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23 - Latin and vernacular Apocalypses

from Part II - Format and Transmission

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  28 May 2012

Richard Marsden  and
E. Ann Matter
By
Nigel Morgan
Richard Marsden
Affiliation:
University of Nottingham
E. Ann Matter
Affiliation:
University of Pennsylvania
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Summary

The final book of the New Testament canon, the Apocalypse of John (or Book of Revelation), is part of the visionary and prophetic genre which was characteristic of both Jewish and Christian writings of the first century ce. The Greek word ‘apokalupsis’ means ‘revelation’ or ‘unveiling’ and such texts aimed to reveal things that were hidden and also to present prophecies of future events. The date of composition of this ‘revelation’ of John is controversial, as is the identity of its author, who gives his name as John. The dating ranges from c. 65 to 95. Some have considered that it was written before the destruction of the Temple of Jerusalem by Titus in the year 70, but many others think it dates from the reign of Domitian (81–96), with others suggesting somewhere in between. The dates most usually proposed are in either the late 60s or the early 90s. The ‘revelation’ of John is presented in a prophetic and eschatological framework ending with the judgement and the appearance of the New Jerusalem. Although the Gospels and the Epistles of Paul make several important eschatological statements, they contain very little prophecy; the Apocalypse of John is the most exclusively eschatological and prophetic text of the New Testament, and because of that occupies a very special position in biblical interpretation.

When the eschatological predictions in the Gospels came to be seen by the early church as not so imminent as might have been expected, the Apocalypse of John assumed a particular importance as a text prophetic of future times which would lead up to the ‘last things’. As its text refers to periods of rule by the beast that rises from the sea, whom the earliest commentators were quick to identify as the Antichrist, who would reign for a time before the final judgement, the interest in the Apocalypse in the Middle Ages is closely linked to prophecies of the coming of the Antichrist, and who he might be. Perhaps the most famous candidate for the Antichrist in the Middle Ages was the Emperor Frederick II in the thirteenth century, to whom Pope Gregory IX referred in language derived from the Apocalypse in his letter of 1239 to Edmund Rich, archbishop of Canterbury, as ‘The beast filled with the names of blasphemy has risen from the sea…this beast Frederick, called emperor’.

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The New Cambridge History of the Bible , pp. 404 - 426
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2012

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References

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