Skip to main content Accessibility help

We use cookies to distinguish you from other users and to provide you with a better experience on our websites. Close this message to accept cookies or find out how to manage your cookie settings.

Close cookie message
×
Hostname: page-component-586b7cd67f-t7czq Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-28T01:42:24.577Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

21 - Revolutions against the State

from III - The State and Its Political Organizations

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  22 February 2020

By
Colin J. Beck
Edited by
Thomas Janoski ,
Cedric de Leon ,
Joya Misra  and
Isaac William Martin
Thomas Janoski
Affiliation:
University of Kentucky
Cedric de Leon
Affiliation:
University of Massachusetts, Amherst
Joya Misra
Affiliation:
University of Massachusetts, Amherst
Isaac William Martin
Affiliation:
University of California, San Diego
Get access

Summary

The way social scientists think that others think about revolutions has been shaped primarily by Jack Goldstone. In his influential review essays, Goldstone (1982, 2001) presents the twentieth-century study of revolution as occurring in generations – from natural historians of the 1930s to general theorists of the mid-twentieth century, from state-centered scholars in the 1980s to a contemporary fourth generation basket of approaches. Because it is so familiar, his reading animates nearly all contemporary literature reviews in revolution studies.

Keywords

social revolutionpolitical revolutioncivil warterrorismnonviolence
Type
Chapter
Information
The New Handbook of Political Sociology , pp. 564 - 592
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2020

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Abbott, Andrew. 2001. Chaos of Disciplines. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Arjomand, Said Amir. 1988. The Turban for the Crown: The Islamic Revolution in Iran. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Ash, Timothy Garton. 1990. The Magic Lantern: The Revolution of ’89 Witnessed in Warsaw, Budapest, Berlin, and Prague. New York: Random House.Google Scholar
Holmes, Austin, Amy, . 2012. “There Are Weeks When Decades Happen: Structure and Strategy in the Egyptian Revolution.” Mobilization: An International Quarterly 17(4): 391–410.Google Scholar
Bailyn, Bernard. 1992. The Ideological Origins of the American Revolution, Enlarged Edition. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Bandelj, Nina and Mahutga, Matthew C.. 2010. “How Socio-Economic Change Shapes Income Inequality in Post-Socialist Europe.” Social Forces 88(5): 2133–2161.Google Scholar
Beck, Colin J. 2011. “The World-Cultural Origins of Revolutionary Waves Five Centuries of European Contention.” Social Science History 35(2): 167–207.Google Scholar
Beck, Colin J. 2014. “Reflections on the Revolutionary Wave in 2011.” Theory and Society 43(2): 197–223.Google Scholar
Beck, Colin J. 2015. Radicals, Revolutionaries, and Terrorists. Cambridge: Polity.Google Scholar
Beck, Colin J. 2017a. “Revolutions: Robust Findings, Persistence Problems, and Promising Frontiers” pp. 168–183 in Stohl, Michael, Lichbach, Mark, and Grabosky, Peter (eds.) States and Peoples in Conflict: Transformations of Conflict Studies. New York: Routledge.Google Scholar
Beck, Colin J. 2017b. “The Comparative Method in Practice: Case Selection and the Social Science of Revolution.” Social Science History 41(3): 533–554.Google Scholar
Beck, Colin J. 2018. “The Structure of Comparison in the Study of Revolution.” Sociological Theory 36(2): 134–161.Google Scholar
Beck, Colin J. and Miner, Emily. 2013. “Who Gets Designated a Terrorist and Why?” Social Forces 91(3): 837–872.Google Scholar
Becker, Jaime and Goldstone, Jack A.. 2005. “How Fast Can You Build a State? State Building in Revolutions” pp. 183–210 in Lange, Matthew and Rueschemeyer, Dietrich (eds.) States and Development: Historical Antecedents of Stagnation and Advance. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.Google Scholar
Beissinger, Mark R. 2007. “Structure and Example in Modular Political Phenomena: The Diffusion of Bulldozer/Rose/Orange/Tulip Revolutions.” Perspectives on Politics 5(2): 259–276.Google Scholar
Beissinger, Mark R. 2011. “Mechanisms of Maidan: The Structure of Contingency in the Making of the Orange Revolution.” Mobilization: An International Quarterly 16(1): 25–43.Google Scholar
Boswell, Terry. 1989. Revolution in the World-System. Westport, CT: Greenwood.Google Scholar
Boswell, Terry. 2004. “Hegemonic Decline and Revolution: When the World Is Up for Grabs” pp. 149–62 in Reifer, Thomas (ed.) Globalization, Hegemony, & Power: Anti-Systemic Movements and the Global System. New York: Greenwood.Google Scholar
Boswell, Terry and Dixon, William J.. 1990. “Dependency and Rebellion: A Cross-National Analysis.” American Sociological Review 55(4): 540–559.Google Scholar
Boswell, Terry and Dixon, William J.. 1993. “Marx’s Theory of Rebellion: A Cross-National Analysis of Class Exploitation, Economic Development, and Violent Revolt.” American Sociological Review 58(5): 681–702.Google Scholar
Brinton, Crane. 1938. The Anatomy of Revolution. New York: Prentice-Hall.Google Scholar
Bukovansky, Mlada. 2010. Legitimacy and Power Politics: The American and French Revolutions in International Political Culture. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Bunce, Valerie J. and Wolchik, Sharon L.. 2011. Defeating Authoritarian Leaders in Postcommunist Countries. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Calhoun, Craig Jackson. 1983. “The Radicalism of Tradition: Community Strength or Venerable Disguise and Borrowed Language?” American Journal of Sociology 88(5): 886–914.Google Scholar
Calvert, Peter. 2010. Terrorism, Civil War, and Revolution: Revolution and International Politics. New York: Continuum.Google Scholar
Casanova, Julián. 2000. “Civil Wars, Revolutions and Counterrevolutions in Finland, Spain, and Greece (1918–1949): A Comparative Analysis.” International Journal of Politics, Culture, and Society 13(3): 515–537.Google Scholar
Chang, Paul Y. 2015. Protest Dialectics: State Repression and South Korea’s Democracy Movement, 1970–1979. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.Google Scholar
Chartier, Roger. 1991. The Cultural Origins of the French Revolution. Durham, NC: Duke University Press.Google Scholar
Chenoweth, Erica. 2013. “Terrorism and Democracy.” Annual Review of Political Science 16(1): 355–378.Google Scholar
Chenoweth, Erica and Stephan, Maria J.. 2011. Why Civil Resistance Works: The Strategic Logic of Nonviolent Conflict. New York: Columbia University Press.Google Scholar
Collins, Randall. 2000. The Sociology of Philosophies: A Global Theory of Intellectual Change. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Collins, Randall. 2017. “Emotional Dynamics and Emotional Domination Drive the Microtrajectory of Moments of Collective Contingency: Comment On Ermakoff.” American Journal of Sociology 123(1): 276–283.Google Scholar
Crenshaw, Martha. 1978. Revolutionary Terrorism: The FLN in Algeria, 1954–1962. Stanford, CA: Hoover Institution Press.Google Scholar
Davies, James C. 1962. “Toward a Theory of Revolution.” American Sociological Review 27(1): 5–19.Google Scholar
de Tocqueville, Alexis. 1856. The Old Regime and the Revolution. New York: Harper & Brothers.Google Scholar
Dix, Robert H. 1984. “Why Revolutions Succeed & Fail.” Polity 16(3): 423–446.Google Scholar
Dunn, John. 1972. Modern Revolutions: An Introduction to the Analysis of a Political Phenomenon. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Eckstein, Susan. 1975. “How Economically Consequential Are Revolutions? A Comparison of Mexico and Bolivia.” Studies in Comparative International Development 10(3): 48–62.Google Scholar
Eckstein, Susan. 1982. “The Impact of Revolution on Social Welfare in Latin America”. Theory and Society 11(1): 43–94.Google Scholar
Eckstein, Susan. 1985. “Revolutions and the Restructuring of National Economies: The Latin American Experience.” Comparative Politics 17(4): 473–494.Google Scholar
Edwards, Lyford Paterson. 1927. The Natural History of Revolution. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Ermakoff, Ivan. 2008. Ruling Oneself Out: A Theory of Collective Abdications. Durham, NC: Duke University Press.Google Scholar
Ermakoff, Ivan. 2015. “The Structure of Contingency.” American Journal of Sociology 121(1): 64–125.Google Scholar
Farhi, Farideh. 1990. States and Urban-Based Revolutions: Iran and Nicaragua. Champaign-Urbana: University of Illinois Press.Google Scholar
Fearon, James D. and Laitin, David D. 2003. “Ethnicity, Insurgency, and Civil War.” American Political Science Review 97(1): 75–90.Google Scholar
Findley, Michael G. and Young, Joseph K. 2015. “Terrorism, Spoiling, and the Resolution of Civil Wars.” Journal of Politics 77(4): 1115–1128.Google Scholar
Foran, John. 1993. “Theories of Revolution Revisited: Toward a Fourth Generation?” Sociological Theory 11(1): 1–20.Google Scholar
Foran, John. 2005. Taking Power: On the Origins of Third World Revolutions. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Foran, John. 2014. “Beyond Insurgency to Radical Social Change: The New Situation.” Studies in Social Justice 8(1): 5–25.Google Scholar
Foran, John and Goodwin, Jeff. 1993. “Revolutionary Outcomes in Iran and Nicaragua: Coalition Fragmentation, War, and the Limits of Social Transformation.” Theory and Society 22(2): 209–247.Google Scholar
Godechot, Jacques L. 1965. France and the Atlantic Revolution of the Eighteenth Century, 1770–1799. New York: Free Press.Google Scholar
Goldfrank, Walter L. 1979. “Theories of Revolution and Revolution Without Theory: The Case of Mexico.” Theory and Society 7(1/2): 135.Google Scholar
Goldstone, Jack A. 1982. “The Comparative and Historical Study of Revolutions.” Annual Review of Sociology 8(1): 187–207.Google Scholar
Goldstone, Jack A. 1991. Revolution and Rebellion in the Early Modern World. Berkeley: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Goldstone, Jack A. 1998. The Encyclopedia of Political Revolutions. Washington, D.C.: Congressional Quarterly.Google Scholar
Goldstone, Jack A. 2001. “Toward a Fourth Generation of Revolutionary Theory.” Annual Review of Political Science 4(1): 139–187.Google Scholar
Goldstone, Jack A. 2014. Revolutions: A Very Short Introduction. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Goldstone, Jack A. 2017. “Demographic Structural Theory: 25 Years On.” Cliodynamics 8(2): 85–112.Google Scholar
Goldstone, Jack A., Bates, Robert H., Epstein, David L., et al. 2010. “A Global Model for Forecasting Political Instability.” American Journal of Political Science 54(1): 190–208.Google Scholar
Goodwin, Jeff. 1997. “The Libidinal Constitution of a High-Risk Social Movement: Affectual Ties and Solidarity in the Huk Rebellion, 1946 to 1954.” American Sociological Review 62(1): 53–69.Google Scholar
Goodwin, Jeff. 2001. No Other Way Out: States and Revolutionary Movements, 1945–1991. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Goodwin, Jeff. 2005. “Revolutions and Revolutionary Movements” pp. 404–422 in Janoski, Thomas, Alford, Robert R., Hicks, Alexander M., and Schwartz, Mildred A. (eds.) The Handbook of Political Sociology. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Goodwin, Jeff. 2006. “A Theory of Categorical Terrorism.” Social Forces 84(4): 2027–2046.Google Scholar
Gould, Roger V. 1991. “Multiple Networks and Mobilization in the Paris Commune, 1871.” American Sociological Review 56(6): 716–729.Google Scholar
Gould, Roger V. 1995. Insurgent Identities: Class, Community, and Protest in Paris from 1848 to the Commune. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Gould, Roger V. 2003. Collision of Wills: How Ambiguity about Social Rank Breeds Conflict. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Guggenheim, Michael and Krause, Monika. 2012. “How Facts Travel: The Model Systems of Sociology.” Poetics 40(2): 101–117.Google Scholar
Gurr, Ted Robert. 1970. Why Men Rebel. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Haggard, Stephan and Kaufman, Robert R.. 2016. “Democratization During the Third Wave.” Annual Review of Political Science 19(1): 125–144.Google Scholar
Hale, Henry E. 2013. “Regime Change Cascades: What We Have Learned from the 1848 Revolutions to the 2011 Arab Uprisings.” Annual Review of Political Science 16(1): 331–353.Google Scholar
Halliday, Fred. 1999. Revolution and World Politics: The Rise and Fall of the Sixth Great Power. Durham, NC: Duke University Press.Google Scholar
Harris, Kevan. 2012. “The Brokered Exuberance of the Middle Class: An Ethnographic Analysis of Iran’s 2009 Green Movement.” Mobilization: An International Quarterly 17(4): 435–455.Google Scholar
Hazard, Paul. 1953. The European Mind: The Critical Years, 1680–1715. New Haven: Yale University Press.Google Scholar
Healy, Kieran. 2017. “Fuck Nuance.” Sociological Theory 35(2): 118–127.Google Scholar
Hironaka, Ann. 2005. Neverending Wars: The International Community, Weak States, and the Perpetuation of Civil War. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Hung, Ho-fung. 2011. Protest with Chinese Characteristics: Demonstrations, Riots, and Petitions in the Mid-Qing Dynasty. New York: Columbia University Press.Google Scholar
Huntington, Samuel P. 1968. Political Order in Changing Societies. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.Google Scholar
James, Cyril and Robert, Lionel. 1938. The Black Jacobins: Toussaint L’Ouverture and the San Domingo Revolution. New York: The Dial Press.Google Scholar
Jasper, James M. 2011. “Emotions and Social Movements: Twenty Years of Theory and Research.” Annual Review of Sociology 37(1): 285–303.Google Scholar
Johnson, Chalmers. 1966. Revolutionary Change. New York: Little, Brown.Google Scholar
Kadivar, Mohammad Ali. 2013. “Alliances and Perception Profiles in the Iranian Reform Movement, 1997 to 2005.” American Sociological Review 78(6): 1063–1086.Google Scholar
Kalyvas, Stathis N. 2004. “The Paradox of Terrorism in Civil War.” Journal of Ethics 8(1): 97–138.Google Scholar
Kimmel, Michael S. 1990. Revolution: A Sociological Interpretation. Philadelphia, PA: Temple University Press.Google Scholar
Kornhauser, William. 1959. The Politics of Mass Society. Glencoe, IL: Free Press.Google Scholar
Kumar, Krishan. 2001. 1989: Revolutionary Ideas and Ideals. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.Google Scholar
Kurzman, Charles. 1996. “Structural Opportunity and Perceived Opportunity in Social-Movement Theory: The Iranian Revolution of 1979.” American Sociological Review 61(1): 153–170.Google Scholar
Kurzman, Charles. 2004a. “Can Understanding Undermine Explanation? The Confused Experience of Revolution.” Philosophy of the Social Sciences 34(3): 328–351.Google Scholar
Kurzman, Charles. 2004b. The Unthinkable Revolution in Iran. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Kurzman, Charles. 2008. Democracy Denied, 1905–1915: Intellectuals and the Fate of Democracy. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Lawson, George. 2005. Negotiated Revolutions: The Czech Republic, South Africa and Chile. Farnham: Ashgate.Google Scholar
Lawson, George. 2015a. “Revolution, Nonviolence, and the Arab Uprisings.” Mobilization: An International Quarterly 20(4): 453–470.Google Scholar
Lawson, George. 2015b. “Revolutions and the International.” Theory and Society 44(4): 299–319.Google Scholar
Lawson, George. 2016. “Within and Beyond the ‘Fourth Generation’ of Revolutionary Theory.” Sociological Theory 34(2): 106–127.Google Scholar
Le Bon, Gustave. 1896. The Crowd: A Study of the Popular Mind. New York: Macmillan.Google Scholar
Le Bon, Gustave. 1913. The Psychology of Revolution. London: T. Fisher Unwin.Google Scholar
Lenin, Vladimir Il’ich. 1917. Imperialism: The Highest Stage of Capitalism. Petrograd.Google Scholar
Lenin, Vladimir Il’ich. 1918. State and Revolution. Moscow.Google Scholar
Mann, Michael. 2013. The Sources of Social Power, Volume 4. Globalizations, 1945–2011. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Markoff, John. 1988. “Allies and Opponents: Nobility and Third Estate in the Spring of 1789.” American Sociological Review 53(4): 477–496.Google Scholar
Markoff, John. 1996a. The Abolition of Feudalism: Peasants, Lords, and Legislators in the French Revolution. University Park: Pennsylvania State University Press.Google Scholar
Markoff, John. 1996b. Waves of Democracy: Social Movements and Political Change. Thousand Oaks, CA: Pine Forge Press.Google Scholar
Marx, Karl and Engels, Friedrich. 1848. Manifesto of the Communist Party. London.Google Scholar
McAdam, Doug. 1982. Political Process and the Development of Black Insurgency: 1930–1970. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
McAdam, Doug, Tarrow, Sidney, and Tilly, Charles. 2001. Dynamics of Contention. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
McCarthy, John D. and Zald, Mayer N. 1977. “Resource Mobilization and Social Movements: A Partial Theory.” American Journal of Sociology 82(6): 1212–1241.Google Scholar
Merriman, Roger Bigelow. 1938. Six Contemporaneous Revolutions. New York: Jackson, Son and Company.Google Scholar
Moaddel, Mansoor. 1992. “Ideology as Episodic Discourse: The Case of the Iranian Revolution.” American Sociological Review 57(3): 353–379.Google Scholar
Moore, Barrington. 1966. Social Origins of Dictatorship and Democracy. New York: Penguin Books.Google Scholar
Moss, Dana M. 2014. “Repression, Response, and Contained Escalation Under ‘Liberalized’ Authoritarianism in Jordan.” Mobilization: An International Quarterly 19(3): 261–286.Google Scholar
Moss, Dana M. 2016. “Transnational Repression, Diaspora Mobilization, and the Case of The Arab Spring.” Social Problems 63(4): 480–498.Google Scholar
Nepstad, Sharon Erickson. 2011. Nonviolent Revolutions: Civil Resistance in the Late 20th Century. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
O’Kane, Rosemary H. T. 2000. “Post-Revolutionary State Building in Ethiopia, Iran and Nicaragua: Lessons from Terror.” Political Studies 48(5): 970–988.Google Scholar
O’Kane, Rosemary H. T. 2004. Paths to Democracy: Revolution and Totalitarianism. London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Olson, Mancur. 1965. The Logic of Collective Action: Public Goods and the Theory of Groups. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Paige, Jeffery M. 1975. Agrarian Revolution. New York: Free Press.Google Scholar
Palmer, R. R. 1959. The Age of Democratic Revolution: The Challenge. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Parsa, Misagh. 2000. States, Ideologies, and Social Revolutions: A Comparative Analysis of Iran, Nicaragua, and the Philippines. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Pettee, George Sawyer. 1938. The Process of Revolution. New York: Harper & Brothers.Google Scholar
Reed, Jean-Pierre. 2004. “Emotions in Context: Revolutionary Accelerators, Hope, Moral Outrage, and Other Emotions in the Making of Nicaragua’s Revolution.” Theory and Society 33(6): 653–703.Google Scholar
Reed, Jean-Pierre and Foran, John. 2002. “Political Cultures of Opposition: Exploring Idioms, Ideologies, and Revolutionary Agency in the Case of Nicaragua.” Critical Sociology 28(3): 335–370.Google Scholar
Ritter, Daniel. 2015. The Iron Cage of Liberalism: International Politics and Unarmed Revolutions in the Middle East and North Africa. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Rudé, George. 1980. Ideology & Popular Protest. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press.Google Scholar
Sambanis, Nicholas. 2004. “What Is Civil War?: Conceptual and Empirical Complexities of an Operational Definition.” Journal of Conflict Resolution 48(6): 814–858.Google Scholar
Schock, Kurt. 2005. Unarmed Insurrections: People Power Movements in Nondemocracies. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.Google Scholar
Scott, James C. 1976. The Moral Economy of the Peasant: Rebellion and Subsistence in Southeast Asia. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.Google Scholar
Selbin, Eric. 1993. Modern Latin American Revolutions. Boulder, CO: Westview Press.Google Scholar
Sewell, William H. 1985. “Ideologies and Social Revolutions: Reflections on the French Case.” Journal of Modern History 57(1): 57–85.Google Scholar
Sewell, William H. 1992. “A Theory of Structure: Duality, Agency, and Transformation.” American Journal of Sociology 98(1): 1–29.Google Scholar
Sharman, J. C. 2003. “Culture, Strategy, and State-Centered Explanations of Revolution, 1789 and 1989.” Social Science History 27(1): 1–24.Google Scholar
Skocpol, Theda. 1979. States and Social Revolutions. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Skocpol, Theda. 1982. “Rentier State and Shi’a Islam in the Iranian Revolution.” Theory and Society 11(3): 265–283.Google Scholar
Skocpol, Theda. 1985. “Cultural Idioms and Political Ideologies in the Revolutionary Reconstruction of State Power: A Rejoinder to Sewell.” Journal of Modern History 57(1): 86–96.Google Scholar
Slater, Dan. 2010. Ordering Power: Contentious Politics and Authoritarian Leviathans in Southeast Asia. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Smelser, Neil J. 1962. Theory of Collective Behavior. New York: Routledge & Kegan Paul.Google Scholar
Sohrabi, Nader. 1995. “Historicizing Revolutions: Constitutional Revolutions in the Ottoman Empire, Iran, and Russia, 1905–1908.” American Journal of Sociology 100(6): 1383–1447.Google Scholar
Sohrabi, Nader. 2002. “Global Waves, Local Actors: What the Young Turks Knew About Other Revolutions and Why It Mattered.” Comparative Studies in Society and History 44(1): 45–79.Google Scholar
Sorokin, Pitirim A. 1925. The Sociology of Revolution. Philadelphia, PA: J. B. Lippincott Company.Google Scholar
Stanton, Jessica A. 2013. “Terrorism in the Context of Civil War.” Journal of Politics 75(4): 1009–1022.Google Scholar
Stinchcombe, Arthur L. 1986. “Milieu and Structure Updated.” Theory and Society 15(6): 901–914.Google Scholar
Thomas, Jakana. 2014. “Rewarding Bad Behavior: How Governments Respond to Terrorism in Civil War.” American Journal of Political Science 58(4): 804–818.Google Scholar
Tilly, Charles. 1964. The Vendée. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Tilly, Charles. 1978. From Mobilization to Revolution. New York: McGraw-Hill.Google Scholar
Tilly, Charles. 1993. European Revolutions, 1492–1992. London: Blackwell.Google Scholar
Trimberger, Ellen Kay. 1978. Revolution from Above: Military Bureaucrats and Development in Japan, Turkey, Egypt, and Peru. New York: Transaction.Google Scholar
Trotsky, Leon. 1932. History of the Russian Revolution. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.Google Scholar
Viterna, Jocelyn. 2013. Women in War: The Micro-Processes of Mobilization in El Salvador. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Wallerstein, Immanuel. 1974. The Modern World-System. New York: Academic Press.Google Scholar
Walt, Stephen M. 1996. Revolution and War. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.Google Scholar
Walter, Barbara F. 2017. “The New New Civil Wars.” Annual Review of Political Science 20(1): 469–486.Google Scholar
Walton, John. 1984. Reluctant Rebels: Comparative Studies of Revolution and Underdevelopment. New York: Columbia University Press.Google Scholar
Weyland, Kurt. 2014. Making Waves: Democratic Contention in Europe and Latin America since the Revolutions of 1848. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Wickham-Crowley, Timothy P. 1992. Guerrillas and Revolution in Latin America: A Comparative Study of Insurgents and Regimes Since 1956. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Wimmer, Andreas. 2014. “War.” Annual Review of Sociology 40(1): 173–197.Google Scholar
Wolf, Eric R. 1969. Peasant Wars of the Twentieth Century. New York: Harper & Row.Google Scholar
Wuthnow, Robert. 1989. Communities of Discourse: Ideology and Social Structure in the Reformation, the Enlightenment, and European Socialism. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Xu, Xiaohong. 2013. “Belonging Before Believing: Group Ethos and Bloc Recruitment in the Making of Chinese Communism.” American Sociological Review 78(5): 773–796.Google Scholar
Zunes, Stephen. 1994. “Unarmed Insurrections against Authoritarian Governments in the Third World: A New Kind of Revolution.” Third World Quarterly 15(3): 403–426.Google Scholar

Save book to Kindle

To save this book to your Kindle, first ensure [email protected] is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

Available formats
×

Save book to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

Available formats
×

Save book to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

Available formats
×