Skip to main content Accessibility help

We use cookies to distinguish you from other users and to provide you with a better experience on our websites. Close this message to accept cookies or find out how to manage your cookie settings.

Close cookie message
×
Hostname: page-component-6bf8c574d5-k2jvg Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2025-03-09T15:38:46.183Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Chapter 20 - Impulse Control Disorders and the Dopamine Dysregulation Syndrome

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  05 March 2022

By
Atbin Djamshidian ,
Guillaume Pagnier ,
Michael J. Frank  and
Joseph H. Friedman
Edited by
Néstor Gálvez-Jiménez ,
Amos D. Korczyn  and
Ramón Lugo-Sanchez
Néstor Gálvez-Jiménez
Affiliation:
Florida International University
Amos D. Korczyn
Affiliation:
Tel-Aviv University
Ramón Lugo-Sanchez
Affiliation:
Cleveland Clinic
Get access

Summary

The syndromes subsumed under the general umbrella term of impulse control disorders (ICDs), punding, compulsive disorders, and the dopamine dysregulation syndrome (DDS), all share the common theme of an overwhelming need to perform some activity. The actions are generally closer in nature to addictive disorders, being ego syntonic, and less like true impulsive disorders which patients may try to resist [1]. Punding represents a need to perform senseless activities repeatedly, such as folding and refolding clothes in a drawer for hours at a time, polishing pennies, or pulling weeds from a lawn or threads from a rug. The more common ICDs include gambling disorder, compulsive sexual disorder, consumerism, and hobbyism, but may include strikingly unusual activities that are extraordinarily narrow in their focus. The DDS seems to be a form of drug addictive behavior, similar to that of the usual addictive drugs.

Type
Chapter
Information
Non-motor Parkinson's Disease , pp. 224 - 240
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2022

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Gatto, EM, Aldinio, V. Impulse control disorders in Parkinson’s disease. A brief and comprehensive review. Front Neurol 2019; 10: 351.Google Scholar
Friedman, JH. Punding on levodopa. Biol Psychiatry 1994; 36(5): 350–351.Google Scholar
Barbeau, A. L-dopa therapy in Parkinson’s disease: a critical review of nine years’ experience. Can Med Assoc J 1969; 101(13): 59–68.Google ScholarPubMed
Bowers, MB Jr, Van Woert, M, Davis, L. Sexual behavior during L-dopa treatment for Parkinsonism. Am J Psychiatry 1971; 127(12): 1691–1693.Google Scholar
Keenan, RE. The Eaton collaborative study of levodopa therapy in parkinsonism: a summary. Neurology 1970; 20(12): 46–65.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Shapiro, SK. Hypersexual behavior complicating levodopa (I-dopa) therapy. Minn Med 1973; 56(1): 58–59.Google ScholarPubMed
Markham, CH, Treciokas, LJ, Diamond, SG. Parkinson’s disease and levodopa. A five-year follow-up and review. West J Med 1974; 121(3): 188–206.Google Scholar
O’Brien, CP, et al. Mental effects of high-dosage levodopa. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1971; 24(1): 61–64.Google Scholar
Goodwin, FK. Behavioral effects of L-dopa in man. Semin Psychiatry 1971; 3(4):477–492.Google Scholar
Averbeck, BB, O’Sullivan, SS, Djamshidian, A. Impulsive and compulsive behaviors in Parkinson’s disease. Annu Rev Clin Psychol 2014; 10: 553–580.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Weintraub, D, et al. Questionnaire for Impulsive-Compulsive Disorders in Parkinson’s Disease-Rating Scale. Mov Disord 2012; 27(2): 242–247.Google Scholar
Evans, AH, et al. Impulsive and compulsive behaviors in Parkinson’s disease. Mov Disord 2009; 24(11): 1561–1570.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Weintraub, D. Impulse control disorders in Parkinson’s disease: a 20-year odyssey. Mov Disord 2019; 34(4): 447–452.Google Scholar
Weintraub, D, et al. Impulse control disorders in Parkinson disease: a cross-sectional study of 3090 patients. Arch Neurol 2010; 67(5): 589–595.Google Scholar
Antonini, A, et al. ICARUS study: prevalence and clinical features of impulse control disorders in Parkinson’s disease. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2017; 88(4): 317–324.Google Scholar
Vela, L, et al. The high prevalence of impulse control behaviors in patients with early-onset Parkinson’s disease: a cross-sectional multicenter study. J Neurol Sci 2016; 368: 150–154.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Voon, V, et al. Prevalence of repetitive and reward-seeking behaviors in Parkinson disease. Neurology 2006; 67(7): 1254–1257.Google Scholar
Solla, P, et al. Paraphilias and paraphilic disorders in Parkinson’s disease: a systematic review of the literature. Mov Disord 2015; 30(5): 604–613.Google Scholar
Barbosa, PM, et al. Compulsive sexual behaviour in Parkinson’s disease is associated with higher doses of levodopa. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2018; 89(10): 1121–1123.Google Scholar
Almeida, KJ, et al. Zoophilia and Parkinson’s disease. Parkinsonism Relat Disord 2013; 19(12): 1167–1168.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Djamshidian, A, et al. Pathological gambling in Parkinson’s disease–a review of the literature. Mov Disord 2011; 26(11): 1976–1984.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
McElroy, SL, et al. Compulsive buying: a report of 20 cases. J Clin Psychiatry 1994; 55(6): 242–248.Google Scholar
Lee, JY, et al. Association between the dose of dopaminergic medication and the behavioral disturbances in Parkinson disease. Parkinsonism Relat Disord 2009; 16(3): 202–207.Google Scholar
Cossu, G, Rinaldi, R, Colosimo, C. The rise and fall of impulse control behavior disorders. Parkinsonism Relat Disord 2018; 46(Suppl 1): S24–S29.Google Scholar
Giovannoni, G, et al. Hedonistic homeostatic dysregulation in patients with Parkinson’s disease on dopamine replacement therapies. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2000; 68(4): 423–428.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Warren, N, et al. Dopamine dysregulation syndrome in Parkinson’s disease: a systematic review of published cases. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2017; 88(12): 1060–1064.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bearn, J, et al. Recognition of a dopamine replacement therapy dependence syndrome in Parkinson’s disease: a pilot study. Drug Alcohol Depend 2004; 76(3): 305–310.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
O’Sullivan, SS, Evans, AH, Lees, AJ. Dopamine dysregulation syndrome: an overview of its epidemiology, mechanisms and management. CNS Drugs 2009; 23(2): 157–170.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Schiorring, E. Psychopathology induced by “speed drugs.” Pharmacol Biochem Behav 1981; 14(Suppl 1): 109–122.Google Scholar
Rylander, G. Stereotype behavior in man following amphetamine abuse. In: DeC Baker (ed.)., SB The Correlation of Adverse Effects in Man with Observations in Animals. International Congress Series no. 230, vol. 12. Excerpta Medica; 1971, 28–31.Google Scholar
Rylander, G. Psychoses and the punding and choreiform syndromes in addiction to central stimulant drugs. Psychiatr Neurol Neurochir 1972; 75(3): 203–212.Google ScholarPubMed
Fernandez, HH, Friedman, JH. Punding on L-dopa. Mov Disord 1999; 14(5): 836–838.Google Scholar
Evans, AH, et al. Punding in Parkinson’s disease: its relation to the dopamine dysregulation syndrome. Mov Disord 2004; 19(4): 397–405.Google Scholar
Voon, V. Repetition, repetition, and repetition: compulsive and punding behaviors in Parkinson’s disease. Mov Disord 2004; 19(4): 367–370.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Spencer, AH, et al. The prevalence and clinical characteristics of punding in Parkinson’s disease. Mov Disord 2011; 26(4): 578–586.Google Scholar
O’Sullivan, SS, et al. Reckless generosity in Parkinson’s disease. Mov Disord 2010; 25(2): 221–223.Google Scholar
O’Sullivan, SS, et al. Excessive hoarding in Parkinson’s disease. Mov Disord 2010; 25(8): 1026–1033.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bienfait, KL, et al. Impulsive smoking in a patient with Parkinson’s disease treated with dopamine agonists. J Clin Neurosci 2010; 17(4): 539–540.Google Scholar
Avanzi, M, et al. The thrill of reckless driving in patients with Parkinson’s disease: an additional behavioural phenomenon in dopamine dysregulation syndrome? Parkinsonism Relat Disord 2008; 14(3): 257–258.Google Scholar
Friedman, JH, Chang, V. Crack cocaine use due to dopamine agonist therapy in Parkinson disease. Neurology 2013; 80(24): 2269–2270.Google Scholar
Micheli, F, et al. Pet killing as a manifestation of impulse control disorder secondary to pramipexol. Clin Neuropharmacol 2015; 38(2): 55–56.Google Scholar
Santens, P, et al. Crime and Parkinson’s: the jury is out. Mov Disord 2018; 33(7): 1092–1094.Google Scholar
Gillan, CM, et al. The role of habit in compulsivity. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 2016; 26(5): 828–840.Google Scholar
Robbins, TW, et al. Neurocognitive endophenotypes of impulsivity and compulsivity: towards dimensional psychiatry. Trends Cogn Sci 2012; 16(1): 81–91.Google Scholar
Fontenelle, LF, et al. Obsessive-compulsive disorder, impulse control disorders and drug addiction: common features and potential treatments. Drugs 2011; 71(7): 827–840.Google Scholar
Robbins, TW, Vaghi, MM, Banca, P. Obsessive-compulsive disorder: puzzles and prospects. Neuron 2019; 102(1): 27–47.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Taylor, S. Early versus late onset obsessive-compulsive disorder: evidence for distinct subtypes. Clin Psychol Rev 2011; 31(7): 1083–1100.Google Scholar
Hirschtritt, ME, Bloch, MH, Mathews, CA. Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder: Advances in Diagnosis and Treatment. JAMA 2017; 317(13): 1358–1367.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
de Chazeron, I, et al. Compulsive eating behaviors in Parkinson’s disease. Eat Weight Disord 2019; 24(3): 421–429.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Zahodne, LB, et al. Binge eating in Parkinson’s disease: prevalence, correlates and the contribution of deep brain stimulation. J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci 2011; 23(1): 56–62.Google Scholar
Weintraub, D, et al. Screening for impulse control symptoms in patients with de novo Parkinson disease: a case-control study. Neurology 2013; 80(2): 176–180.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bharmal, A, et al. Outcomes of patients with Parkinson disease and pathological gambling. Can J Neurol Sci 2010; 37(4): 473–477.Google Scholar
Gallagher, DA, et al. Pathological gambling in Parkinson’s disease: risk factors and differences from dopamine dysregulation. An analysis of published case series. Mov Disord 2007; 22(12): 1757–1763.Google Scholar
Hassan, A, et al. Dopamine agonist-triggered pathological behaviors: surveillance in the PD clinic reveals high frequencies. Parkinsonism Relat Disord 2011; 17(4): 260–264.Google ScholarPubMed
Corvol, JC, et al. Longitudinal analysis of impulse control disorders in Parkinson disease. Neurology 2018; 91(3): e189–e201.Google Scholar
Grall-Bronnec, M, et al. Dopamine agonists and impulse control disorders: a complex association. Drug Saf 2018; 41(1): 19–75.Google Scholar
Garcia-Ruiz, PJ, et al. Impulse control disorder in patients with Parkinson’s disease under dopamine agonist therapy: a multicentre study. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2014; 85(8): 840–844.Google Scholar
Etminan, M, et al. Risk of gambling disorder and impulse control disorder with aripiprazole, pramipexole, and ropinirole: a pharmacoepidemiologic study. J Clin Psychopharmacol 2017; 37(1): 102–104.Google Scholar
Lertxundi, U, et al. Aripiprazole and impulse control disorders: higher risk with the intramuscular depot formulation? Int Clin Psychopharmacol 2018; 33(1): 56–58.Google Scholar
Voon, V, et al. Impulse control disorders in Parkinson disease: a multicenter case–control study. Ann Neurol 2011; 69(6): 986–996.Google Scholar
Voon, V, et al. Impulse control disorders and levodopa-induced dyskinesias in Parkinson’s disease: an update. Lancet Neurol 2017; 16(3): 238–250.Google Scholar
Hinkle, JT, et al. Markers of impaired motor and cognitive volition in Parkinson’s disease: correlates of dopamine dysregulation syndrome, impulse control disorder, and dyskinesias. Parkinsonism Relat Disord 2018; 47: 50–56.Google Scholar
Marin-Lahoz, J, et al. Depression as a risk factor for impulse control disorders in Parkinson disease. Ann Neurol 2019; 86(5): 762–769.Google Scholar
Biundo, R, et al. Impulse control disorders in advanced Parkinson’s disease with dyskinesia: the ALTHEA study. Mov Disord 2017; 32(11): 1557–1565.Google Scholar
Ricciardi, L, et al. Can we predict development of impulsive-compulsive behaviours in Parkinson’s disease? J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2018; 89(5): 476–481.Google Scholar
Djamshidian, A, Poewe, W, Hogl, B. Impact of impulse control disorders on sleep-wake regulation in Parkinson’s disease. Parkinsons Dis 2015; 2015: 970862.Google Scholar
Fantini, ML, et al. Increased risk of impulse control symptoms in Parkinson’s disease with REM sleep behaviour disorder. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2015; 86(2): 174–179.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Baig, F, et al. Impulse control disorders in Parkinson disease and RBD: a longitudinal study of severity. Neurology 2019; 93(7):. e675–e687.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Marin-Lahoz, J, et al. Depression as a risk factor for impulse control disorders in Parkinson disease. Ann Neurol 2019; 86(5): 762–769.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Evans, AH, et al. Factors influencing susceptibility to compulsive dopaminergic drug use in Parkinson disease. Neurology 2005; 65(10): 1570–1574.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Fasano, A, Petrovic, I. Insights into pathophysiology of punding reveal possible treatment strategies. Mol Psychiatry 2010; 15(6): 560–573.Google Scholar
Aoki, R, et al. Deterioration of postural deformity in Parkinson’s disease patients with punding and hobbyism. J Clin Neurosci 2019; 69: 179–183.Google Scholar
Miwa, H, et al. Stereotyped behaviors or punding after quetiapine administration in Parkinson’s disease. Parkinsonism Relat Disord 2004; 10(3): 177–180.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Djamshidian, A, et al. Novelty seeking behaviour in Parkinson’s disease. Neuropsychologia 2011; 49(9): 2483–2488.Google Scholar
Latella, D, et al. Impulse control disorders in Parkinson’s disease: a systematic review on risk factors and pathophysiology. J Neurol Sci 2019; 398: 101–106.Google Scholar
Poletti, M, et al. Alexithymia is associated with impulsivity in newly diagnosed, drug-naive patients with Parkinson’s disease: an affective risk factor for the development of impulse-control disorders? J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci 2012; 24(4): E36–37.Google Scholar
Goerlich-Dobre, KS, et al. Alexithymia: an independent risk factor for impulsive-compulsive disorders in Parkinson’s disease. Mov Disord 2014; 29(2): 214–220.Google Scholar
Graff-Radford, J, et al. Dopamine agonists and Othello’s syndrome. Parkinsonism Relat Disord 2010; 16(10): 680–682.Google Scholar
Kataoka, H, Sugie, K. Delusional jealousy (Othello syndrome) in 67 patients with Parkinson’s disease. Front Neurol 2018; 9: 129.Google Scholar
Sierra, M, et al. Apathy and impulse control disorders: yin and yang of dopamine-dependent behaviors. J Parkinsons Dis 2015; 5(3): 625–636.Google Scholar
Leroi, I, et al. Apathy and impulse control disorders in Parkinson’s disease: a direct comparison. Parkinsonism Relat Disord 2012; 18(2): 198–203.Google Scholar
Willis, AW, et al. Epidemiology and neuropsychiatric manifestations of young onset Parkinson’s disease in the United States. Parkinsonism Relat Disord 2013; 19(2): 202–206.Google Scholar
Eisen, SA, et al. Familial influences on gambling behavior: an analysis of 3359 twin pairs. Addiction 1998; 93(9): 1375–1384.Google Scholar
Kraemmer, J, et al. Clinical-genetic model predicts incident impulse control disorders in Parkinson’s disease. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2016; 87(10): 1106–1111.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Morgante, F, et al. Impulsive-compulsive behaviors in parkin-associated Parkinson disease. Neurology 2016; 87(14): 1436–1441.Google Scholar
Evans, AH, et al. Scales to assess impulsive and compulsive behaviors in Parkinson’s disease: critique and recommendations. Mov Disord 2019; 34(6): 791–798.Google Scholar
Weintraub, D, et al. Validation of the questionnaire for impulsive-compulsive disorders in Parkinson’s disease. Mov Disord 2009; 24(10): 1461–1467.Google Scholar
Tessitore, A, et al. Cortical thickness changes in patients with Parkinson’s disease and impulse control disorders. Parkinsonism Relat Disord 2016; 24: 119–125.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Pellicano, C, et al. Morphometric changes in the reward system of Parkinson’s disease patients with impulse control disorders. J Neurol 2015; 262(12): 2653–2661.Google Scholar
Carriere, N, et al. Impaired corticostriatal connectivity in impulse control disorders in Parkinson disease. Neurology 2015; 84(21): 2116–2123.Google Scholar
Filip, P, et al. Disruption of multiple distinctive neural networks associated with impulse control disorder in Parkinson’s disease. Front Hum Neurosci 2018; 12: 462.Google Scholar
Petersen, K, et al. Ventral striatal network connectivity reflects reward learning and behavior in patients with Parkinson’s disease. Hum Brain Mapp 2018; 39(1): 509–521.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rao, H, et al. Decreased ventral striatal activity with impulse control disorders in Parkinson’s disease. Mov Disord 2010; 25(11): 1660–1669.Google Scholar
Roussakis, AA, Lao-Kaim, NP, Piccini, P. Brain imaging and impulse control disorders in Parkinson’s disease. Curr Neurol Neurosci Rep 2019; 19(9): 67.Google Scholar
van Eimeren, T, et al. Drug-induced deactivation of inhibitory networks predicts pathological gambling in PD. Neurology 2010; 75(19): 1711–1716.Google Scholar
Verger, A, et al. Brain PET substrate of impulse control disorders in Parkinson’s disease: a metabolic connectivity study. Hum Brain Mapp 2018; 39(8): 3178–3186.Google Scholar
Steeves, TD, et al. Increased striatal dopamine release in Parkinsonian patients with pathological gambling: a [11 C] raclopride PET study. Brain 2009; 132(Pt 5): 1376–1385.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
O’Sullivan, SS, et al. Cue-induced striatal dopamine release in Parkinson’s disease-associated impulsive-compulsive behaviours. Brain 2011; 134(Pt 4): 969–978.Google Scholar
Evans, AH, et al. Compulsive drug use linked to sensitized ventral striatal dopamine transmission. Ann Neurol 2006; 59(5): 852–858.Google Scholar
Hammes, J, et al. Dopamine metabolism of the nucleus accumbens and fronto-striatal connectivity modulate impulse control. Brain 2019; 142(3): 733–743.Google Scholar
Kish, SJ, Shannak, K, Hornykiewicz, O. Uneven pattern of dopamine loss in the striatum of patients with idiopathic Parkinson’s disease. Pathophysiologic and clinical implications. N Engl J Med 1988; 318(14): 876–880.Google Scholar
Mink, JW. The basal ganglia: focused selection and inhibition of competing motor programs. Prog Neurobiol 1996; 50(4): 381–425.Google Scholar
Frank, MJ. Dynamic dopamine modulation in the basal ganglia: a neurocomputational account of cognitive deficits in medicated and nonmedicated Parkinsonism. J Cog Neurosci 2005; 17(1): 51–72.Google Scholar
Frank, MJ. Hold your horses: a dynamic computational role for the subthalamic nucleus in decision making. Neural Netw 2006; 19(8): 1120–1136.Google Scholar
Albin, RL, Young, AB, Penney, JB. The functional anatomy of basal ganglia disorders. Trend Neurosci 1989; 12(10): 366–375.Google Scholar
Collins, AG, Frank, MJ. Opponent actor learning (OpAL): modeling interactive effects of striatal dopamine on reinforcement learning and choice incentive. Psychol Rev 2014; 121(3): 337.Google Scholar
Zénon, A, et al. The human subthalamic nucleus encodes the subjective value of reward and the cost of effort during decision-making. Brain 2016; 139(6): 1830–1843.Google Scholar
Beierholm, U, et al. Dopamine modulates reward-related vigor. Neuropsychopharmacol 2013; 38(8): 1495.Google Scholar
Rigoli, F, et al. Dopamine increases a value-independent gambling propensity. Neuropsychopharmacol 2016; 41(11): 2658.Google Scholar
St. Onge, JR, Floresco, SB. Prefrontal cortical contribution to risk-based decision making. Cereb Cortex 2009; 20(8): 1816–1828.Google Scholar
Zalocusky, KA, et al. Nucleus accumbens D2 R cells signal prior outcomes and control risky decision-making. Nature 2016; 531(7596): 642.Google Scholar
Cools, R, et al. L-Dopa medication remediates cognitive inflexibility, but increases impulsivity in patients with Parkinson’s disease. Neuropsychologia 2003; 41(11): 1431–1441.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cools, R, et al. Enhanced or impaired cognitive function in Parkinson’s disease as a function of dopaminergic medication and task demands. Cereb Cortex 2001; 11(12): 1136–1143.Google Scholar
Schultz, W. Predictive reward signal of dopamine neurons. J Neurophysiol 1998; 80(1): 1–27.Google Scholar
de Boer, L, et al. Dorsal striatal dopamine D1 receptor availability predicts an instrumental bias in action learning. Proc Nat Acad Sci 2019; 116(1): 261–270.Google Scholar
Cools, R, Clark, L, Robbins, TW. Differential responses in human striatum and prefrontal cortex to changes in object and rule relevance. J Neurosci 2004; 24(5): 1129–1135.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Pessiglione, M, et al. Dopamine-dependent prediction errors underpin reward-seeking behaviour in humans. Nature 2006; 442(7106): 1042.Google Scholar
Schönberg, T, et al. Reinforcement learning signals in the human striatum distinguish learners from nonlearners during reward-based decision making. J Neurosci 2007; 27(47): 12860–12867.Google Scholar
Frank, MJ, Seeberger, LC, O’Reilly, RC. By carrot or by stick: cognitive reinforcement learning in parkinsonism. Science 2004; 306(5703): 1940–1943.Google Scholar
Bódi, N, et al. Reward-learning and the novelty-seeking personality: a between- and within-subjects study of the effects of dopamine agonists on young Parkinson’s patients. Brain 2009; 132(9): 2385–2395.Google Scholar
Voon, V, et al. Impulsive choice and response in dopamine agonist-related impulse control behaviors. Psychopharmacol 2010; 207(4): 645–659.Google Scholar
Cools, R, et al. Top–down attentional control in Parkinson’s disease: salient considerations. J Cog Neurosci 2010; 22(5): 848–859.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kravitz, AV, Tye, LD, Kreitzer, AC. Distinct roles for direct and indirect pathway striatal neurons in reinforcement. Nat Neurosci 2012; 15(6): 816.Google Scholar
Yttri, EA, Dudman, JT. Opponent and bidirectional control of movement velocity in the basal ganglia. Nature 2016; 533(7603): 402.Google Scholar
McCoy, B, et al. Dopaminergic medication reduces striatal sensitivity to negative outcomes in Parkinson’s disease. Brain 2019; 142(11): 3605–3620.Google Scholar
Centonze, D, et al. Chronic haloperidol promotes corticostriatal long-term potentiation by targeting dopamine D2 L receptors. J Neurosci 2004; 24(38): 8214–8222.Google Scholar
Klein, A, Schmidt, WJ. Catalepsy intensifies context-dependently irrespective of whether it is induced by intermittent or chronic dopamine deficiency. Behav Pharmacol 2003; 14(1): 49–53.Google Scholar
Beeler, JA, Frazier, CR, Zhuang, X. Putting desire on a budget: dopamine and energy expenditure, reconciling reward and resources. Front Integr Neurosci 2012; 6: 49.Google Scholar
Wiecki, TV, Frank, MJ. Neurocomputational models of motor and cognitive deficits in Parkinson’s disease. Prog Brain Res 2010; 183: 275–297.Google Scholar
Weintraub, D, et al. Questionnaire for impulsive‐compulsive disorders in Parkinson’s disease–rating scale. Mov Disord 2012; 27(2): 242–247.Google Scholar
Voon, V, Mehta, AR, Hallett, M. Impulse control disorders in Parkinson’s disease: recent advances. Curr Opin Neurol 2011; 24(4): 324.Google Scholar
Barbosa, P, et al. Lower nucleus accumbens alpha-synuclein load and D3 receptor levels in Parkinson’s disease with impulsive compulsive behaviours. Brain 2019; 142(11): 3580–3591.Google Scholar
Vaillancourt, DE, et al. Dopamine overdose hypothesis: evidence and clinical implications. Mov Disord 2013; 28(14): 1920–1929.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
O’Sullivan, SS, et al. Sleep disturbance and impulsive-compulsive behaviours in Parkinson’s disease. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2011; 82(6): 620–622.Google Scholar
Seppi, K, et al. Update on treatments for nonmotor symptoms of Parkinson’s disease-an evidence-based medicine review. Mov Disord 2019; 34(2): 180–198.Google Scholar
Lee, JY, et al. Behavioural and trait changes in parkinsonian patients with impulse control disorder after switching from dopamine agonist to levodopa therapy: results of REIN-PD trial. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2019; 90(1): 30–37.Google Scholar
Rabinak, CA, Nirenberg, MJ. Dopamine agonist withdrawal syndrome in Parkinson disease. Arch Neurol 2010; 67(1): 58–63.Google Scholar
Fasano, A, et al. Management of punding in Parkinson’s disease: an open-label prospective study. J Neurol 2011; 258(4): 656–660.Google Scholar
Rodriguez-Oroz, MC, et al. Involvement of the subthalamic nucleus in impulse control disorders associated with Parkinson’s disease. Brain 2011; 134(Pt 1): 36–49.Google Scholar
Barbosa, P, et al. A retrospective evaluation of the frequency of impulsive compulsive behaviors in Parkinson’s disease patients treated with continuous waking day apomorphine pumps. Mov Disord Clin Pract 2017; 4(3): 323–328.Google Scholar
Todorova, A, et al. Infusion therapies and development of impulse control disorders in advanced Parkinson disease: clinical experience after 3 years’ follow-up. Clin Neuropharmacol 2015; 38(4): 132–134.Google Scholar
Eisinger, RS, et al. Medications, deep brain stimulation, and other factors influencing impulse control disorders in Parkinson’s disease. Front Neurol 2019; 10: 86.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rotondo, A, et al. Clozapine for medication-related pathological gambling in Parkinson disease. Mov Disord 2010; 25(12): 1994–1995.Google Scholar
Barbosa, PM, et al. The long-term outcome of impulsive compulsive behaviours in Parkinson’s disease. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2019; 90(11): 1288–1289.Google Scholar
Sohtaoglu, M, et al. Long-term follow-up of Parkinson’s disease patients with impulse control disorders. Parkinsonism Relat Disord 2010; 16(5): 334–337.Google Scholar
Mamikonyan, E, et al. Long-term follow-up of impulse control disorders in Parkinson’s disease. Mov Disord 2008; 23(1): 75–80.Google Scholar
Siri, C, et al. Long-term cognitive follow-up of Parkinson’s disease patients with impulse control disorders. Mov Disord 2015; 30(5): 696–704.Google Scholar

Save book to Kindle

To save this book to your Kindle, first ensure [email protected] is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

Available formats
×

Save book to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

Available formats
×

Save book to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

Available formats
×