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25 - Milk secretion and composition

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  10 December 2009

Patti J. Thureen
By
Margaret C. Neville  and
James L. McManaman
Edited by
William W. Hay
Patti J. Thureen
Affiliation:
University of Colorado at Denver and Health Sciences Center
Margaret C. Neville
Affiliation:
Departments of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Denver, CO 80220
James L. McManaman
Affiliation:
Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Denver, CO 80220
William W. Hay
Affiliation:
University of Colorado at Denver and Health Sciences Center
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Summary

Introduction

The secretion of milk depends on the cellular coordination of a host of synthetic and secretory processes that combine to produce a fluid rich in lipid, carbohydrate, proteins, minerals, vitamins, growth factors, and protective substances. In humans, this fluid is capable of providing the full-term human infant all the nutrients required for the first 4–5 months of life as well as offering significant protection against infectious disease. Milk delivery to the infant depends on two separate processes, milk secretion and milk ejection. Milk is secreted more or less continuously by specialized epithelial cells that line the lumina of the breast alveoli (or acini). Prolactin, secreted by the anterior pituitary, is the major hormone that regulates the synthesis and secretion of milk products by mammary alveolar cells. The alveoli are surrounded by myoepithelial cells that contract in response to oxytocin to force the milk out of the alveoli into the milk ducts and thence to the nipple. This process, called the “let-down reflex,” is brought about by episodic secretion of oxytocin secreted from the posterior pituitary. To make clear how these processes work, in this article the anatomy of the secretory apparatus will be described, followed by a brief description of human milk composition and a discussion of the mechanisms and regulation of both secretion and let-down. We will then summarize the initiation of lactation, a process that requires a series of carefully programmed functional changes in the breast that take place during the first week postpartum and transform a prepared, but nonsecretory gland, into a fully functioning organ.

Type
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Neonatal Nutrition and Metabolism , pp. 377 - 389
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2006

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  • Milk secretion and composition
    • By Margaret C. Neville, Departments of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Denver, CO 80220, James L. McManaman, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Denver, CO 80220
  • Patti J. Thureen, University of Colorado at Denver and Health Sciences Center
  • Edited by William W. Hay, University of Colorado at Denver and Health Sciences Center
  • Book: Neonatal Nutrition and Metabolism
  • Online publication: 10 December 2009
  • Chapter DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511544712.026
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To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

  • Milk secretion and composition
    • By Margaret C. Neville, Departments of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Denver, CO 80220, James L. McManaman, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Denver, CO 80220
  • Patti J. Thureen, University of Colorado at Denver and Health Sciences Center
  • Edited by William W. Hay, University of Colorado at Denver and Health Sciences Center
  • Book: Neonatal Nutrition and Metabolism
  • Online publication: 10 December 2009
  • Chapter DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511544712.026
Available formats
×

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To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

  • Milk secretion and composition
    • By Margaret C. Neville, Departments of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Denver, CO 80220, James L. McManaman, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Denver, CO 80220
  • Patti J. Thureen, University of Colorado at Denver and Health Sciences Center
  • Edited by William W. Hay, University of Colorado at Denver and Health Sciences Center
  • Book: Neonatal Nutrition and Metabolism
  • Online publication: 10 December 2009
  • Chapter DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511544712.026
Available formats
×