Book contents
- Frontmatter
- Introduction: the history of Europe 500–700
- 1 The later Roman Empire
- 2 The Barbarian invasions
- 3 The sources and their interpretation
- PART I THE SIXTH CENTURY
- PART II THE SEVENTH CENTURY
- PART III THEMES AND PROBLEMS
- 20 The Jews in Europe 500–1050
- 21 Kings and kingship
- 22 The Mediterranean economy
- 23 The Northern Seas (fifth to eighth centuries)
- 24 Money and coinage
- 25 Church structure and organisation
- 26 Christianisation and the dissemination of Christian teaching
- 27 Education and learning
- 28A Art and architecture of western Europe
- 28B Art and architecture: the East
- List of Primary sources
- Bibliography of secondary works arranged by chapter
- Index
- Frontispiece"
- Plate section"
- Map 3 Gaul/Francia in the sixth and seventh centuries"
- References
20 - The Jews in Europe 500–1050
from PART III - THEMES AND PROBLEMS
Published online by Cambridge University Press: 28 March 2008
By
Edited by
Book contents
- Frontmatter
- Introduction: the history of Europe 500–700
- 1 The later Roman Empire
- 2 The Barbarian invasions
- 3 The sources and their interpretation
- PART I THE SIXTH CENTURY
- PART II THE SEVENTH CENTURY
- PART III THEMES AND PROBLEMS
- 20 The Jews in Europe 500–1050
- 21 Kings and kingship
- 22 The Mediterranean economy
- 23 The Northern Seas (fifth to eighth centuries)
- 24 Money and coinage
- 25 Church structure and organisation
- 26 Christianisation and the dissemination of Christian teaching
- 27 Education and learning
- 28A Art and architecture of western Europe
- 28B Art and architecture: the East
- List of Primary sources
- Bibliography of secondary works arranged by chapter
- Index
- Frontispiece"
- Plate section"
- Map 3 Gaul/Francia in the sixth and seventh centuries"
- References
Summary
introduction and sources
The early Middle Ages saw the establishment of Jewish life in major parts of Europe. In this period the Mediterranean–Hellenistic Jewry of antiquity separated and developed into Byzantine–southern Italian, Roman, Catalan-southern French and Arabic–Sicilian branches. During the later part of the period Ashkenazic (north-western and northern European) and Sephardic (Iberian) Jewry came into being as distinctive entities very different from earlier patterns. There were (probably) also some Jews in eastern Europe, of which almost nothing is known but a vague association with Byzantium. Jews held to a common creed yet differed in language, religious custom and ritual, social organisation, occupations and legal standing, a fact that militates against easy historical inferences from an ostensibly fixed character. At different times and to differing degrees, they were under the influence of the centres of gravity – demographic, religious, intellectual – of Jewish life in the Middle East, especially Palestine and Babylonia. Compared to these, throughout most of the period under consideration, European Jews in numbers or intellectual creativity were yet barely remarkable. None the less, modern historians have usually accorded them a significance out of proportion. In this they faithfully followed medieval churchmen, to whom Jews presented a challenge far in excess of their actual presence and impact.
It is thus not by accident that our view is further hampered by an ambiguous and severely unbalanced source tradition. For the greater part of Europe there exists a considerable body of texts of ecclesiastical provenance – the Lives and miracles of saints, chronicles and histories, epistles, form letters, the decisions of synods, canonical collections, theological treatises – complemented by lawcodes, imperial or royal legislation and charters.
Keywords
- Type
- Chapter
- Information
- The New Cambridge Medieval History , pp. 545 - 570Publisher: Cambridge University PressPrint publication year: 2005
References
(1907), The Itinerary of Benjamin of Tudela, London
(1965), Urban Civilization in Pre-Crusade Europe, 2 vols., New York
(1966), ‘Rabbinic scholarship in northern Europe’, in (1966b)
(1969), The Heroic Age of Franco-German Jewry: The Jews of Germany and France of the 10th and 11th Centuries, the Pioneers and Builders of Town-Life, Town-Government and Institutions, New York
(1990), ‘Isidore of Seville; his attitude towards Judaism and his impact on early medieval canon law’, Jewish Quarterly Review 80Google Scholar
(1996), ‘Adversus Iudaeos in the Carolingian Empire’, in and (eds.), Contra Iudaeos: Ancient and Medieval Polemics between Christians and Jews, TübingenGoogle Scholar
(1959), Karaites in Byzantium: The Formative Years, 970–1100, New York and Jerusalem
(1966), ‘The Jewish community in Chios during the 11th century’, in (ed.), Polychronion: Festschrift Franz Dölger zum 75 Geburtstag, HeidelbergGoogle Scholar
(ed.) (1902), Regesten zur Geschichte der Juden im fränkischen und deutschen Reich bis zum Jahre 1273, Berlin
(1973), The Jews of Moslem Spain, I, Philadelphia
(1995), ‘The Judeo-Arabic tradition in Christian Spain’, in (ed.), The Jews of Medieval Islam: Community, Society, and Identity, LeidenGoogle Scholar
(1977), Early Medieval Jewish Policy in Western Europe, Minneapolis
(1929), Die Juden im christlichen Spanien. Erster Teil. Urkunden und Regesten, Berlin
(2002), The Responsa Project. Version 10+, CD-Rom, Ramat Gan
(1991), ‘L’origine des populations juives de la Francemédiévale, constatations et hypothèse de recherche’, in et al. (eds.), La Catalogne et la France méridionale autour de l’an mil, BarcelonaGoogle Scholar
(1992), ‘The Jews in Castile’, in (ed.), Moreshet Sepharad: The Sephardi Legacy, Jerusalem, IGoogle Scholar
(1991), The Jews of Sicily 825–1068: Documents and Sources, Jerusalem (Hebrew)
(1960), Juifs et Chrétiens dans le monde occidental 430–1096, Paris
(1963), Les Auteurs chrétiens latins du moyen âge sur les Juifs et le Judaïsme, Paris
(1965), ‘Iudaeorum convivia à propos duconcile de Vannes (465, c. 12)’, in Etudes d’histoire du droit canonique dédiées à Gabriel Le Bras, II, Paris
(1969), ‘Les premiers implantations des Juifs en France’, Académie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres, Comptes Rendus des SéancesGoogle Scholar
(1974), ‘Premiers témoignages épigraphiques sur les Juifs en France’, in Salo Wittmayer Baron Jubilee Volume, I, JerusalemGoogle Scholar
(1989), ‘Cultivateurs et vignerons juifs en Bourgogne du IXe au Xie siécles’, in , Juifs en France: écrits dispersés, ParisGoogle Scholar
(1983), ‘Tra due mondi: prospettive di ricerca sulla storia culturale degli ebrei nell’Italia meridionale nell’alto medioevo’, in Italia Judaica, I: Atti del I Convegno Internazionale, RomeGoogle Scholar
(1994a), ‘Can medieval storytelling help understanding Midrash?’, in (ed.), The Midrashic Imagination: Jewish Exegesis, Thought, and History, Albany, NYGoogle Scholar
(1996), Tra due mondi: cultura ebraica e cultura cristiana nel medioevo, Naples
(1993), ‘Sefer Yosippon: history and Midrash’, in (ed.), The Midrashic Imagination: Jewish Exegesis, Thought, and History, Albany, NYGoogle Scholar
(1998), ‘L’artisanat juif sicilien; culture et technique’, in (ed.), Gli Ebrei in Sicilia dal tardoantico al medioevo, PalermoGoogle Scholar
(1998), The Geonim of Babylonia and the Shaping of Medieval Jewish Culture, New Haven, CT
(1966), ‘Christian Spain’, in (1966b)
(1970/1), ‘1007–1012: initial crisis for northern European Jewry’, Proceedings of the American Academy for Jewish Research 38–9Google Scholar
(1971), ‘A puzzling question concerning the relations between the Jewish communities of Christian Europe and those represented in the Geniza documents’, Journal of the American Oriental Society 91Google Scholar
(1960/61), ‘The story of the four captives’, Proceedings of the American Academy of Jewish Research 29Google Scholar
(1999), Living Letters of the Law: Ideas of the Jew in Medieval Christianity, Berkeley, CA
(1994), Under Crescent and Cross: The Jews in the Middle Ages, Princeton, NJ
(1980), ‘Insediamenti e condizioni degli Ebrei nell’Italia meridionale e insulare’, Settimane 26Google Scholar
(1980), ‘Gli Ebrei nei territori Italiani a nord di Roma dal 568 agli inizi del secolo XIII’, Settimane 26Google Scholar
and Dé (1998), ‘Juifs et Chrétiens dans l’Orient du VIIe siècle’, Travaux et Mémoires du Centre de Recherche d’Histoire et Civilisation de Byzance 11Google Scholar
(1996), Greek Jewish Texts from the Cairo Genizah, Tübingen
(2000), ‘La participation des Juifs au commerce dans le monde franc (VIe–Xe siècles)’, in and (eds.), Voyages et voyageurs à Byzance et en Occident du VIe au XIe siècle, GenevaGoogle Scholar
(1966), ‘The Khazars’, in (1966b)
(1966), ‘Kievan Russia’, in (1966b)
, In the Kingdom of Ishmael, 4 vols. (Hebrew), Tel Aviv (1997)
(1993), ‘Between two worlds. The relations between Babylonia and the communities of Europe in the Gaonic Period’, in Festschrift S. Simonsohn, Tel Aviv, Hebrew pagination (Hebrew)Google Scholar
(1985), ‘The conversions of Bishop Avitus and similar passages in Gregory of Tours’, in and (eds.), ‘To See Ourselves as Others See Us’: Christians, Jews, ‘Others’ in Late Antiquity, Chico, CAGoogle Scholar
(1967), A Mediterranean Society: The Jewish Communities of the Arab World as Portrayed in the Documents of the Cairo Geniza, I, Berkeley, CA
(1987), Jewish Proselytism – A Phenomenon in the Religious History of Early Medieval Europe, Cincinatti
(1998), The Jews in Medieval Normandy, Cambridge
(1999), ‘Catholic anti-Judaism in Visigothic Spain’, in (ed.), The Visigoths: Studies in Culture and Society, LeidenGoogle Scholar
(1994), Mission and Conversion: Proselytising in the Religious History of the Roman Empire, Oxford and New York
(1987/1993), Les Sources hébraïques médiévales, I: Chroniques, lettres et Responsa; II, Les Commentaires exégétiques, Turnhout
(1897/1969), Gallia Judaica: dictionnaire géographique de la France d’aprés les sources rabbiniques; avec un supplément bibliographique, additions et corrections par S. Schwarzfuchs, Paris and Amsterdam
(1975), ‘The migration of the Kalonymos family from Italy to Germany’, Zion 40: (Hebrew)Google Scholar
(1980), ‘Family lineage and its place in early Ashkenazic Jewish society’, in and (eds.), Studies in the History of Jewish Society in the Middle Ages and in the Modern Period: Presented to Prof. Jacob Katz, Jerusalem, Hebrew pagination (Hebrew)Google Scholar
(1982), ‘The migration of Jews to and settlement in Germany in the 9th–11th century’, in (ed.), Emigration and Settlement in Jewish and General History, Jerusalem (Hebrew)Google Scholar
(1988a), The Early Sages of Ashkenaz: Their Lives, Leadership and Works (900–1096), Jerusalem, 2nd edn (Hebrew)
(1988b), ‘The historical background to the ordinances on family affairs attributed to Rabbenu Gershom Me’or ha-Golah (“The Light of the Exile”)’, in and (eds.), Jewish History: Essays in Honour of Chaim Abramsky, LondonGoogle Scholar
(1995), The Early Sages of France: Their Lives, Leadership and Works, Jerusalem (Hebrew)
(1998a), Kompilation oder Konstruktion? Die Juden in den Pauluskommentaren des 9. Jahrhunderts, Hanover
(1993), ‘Les Juifs de Byzance, une communauté marginalisée’, in (ed.), Hai Perithoriakoi sto Byzantio. Marginality in Byzantium, Athens; repr. in , Byzantium, Latin Romania and the Mediterranean, Aldershot, 2001, no. 111Google Scholar
(1995), ‘The Jews of Constantinople and their demographic hinterland’, in and (eds.), Constantinople and Its Hinterland, Aldershot; repr. in , Byzantium, Latin Romania and the Mediterranean, Aldershot, 2001, no. IVGoogle Scholar
(2001), ‘The Jews and the silk industry of Constantinople’, in , Byzantium, Latin Romania and the Mediterranean, Aldershot, no. IXGoogle Scholar
(1937), The Jews in the Visigothic and Frankish Kingdoms of Spain and Gaul, Cambridge, MA
(1944/74), Megillat Ahimaaz: The Chronicle of Ahimaaz, with a Collection of Poems from Byzantine Southern Italy and Additions, Jerusalem (Hebrew)
(ed.), Das Leben Jesu nach jüdischen Quellen, Berlin (1902)
(1993), ‘Jewish archaeological evidence from the Roman Rhineland’, Journal of Jewish Studies 44Google Scholar
(1966), ‘Le Bourg des Juifs (Hebraeorum Burgus) de Vienne (Isère) au Xe siècle’, in , Etudes médiévales: Le haut moyen âge, la France de l’Ouest, des Pyrénées aux Alpes, ParisGoogle Scholar
, The Jews in the Legal Sources of the Early Middle Ages, Detroit and Jerusalem (1997)
(1978), ‘Christlich-jüdische Konfrontation im kirchlichen Frühmittelalter’, in (ed.), Kirchengeschichte als Missionsgeschichte, II: Die Kirche des frühen Mittelalters, MunichGoogle Scholar
(1987), The Jews in Roman Imperial Legislation, Detroit and Jerusalem
(1997), The Jews in the Legal Sources of the Early Middle Ages, Detroit and Jerusalem
(1999), ‘Die Juden und die städtische Kontinuität von der Spätantike zum Mittelalter im lateinischen Westen’, in and (eds.), Juden in der Stadt, LinzGoogle Scholar
(2001), ‘Totale Finsternis über “Dunklen Jahrhunderten”. Zum Methoden-verständnis von Michael Toch und seinen Folgen’, Aschkenas 11Google Scholar
(1920), The Jews in Egypt and in Palestine under the Fatimid Caliphs: A Contribution to Their Political and Communal History Based Chiefly on Genizah Material Hitherto Unpublished, 2 vols., London
(1931), Texts and Studies in Jewish History and Literature, 2 vols., Cincinnati
(1973), The Responsa of the Babylonian Geonim as a Source of Jewish History, New York
(1993), ‘History, story and collectivememory: narrativity in early Ashkenazic culture’, in (ed.), The Midrashic Imagination: Jewish Exegesis, Thought, and History, AlbanyGoogle Scholar
(1996), Rituals of Childhood: Jewish Acculturation in Medieval Europe, New Haven, CT
(2002), Origins of the European Economy: Communications and Commerce ad 300–900, Cambridge
(1954), ‘Vicende economiche degli ebrei nell’ Italia meridionale ed insulare durante il Medioevo’, La Rassegna Mensile di Israel 20Google Scholar
(1984), Rechtsentscheide rheinischer Rabbinen vor dem ersten Kreuzzug, 2 vols., Frankfurt am Main
(1986), Rechtsentscheide Raschis aus Troyes (1040–1105), Frankfurt am Main
(1990), Rechtsentscheide jüdischer Gesetzeslehrer aus dem maurischen Cordoba, Frankfurt am Main
(1994), Jüdische Urkundenformulare aus Marseille in babylonisch-aramäischer Sprache, Frankfurt am Main
(1996), Jüdische Urkundenformulare aus Barcelona, Frankfurt am Main
(1997), Jüdische Urkundenformulare aus dem muslimischen Spanien, Frankfurt am Main
and (1939–44), ‘The legend of the divine surety and the Jewish moneylender’, Annuaire de l’Institut de Philologie et d’Histoire Orientales et Slaves 7Google Scholar
and (eds.) (1982), Hebräische Berichte über die Judenverfolgungen während der Kreuzzüge, Berlin
, Jewish Inscriptions of Western Europe, I: Italy, Spain and Gaul, Cambridge (1993)
(1993), Jewish Inscriptions of Western Europe, I: Italy, Spain and Gaul, Cambridge
(1995), Jewish Inscriptions of Western Europe, II: The City of Rome, Cambridge
(1993), ‘Das Rechtsverhältnis der Juden zum deutschen König (9–14. Jahrhundert). Ein europäischer Vergleich’, ZRG GA 110Google Scholar
(1912/81), Etude sur la condition des juifs de Narbonne du Ve au XIVe siècle, Narbonne and Marseilles
(1945), The Herem Hayyishub: A Contribution to the Medieval Economic History of the Jews, London
(1994), Bills and Contracts from Lucena (1020–1025 C.E.), Ramat Gan (Hebrew)
(1991), ‘Les Juifs de Catalogne aux alentours de l’an mil’, in et al. (eds.), La Catalogne et la France méridionale autour de l’an mil, BarcelonaGoogle Scholar
(1966a), ‘Italy’, in (1966b)
(ed.) (1966b), The World History of the Jewish People, 2nd series, II: The Dark Ages, Tel AvivGoogle Scholar
(1994), Jews, Visigoths and Muslims in Medieval Spain: Cooperation and Conflict, Leiden
(1995a), The Jews in Late Ancient Rome: Evidence of Cultural Interaction in the Roman Diaspora, Leiden
(1995b), ‘Attitudes to Judaism in the Greco-Roman period; reflections on Feldman’s “Jew and Gentile in the Ancient World”’, Jewish Quarterly Review 85Google Scholar
(ed.) (1898), Das Martyrologium des nürnberger Memorbuches, Berlin
(1924), The Chronicle of Ahimaíaz, New York
(1985), ‘Invectives against Christianity in the Hebrew Chronicles of the First Crusade’, in (ed.), Crusade and Settlement, CardiffGoogle Scholar
(1966), ‘Hungary’, in (1966b)
(1966), ‘The beginning of Hebrew poetry in Italy and northern Europe. I. Italy’, in (1966b)
(1995), Die christlichen Adversus-Judaeos-Texte und ihr litearisches und historisches Umfeld (I.II. Jh.), 3rd edn, Frankfurt am Main
(1980), ‘L’opposition Tsarfat–Provence: la formation du Judaïsme du Nord de la France’, in and (eds.), Hommage à Georges Vajda, LouvainGoogle Scholar
(1976), The Universe of Shabbetai Donnolo, New York
(1974), ‘The Hebrew revival among early medieval European Jews’, in Salo Wittmayer Baron Jubilee Volume, II, JerusalemGoogle Scholar
(1997), The Jews in Sicily, Leiden
(1983), ‘Juden und Syrer in der römischen Welt’, in (ed.), Aufstieg und Niedergang der römischen Welt, II/;29, Berlin and New YorkGoogle Scholar
(1939), The Jews in the Byzantine Empire, 641–1204, Athens
(1993), ‘Zwangstaufen von Juden im 4. bis 7. Jahrhundert; Mythos oder Wirklichkeit?’, in et al. (eds.), Judentum – Ausblicke und Einsichten: Festgabe für Kurt Schubert, Frankfurt am MainGoogle Scholar
(1984), The ‘1007 Anonymous’ and Papal Sovereignty, Cincinnati
(2001), Rabbi Moses Hadarshan and the Apocryphal Literature (Studies in Jewish History and Literature, Touro Graduate School of Jewish Studies), Jerusalem
(1996), ‘Gli Ebrei a Roma’, in (ed.), Storia d’Italia: Gli Ebrei in Italia (Annali 11), TurinGoogle Scholar
(1998a), Die Juden im mittelalterlichen Reich, Munich
(1998b), ‘Wirtschaft und Verfolgung, die Bedeutung der Ökonomie für die Kreuzzugspogrome des 11. und 12. Jahrhunderts. Mit einem Anhang zum Sklavenhandel der Juden’, in (ed.), Juden und Christen zur Zeit der Kreuzzüge, SigmaringenGoogle Scholar
(1999), ‘The European Jews of the early Middle Ages, slave-traders?’, Zion 64: V-VII (Hebrew, English summary)Google Scholar
(2000a), ‘Jews and commerce: modern fancies and medieval realities’, in (ed.), Il ruolo economico delle minoranze in Europa. Secc. XIII–XVIII (Atti della XXXI Settimana di Studi, Istituto Francesco Datini, Prato), FlorenceGoogle Scholar
(2000b), ‘The economic activity of German Jews in the 10th–12th centuries: between historiography and history’, in , , and (eds.), Facing the Cross: The Persecutions of 1096 in History and Historiography, Jerusalem, (Hebrew)Google Scholar
(2001a), ‘Dunkle Jahrhunderte’: Gab es ein jüdisches Frühmittelalter? (Kleine Schriften des Arye-Maimon Instituts 4), Trier
(2001c), ‘Kultur des Mittelalters, jüdische Kulturen des Mittelalters. Das Problem aus der Sicht der Wirtschaftsgeschichte’, in (ed.), Unaufhebbare Pluralität der Kulturen? Zur Dekonstruktion und Konstruktion des mittelalterlichen Europa, MunichGoogle Scholar
(1970), ‘Der Handel im Merowingerreich: Gesamtdarstellung nach schriftlichen Quellen’, Antikvariskt Arkiv 39Google Scholar
(1995), ‘Economic organisation’, in (ed.), The New Cambridge Medieval History, 11, CambridgeGoogle Scholar
(1999), ‘Passover in the Middle Ages’, in and (eds.), Passover and Easter: Origin and History to Modern Times, Notre Dame, INGoogle Scholar
(2000), ‘Two Nations in Your Womb’: Perceptions of Jews and Christians, Tel Aviv (Hebrew, English trans. in preparation)
(1966), ‘Scholars and scholarship in Byzantium and Italy’, in (1966b)
(1972), A Jewish Princedom in Feudal France, 768–900 New York
- 2
- Cited by