Skip to main content Accessibility help

We use cookies to distinguish you from other users and to provide you with a better experience on our websites. Close this message to accept cookies or find out how to manage your cookie settings.

Close cookie message
×
Hostname: page-component-586b7cd67f-tf8b9 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-27T23:56:19.036Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Chapter 18 - Cesarean Delivery and Surgical Sterilization

from Part III - SURGICAL PROCEDURES

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  07 May 2010

John Patrick O'Grady ,
Martin L. Gimovsky ,
Lucy A. Bayer-Zwirello  and
Kevin Giordano
John Patrick O'Grady
Affiliation:
Tufts University, Massachusetts
Get access

Summary

This chapter discusses the current practice of cesarean delivery, the indications for the operation, the performance of the surgery, and its potential complications. After forceps and vacuum extraction procedures, symphysiotomy is the principal alternative to the cesarean operation. Epidurals do prolong the second stage of labor and increase the use of oxytocin to maintain progress. As the morbidity associated with cesarean delivery remains low, and the risks associated with elective operations are better appreciated, indications for cesarean operations have progressively increased. The chapter reviews the operative technique for cesarean delivery, cesarean hysterectomy, and the surgical management of acute obstetric hemorrhage. Possible immediate post-operative complications of surgical sterilization include infection, bleeding, intraoperative bowel or bladder injury, thromboembolism, and rarely, death. Sterilization failures are often the result of either mistaken identification of some other intraabdominal structure for the fallopian tube, or of incomplete occlusion of the tubal lumina.

Keywords

acute obstetric hemorrhagecesarean deliverycesarean hysterectomysurgical sterilizationthromboembolismsymphysiotomyforcepssterilization failures
Type
Chapter
Information
Operative Obstetrics , pp. 509 - 607
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2008

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

National Center for Health Statistics: U. S. cesarean section rate for 2004. Hyattsville, MD: Nat Center Health Statistics: 2004.
Katz, VL, Wells, ST, Kuller, JA, Hansen, WF, McMahon, MJ, Bowes, WA Jr, Cesarean delivery: A reconsideration of terminology. Obstet Gynecol, 1995. Jul;86(1):152–3.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Poma, P, Effects of obstetrician characteristics on cesarean delivery rates: A community hospital experience. Am J Obstet Gynecol, 1999. Jun;180 (6 Pt 1):1364–72.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Burns, L, Geller, SE, Wholey, DR, The effect of physician factors on the cesarean section decison. Med Care, 1995. Apr;33(4):365–82.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sachs, BP, Kobelin, C, Castro, MA, Frigoletto, F, The risks of lowering the cesarean-delivery rate. N Engl J Med, 1999. Jan 7;340(1):54–7.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Li, T, Rhoads, GG, Smulian, J, Demissie, K, Wartenberg, D, Kruse, L, Physician cesarean delivery rates and risk-adjusted perinatal outcomes. Obstet Gynecol, 2003. Jun;101(6):1204–12.Google Scholar
Towner, D, Castro, MA, Eby-Wilkens, E, Effect of mode of delivery in nulliparous women on neonatal intracranial injury. N Engl J Med, 1999. Dec 2; 341(23):1709–14.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Centers for Disease Control, Differences in maternal mortality among black and white women – United States, 1990. MMWR, 1995. 44(1):13–14.
Fenton, PWC, Reynolds, F, Caesarean section in Malawi: Prospective study of early maternal and perinatal mortality. Br Med J 2003. Sep 13;327(7415):587.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Oladapo, OT, Lamina, MA, Fakoya, TA (2006) Maternal deaths in Sagamu in the new millennium: A facility-based retrospective analysis. BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth 10 March, 2006.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists, ACOG Practice Bulletin Number 49, December 2003, Dystocia and Augmentation of Labor, 2003.
Vintzielos, A, Nochimson, DJ, Guzman, EF, Knuppel, RA, Lake, M, Schifrin, BS, Intrapartum electronic fetal heart rate monitoring versus intermittent auscultation: A meta-analysis. Obstet Gynecol, 1995. 85:149–55.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists, ACOG Practice Bulletin: Number 70, December 2005: Intrapartum fetal heart rate monitoring.
Miller, D, Rabello, YA, Paul, RH, The modified biophysical profile: Antepartum testing in the 1990s. Am J Obstet Gynecol, 1996. 174:812–7.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Manning, F, Morrison, I, Harman, CR, Lange, IR, Menticoglou, S, Fetal assessment based on fetal biophysical profile scoring: Experience in 19,221 referred high-risk pregnancies. II An analysis of false-negative fetal deaths. Am J Obstet Gynecol, 1987. 157:880–4.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nageotte, M, Towers, CV, Asrat, T, Freeman, RK, Perinatal outcome with the modified biophysical profile. Am J Obstet Gynecol, 1994. 170: 1672–6.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hannah, M, Hannah, WJ, Hewson, SA, Hodnett, ED, Saigal, S, Willan, AR, Planned caesarean section versus planned vaginal birth for breech presentation at term: A randomised multicentre trial. Lancet, 2000. 356:1375–83.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Vellen, A, Cappellen, AW, Flu, PK, Straub, MJ, Wallenburg, HC, Effect of external cephalic version in late pregnancy on presentation at delivery: A randomized controlled trial. Br J Obstet Gynaecol, 1989. 96:916–21.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mahomed, K, Seeras, R, Coulson, R, External cephalic version at term: A randomized controlled trial using tocolysis. Br J Obstet Gynaecol, 1991. 98:8–13.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Vezina, Y, Bujold, E, Varin, J, Marquette, GP, Boucher, M, Cesarean delivery after successful external cephalic version of breech presentation at term: A comparative study. Am J Obstet Gynecol, 2004. Mar;190(3):763–8.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Taffel, S, Placek, PJ, Liss, T, Trends in the United States cesarean section rate for the 1980–1985 rise. Am J Public Health, 1985. 77:955–9.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gould, J, Davey, B, Stafford, RS, Socioeconomic differences in rates of cesarean section. N Engl J Med, 1989. Jul 27;321(4):233–9.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Goyert, G, Bottoms, SF, Treadwell, MC, Nehra, PC, The physician factor in cesarean birth rates. N Engl J Med, 1989. Mar 16;120(11):706–9.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
DeMott, R, Sandmire, HF, The Green Bay cesarean section study. I. The physician factor as a determination of cesarean birth rate. Am J Obstet Gynecol, 1990. Jun;162(6):1593–1602.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bofill, JA, Rust, OA, Perry, KG, Roberts, WE, Martin, RW, Morrison, JC, Operative vaginal delivery: A survey of fellows of ACOG. Obstet Gynecol, 1996. Dec;88(6):1007–10.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Demissie, K, Rhoads, GG, Smulian, JC, Balasubramanian, BA, Gandhi, K, Joseph, KS, Kramer, M, Operative vaginal delivery and neonatal and infant adverse outcomes: Population-based retrospective analysis. Br Med J, 2004. 3 July;329(7456):24–9.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Liu, EHC, Sia, ATH, Rates of caesarean section and instrumental vaginal delivery in nulliparous women after low-concentration epidural infusions or opioid analgesia: Systematic review. Br Med J, 2004. Jun 12; 328(7453):1410.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Marrinan, G, Stein, M, Placenta previa. eMedicine, 2005, DOI: imedicine.com.topic=559.Google Scholar
Joy, S, Lyon, D, Placenta previa. eMedicine, 2004, DOI: imedicine.com.topic=3271.Google Scholar
Ko, P, Yoon, Y, Placenta previa. eMedicine, 2005, DOI: imedicine.com/topic=427.Google Scholar
Faiz, A, Ananth, CV, Etiology and risk factors for placenta previa: An overview and meta-analysis of observational studies. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med, 2003. Mar;13(3):175–90.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gilliam, M, Rosenberg, D, Davis, F, The likelihood of placenta previa with greater number of cesarean deliveries and higher parity. Obstet Gynecol, 2002. Jun;99(6):976–8.Google Scholar
Ananth, C, Smulian, JC, Vintzileos, AM, The effect of placenta previa on neonatal mortality: A population-based study in the United States 1989 through 1997. Am J Obstet Gynecol, 2003. May;188(5):1299–304.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Leerentveld, R, Gilberts, EC, Arnold, MJ, Waldimiroff, JW, Accuracy and safety of transvaginal sonographic placental localization. Obstet Gynecol, 1990. Nov;76(5 Pt. 1):759–62.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mustafa, SA, Brizot, ML, Carvalho, HM, Transvaginal ultrasonography in predicting placenta previa at delivery: A longitudinal study. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol, 2002. Oct;20(4):356–9.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Taipale, P, Hillesmaa, V, Salonen, R, Ylostalo, P, Diagnosis of placental previa by transvaginal sonographic screening at 12–16 weeks in a nonselected population. Obstet Gynecol, 1997. Mar;89(3):364–7.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lauria, M, Smith, RS, Treadwell, MC, Comstock, CS, Kirk, JS, Lee, W, Bottoms, SF, The use of second-trimester transvaginal sonography to predict placenta previa. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol, 1996. Nov;8(5):337–40.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chama, C, Wanonyi, IK, Usman, JD, From low-lying implantation to placenta praevia: A longitudinal ultrasonic assessment. J Obstet Gynaecol, 2004. Aug;24(5):516–18.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dashe, J, McIntire, DD, Ramus, RM, Santos-Ramos, R, Twickler, DM, Persistence of placenta previa according to gestational age at ultrasound detection. Obstet Gynecol, 2002. May;99(5 Pt 1):692–7.Google Scholar
Dola, C., Garite, TJ, Dowling, DD, Friend, D, Ahdoot, D, Asrat, T, Placenta previa: Does its type affect pregnancy outcome?Am J Perinatol, 2003. Oct;20(7):353–60.Google Scholar
Oppenheimer, L, Simpson, P, Holmes, N, Dabrowski, A, Diagnosis of low-lying placenta: Can migration in the third trimester predict outcome?Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol, 2001. Aug;18(2):100–2.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bhide, A, Prefumo, F, Moore, J, Hollis, B, Thilaganathan, B, Placental edge to internal os distance in the late third trimester and mode of delivery in placenta praevia. Br J Obstet Gynaecol, 2003. Sep;110(9):860–64.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Oyelese, Y, Smulian, JC, Placenta previa, placenta accreta, and vasa previa. Obstet Gynecol, 2006. Apr;107(4):927–41.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lijoi, A, Brady, J, Vasa previa diagnosis and management. J Am Board Fam Pract, 2003. Nov–Dec; 16(6):543–8.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Francois, K, Mayer, S, Harris, C, Perlow, JH, Association of vasa previa at delivery with a history of second-trimester placenta previa. J Reprod Med, 2003. Oct;48(10):771–4.Google Scholar
Catanzarite, V, Maida, C, Thomas, W, Mendoza, A, Stanco, L, Piacquadio, KM, Prenatal sonographic diagnosis of vasa previa: Ultrasound findings and obstetric outcome in ten cases. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol, 2001. Aug;18(2):109–15.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Oyelese, Y, Catanzarite, V, Prefumo, F, Lashley, S, Schachter, M, Tovbin, Y, Goldstein, V, Smulian, JC, Vasa previa: The impact of prenatal diagnosis on outcomes. Obstet Gynecol, 2004. May;103(5 Pt. 1):937–42.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists, ACOG Practice Bulletin Number 35, May 2002: Diagnosis and Treatment of Cervical Carcinomas, 2002.
Donegan, WCancer and pregnancy. CA Cancer J Clin 1983. 33:194–214.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hannigan, EV, Cervical cancer in pregnancy. 1990. Clin Obstet Gynecol 33:837–45.PubMed
Nevin, J, Soeters, R, Dehaeck, K, Bloch, B, Wyk, L, Cervical carcinoma associated with pregnancy. Obstet Gynecol Surv, 1995. Mar;50(3):228–39.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Method, M, Brost, BC, Management of cervical cancer in pregnancy. Semin Surg Oncol, 1999. Apr–May;16(3):251–60.3.0.CO;2-4>CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Benedet, J, Odicino, F, Maisonneuve, P, Beller, U, Creasman, WT, Heintz, AP, Carcinoma of the cervix uteri. J Epidemiol Biostat, 2001. 67(1):7–43.Google Scholar
Lee, R, Neglia, W, Park, RC, Cervical carcinoma in pregnancy. Obstet Gynecol, 1981. Nov;58:584–89.Google Scholar
Weisz, B, Schiff, E, Lishner, M, Cancer in pregnancy: Maternal and fetal implications. Hum Reprod Update, 2001. 7(4):384–93.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Shivvers, S, Miller, DS, Preinvasive and invasive breast and cervical cancer prior to or during pregnancy. Clin Perinatol, 1997. Jun;24(2):369–89.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sadler, L, Saftlas, A, Wang, W, Exeter, M, Whittaker, J, McCowan, L, Treatment for cervical intraepithelial neoplasia and risk of preterm delivery. JAMA, 2004. May 5;291(17):2100–6.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sood, A, Sorosky, JI, Mayr, N, Krogman, S, Anderson, B, Buller, RE, Hussey, DH, Radiotherapeutic management of cervical carcinoma that complicates pregnancy. Cancer, 1997. Sep 15;80(6):1073–8.3.0.CO;2-A>CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sorosky, JI, Squatrito, R, Ndubisi, BU, Anderson, B, Podczaski, ES, Mayr, N, Buller, RE, Stage I squamous cell cervical carcinoma in pregnancy: Planned delay in therapy awaiting fetal maturity. Gynec Oncol, 1995. Nov;59(2):207–10.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Takushi, M, Moromizato, H, Sakumoto, K, Kanazawa, K, Management of invasive carcinoma of the uterine cervix associated with pregnancy: Outcome of intentional delay in treatment. Gynecol Oncol, 2002. Nov;87(2): 185–9.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Vange, N, Weverling, GJ, Ketting, BW, Ankum, WM, Samlal, R, Lammes, FB, The prognosis of cervical cancer associated with pregnancy: A matched cohort study. Obstet Gynecol, 1995. Jun; 85(6):1022–6.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sood, , , A, Sorosky, JI, Krogman, S, Anderson, B, Brenda, J, Buller, RE, Surgical mangement of cervical cancer complicating pregnancy: A case-control study. Gynecol Oncol, 1996. Dec;63(3):294–8.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zemlickis, D, Lishner, M, Degendorfer, P, Maternal and fetal outcome after invasive cervical cancer in pregnancy. J Clin Oncol, 1991. Nov;9(11):1956–61.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lishner, M, Cancer in pregnancy. Ann Oncol, 2003. 14(Supp 3):iii31–6.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sood, A, Sorosky, JI, Invasive cervical cancer complicating pregnancy: How to manage the dilemma. Obstet Gynecol Clin North Am, 1998. Jun;25(2):343–52.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McKenna, D, Ester, JB, Fischer, JR, Elective cesarean delivery for women with a previous anal sphincter rupture. Am J Obstet Gynecol, 2003. Nov; 189(5):1251–6.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nienaber, C, Kodolitsch, Y, Therapeutic management of patients with Marfan syndrome: Focus on cardiovascular involvement. Cardiol Rev, 1999. Nov–Dec;7(6):332–41.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Groenink, M, Lohuis, TAJ, Tijssen, JGP, Naerff, MSJ, Hennekam, RCM, Wall, EE, Mulder, BJM, Survival and complication-free survival in Marfan's syndrome: Implications of current guidelines. Heart, 1999. 82:499–504.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Keskin, H, Mungan, T, Aktepe-Keskin, E, Gungor, T, Marfan syndrome in pregnancy: A case report. Ann Saudi Med, 2002. 22(5–6):356–8.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kim, S, Martin, N, Hsia, EC, Pyeritz, RE, Albert, DA, Management of aortic disease in Marfan syndrome: a decision analysis. Arch Intern Med, 2005. Apr 11;165(7):749–55.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hwa, J, Richards, JG, Huang, H, McKay, D, Pressley, L, Hughes, CF, Jeremy, RW, The natural history of aortic dilatation in Marfan syndrome. Med J Aust, 1993. Apr 19;158(8):558–62.Google Scholar
Pyeritz, R, Maternal and fetal complications of pregnancy in the Marfan syndrome. Am J Med, 1981. Nov; 71(5):784–90.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rossiter, J, Repke, JT, Moarales, AJ, Murphy, EA, Pyeritz, RE, A prospective longitudinal evaluation of pregnancy in the Marfan syndrome. Am J Obstet Gynecol, 1995. Nov; 173(5):1599–606.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Meijboom, L, Vos, FE, Timmermans, J, Boers, GH, Zwinderman, AH, Mulder, MJ, Pregnancy and aortic root growth in the Marfan syndrome: A prospective study. Eur Heart J, 2005. May;26 (9):914–20.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lind, J, Wallenburg, HC, The Marfan syndrome and pregnancy: A retrospective study in a Dutch population. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol, 2001. Sep;98(1):28–35.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rahman, J, Rahman, FZ, Rahman, W, al-Suleiman, SA, Rahman, MS, Obstetric and gynecologic complications in women with Marfan's syndrome. J Reprod Med, 2003. Sep;48(9):723–8.Google Scholar
Pyeritz, R, The Marfan syndrome. Annu Rev Med, 2000. 51:481–510.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Elkayam, U, Ostrzega, E, Shotan, A, Mehra, A, Cardiovascular problems in pregnant women with the Marfan syndrome. Ann Intern Med, 1995. July 15; 123(3):117–22.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lee, M- J, Huang, A, Gillen-Goldstein, J, Funai, EF, Labor and vaginal delivery with maternal aortic aneurysm. Obstet Gynecol, 2001. Nov;98(5 Pt 2): 935–8.Google Scholar
Sakaguchi, M, Kitahara, H, Watanabe, T, Kono, T, Fukui, D, Amano, J, Successful surgical treatment for acute aortic dissection in pregnancy with Marfan's syndrome. Jpn J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg, 2005. Apr;53(4):220–2.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sakala, EP, Harding, MD, Ehlers-Danlos syndrome Type III and pregnancy – A case report. J Reprod Med, 1991. Aug;36(8):622–24.Google Scholar
Schalkwijk, J, Zweers, MC, Steijlen, PM, Dean, WB, Taylor, G, Vlijmen, IM, Haren, B, Miller, WL, Bristow, J, A recessive form of the Ehlers-Danlos syndrome caused by tenascin-X deficiency. N Engl J Med, 2001. Oct 18;345(16):1167–75.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cikrit, D, Glover, JR, Dalsing, MC, Silver, D, The Ehlers-Danlos specter revisited. Vasc Endovascular Surg, 2002. May–Jun;36(3):213–7.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lurie, S, Manor, M, Hagay, ZJ, The threat of type IV Ehlers-Danlos syndrome on maternal well-being during pregnancy: Early delivery may make the difference. J Obstet Gynaecol, 1998. May;18(3):245–8.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rudd, N, Nimrod, C, Holbrook, KA, Byers, PH, Pregnancy complications in type IV Ehlers-Danlos syndrome. Lancet, 1983. Jan 1;1(8314–5):50–3.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pepin, M, Schwarze, U, Superti-Furga, A, Byers, PH, Clinical and genetic features of Ehlers-Danlos syndrome type IV, the vascular type. N Engl J Med, 2000. Mar 9;342(10):673–80.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Habecker-Green J, Cohn G, Connective tissue disorders. In Obstetric Syndromes and Conditions, O'Grady, J, Burkman, R (eds). New York: Parthenon Publishing, 1998, pp. 283–287.Google Scholar
Lind, J, Wallenburg, HC, Pregnancy and the Ehlers-Danlos syndrome: A retrospective study in a Dutch population. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand, 2002. Apr;81(4):293–300.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Weinbaum, P, Cassidy, SB, Campbell, WA, Rickles, FR, Vintzileos, AM, Nochimson, DJ, Tsipouras, P, Pregnancy management and successful outcome of Ehlers-Danlos syndrome type IV. Am J Perinatol, 1987. Apr;4(2):134–7.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cruikshank, D, White, CA, Obstetric malpresentations – twenty years' experience. Am J Obstet Gynecol, 1973. Aug 15;116(8):1097–1104.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ross, M, Devoe, LD, Rosen, KG, ST-segment analysis of the fetal electrocardiogram improves fetal heart rate tracing interpretation and clinical decision making. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med, 2004. Mar;15(3):181–5.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
First STAN fetal monitoring centre opens in the USA. Press Release: 22 October, 2007. www,neovevta.com
American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists and The American Academy of Pediatrics, Neonatal Encephalopathy and Cerebral Palsy: Defining the Pathogenesis and Pathophysiology. Washington, DC: American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists, 2003.
American College of Obstetricians, and Gynecologists, ACOG Practice Bulletin Number 27: Prenatal Diagnosis of Fetal Chromosomal Abnormalities, 2001.
Grandjean, H, Larroque, D, Levi, S, Detection of chromosomal abnormalities, an outcome of ultrasound screening: The Eurofetus Team. Ann N Y Acad Sci, 1998. Jun 18;847:136–40.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Levi, S, Routine ultrasound screening of congenital anomalies: An overview of the European experience. Ann NY Acad Sci, 1998. Jun 18; 847:86–98.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Breathnach, FM, Malone, FD, Lambert-Messerlian, G, Cuckle, HS, Porter, TF, Nyberg, DA, Comstock, CH, Saade, GR, Berkowitz, RL, Klugman, S, Dugoff, L, Craigo, SD, Timor-Tritsch, IE, Carr, SR, Wolfe, HM, Tripp, T, Bianchi, DW, D'Alton, ME, First and Second Trimester Evaluation of Risk (FASTER) Research Consortium, First- and second-trimester screening: detection of aneuploidies other than Down syndrome. Obstet Gynecol, 2007. Sep;110(3):651–7.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lewis, D, Tolosa, JE, Kaufmann, M, Goodman, M, Farrell, C, Berghella, V, Elective cesarean delivery and long-term motor function or ambulation status in infants with meningomyelocele. Obstet Gynecol, 2004. Mar;103(3):469–73.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists, ACOG Practice Bulletin Number 38: Perinatal Care at the Threshold of Viability, 2002.
Baker, DA, Risk factors for herpes simplex virus transmission to pregnant women: A couples study. Am J Obstet Gynecol, 2005. Dec;193(6):1887–8.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Enright, A, Prober, CG, Neonatal herpes infection: Diagnosis, treatment and prevention. Semin Neonatol, 2002. 7(4):283–91.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wald, A, Genital herpes. Clin Evid, 2002. Dec;(8): 1608–19.Google Scholar
Wald, A, Zeh, J, Selke, S, Warren, T, Ryncarz, AJ, Ashley, R, Krieger, JN, Corey, L, Reactivation of genital herpes simplex virus type 2 infection in asymptomatic seropositive persons. N Engl J Med, 2000. Mar 23;342(12):844–50.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists, ACOG Practice Bulletin: Number 82: Management of Herpes in Pregnancy, 2007.
Stone, K, Reiff-Eldridge, R, White, AD, Corder, JF, Brown, Z, Alexander, ER, Andrews, EB, Pregnancy outcomes following systemic prenatal acyclovir exposure: Conclusions from the international acyclovir pregnancy registry. Birth Defects Res A Clin Mol Teratol, 2004. Apr;70(4):201–7.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dubin, J, Howes, DS. 2007, HIV infection and AIDS. eMedicine, topic = 253.Google Scholar
The International Perinatal HIV Group, The mode of delivery and the risk of vertical transmission of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 – a meta-analysis of 15 prospective cohort studies. N Engl J Med, 1999. 340(13):977–87.CrossRef
Sullivan, J, Prevention of mother-to-child transmission of HIV– what next?J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr, 2003. 34(Suppl 1):S67–S72.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Brockelhurst, P, Interventions for reducing the risk of mother-to-child transmission of HIV infection. Cochrane Database Syst Rev, 2002. 1(CD000102).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mandavilli, A, The coming epidemic. Nature, 2005. 436:496–8.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wu, J, Huang, DB, Pang, KR, Tyring, SK, Selected sexually transmitted diseases and their relationship to HIV. Clin Dermatol, 2004. Nov–Dec;22 (6):499–508.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McIntyre, J, Mothers infected with HIV. Br Med Bull, 2003:127–35.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dominguez, K, Lindegren, ML, D'Almada, PJ, Peters, VB, Frederick, T, Rakusan, TA, Ortiz, IR, Hsu, HW, Melville, SR, Fowler, MG, Pediatric Spectrum of HIV Disease Consortium, Increasing trend of cesarean deliveries in HIV-infected women in the United States from 1994–2000. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr, 2003. 33(2):232–8.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chou, R, Smits, AK, Huffman, LH, Fu, R, Korthuis, PT, U. S. Preventive Services Task Force, Prenatal screening for HIV: A review of the evidence for the U. S. Preventive Services Task Force. Ann Intern Med, 2005. 143(1):38–54.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Semprini, A, Fiore, S, HIV and pregnancy: Is the outlook for mother and baby transformed?Curr Opin Obstet Gynecol, 2004. 16(6):471–5.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kind, CRudin, C, Siegrist, CA, Wyler, CA, Biederemann, K, Lauper, U, Irion, O, Schupbach, J, Nadal, D, Prevention of vertical HIV transmission: Additive protective effect of elective Cesarean section and zidovudine prophylasix. Swiss Neonatal HIV Study Group. AIDS, 1998. 12(2):205–10.Google Scholar
Tuomala, R, Watts, DH, LI, D, Vajaranant, M, Pitt, J, Hammilll, H, Landesman, S, Zorrilla, C, Thompson, B, and Women and Infants Transmission Study, Improved obstetric outcomes and few maternal toxicities are associated with antiretroviral therapy, including highly active antiretroviral therapy during pregnancy. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr, 2005. 38(4):449–73.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
International Perinatal HIV Group, Duration of ruptured membranes and vertical transmission of HIV-1: A meta-analysis from 15 prospective cohort studies. AIDS, 2001. 15(3):357–68.CrossRef
Watts, D, Covington, DL, Beckerman, K, Garcia, P, Scheuerle, A, Dominguez, K, Ross, B, Sacks, S, Chavers, S, Tilson, H, Assessing the risk of birth defects associated with antiretroviral exposure during pregnancy. Am J Obstet Gynecol, 2004. 191(3):985–92.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Watts, D, Lambert, JS, Stiehm, ER, Bethel, J, Whitehouse, J, Fowler, MG, Read, J, Complications according to mode of delivery among human immunodeficiency virus-infected women with CD4 lymphocyte counts of ≤500/μL. Am J Obstet Gynecol, 2000. 183(1):100–7.Google Scholar
European Mode of Delivery Collaboration, Elective caesarean-section versus vaginal delivery in prevention of vertical HIV-1 transmission: A randomised clinical trial. The European Mode of Delivery Collaboration. Lancet, 1999. 353(9158): 1035–9.
Marcollet, A, Goffinet, F, Firtion, G, Pannier, E, Bret, T, Brival, ML, Mandelbrot, L, Differences in postpartum morbidity in women who are infected with the human immunodeficiency virus after elective cesarean delivery, emergency cesarean delivery, or vaginal delivery. Am J Obstet Gynecol, 2002. 186(4):784–9.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mohlala, B, Tucker, TJ, Besser, MJ, Williamson, C, Yeats, J, Smit, L, Anthony, J, Puren, A, Investigation of HIV in amniotic fluid from HIV-infected pregnant women at full term. J Infect Dis, 2005. 192(3):488–91.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Perinatal HIV Guidelines Working Group, Recommendations for Use of Antiretroviral Drugs in Pregnant HIV-1-Infected Women for Maternal Health and Interventions to Reduce Perinatal HIV-1 Transmission in the United States. Washington, DC: Public Health Resources and Services Administration, 2005.
Capparelli, E, Rakhmanina, N, Mirochnick, M, Pharmacotherapy of perinatal HIV. Semin Fetal Neonatal Med, 2005. Apr;10(2):161–75.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Delke, I, Special considerations for the HIV-infected patient with preterm labor. Clin Perinatol, 2003. 30(4):855–74.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Centers for Disease Control, Recommendations of the US Public Health Service Task Force on the use of zidovudine to reduce perintatal transmission of human immunodeficiency virus. MMWR, 1994. 43: No. RR-11.
Mrus, J, Tsevat, J, Cost-effectiveness of interventions to reduce vertical HIV transmission from pregnant women who have not received prenatal care. Med Decis Making, 2004. 24(1):30–9.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Halpern, M, Read, JS, Ganoczy, DA, Harris, DR, Cost-effectiveness of cesarean section delivery to prevent mother-to-child transmission of HIV-1. AIDS 2000. 14(6):691–700.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Conte, D, Fraquelli, M, Prati, D, Prevalence and clinical course of chronic hepatitis C virus infection and rate of HCV vertical transmission in a cohort of 15,250 pregnant women. Hepatology, 2000. Mar;31(3):751–5.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dinsmoor, M, Hepatitis in pregnancy. Curr Womens Health Rep, 2001. Aug;1(1):27–30.Google Scholar
Resti, M, Azzari, C, Mannelli F: Tuscany Study Group on Hepatitis C Virus Infection, Mother to child transmission of hepatitis C virus: Prospective study of risk factors and timing of infection in children born to women seronegative for HIV-1. Br Med J, 1998. Aug 15;317(7156): 437–40.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Marine-Barjoani, E, Bongain, A, Berrebi, A, Is delivery mode related to perinatal transmission of hepatitis C virus (HCV)? 40th Annual Meeting of the European Association for the Study of the Liver. Paris, France, April 13–17, 2005.Google Scholar
Vandelli, C, Roman, L, Tisminetzkys, S, Stroffolini, T, Ventura, E, Zanetti, A, Lack of evidence of sexual transmission of hepatis C among monogamous couples: Results of a 10-year prospective follow-up study. Am J Gastroenterol, 2004. May;99(5):855–9.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chung, JW, Acute hepatitis C virus infection. Clin Infect Dis, 2005. July 1;41(Suppl):S14–S17.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Strader, D, Wright, T, Thomas, DL, SeeffLB, LB,Diagnosis, Management, and Treatment of Hepatitis C. Hepatology, 2004. 39(4):1147–71.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mok, J, Pembrey, L, Tovo, PA, Nowell ML, Eurpoean Paediatric Hepatitis C Virus Network, When does mother to child transmission of hepatitis C occur?Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed 2005. Mar;90(2):F156–60.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Crowther, C, Caesarean delivery for the second twin (Cochrane Review). Cochrane Database Syst Rev 1996, 1.DOI: 10.1002/14651858. CD000047.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Persad, V, Baskett, TF, O'Connell, CM, Scott, HM, Combined vaginal-cesarean delivery of twin pregnancies. Obstet Gynecol, 2001. Dec;98(6):1032–7.Google Scholar
Dafour, P VD, Vanderstichele, S, Ducloy, AS, Depret, S, Monnier, JC, Intravenous nitroglycerine for internal podalic version of the second twin in transverse lie. Obstet Gynecol, 1998. Sep;92 (3):416–19.Google Scholar
Simhayoff, N, Sheiner, E, Levy, A, Mahhel, RD, Mazor, M, Hallak, M, To induce or not to induce labor: A macrosomic dilemma. Gynecol Obstet Invest, 2004. 58(3):121–5.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Menticoglou, S, Manning, FA, Morrison, Harmon CR, Must macrosomic fetuses be delivered by a caesarean section? A review of the outcome for 786 babies greater than or equal to 4,500 g. Aust N Z J Obstet Gynaecol, 1992. May;32(2):100–103.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. ACOG Practice Bulletin. Number 22, November 2000. Fetal Macrosomia.
Nahum, GG.Estimation of fetal weight. eMedicine (www.emedicine.com), topic = 3281.
Fischer, R, Hageboutros, A, Thrombocytopenia in pregnancy. eMedicine, 2004. DOI: emedicine. com/med/topic3480Google Scholar
Levy, JA, Murphy, LD, Thrombocytopenia in pregnancy. J Am Board Fam Pract, 2002. Jul–Aug;15 (4):290–7.Google Scholar
Boehlen, F, Hohlfeld, P, Extermann, P, Moerloose, P, Maternal antiplatlet antibodies in predicting risk of neonatal thrombocytopenia. Obstet Gynecol, 1999. Feb; 93(2):169–73.Google Scholar
American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists, ACOG Practice Bulletin: Number 6, September 1999: Thrombocytopenia in Pregnancy.
Poggi, SH, Hematologic disease and pregnancy. eMedicine, 2002.Google Scholar
Lescale, K, Eddleman, KA, Cines, DB, Antiplatelet antibody testing in thrombocytopenic pregnant women. Am J Obstet Gynecol, 1996. Mar;174(3):1014–8.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Burrows, R, Kelton, JG, Fetal thrombocytopenia and its relation to maternal thrombocytopenia. N Engl J Med, 1993. Nov 11;329(20):1463–6.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Samuels, P, Bussel, JB, Braitman, , Estimation of the risk of thrombocytopenia in the offspring of pregnant women with presumed immune thrombocytopenic purpura. N Engl J Med, 1990. Jul 26;323(4):229–35.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sharif, B, Kuban, K, Prenatal intracranial hemorrhage and neurologic complications in alloimmune thrombocytopenia. J Child Neurol, 2001. Nov;16(11):838–42.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Johnson, J, Samuels, P, Review of autoimmune thrombocytopenia: Pathogenesis, diagnosis, and management in pregnancy. Clin Obstet Gynecol, 1999. Jun;42(2):317–26.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kaplan, C, Immune thrombocytopenia in the foetus and the newborn: Diagnosis and therapy. Transfus Clin Biol, 2001. Jun;8(3):311–4.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bussel, J, Alloimmune thrombocytopoenia in the fetus and newborn. Semin Thromb Hemost, 2001. Jun;27(3):245–52.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Overton, T, Duncan, KR, Jolly, M, Letsky, E, Fisk, NM, Serial aggressive platelet transfusion for fetal alloimmune thrombocytopenia: platelet dynamics and perinatal outcome. Am J Obstet Gynecol, 2002. Apr;186(4):826–31.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tiblad, E, Olsson, I, Petersson, K, Shanwell, A, Winiarski, J, Wolff, K, Westgren, M, Experiences with fetomaternal alloimmune thrombocytopenia at a Swedish hospital over a 10-year period. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand, 2003. Sep;82(9): 803–6.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Radder, C, Brand, A, Kanhai, HH, A less invasive treatment strategy to prevent intracranial hemorrhage in fetal and neonatal alloimmune thrombocytopenia. Am J Obstet Gynecol, 2001. Sep;185(3):683–8.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rosen, M, Dickinson, JC, Westhoff, CL, Vaginal birth after cesarean: A meta-analysis of morbidity and mortality. Obstet Gynecol, 1991. Mar;77(3):465–70.Google Scholar
Molloy, B, Shirl, O, Duignan, NM, Delivery after cesaarean section: Review of 2176 consecutive cases. Br Med J (Clin Res Ed), 1987. Jun 29;294 (6588):1645–7.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists, ACOG Practice Bulletin Number 54, July 2004: Vaginal Birth after Previous Cesarean Delivery, 2004.
Bayer-Zwirello, L, O'Grady, JP, Patel, SS, ACOG's 1999 VBAC guidelines: A survey of western Massachusetts obstetric services. Obstet Gynecol, 2000. 95(4 Suppl):S 73.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Smith, G, Pell, JP, Pasupathy, D, Dobbie, R, Factors predisposing to perinatal death related to uterine rupture during attempted vaginal birth after caesarean section: Retrospective cohort study. Br Med J, 2004. Aug;329(7462):375.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Phelan, JP, Clark, SI, Diaz, F, Vaginal birth after cesarean. Am J Obstet Gynecol, 1987. 157:1510–15.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hender, I, Bujold, E, Effect of prior vaginal delivery or prior vaginal birth after cesarean delivery on obstetric outcomes in women undergoing trial of labor. Obstet Gynecol, 2004. Aug;104(2):273–7.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Phelan, J, Uterine rupture. Clin Obstet Gynecol, 1990. 33:432–7.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Chauhan, S, Martin, JN Jr, Henrich, CE, Morrison, JC, Magann, EF, Maternal and perinatal complications with uterine rupture in 142,075 patients who attempted vaginal birth after cesarean delivery: A review of the literature. Am J Obstet Gynecol, 2003. 189:408–17.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Guise, JM, McDonagh, MS, Osterweil, P, Nygren, P, Chan, BKS, Helfand, M, Systematic review of the incidence and consequences of uterine rupture in women with previous caesarean section. Br Med J, 2004. Jul 3;329(7456):19–23.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Flamm, BL, Vaginal birth after caesarean (VBAC). Best Pract Res Clin Obstet Gynaecol, 2001. 15:81–92.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Flamm, BL, Newman, , Thomas, SJ, Fallon, D, Yoshida, MM, Vaginal birth after cesarean delivery: results of a 5-year multicenter collaborative study. Obstet Gynecol, 1990. Nov;76(5 Pt 1):750–4.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Miller, D, Diaz, G, Paul, RH, Vaginal birth after cesarean: A 10-year experience. Obstet Gynecol, 1994. Aug;84(2):255–8.Google Scholar
McMahon, ML, Luther, ER, Bowes, WA Jr, Olshan, AF, Comparison of a trial of labor with an elective second cesarean section. N Engl J Med, 1996. Sep 5;335(10):689–95.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chauchan, S, Magann, EF, Wiggs, CD, Barrilleaux, PS, Martin, JN Jr, Pregnancy after classic cesarean delivery. Obstet Gynecol, 2002. Nov;100(5 Pt 1): 946–50.Google Scholar
Rageth, JC, Juzi, C, Grossenbacher, H, Delivery after previous cesarean: A risk evaluation: Swiss Working Group of Obstetric and Gynecologic Institutions. Obstet Gynecol, 1999. Mar;93 (3):332–7.Google Scholar
Lyndon-Rochelle, M, Holt, VI, Martin, DP, Easterling, TR, Association between method of delivery and maternal rehospitalization. JAMA, 2000. May;283(18):2411–6.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Guise, JM, Vaginal delivery after caesarean section: determining thresholds for risks requires more than uterine rupture rates. Br Med J, 2004. Aug 14;329:359–60.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Caughey, A, Shipp, TD, Repke, JT, Zelop, C, Coehn, A, Lieherman, E, Trial of labor after cesarean delivery: The effect of previous vaginal delivery. Am J Obstet Gynecol, 1998. Oct;179(4):938–41.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zelop, CM, Shipp, TD, Repke, JT, Cohen, A, Lieberman, E, Effect of previous vaginal delivery on the risk of uterine rupture during a subsequent trial of labor. Am J Obstet Gynecol, 2000. Nov;183(5):1184–6.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cowan, R, Kinch, RA, Ellis, GB, Andersen, R, Trial of labor following cesarean delivery. Obstet Gynecol, 1994. 83:933–6.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Paul, R, Phelan, JP, Sy, Yeh, Trial of labor in the patient with a prior cesarean birth. Am J Obstet Gynecol, 1985. Feb 1;151(3):297–304.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Flamm, B, Goings, FR, Fuelberth, NJ, Fischermann, E, Jones, C, Hersh, E, Oxytocin during labor after previous cesarean section: Results of a multicenter study. Obstet Gynecol, 1987. Nov;70(5): 709–12.Google Scholar
Blanchette, H, Blanchette, M, McCabe, J, Vincent, S, Is vaginal birth after cesarean safe? Experience at a community hospital. Am J Obstet Gynecol, 2001. Jun;184(7):1478–87.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stovall, T, Shaver, DC, Solomon, SK, Anderson, GD, Trial of labor in previous cesarean section patients, excluding classical cesarean sections. Obstet Gynecol, 1987. Nov;70(5):713–7.Google Scholar
Lydon-Rochelle, M, Holt, VL, Easterling, TR, Martin, DP, Risk of uterine rupture during labor among women with a prior cesarean delivery. N Engl J Med, 2001. Jul;345(1):3–8.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mozurkewich, EL, Hutton, EK, Elective repeat cesarean delivery versus trial of labor: A meta-analysis of the literature from 1989 to 1999. Am J Obstet Gynecol, 2000. Nov;183(5):1187–97.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Deutchman, M, Roberts RG, VBAC: Protecting patients, defending doctors. Am Fam Phys, 2003. Mar 1;67(5):931–2; 935–6.Google Scholar
Allen, V, O'Connell, CM, Liston, RM, Baskett, TF, Maternal morbidity associated with cesarean delivery without labor compared with spontaneous onset of labor at term. Obstet Gynecol, 2001. Sep;102(3):477–82.Google Scholar
Phelan, J, Clark, SL (eds), Cesarean Delivery. New York: Elsevier, 1988.Google Scholar
Ophir, E, Oetlinger, M, Yagoda, A, Markovits, Y, Rojansky, N, Shapiro, H, Breech presentation after cesarean section: Always a section?Am J Obstet Gynecol, 1989. Jul;161(1):25–8.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Flamm, B, Fried, MW, Lonky, NM, Guiles, WS, External cephalic version after previous cesarean section. Am J Obstet Gynecol, 1991. Aug; 165(2): 370–2.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cragin, EB, Conservatism in obstetrics. NY Med J, 1916. 104:1–3.Google Scholar
Shimonovitz, S, Botosneano, A, Hochner-Celnikier, D, Successful first vaginal birth after cesarean section: A predictor of reduced risk for uterine rupture in subsequent deliveries. Isr Med Assoc J, 2000. Jul;2(7):526–8.Google Scholar
American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists, ACOG Practice Bulletin: Number 10, November, 1999: Induction of Labor. 1999.
Golde, S, Tahilramaney, MP, Platt, LD, Use of ultrasound to predict fetal lung maturity in 247 consecutive elective cesarean deliveries. J Reprod Med, 1984. Jan;29(1):9–11.Google Scholar
Tahilramaney, M, Platt, LD, Golde, SH, The use of femur length measured by ultrasound to predict fetal maturity. J Perinatol, 1991. Jun;11(2):157–60.Google Scholar
Alvarez, J, Ichardson, R DK, Ludmir, J, Prediction of respiratory distress syndrome by the novel dipalmitoyl phosphatidylcholine test. Obstet Gynecol, 1996. Mar;87(3):429–33.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Parvin, C, Kaplan, , Chapman, JF, McManamon, TG, Gronowski, AM, Predicting respiratory distress syndrome using gestational age and fetal lung maturity by fluorescent polarization. Am J Obstet Gynecol, 2005. Jan;192(1):199–207.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Winn-McMillan, T, Karon, BS, Comparison of the TDx-FLM II and lecithin-to-sphingomyelin ratio assays in predicting fetal lung maturity. Am J Obstet Gynecol, 2005. Sep;193(3 Pt 1):778–82.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Karcher, R, Sykes, E, Batton, D, Uddin, Z, Ross, G, Hockman, E, Shade, GH Jr, Gestational age-specific predicted risk of neonatal respiratory distress syndrome using lamellar body count and surfactant-to-albumin ratio in amniotic fluid. Am J Obstet Gynecol, 2005. Nov;193(5):1680–4.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dubin, S, Assessment of fetal lung maturity: Practice parameter. Am J Clin Path, 1998. Dec;110 (6):723–32.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Minkoff, H, Chervenak, FA, Elective primary cesarean delivery. N Engl J Med, 2003. Mar 6;348 (10):946–50.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Minkoff, H, Powderly, KR, Chervenak, F, McCullough, LB, Ethical dimensions of elective primary cesarean delivery. Obstet Gynecol, 2004. Feb;103 (2):387–92.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists, ACOG Committee Opinion Number 289: Surgery and Patient Choice: The Ethics of Decision Making. Obstet Gynecol, 2003. 102:1101–6.
Hannah, M, Planned elective cesarean section: A reasonable choice for some women?Can Med Assoc J, 2004. Mar 2;170(5):813–4.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
National Institutes of Health: Department of Health and Human Services. In Cesarean Delivery on Maternal Request: March 27–29, 2006. 2006. Bethesda, Maryland.
Anderson, GM, Making sense of rising caesarean section rates [editorial]. Br Med J, 2004. Sep 25; 329(7468):696–7.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sharma, G, Is patient-choice primary cesarean rational?OBG Management, 2006. May;18(5).Google Scholar
Hildingsson, I, Waldenstrom, U, Radestad, I, Few women wish to be delivered by caesarean section. Br J Obstet Gynaecol, 2002. Jun;109(6):618–23.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wax, J, Cartin, A, Pinette, MG, Blackstone, J, Patient choice cesarean: An evidence-based review. Obstet Gynecol Surv, 2004. Aug;59(8):601–16.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wu, J, Hundley, AF, Visco, AG, Elective primary cesarean delivery: Attitudes of urogynecology and maternal-fetal medicine specialists. Obstet Gynecol, 2005. Feb;105(2):301–6.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bergholt, T, Ostberg, B, Legarth, J, Weber, T, Danish obstetricians' personal preference and general attitude to elective cesarean section on maternal request: A nation-wide postal survey. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand, 2004. Mar;83(3):262–6.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cotzias, C, Paterson-Brown, S, Fisk, NM, Obstetricians say yes to maternal request for elective caesarean section: A survey of current opinion. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol, 2001. Jul;97(1):15–6.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Faas-Fehervary, P, Schwarz, K, Bauer, L, Melchert, F, Caesarean section on demand: Influence of personal birth experience and working environment on attitude of German gynaecologists. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol, 2005. Oct 1;122(2):162–6.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ghetti, C, Chan, BK, Guise, JM, Physicians' responses to patient-requested Cesarean delivery. Birth, 2004. Dec;31(4):280–4.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Society of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists of Canada, SOGC Advisory: March 10, 2004: C-Sections on Demand – SOGC's Position.
Simpson, K, Thorman, KE, Obstetric “convenien- ces”: Elective induction of labor, cesarean birth on demand, and other potentially unnecessary interventions. J Perinat Neonatal Nurs, 2005. Jun; 19(2):134–44.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cardosi, RJ, Porter, KB., Cesarean delivery of twins during maternal cardiopulmonary arrest. Obstet Gynecol, 1998. Oct;92(4 Pt 2):695–7.Google Scholar
O'Connor, R, SevarinoFB, FB,Cardiopulmonary arrest in the pregnant patient: A report of a successful resuscitation. J Clin Anesth, 1994. Jan–Feb;6(1): 66–8.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lurie, S, Mamet, Y, Caesarean delivery during maternal cardiopulmonary resuscitation for status asthmaticus. Emerg Med J, 2003. May;20(3):296–7.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
DePace, N, Betesh, JS, KolterMN, MN,‘Postmortem’ cesarean section with recovery of both mother and offspring. JAMA, 1982. Aug 27;248(8):971–3.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lopez-Zeno, J, Carlo, WA, O'Grady, JP, Fanaroff, AA, Infant survival following delayed postmortem cesarean delivery. Obstet Gynecol, 1990. 76:991–2.Google ScholarPubMed
ZamzamiTY, Yamani TY,Indication of emergency peripartum hysterectomy: review of 17 cases. Arch Gynecol Obstet, 2003. Aug;268(3):131–5. Epub 2003 May 20. PMID: 12756583.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Awwad, J, Azar, GB, Aouad, AT, Raad, J, Karam, KS, Postmortem cesarean section following maternal blast injury [case report]. J Trauma, 1994. Feb;36 (2):260–1.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Katz, MV, Dotters, DJ, Droegemueller W, Perimortem cesarean delivery. Obstet Gynecol, 1986. Oct;68(4):571–6.Google Scholar
Whitten, M, IrvineLM, LM,Postmortem and perimortem caesarean section. J R Soc Med, 2000. Jan; 93(1):6–9.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Thomas, R, Sotheran, W, Postmortem and perimortem caesarean section. J Royal Soc Med, 2000. Apr;93(4):215–6.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Page-Rodriguez, A, Gonzalez-Sanchez, JA, Perimortem cesarean secton of twin pregnancy: Case report and review of the literature. Acad Emerg Med, 1999. Oct;6(10):1072–4.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Onwuhafua, P, Dying undelivered. J Obstet Gynaecol, 2002. Mar; 22(2):155–8.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Esposito, M, DeLony, R, GoldsteinPJ, PJ,Postmortem cesarean section with infant survival: A case report of an HIV-infected patient. Md Med J, 1997. Oct; 46(9):467–70.Google Scholar
Bloom, S, Spong, CY, Weiner, SJ, Landon, MB, Rouse, DJ, Varner, MW, Moawad, AF, Caritis, SN, Harper, M, Wapner, RJ, Sorokin, Y, Miodovnik, M, O'Sullivan, M J, Sibai, B, Langer, O, Gabbe, SG, for the National Institue of Child Health and Human Development Maternal-Fetal Medicine Units Network, Complications of anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Obstet Gynecol, 2005. Aug;106(2): 281–7.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McVay, P, Hoag, RW, Hoag, MS, Toy, PT, Safety and use of autogenous blood donation during the third trimester of pregnancy. Am J Obstet Gynecol, 1989. Jun;160(6):1479–88.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rebarber, A, Lonser, R, Jackson, S, Copel, JA, Sipes, S, The safety of intraoperative autologous blood collection and autotransfusion during cesarean section. Am J Obstet Gynecol, 1998. Sep;179(3 Pt 1):715–20.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wilkinson, C, Enkin, MW, (1996) Lateral tilt for caesarean section (Cochrane Review). Cochrane Database Syst Rev. DOI: 10.1002/14651858. CD000120.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Eckstein, K, Marx, GF, Aorto-caval compression and uterine displacement. Anesthesiology, 1974. Jan;40(1):92–6.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Abuhamad A, O'Sullivan MJ, Operative techniques for cesarean section. In Plauche, SC, Morrison, JC, O'Sullivan, MJ (eds): Surgical Obstetrics. Philadelphia: WB Saunders, 1992, pp. 417–29.Google Scholar
Alexander, J, Fischer, JE, Boyajian, M, Palmquist, J, Morris, MU, The influence of hair-removal methods on wound infections. Arch Surg, 1983. Mar; 118(3):347–52.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hendrix, S, Schimp, V, Martin, J, Singh, A, Kruger, M, McNelley, SG, The legendary superior strength of the Pfannenstiel incision: A myth?Am J Obstet Gynecol, 2000. Jun;182(6):1446–51.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wall, P, Deucy, EE, Glantz, JC, Pressman, EK, Vertical skin incisions and wound complications in the obese parturient. Obstet Gynecol, 2003. Nov;102(5 Pt 1):952–6.Google Scholar
Chauhan, SP, Henrichs, CE (2002) Choosing the best incision for cesarean delivery. OBG Management, 2002. Nov;14(11):1–8.Google Scholar
Houston, M, Raynor, BD, Postoperative morbidity in the morbidly obese parturient woman: Suprau- mbilical and low transverse approaches. Am J Obstet Gynecol, 2000. May;182(5):1033–5.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Finan, M, Mastrogiannis, DS, Spellacy, WN, The Allis test for easy cesarean delivery. Am J Obstet Gynecol, 1991. Mar;164(3):772–5.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ayers, J, Morley, GW, Surgical incision for cesarean section. Obstet Gynecol, 1987. Nov;70(5):706–8.Google Scholar
Boyle, J, Gabbe, SG, T and J vertical extensions in low transverse cesarean births. Obstet Gynecol, 1996. Feb;87(2):238–43.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Patterson, L, O'Connell, CM, Baskett, TF, Maternal and perinatal morbidity associated with classic and inverted T cesarean incisions. Obstet Gynecol, 2002. Oct;100(4):633–7.Google Scholar
Shipp, T, Zelop, CM, Repke, JT, Cohen, A, Caughey, AB, Lieberman, E, Intrapartum uterine rupture and dehiscence in patients with prior lower uterine segment vertical and transverse incisions. Obstet Gynecol, 1999. Nov;94(5 Pt 1):735–40.Google Scholar
Naef, R, Ray, MA, Chauhan, SP, Roach, H, Blake, PG, Martin, JN.Trial of labor after cesarean delivery with a lower-segment, vertical uterine incision: Is it safe?Am J Obstet Gynecol, 1995. Jun;172(6):1666–73.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Halperin, M, Moore, DC, HannahWJ, WJ,Classical versus low-segment transverse incision for preterm caesarean section: Maternal complications and outcome of subsequent pregnancies. Br J Obstet Gynaecol, 1988. Oct;95(10):990–6.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Yasin S, Walton DL, O'Sullivan MJ, Problems encountered during cesarean delivery. In Plauche, WC, Morrison, JC, O'Sullivan, MJ (eds): Surgical Obstetrics. Philadelphia: WB Saunders, 1992.Google Scholar
Landesman, R, Graber, ED, Abdominovaginal delivery: Modification of the cesarean section operation to facilitate delivery of the impacted head. Am J Obstet Gynecol, 1984. Mar 15;148(6):707–10.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Murless, B, Lower segment cesarean section: A new head extractor?Br Med J, 1945. 1234.Google Scholar
Blickstein, I, Difficult delivery of the impacted fetal head during cesarean section: Intraoperative disengagement dystocia. J Perinat Med, 2004. 32(4): 465–9.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wilkinson, C, Enkin, MW, Manual removal of placenta at caesarean section (Cochrane Review). Cochrane Database Syst Rev, 1996. DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD000130.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Magann, E, Dodson, MK, Allbert, JR, McCurdy, CM Jr, Martin, RW, Morrison, JC, Blood loss at time of cesarean section by method of placental removal and exteriorization versus in situ repair of the uterine incision. Surg Gynecol Obstet, 1993. 177(4):389–92.Google ScholarPubMed
Hidar, S, Jennane, TM, Bouguizane, S, Lassoued, L, Bibi, M, Khairi, H, The effect of placaental removal method at cesarean delivery on perioperative hemorrhage: A randomized clinical trial. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol, 2004. Dec 1;117(2):179–82.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jacobs-Jokhan, DHG, Extra-abdominal versus intra-abdominal repair of the uterine incision at caesarean section (Cochrane Review). Cochrane Database Syst Rev, 2004.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hershey, D, Quilligan, EJ, Extraabdominal uterine exteriorizaton and cesarean delivery. Obstet Gynecol, 1978. Aug;52(2):189–92.Google Scholar
Enkin, M, Wilkinson, C, Single- versus two-layer suturing for closing the uterine incision at caesarean section (Cochrane Review). Cochrane Database Syst Rev, 1996.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chatterjee, S, Scar endometriosis: A clinicopathologic study of 17 cases Obstet Gynecol, 1980. Jul;56(1):81–4.
Hoskins, I, Ordorica, SA, Frieden, FJ, Young, BK, Performance of cesarean section using absorbable staples. Surg Gynecol Obstet, 1991. Feb;172(2): 108–12.Google Scholar
Martens, M, Reduction of infectious morbidity with uterine stapling device. Adv Ther, 1990. Mar–Apr;7(2):105–6.Google Scholar
Burkett, G, Jensen, LP, Lai, A, O'Sullivan, MJ, Yasin, S, Beydoun, S, McLeod, AG, Evaluation of surgical staples in cesarean section. Am J Obstet Gynecol, 1989. Sep;161(3):540–5.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dongen, P, Nijhuis, JG, Jongsma, HW, Reduced blood loss during caesarean section due to a controlled stapling technique. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol, 1989. Aug;32(2):95–102.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bond, S, Harrison, MR, Slotnick, RN, Anderson, J, Flake, AW, Adnizk, NS, Cesarean delivery and hysterectomy using an absorbable stapling device. Obstet Gynecol, 1989. Jul;74(1):25–8.Google Scholar
Wilkinson, CE MW, Absorbable staples for uterine incision at caesarean section. The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 1996, 2006(2).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Villeneuve, M, Khalife, S, Marcoux, S, Blanchet, P, Surgical staples in cesarean section: A randomized controlled trial. Am J Obstet Gynecol, 1990. Nov;163(5 Pt 1):1641–6.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gilson, GJ, Kephart, WH, Izquierdo, , Joffe, GM, Qualls, CR, Curet, LB, Comparison of absorbable uterine staples and traditional hysterotomy during cesarean delivery. Obstet Gynecol, 1996. Mar; 87(3):384–8.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Harrigill, F, Miller, HG, Haynes, , The effect of intraabdominal irrigation at cesarean delivery on maternal morbidity: A randomized trial. Obstet Gynecol, 2003. Jan;101(1):80–5.Google Scholar
Anderson, E, Gates, S, Techniques and materials for closure of the abdominal wall in caesarean section. Cochrane Database Syst Rev, 2004, (4).CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Perinatal Trials Service: National Perinatal Epidemiology Unit Institute of Health Sciences, CESAR Study 2005; www.npeu.ox.ac.uk/caesar/.
Ramsey, P, White, AM, Guinn, DA, Lu, GC, Ramin, SM, Davies, JK, Neely, CL, Newby, C, Fonseca, L, Case, AS, Kaslow, RA, Rouse, DJ, Hauth, JC, Subcutaneous tissue reapproximation, alone or in combination with drain, in obese women undergoing cesarean delivery. Obstet Gynecol, 2005. May;105(5):967–73.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Magann, E, Chauhan, SP, Rodts-Palenik, S, Bufkin, S, Martin, JN Jr, Morrison, JC, Subcutaneous stitch closure versus subcutaneous drain to prevent wound disruption after cesarean delivery: a randomized clinical trial. Am J Obstet Gynecol, 2002. Jun;186(6):1119–23.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gates, S, Anderson, ER, Wound drainage for caesarean section (Cochrane Review) Issue 1. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2005.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Frishman, G, Schwartz, T, Hogan, JW, Closure of Pfannenstiel skin incisions: Staples vs. subcuticular suture. J Reprod Med, 1997. Oct;42(10):627–30.Google Scholar
Alderdice, F, McKenna, D, Dornan, J, Techniques and materials for skin closure in caesarean section. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2003.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Chelmow, D, Rodriguez, EJ, Sabatini, MM, Suture closure of subcutaneous fat and wound disruption after cesarean delivery: A meta-analysis. Obstet Gynecol, 2004. May;103(3 Pt 1):974–80.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Myers, S, Bennett, TL, Incidence of significant adhesions at repeat cesarean section and the relationship to method of prior peritoneal closure. J Reprod Med, 2005. Sep;50(9):659–62.Google Scholar
Lyell, D, Caughey, AB, Hu, E, Daniels, K, Peritoneal closure at primary cesarean delivery and adhesions. Obstet Gynecol, 2005. Aug;106(2):275–80.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bamigboye, A, Hofmeyr, GJ, Non-closure of peritoneal surfaces at caesarean section – A systematic review. S Afr Med J, 2005. Feb;95(2):123–6.Google Scholar
Tulandi, T, Al-Jaroudi, D, Nonclosure of perito- neum: A reappraisal. Am J Obstet Gynecol, 2003. Aug;189(2):609–12.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Irion, O, Luzuy, F, Beguin, F, Nonclosure of the visceral and parietal peritoneum at caesarean section: A randomised controlled trial. Br J Obstet Gynaecol, 1996. Jul;103(7):690–4.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nagele, F, Karas, H, Spitzer, D, Staudach, A, Karasegh, S, Beck, A, Husslein, P, Closure or nonclosure of the visceral peritoneum at cesarean delilvery. Am J Obstet Gynecol, 1996. Apr;174(4): 1366–70.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pietrantoni, M, Parsons, MT, O'Brien, WR, Collins, E, Knuppel, RA, Spellacy, WN, Peritoneal closure or non-closure at cesarean. Obstet Gynecol, 1991. Feb;77(2):293–6.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cheong, Y, Bajekal, N, Li, TC, Peritoneal closure – to close or not to close. Hum Reprod, 2001. Aug;16 (8):1548–51.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Duffy, D, Zerega, di GS, Is peritoneal closure necessary?Obstet Gynecol Surv, 1994. Dec; 49(12):817–22.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cheong, Y, Laird, SM, Li, TC, Shelton, JB, Ledger, WL, Cooke, ID, Peritoneal healing and adhesion formation/reformation. Hum Reprod Update, 2001. Nov–Dec;7(6):556–66.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Weerrawetwat, W, Buranawanich, S, Kanawong, M, Closure vs. non-closure of the visceral and parietal peritoneum at cesarean delivery: 16-year study. J Med Assoc Thai, 2004. Sep;87(9):1007–11.Google Scholar
Elkins, T, Stovall, TG, Warren, J, Ling, FW, Meyer, NL, A histologic evaluation of peritoneal injury and repair: Implications for adhesion formation. Obstet Gynecol, 1987. Aug;70(2):225–8.Google Scholar
Ellis, H, Heddle, R, Does the peritoneum need to be closed at laparotomy?Br J Surg, 1977. Oct; 64(10):733–6.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Menzies, D, Postoperative adhesions: Their treatment and relevance in clinical practice. Ann Royal Coll Surg Engl, 1993. 75:147–53.Google ScholarPubMed
El-Mowafi, DM, Diamond, MP, Gynecologic surgery and subsequent bowel obstruction. Geneva Found Med Ed Res. DOI: www.gfmer.ch.
Morales, K, Gordon, M, Bates, GW, Post cesarean adhesions may compromise infant well-being [abstr. no. 18]. The American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists, Armed Forces District Meeting, Nov 2, 2005.Google Scholar
Cheong, Y, Laird, SM, Shelton, JB, Ledger, WL, Li, TC, Cooke, ID, The correlation of adhesions and peritoneal fluid cytokine concentrations: A pilot study. Hum Reprod, 2002. 17(4):1039–45.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Haney, A, Doty, E, Expanded polytetrafluoroethylene (Gore-Tex Surgical Membrane) is superior to oxidized regenerated cellulose (Interceed TC7+) in preventing adhesions. Fertil Steril, 1995. May;63(5):1021–8.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Diamond, M, Reduction of adhesions after uterine myomectomy by Seprafilm membrane (HAL-F): A blinded, prospective, randomized, multicenter clinical study. The Seprafilm Adhesion Study Group. Fertil Steril, 1996. Dec;66(6):906–10.Google Scholar
Farquhar, C, Vandekerckhove, P, Watson, A, Vail, A, Wiseman, D, Barrier agents for presenting adhesions after surgery for subfertility (Cochrane Review). Cochrane Database Syst Rev, 1999.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Interceed (TC7 +) Adhesion Barrier Study Group, Prevention of postsurgical adhesions by Interceed (TC7+), an absorbable adhesion barrier: A prospective randomized multicenter clinical study. Fertil Steril, 1989. 51:933–9.
Demirel, Y, Gursoy, S, Duran, B, Erden, O, Cetin, M, Balta, O, Cetin, A, Closure or nonclosure of the peritoneum at gynecological operations: Effect on postoperative pain. Saudi Med J, 2005. Jun;26(6):964–8.Google Scholar
Chanrachakul, B, Hamontri, S, Herabutya, Y, A randomized comparison of postcesarean pain between closure and nonclosure of peritoneum. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol, 2002. Feb 10;101(1):31–5.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Roset, E, Boulvain, M, Irion, O, Nonclosure of the peritoneum during caesarean section: Long-term follow-up of a randomised controlled trial. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol, 2003. May 1;108 (1):40–4.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Killian, C, Graffunder, EM, Vinciguerra, TJ, Venezia, RA, Risk factors for surgical-site infections following cesarean section. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol, 2001. Oct;22(10):613–7.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wen, S, Rusen, ID, Walker, M, Liston, R, Kramer, MS, Baskett, T, for the Maternal Health Study Group, Canadian Perinatal Surveillance System, Comparison of maternal mortality and morbidity between trial of labor and elective cesarean secion among women with previous cesarean delivery. Am J Obstet Gynecol, 2004. Oct;191(4):1263–9.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nielsen, T, Hokegard, KH, Postoperative cesarean section morbidity: A prospective study. Am J Obstet Gynecol, 1983. Aug 15;146(8):911–6.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Couto, R, Pedrosa, TMG, Nogueira, JM, Gomes, DL, Neto, MF, Rezende, NA, Post-discharge surveillance and infection rates in obstetric patients. Int J Gynaecol Obstet, 1998. Jun;61(3):227–31.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Burrows, LJ, Meyn, , Weber, AM, Maternal morbidity associated with vaginal versus cesarean delivery. Obstet Gynecol, 2004. May;103(5 Pt 1): 907–12.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Martens, M, Kolrud, BL, Faro, S, Maccato, M, Hammill, H, Development of wound infection or separation after cesarean delivery: Prospective evaluation of 2,431 cases. J Reprod Med, 1995. Mar; 40(3):171–5.Google Scholar
Liu, S, Heaman, M, Joseph, KS, Liston, RM, Huang, L, Sauve, R, Kramer, MS, for the Maternal Health Study Group of the Canadian Perinatal Surveillance System, Risk of maternal postpartum readmission associated with mode of delivery. Obstet Gynecol, 2005. Apr;105(4):836–42.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lydon-Rochelle, M, Holt, VL, Martin, DP, Easterling, TR, Association between method of delivery and maternal rehospitalization. JAMA, 2000. May 10;283(18):2411–6.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Phipps, M, Watabe, B, Clemons, JL, Weitzen, S, Myers, DL, Risk factors for bladder injury during cesarean delivery. Obstet Gynecol, 2005. Jan; 105(1):156–60.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nielsen, T, Hokegard, KH, Cesarean section and intraoperative surgical complications. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand, 1984. 63(2):103–8.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wechter, M, Pearlman, MD, Hartmann, KE, Reclosure of the disrupted laparotomy wound: A systemic review. Obstet Gynecol, 2005. 106(2):376–83.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gerber, A, Accidental incision of the fetus during cesarean section delivery. Int J Gynaecol Obstet, 1974. 12:46–8.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Smith, J, Hernandez, C, Wax, JR, Fetal laceration injury at cesarean delivery. Obstet Gynecol, 1997. Sep;90(3):344–6.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dessole, S, Cosmi, E, Balata, A, Uras, L, Caserta, D, Capobianco, G, Ambrosini, G, Accidental fetal lacerations during cesarean delivery: Experience in an Italian level III university hospital. Am J Obstet Gynecol, 2004. Nov;191(5):1673–7.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Okaro, J, Anya, SE, Accidental incision of the fetus at cesarean section. Niger J Med, 2004. Apr–Jun; 13(2):211.Google Scholar
Haas, D, Ayers, AW, Laceration injury at cesarean section. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med, 2002. Mar; 11(3):196–8.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Holmgren, G, Sjoholm, L, Stark, M, The Misgav Ladach method for cesarean section: Method description. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand, 1999. Aug; 78(7):615–21.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Franchi, M, Ghezzi, F, Balestreri, D, Beretta, P, Maymon, E, Miglierina, M, Bolis, PF, A randomized clinical trial of two surgical techniques for cesarean section. Am J Perinatol, 1998. 15(10):589–94.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bjorklund, K, Kimaro, M, Urassa, E, Lindmark, G, Introduction of the Misgav Ladach caesarean section at an African tertiary centre: A randomised controlled trial. Br J Obstet Gynaecol, 2000. Feb; 10(2):209–16.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Darj, E, Nordstom, ML, The Misgav Ladach method for cesarean section compared to the Pfannenstiel method. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand, 1999. Jan;78(1):37–41.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fatusic, Z, Kurjak, A, Jasarevic, E, Hafner, T, The Misgav Ladach method – a step forward in operative technique in obstetrics. J Perinat Med, 2003. 31(5):395–8.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ansaloni, L, Brundisini, R, Morion, G, Kiura, A, Prospective, randomized, comparative study of Misgav Ladach versus traditional cesarean section at Nazareth Hospital, Kenya. World J Surg, 2001. Sep;25(9):1164–72.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Magann, E, Chauhan, SP, Bufkin, L, Field, K, Roberts, WE, Martin, JN Jr, Intra-operative haemorrhage by blunt versus sharp expansion of the uterine incision at caesarean delivery: A randomised clinical trial. Br J Obstet Gynaecol, 2002. Apr;109(4):448–52.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rodriguez, A, Porter, KB, O'Brien, WF, Blunt versus sharp expansion of the uterine incision in low-segment transverse cesarean section. Am J Obstet Gynecol, 1994. Oct;171(4):1022–5.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hauth, J, Owen, J, Davis, RO, Transverse uterine incision closure: One versus two layers. Am J Obstet Gynecol, 1992. Oct;167(4 Pt 1):1108–11.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jelsema, R, Wittingen, JA, Vander-Kolk, KJ, Continuous, nonlocking, single-layer repair of the low transverse uterine incision. J Reprod Med, 1993. May;38(5):393–6.Google Scholar
Hohlagschwandtner, M, Chalubinski, K, Nather, A, Husslein, P, Joura, EA, Continuous vs. interrupted sutures for single-layer closure of uterine incision at cesarean section. Arch Gynecol Obstet, 2003. Apr;268(1):26–8.Google Scholar
Chapman, SJ, Owen, J, Hauth, JC, One- versus two-layer closure of a low transverse cesarean: The next pregnancy. Obstet Gynecol, 1997. Jan;89(1):16–18.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bujold, E., Bujold, C, Hamilton, EF, Harel, F, Gauthier, RJ, The impact of a single-layer or double-layer closure on uterine rupture. Am J Obstet Gynecol, 2002. Jun;186(6):1326–30.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Durnwald, C, Mercer, B, Uterine rupture, perioperative and perinatal morbidity after single-layer and double-layer closure at cesarean delilvery. Am J Obstet Gynecol, 2003. Oct;189(4):925–9.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Frigoletto, F, Ryan, KJ, Phillippe, M, Maternal mortality rate associated with cesarean delivery: An appraisal. Am J Obstet Gynecol, 1980. Apr 1;126 (7):969–70.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Smaill, F, Hofmeyr, GJ, Antibiotic prophylaxis for cesarean section (Cochrane Review). Cochrane Database Syst Rev, 2002.Google Scholar
Chelmow, D, Ruehli, MS, Huang, E, Prophylactic use of antibiotics for nonlaboring patients undergoing cesarean delivery with intact membranes: A meta-analysis. Am J Obstet Gynecol, 2001. Mar; 184(4):656–61.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Andrews, W, Hauth, JC, Cliver, SP, Savage, K, Goldenberg, RL, Randomized clinical trial of extended spectum antibiotic prophylaxis with coverage for ureaplama urealyticum to reduce post-cesarean delivery endometritis. Obstet Gynecol, 2003. 101(6):1183–9.Google Scholar
Stanco, L, Schrimmer, DB, Paul, RH, Mishall, DR Jr, Emergency peripartum hysterectomy and associated risk factors. Am J Obstet Gynecol, 1993. Mar;168(3 Pt 1):879–83.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Clark, S, Yeh, SY, Phelan, JP, Bruce, S, Paul, RH, Emergency hysterectomy for the control of obstetric hemorrhage. Obstet Gynecol, 1984. Sep;64(3): 376–80.Google Scholar
Kastner, E, Rigueroa, R, Garry, D, Maulik, D, Emergency peripartum hysterectomy: Experience at a community teaching hospital. Obstet Gynecol, 2002. 99(6):971–5.Google Scholar
Miller, D, Chollet, JA, Goodwin, TM, Clinical risk factors for placenta previa-placenta accreta. Am J Obstet Gynecol, 1997 Jul: 177. (1):210–4.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Baskett, TF, Emergency obstetric hysterectomy. J Obstet Gynaecol 2003. Jul;23(4):353–5.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Plauche, W, Gruich, FG, Bourgeois, MO, Hysterectomy at the time of cesarean section: Analysis of 108 cases. Obstet Gynecol, 1981. Oct;58(4):459–64.Google Scholar
Oleen, MA, Marino, JP, Controlling refractory atonic postpartum hemorrhage with Hemabate sterile solution. Am J Obstet Gynecol, 1990. Jan; 162(1):205–8.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rouse, D, Leindecker, S, Landon, M, Bloom, SL, Varner, MW, Moawad, AH, Spong, CY, Caritis, SN, Harper, M, Wapner, RJ, Miodovnik, M, O'Sullivan, MJ, Sibai, BM, Langer, O, National Institute of Child Health and and Human Development Maternal-Fetal Medicine Units Network, The MFMU Cesarean Registry: Uterine atony after primary cesarean delivery. Am J Obstet Gynecol, 2005. Sept;193(3 Pt 2):1056–60.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Suchartwatnachai, C, Linasuitta, V, Chaturachinda, K, Obstetric hysterectomy: Ramathibodi's experience 1969–1987. Int J Gynaecol Obstet, 1991. Nov;36(3):183–6.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Yancey, M, Harless, FE, Benson, W, Brady, K, The perioperative morbidity of schedueled cesarean hysterectomy. Obstet Gynecol, 1993. Feb;81(2): 205–10.Google Scholar
Gonsoulin, W, Kennedy, RT, Guidry, KH, Elective versus emergency cesarean hysterectomy cases in a residency program setting: A review of 129 cases from 1984–1988. Am J Obstet Gynecol, 1991. Jul; 165(1):91–4.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
American College of Obstetricians, and Gynecologists, ACOG Educational Bulletin: Number 76, October, 2006. Postpartum Hemorrhage.
Combs, A, Murphey, EL, Laros, RK Jr, Factors associated with hemorrhage in cesarean deliveries. Obstet Gynecol, 1991. Jan;77(1):77–82.Google Scholar
International Confederation of Midwives (ICM) and International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics (FIGO), Management of the third stage of labour to prevent postpartum hemorrhage. J Obstet Gynaecol Can, 2003. Nov;136(11):952–3.
Clark, S, Managing postpartum hemorrhage: Establish a cause. OBG Management, 2002. Nov;14 (11):1–12.Google Scholar
Bonnar, J, Massive obstetric haemorrhage. Balliere's Clin Obstet Gynaecol, 2000. 14(1):1–18.Google ScholarPubMed
Bouwmeester, F, Bolte, AC, Geijn, HP, Pharmacological and surgical therapy for primary postpartum hemorrhage. Curr Pharm Des, 2005. 11(6): 759–73.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Miller, S, Lester, F, Hensleigh, PA, Prevention and treatment of postpartum hemorrhage: New advances for low-resource settings. J Midwifery Womens Health, 2004. 49(4):283–92.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hensleigh, P, Anti-shock garmet provides resuscitation and haemostasis for obstetric haemorrhage. Br J Obstet Gynaecol, 2002. Dec;109:1377–84.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tamizian, O, Arulkumaran, S, The surgical management of post-partum haemorrhage. Best Pract Res Clin Obstet Gynaecol, 2002. 16(1):81–98.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Shevell, T, Malone, FD, Management of obstetric hemorrhage. Semin Perinatol, 2003. 27(1):86–104.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Baskett, TF, Essential Management of Obstetric Emergencies, ed 3. Redland, Bristol, England: Clinical Press Limited. 1999.Google Scholar
Baskett, TF, Surgical management of severe obstetric hemorrhage: Experience with an obstetric hemorrhage equipment tray. J Obstet Gynaecol Can, 2004. 26(9):805–8.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Li, Y, Yin, CS, Chen, FM, Chao, TC, A useful technique for the control of severe cesarean hemorrhage: report of three cases. Chang Gung Med J, 2002. 25(8):548–52.Google ScholarPubMed
Waters, E, Surgical management of postpartum hemorrhage with particular reference to ligation of uterine arteries. Am J Obstet Gynecol, 1952. (5):1143–8.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
O'Leary, J, O'Leary, JA, Uterine artery ligation in control of intractable postpartum hemorrhage. Am J Obstet Gynecol, 1966. Apr 1;94(7):920–4.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hebisch, G, Huch, A, Vaginal uterine artery ligation avoids high blood loss and puerperal hysterectomy in postpartum hemorrhage. Obstet Gynecol, 2002. 100(3):574–8.Google ScholarPubMed
O'Leary, J, Uterine artery ligation in the control of postcesarean hemorrhage. J Reprod Med, 1995. 40(3):189–93.Google ScholarPubMed
O'Leary, J, Stop OB hemorrhage with uterine artery ligation. Contemp Ob/Gyn, 1986. 28:13–6.Google Scholar
Chou, Y, Wang, PH, Yuan, CC, Yen, YK, Liu, WM, Laparoscopic bipolar coagulation of uterine vessels to manage delayed postpartum hemorrhage. J Am Assoc Gynecol Laparosc, 2002. Nov;9(4):541–4.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Haier, R, Control of postpartum hemorrhage with uterine packing. Am J Obstet Gynecol, 1993. 169(2):317–23.Google Scholar
Hsu, S, Rodgers, B, Lele, A, Yeh, J, Use of packing in obstetric hemorrhage of uterine origin. J Reprod Med, 2003. 48(2):69–71.Google ScholarPubMed
Druzin, M, Packing of lower uterine segment for control of postcesarean bleeding in instances of placenta previa. Surg Gynecol Obstet, 1989. 169:543–5.Google ScholarPubMed
Bagga, R, Jain, V, Kalra, J, Chopra, S, Gopalan, S, Uterovaginal packing with rolled gauze in postpartum hemorrhage. Med Gen Med, 2004. Feb 13;6(1):50.Google Scholar
B-Lynch, C, Coker, A, Lawal, AH, Abu, J, Cowen, MJ, The B-Lynch surgical technique for the control of massive postpartum haemorrhage: An alternative to hysterectomy? Five cases reported. Br J Obstet Gynaecol, 1997. 104(3):372–5.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hayman, R, Arulkumaran, S, Steer, PJ, Uterine compression sutures: Surgical management of postpartum hemorrhage. Obstet Gynecol, 2002. 99(3):502–6.Google ScholarPubMed
Ferguson, JN, Bourgeois, FJ, Underwood, PB Jr, B-Lynch suture for postpartum hemorrhage. Obstet Gynecol, 2000. Jun;95(6 Pt 2):1020–2.Google Scholar
Smith, KL, Baskett, TF, Uterine compression sutures as an alternative to hysterectomy for severe postpartum hemorrhage. J Obstet Gynaecol Can, 2003. Mar;25(3):197–200.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cho, J, Jun, HS, Lee, CN, Hemostatic suturing technique for uterine bleeding during cesarean delivery. Obstet Gynecol, 2000. 96(1):129–31.Google ScholarPubMed
Ochoa, M, Allaire, AD, Stitely, ML, Pyometria after hemostatic square suture technique. Obstet Gynecol, 2002. 99(3):506–9.Google ScholarPubMed
Abu-Musa, A, Seoud, M, Suidan, F, A new technique for control of placental site bleeding. Int J Gynaecol Obstet, 1998. 60:169–70.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Clark, S, Phelan, JP, Yeh, SY, Bruce, SR, Paul, HR, Hypogastric artery ligations for obstetric hemorrhage. Obstet Gynecol, 1985. Sep;66(3):353–6.Google Scholar
Evans, S, McShane, P, The efficacy of internal iliac artery ligation in obstetric hemorrhage. Surg Gynecol Obstet, 1985. Mar;160(3):250–3.Google Scholar
Burchell, C, Physiology of internal iliac artery ligation. J Obstet Gynaecol Br Commonw, 1968. 75:642–51.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
O'Leary, J, Pregnancy following uterine artery ligation. Obstet Gynecol, 1980. Jan;55(1):112–3.Google Scholar
Verspyck, E, Resch, B, Sergent, F, Marpeau, L, Surgical uterine devascularization for placenta accreta: Immediate and long-term follow-up. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand, 2005. May;84(5):444–7.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nizard, J, Barrinque, L, Frydman, R, Fernandez, H, Fertility and pregnancy outcomes following hypogastric artery ligation for severe post-partum haemorrhage. Hum Reprod, 2003. Apr;18(4):844–8.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Api, M, Api, O, Yala, M, Fertility after B-Lynch suture and hypogastric artery ligation. Fertil Steril, 2005. Aug;84(2):509.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hansch, E, Chitkara, U, McAlpine, J, El-Sayed, Y, Dake, MD, Razavi, MK, Pelvic arterial embolization for control of obstetric hemorrhage: A five-year experience. Am J Obstet Gynecol, 1999. 180(6 Pt 1):1454–60.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Deux, J, Bazot, M, LeBlanche, AF, Tassart, M, Khalil, A, Berkane, N, Uzan, S, Boudghene, F, Is selective embolization of uterine arteries a safe alternative to hysterectomy in patients with postpartum hemorrhage. Am J Roentgenol, 2001. 177(1):145–9.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Pelage, JP, Repiquet, D, Herbreteau, D, Dref, O, Houdart, E, Jacob, D, Kardache, M, Schurando, P, Truc, JB, Rymer, R, Secondary postpartum hemorrhage: Treatment with selective arterial embolization. Radiology 1999. Aug;212(2):385–9.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pelage, J, LeDref, O, Jacob, D, Soyer, P, Herbreteau, D, Rymer, R, Selective arterial embolization of the uterine arteries in the management of intractable post-partum hemorrhage. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand, 1999. 78(8):698–703.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Chung, JW, Jeong, HJ, Joh, JH, Park, JS, Jun, JK, Kim, SH, Percutaneous transcatheter angiographic embolization in the management of obstetric hemorrhage. J Reprod Med, 2003. Apr;48(4):268–76.Google Scholar
Yamashita, Y, Harada, M, Yamamoto, H, Miyazaki, T, Takahashi, M, Miyazaki, K, Okamura, H, Transcatheter arterial embolization of obstetric and gynaecological bleeding: Efficacy and clinical outcome. Br J Radiol, 1994. 67(798):530–4.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Velling, T, Brennan, FJ, Hall, LD, Watabe, JT, Role of the interventional radiologist in treating obstetric-gynecologic pathology. Am J Roentgenol, 2000. Nov;175(5):1273–8.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Turner, J, Embolization, Hemorrhage. eMedicine, 2005.topic = 760.Google Scholar
Vedantham, S, Goodwin, SC, McLucas, B, Mohr, G, Uterine artery embolization: An underused method of controlling pelvic hemorrhage. Am J Obstet Gynecol, 1997. 176(4):938–48.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Chitrit, Y, Zafy, S, Pelang, JP, Ledref, O, Khoury, R, Caubel, P, Amenorrhea due to partial uterine necrosis after uterine artery embolization for control of refractory postpartum hemorrhage. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol, DOI: 16024157.
Ojala, K, Perala, J, Kariniemi, J, Ranta, P, Raudaskoski, T, Tekay, A, Arterial embolization and prophylactic catheterization for the treatment for severe obstetric hemorrhage. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand, 2005. Nov;84(11):1075–80.Google Scholar
Boulleret, C, Chahid, T, Gallot, D, Mofid, R, Hai, Tran D, Ravel, A, Garcier, JM, Lemery, D, Boyer, L, Hypogastric arterial selective and superselective embolization for severe postpartum hemorrhage: A retrospective review of 36 cases. Cardiovasc Intervent Radiol, 2004. Jul–Aug;27(4):344–8.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Descargues, G, Mauger-Tinlot, F, Douvrin, F, Clavier, E, Lemoine, JP, Marpeau, L, Menses, fertility and pregnancy after arterial embolization for the control of postpartum haemorrhage. Hum Reprod, 2004. Feb;19(2):339–43.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Goldberg, J, Pereira, L, Berghella, V, Pregnancy after uterine artery embolization. Obstet Gynecol, 2002. Nov;100(5 Pt 1):869–72.Google Scholar
Wang, H, Garmel, S, Successful term pregnancy after bilateral uterine artery embolization for postpartum hemorrhage. Obstet Gynecol, 2003. Sep;102(3):603–4.Google Scholar
Carpenter, T, Walker, WJ, Pregnancy following uterine artery embolisation for symptomatic fibroids: A series of 26 completed pregnancies. Br J Obstet Gynaecol, 2005. Mar;112(3):321–5.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
American College of Obstetricians, and Gynecologists, ACOG Committee Opinion: Number 293. Uterine Artery Embolization, 2004.
Cardosi, RJ, Nackley, AC, Londono, J, Hoffman, MS, Embolization for advanced abdominal pregnancy with a retained placenta: A case report. J Reprod Med, 2002. Oct;47(10):861–3.Google Scholar
Fahy, U, Sved, A, Burke, G, Successful balloon tamponade of postcesarean hysterectomy pelvic bleeding: A case report. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand, 2003. 82:97–8.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Seror, J, Allouche, C, Elhaik, S, Use of Sengstaken-Blakemore tube in massive postpartum hemorr- hage: A series of 17 cases. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand, 2005. Jul;84(7):660–4.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Japaraj, R, Raman, S, Sengstaken-Blakemore tube to control massive postpartum haemorrhage. Med J Malaysia, 2003. Oct;58(4):604–7.Google Scholar
Condous, G, Arulkumaran, S, Symonds, I, Chapman, R, Sinha, A, Razi, K, The “tamponade test” in the management of massive postpartum hemorrhage. Obstet Gynecol, 2003. Apr;101(4):767–2.Google Scholar
Akhter, S, Begum, MR, Kabir, ZK, Rashid, M, Laila, TR, Zabeen, F, Use of a condom to control massive postpartum hemorrhage. Med Gen Med, 2003. Sep 11;5(3):1–11.Google Scholar
Johanson, R, Kumar, M, Obhrai, M, Young, P, Management of massive postpartum haemorrhage: Use of a hydrostatic balloon catheter to avoid laparotomy. Br J Obstet Gynaecol, 2001. Apr;108(4): 420–2.Google Scholar
Loor, JA, Dam, PA, Foley catheters for uncontrollable obstetric or gynecologic hemorrhage. Obstet Gynecol, 1996. Oct;88(4 Pt 2):737.Google Scholar
Marcovici, I, Scoccia, B, Postpartum hemorrhage and intrauterine balloon tamponade: A report of three cases. J Reprod Med, 1999. Feb;44(2):122–6.Google Scholar
Bowen, LW, Beeson, JH, Use of a large Foley catheter balloon to control postpartum hemorrhage resulting from a low placental implantation: A report of two cases. J Reprod Med, 1985. Aug; 30(8):623–5.Google Scholar
Danso, D, Reginald, P, Combined B-lynch suture with intrauterine balloon catheter triumphs over massive postpartum haemorrhage. Br J Obstet Gynaecol, 2002. Aug;109(8):963.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bakri, Y, Amri, A, Jabbar, Abdul F, Tamponade-balloon for obstetrical bleeding. Int J Gynaecol Obstet, 2001. Aug;74(2):139–42.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Madlener, M, Ubersterilisierende Operationen au den Tuben. Zentralb fur Gynak, 1919. 43:380–4.Google Scholar
Garb, A, A review of tubal ligation failures. Obstet Gynecol Surv, 1957. 12:291–305.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bishop, ENW, A simple method of sterilization. NY State Med J, 1930. 30:214–6.Google Scholar
Lee, S, Jones, JS, Postpartum tubal sterilization: A comparative study of Hulka clip application and the modified Pomeroy technique. J Reprod Med, 1991. 36:703.Google ScholarPubMed
Hulka, J, Mercer, JP, Fishburne, JI, et al, Spring clip sterilization: 1-year follow-up of 1079 cases. Am J Obstet Gynecol, 1976. 125:1039.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nichols, D, Clarke-Pearson, DL, Gynecologic, Obstetric, and Related Surgery, 2nd ed. St. Louis: Mosby, Inc., 2000; p. 1248.Google Scholar
Husbands, M, Pritchard, JA, Pritchard, SA, Failure of tubal sterilization accompanying cesarean section. Am J Obstet Gynecol, 1970. 107:966–7.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Irving, F, A new method of insuring sterility following cesarean section. Am J Obstet Gynecol, 1924. 8:335–7.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lopez-Zeno, J, Muallem, NS, Anderson, JB, The Irving sterilization technique: A report of a failure. Int J Fertil, 1990. 35:23–5.Google ScholarPubMed
Uchida, H, Uchida tubal sterilization. Am J Obstet Gynecol, 1975. 121:153.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kroener, WF, Surgical sterilization by fimbriectomy. Am J Obstet Gynecol, 1969. 104:247–54.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Escobedo, LG, Grubb, GS, et al, Case-fatality rates for tubal sterilization in U. S. hospitals, 1979–1980. Am J Obstet Gynecol, 1989. 160:147–50.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chick, PHFM, Paterson, PJ, A comprehensive review of female sterilization – tubal occlusion methods. Clin Reprod Fertil, 1985. 3:81–97.Google ScholarPubMed
Rojansky, NHU, Prevalence and severity of premenstrual changes after tubal sterilization. J Reprod Med, 1991. 36:551–5.Google ScholarPubMed
Alvarez, FFA, Brache, V, Tejada, AS, Segal S, Prospective study of the pituary-ovarian function after tubal sterilization by the Pomeroy or Uchida techniques. Fertil Steril, 1989. 51:604–8.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Shy, KK, Stergachis, A, Grothaus, LG, Wagner, EH, Hecht, J, AndersonG, G,Tubal sterilization and risk of subsequent hospital admission for menstrual disorders. Am J Obstet Gynecol, 1992. Jun;166(6 Pt 1):1698–705; discussion 1705–6.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wilcox, LS, Martinez-Schnell, B, Peterson, HB, Ware, JH, HughesJM, JM,Menstrual function after tubal sterilization. Am J Epidemiol, 1992. Jun 15;135(12):1368–81.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Shain, RN, Miller, WB, Holden, AE, Rosenthal, M.Impact of tubal sterilization and vasectomy on female marital sexuality: Results of a controlled longitudinal study. Am J Obstet Gynecol, 1991. Mar;164(3):763–71.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rulin, MC, Davidson, AR, Philliber, SG, Graves, WL, Cushman, LF.Long-term effect of tubal sterilization on menstrual indices and pelvic pain. Obstet Gynecol, 1993. Jul;82(1):118–21.Google Scholar
Stergachis, A, Shy, KK, Grothaus, LC, Wagner, EH, Hecht, JA, Anderson, G, Normand, EH, RaboudJ, J,Tubal sterilization and the long-term risk of hysterectomy. JAMA, 1990. Dec 12;264(22):2893–8.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Vurkuyl, DA.Think globally act locally: the case for symphysiotomy. PLOS Med, 2007 Mar 27:4 (3):e71.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bjorklund, K.Minimally invasive surgery for obstructed labour: A review of symphysiotomy during the twentieth century (including 5000 cases). BJOG, 2002. Mar;109(3):236–48.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mola, GD.Symphysiotomy: Technique, problems and pitfalls, and how to avoid them. P N G Med J, 1995. Sep;38(3):231–8.Google Scholar
MenticoglouSM, SM,Symphysiotomy for the trapped aftercoming parts of the breech: A review of the literature and a plea for its use. Aust N Z J Obstet Gynaecol, 1990. Feb;30(1):1–9.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
MolaGD, GD,Symphysiotomy or caesarean section after failed trial of assisted delivery. P N G Med J, 1995. Sept;38(3):172–7.Google Scholar
RoosmalenJ, J,Safe motherhood: cesarean section or symphysiotomy?Am J Obstet Gynecol, 1990. Jul;163(1 Pt 1):1–4.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nichols DH, Episiotomy, repair of fresh obstetric lacerations, and symphysiotomy. in Nichols, DH, Clarke-Pearson, DL (eds) Gynecologic, Obstetric, and Related Surgery, Second Edition. St. Louis, Mosby, 2000, pp 1066–80.
B-Lynch, C, Keith, LG, Lalonde, AB, et al., A Textbook of Postpartum Hemorrhage. Duncow, UK, Sapiens Publishing, 2006.Google Scholar
Stitley, ML, BhermanRB, RB,Postpartum hemor- rhage: Solutions to 2 intractable cases. OBG Management, 2007. 19;(4):64–76.Google Scholar
Chao, A, Safe delivery of the fetal head during cesarean section. OBG Management, 2003. Jan 15;(1):Google Scholar
The CORONIS Trial Collaborative Group: The CORONIS Trial. International study of caesarean section surgical techniques: A randomized factorial trial. BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth 2007, http:/ /www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2393/7/24.
Warshak, CR, Eskander, R, HullA, A, et al, Accuracy of ultrasonography and magnetic resonance imaging in the diagnoss of placenta accreta. Obstet Gynecol, 2006 108;(3 pt 1):573–81.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Comstock, CH, Antenatal diagnosis of placenta accreta: a review. Ulrasound Obstet Gynecol, 2005. Jul;26(1):89–96.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gielchinsky, Y, Rojansky, N, Fasouliotis, SJ, Placenta accreta – summary of 10 years: A survey of 310 cases. Placenta, 2002. Feb–Mar;23(2–3):210–4.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wu, S, Kocherginsky, M, Hibbard, FU.Abnormal placentation: Twenty – year analysis. Am J Obstet Gynecol, 2005. 192:1458–61.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Tully, L, Gates, S, Brocklehurst, P, et al, Surgical techniques used in caesarean section operations in the UK: A survey of current practice. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol, 2002. 102:120–6.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Heidenreich, W, Bruggenjurgen, K, Modified Sarafoff suture for single-layer closure of uterotomy in cesarean section. A prospective study. Zentralbl Gynakol, 1995. 117:40–4.Google ScholarPubMed
Sood, AK, Single versus double layer of low transverse uterine incision at cesarean section. J Obstet Gynecol India, 2005. 55:231–6.Google Scholar
Chapman, SJ, Owen, J, HauthJC, JC,One-versus two-layer closure of a low transverse cesarean: The next pregnancy. Obstet Gynecol, 1997. 89:16–18.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bujold, E, Bujold, C, Hamilton, EF, et al, The impact of a single-layer or double-layer closure on uterine rupture. Am J Obstet Gynecol, 2002. 186:1326–30.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Dodd, JM, Anderson, ER, Gates, S, Surgical techniques involving the uterus at the time of caesarean section. (Protocol) Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2004, 2.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Belizan, J, Althabe, F, Barros, F, et al, Rates and implication of cesarean sections in Latin America: Ecological study. BMJ. 1999. 319:1397–1402.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sreevidya, S, Sathiyasekaran, BW, High caesarean rates in Madras (India): A population-based cross sectional study. Br J Obstet Gynaecol, 2003. 110:106–11.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Siddiqui, M, Goldszmidt, E, Fallah, S, et al, Complications of exteriorized compared with in situ uterine repair at cesarean delivery under spinal anesthesia: A randomized controlled trial. Obstet Gyneco, 2007. 110(3):570–5.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bamigboye, AA, Hofmeyr, GJ, Closure versus non-closure of the peritoneum at caesarean section. The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2003, 3.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Quintero, RA, Kontopoulos, EV, Bornick, PW, AllenMH, MH,In utero laser treatment of type II vasa previa. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med, 2007. Dec;20(12):847–51.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stoodley, MA, Macdonald, RL, Weir, BK, Pregnancy and intracranial aneurysms. Neurosurg Clin North Am, 1998. Jul;9(3):549–56.Google Scholar
Kriplani, A, Relan, S, Misra, NK, Mehta, VS, Takkar, D, Ruptured intracranial aneurysm complicating pregnancy. Int J Gynaecol Obstet, 1995. Feb;48(2):201–6.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Piotin, M, Filho, Souza CB, Kothimbakam, R, MoretJ, J,Endovascular treatment of acutely ruptured intracranial aneurysms in pregnancy. Am J Obstet Gynecol, 2001. Nov;185(5):1261–2.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Riviello, C, Ammannati, R, Bordi, L, Lamassa, M, Mennonna, P, Parretti, E, Tondi, F, MelloG, G,Pregnancy and subarachnoid hemorrhage: A case report. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med, 2004. Oct;16(4):245–6.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Roman, H, Descargues, G, Lopes, M, Emery, E, Clavier, E, Diguet, A, Freger, P, Marpeau, L, ProustF, F,Subarachnoid hemorrhage due to cerebral aneurysmal rupture during pregnancy. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand, 2004. Apr;83(4):330–4.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
D'Haese, J, Christiaens, F, D'Haens, J, CamuF, F,Combined cesarean section and clipping of a ruptured cerebral aneurysm: A case report. J Neurosurg Anesthesiol, 1997. Oct;9(4):341–5.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Brisman, JL, SolimanE, E, 2007. Cerebral aneurysm. eMedicine, topic = 3468.Google Scholar

Save book to Kindle

To save this book to your Kindle, first ensure [email protected] is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

Available formats
×

Save book to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

Available formats
×

Save book to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

Available formats
×