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Published online by Cambridge University Press: 02 February 2023
Transportation is the conveyance of people, animals, or goods from one place to another. Types of transportation include skateboards, bicycles, motorcycles, passenger vehicles, sport utility vehicles, small trucks, large trucks, semi-trucks, buses, forklifts, cranes, tractors, bulldozers, asphalt pavers, backhoe loaders, cold planers, compactors, excavators, harvesters, graders, off-road vehicles, trains, ferries, motorboats, yachts, ships, helicopters, aircraft, battle tanks, infantry fighting vehicles, armored personnel carriers, armored combat support vehicles, mine-protected vehicles, light armored vehicles, light utility vehicles, amphibious vehicles, and more. All of these, except skateboards and bicycles, currently run primarily by burning gasoline, diesel, biodiesel, methanol, ethanol, liquefied natural gas, bunker fuel, or jet fuel in an internal combustion engine. These fuels are all derivatives of fossil fuels or biofuels. The cleanest and most efficient method of replacing these fossil-fuel and biofuel vehicles is to convert them to battery-electric vehicles and hydrogen fuel-cell vehicles. This chapter discusses these two WWS solutions.
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