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15 - North Africa from the First World War

from PART II - INDEPENDENCE AND REVIVAL C. 1919 TO THE PRESENT

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  28 March 2011

By
Kenneth Perkins
Edited by
Francis Robinson
Francis Robinson
Affiliation:
Royal Holloway, University of London; Oxford Centre of Islamic Studies
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Summary

At the start of the First World War, no region of the Maghreb had eluded European colonial rule, although the length and intensity of their experiences varied. Algeria was, in theory, fully integrated with France, while in Tunisia the protectorate created the appearance of sovereignty even as it concentrated effective power in the hands of European officials. Morocco, which France and Spain had divided into two protectorates only two years before the war, and Tripolitania and Cyrenaica, which the Ottoman Empire ceded to Italy in the 1912 Treaty of Lausanne, were all areas in a greater state of flux and more prone to violence.

The quest for Algerian and Tunisian political participation

Muslims from all three French dependencies contributed to the Allied war effort, with more than 400,000 serving in the French army or replacing conscripted workers. They believed that their sacrifices for France – roughly a quarter died or sustained injuries – earned them and their countrymen a voice in post-war colonial governance. On their repatriation, however, soldiers and labourers encountered demeaning conditions marked by disease, drought, famine and inflation. French prime minister Georges Clemenceau sympathised, and within months of the armistice parliament acted, at least regarding Algeria. The Jonnart Law enfranchised (in an electoral college separate from that of the settlers) Algerian males who had attained certain educational levels, owned property or had served in the army or the bureaucracy.

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The New Cambridge History of Islam , pp. 417 - 450
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2010

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