilson, JM, Fauza, DO.Positive intrapulmonary oncotic pressure enhances short-term lung growth acceleration after fetal tracheal occlusion. J Pediatr Surg 2002;37:1007–10; discussion 10.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Fauza, , Barnewolt, C, Brown, SD, Jennings, RW.Ultrasound-guided fetal tracheal occlusion. J Pediatr Surg 2002;37:300–2.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Garza, JJ, Downard, CD, Clayton, N, Maher, TJ, Fauza, DO.Clostridium botulinum toxin inhibits myometrial activity in vitro: Possible application on the prevention of preterm labor after fetal surgery. J Pediatr Surg 2003;38:511–3.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Muensterer, OJ, Till, H, Bergmann, F, et al. Lung growth induced by prenatal instillation of perfluorocarbon into the fetal rabbit lung. Pediatr Surg Int 2004;20:248–52.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kunisaki, SM, Barnewolt, CE, Estroff, JA, et al. Ex utero intrapartum treatment with extracorporeal membrane oxygenation for severe congenital diaphragmatic hernia. J Pediatr Surg 2007, 42:98–104.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hunt, GM.The Casey Holter lecture: Non-selective intervention in newborn babies with open spina bifida: The outcome 30 years on for the complete cohort. Eur J Pediatr Surg 1999;9(Suppl 1):5–8.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Heffez, DS, Aryanpur, J, Hutchins, GM, Freeman, JM.The paralysis associated with myelomeningocele: Clinical and experimental data implicating a preventable spinal cord injury. Neurosurgery 1990;26:987–92.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Meuli, M, Meuli-Simmen, C, Hutchins, GM, Seller, MJ, Harrison, MR, Adzick, NS.The spinal cord lesion in human fetuses with myelomeningocele: Implications for fetal surgery. J Pediatr Surg 1997;32:448–52.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Korenromp, MJ, Gool, JD, Bruinese, HW, Kriek, R.Early fetal leg movements in myelomeningocele. Lancet 1986;1:917–8.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Meuli, M, Meuli-Simmen, C, Hutchins, GM, et al. In utero surgery rescues neurological function at birth in sheep with spina bifida. Nat Med 1995;1:342–7.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Paek, BW, Farmer, DL, Wilkinson, CC, et al. Hindbrain herniation develops in surgically created myelomeningocele but is absent after repair in fetal lambs. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2000;183:1119–23.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Adzick, NS, Sutton, LN, Crombleholme, TM, Flake, AW.Successful fetal surgery for spina bifida. Lancet 1998;352:1675–6.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bruner, JP, Richards, WO, Tulipan, NB, Arney, TL.Endoscopic coverage of fetal myelomeningocele in utero. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1999;180 (1 Pt 1):153–8.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bruner, JP, Tulipan, NB, Richards, WO, Walsh, WF, Boehm, FH, Vrabcak, EK.In utero repair of myelomeningocele: A comparison of endoscopy and hysterotomy. Fetal Diagn Ther 2000;15:83–8.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Tulipan, N, Bruner, JP.Myelomeningocele repair in utero: A report of three cases. Pediatr Neurosurg 1998;28:177–80.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bruner, JP, Tulipan, N, Paschall, RL, et al. Fetal surgery for myelomeningocele and the incidence of shunt-dependent hydrocephalus. JAMA 1999;282:1819–25.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sutton, LN, Adzick, NS, Bilaniuk, LT, Johnson, MP, Crombleholme, TM, Flake, AW.Improvement in hindbrain herniation demonstrated by serial fetal magnetic resonance imaging following fetal surgery for myelomeningocele. JAMA 1999;282:1826–31.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Farmer, DL, Koch, CS, Peacock, WJ, et al. In utero repair of myelomeningocele: Experimental pathophysiology, initial clinical experience, and outcomes. Arch Surg 2003;138:872–8.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Johnson, MP, Sutton, LN, Rintoul, N, et al. Fetal myelomeningocele repair: Short-term clinical outcomes. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2003;189:482–7.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Tulipan, N, Sutton, LN, Bruner, JP, Cohen, BM, Johnson, M, Adzick, NS.The effect of intrauterine myelomeningocele repair on the incidence of shunt-dependent hydrocephalus. Pediatr Neurosurg 2003;38:27–33.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Tubbs, RS, Chambers, MR, Smyth, MD, et al. Late gestational intrauterine myelomeningocele repair does not improve lower extremity function. Pediatr Neurosurg 2003;38:128–32.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Aaronson, OS, Tulipan, NB, Cywes, R, et al. Robot-assisted endoscopic intrauterine myelomeningocele repair: A feasibility study. Pediatr Neurosurg 2002;36:85–9.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hornberger, LK, Sanders, SP, Rein, AJ, Spevak, PJ, Parness, IA, Colan, SD.Left heart obstructive lesions and left ventricular growth in the midtrimester fetus: A longitudinal study. Circulation 1995;92:1531–8.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Andrews, R, Tulloh, R, Sharland, G, et al. Outcome of staged reconstructive surgery for hypoplastic left heart syndrome following antenatal diagnosis. Arch Dis Child 2001;85:474–7.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bove, EL.Current status of staged reconstruction for hypoplastic left heart syndrome. Pediatr Cardiol 1998;19:308–15.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Maxwell, D, Allan, L, Tynan, MJ.Balloon dilatation of the aortic valve in the fetus: A report of two cases. Br Heart J 1991;65:256–8.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lopes, LM, Cha, SC, Kajita, LJ, Aiello, VD, Jatene, A, Zugaib, M.Balloon dilatation of the aortic valve in the fetus: A case report. Fetal Diagn Ther 1996;11:296–300.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kohl, T, Sharland, G, Allan, LD, et al. World experience of percutaneous ultrasound-guided balloon valvuloplasty in human fetuses with severe aortic valve obstruction. Am J Cardiol 2000;85:1230–3.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Tworetzky, W, Wilkins-Haug, L, Jennings, RW, et al. Balloon dilation of severe aortic stenosis in the fetus: potential for prevention of hypoplastic left heart syndrome: Candidate selection, technique, and results of successful intervention. Circulation 2004;110:2125–31.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Marshall, AC, Tworetzky, W, Bergersen, L, et al. Aortic valvuloplasty in the fetus: Technical characteristics of successful balloon dilation. J Pediatr 2005;147:535–9.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mahle, WT, Rychik, J, Gaynor, JW, Spray, TL, Rome, JJ.Restrictive interatrial communication after reconstructive surgery for hypoplastic left heart syndrome. Am J Cardiol 2001;88:1454–7:A9.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Marshall, AC, Velde, ME, Tworetzky, W, et al. Creation of an atrial septal defect in utero for fetuses with hypoplastic left heart syndrome and intact or highly restrictive atrial septum. Circulation 2004;110:253–8.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Quintero, RA, Huhta, J, Suh, E, Chmait, R, Romero, R, Angel, J.In utero cardiac fetal surgery: Laser atrial septotomy in the treatment of hypoplastic left heart syndrome with intact atrial septum. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2005;193:1424–8.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Save book to Kindle

To save this book to your Kindle, first ensure [email protected] is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

Available formats
×

Save book to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

Available formats
×

Save book to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

Available formats
×