Book contents
- North Korea and the Geopolitics of Development
- North Korea and the Geopolitics of Development
- Copyright page
- Dedication
- Contents
- Figures
- Tables
- Preface
- Introduction: The Development–Geopolitics Nexus in North Korea
- 1 State-Building and Late Development in North Korea
- 2 Post-War Reconstruction and Catch-Up Industrialisation
- 3 Geopolitical Contestation and the Challenge to North Korean Development
- 4 Economic Decline and the Crisis of the 1990s
- 5 Marketisation and the Transformation of the North Korean State
- 6 North Korean Economic Reform in the Shadow of China
- 7 Dependency in Chinese–North Korean Relations?
- 8 International Sanctions and North Korean Development
- Conclusion
- Bibliography
- Index
4 - Economic Decline and the Crisis of the 1990s
Published online by Cambridge University Press: 10 September 2021
- North Korea and the Geopolitics of Development
- North Korea and the Geopolitics of Development
- Copyright page
- Dedication
- Contents
- Figures
- Tables
- Preface
- Introduction: The Development–Geopolitics Nexus in North Korea
- 1 State-Building and Late Development in North Korea
- 2 Post-War Reconstruction and Catch-Up Industrialisation
- 3 Geopolitical Contestation and the Challenge to North Korean Development
- 4 Economic Decline and the Crisis of the 1990s
- 5 Marketisation and the Transformation of the North Korean State
- 6 North Korean Economic Reform in the Shadow of China
- 7 Dependency in Chinese–North Korean Relations?
- 8 International Sanctions and North Korean Development
- Conclusion
- Bibliography
- Index
Summary
In chapter four, we examine the North Korean regime’s attempts to overcome its secular economic decline through the opening of trade relations with the West in the 1970s. As elsewhere in the socialist bloc, declining growth rates and superpower detente led to growing engagement with the West. However, the collapse of raw material prices in the 1970s and North Korea’s failure to export its manufactures made it increasingly difficult for the country to service its debts and, as a result, Pyongyang defaulted in the mid-1970s. Locked out of world capital markets, North Korea made some attempts to attract FDI investment in the 1980s, though these attempts were limited and largely unsuccessful. As a result of a poor investment climate and continued geopolitical instability, North Korea became increasingly reliant on aid from the Soviet Union and China. However, the collapse of the Soviet Union along with the pragmatic shift in China’s foreign economic policy in the early 1990s immediately exposed North Korea’s excessive reliance on cheap energy imports. The earlier “privileges of backwardness” possessed by North Korea thus quickly became a curse, leading to economic collapse and to mass famine. North Korea’s strong developmental nationalism along with the almost complete elimination of civil society meant instead that the country’s socio-political system was relatively impervious to the transformations elsewhere in the socialist world between 1989 and 1991.
- Type
- Chapter
- Information
- North Korea and the Geopolitics of Development , pp. 112 - 136Publisher: Cambridge University PressPrint publication year: 2021