Skip to main content Accessibility help

We use cookies to distinguish you from other users and to provide you with a better experience on our websites. Close this message to accept cookies or find out how to manage your cookie settings.

Close cookie message
×
Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-fscjk Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-18T18:31:19.796Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

45 - Growth outcomes of preterm and very low birth weight infants

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  10 December 2009

Patti J. Thureen
By
Maureen Hack  and
Lydia Cartar
Edited by
William W. Hay
Patti J. Thureen
Affiliation:
University of Colorado at Denver and Health Sciences Center
Maureen Hack
Affiliation:
Department of Pediatrics, Case Western Reserve University, and Rainbow Babies and Children's Hospital, University Hospitals of Cleveland, Cleveland, OH
Lydia Cartar
Affiliation:
Department of Pediatrics, Case Western Reserve University, and Rainbow Babies and Children's Hospital, University Hospitals of Cleveland, Cleveland, OH
William W. Hay
Affiliation:
University of Colorado at Denver and Health Sciences Center
Get access

Summary

Despite advances in perinatal care and nutrition, growth failure remains a major problem for preterm infants who require neonatal intensive care. This growth failure which occurs during the critical period of perinatal development has long-term implications for later growth attainment and for other aspects of health and development.

Reports of perinatal growth failure and the potential for catch-up growth prior to the era of neonatal intensive care pertained mainly to low birth weight (LBW) infants, those weighing less than 2.5 kg. More recent follow-up studies of children who experience intrauterine and/or neonatal growth failure pertain to preterm infants with very low birth weight (VLBW, less than 1500 g) or extremely low birth weight (ELBW, less than 1000 g). Initial reports following the introduction of neonatal intensive care in the 1970s described growth during infancy and childhood. As the children have reached adolescence and young adulthood, information has been gained concerning final height attainment and other aspects of body growth.

This chapter will review the current knowledge concerning the growth outcomes of preterm infants and the correlates of these outcomes, and also summarize the results of a longitudinal study of the growth of a cohort of VLBW children born in Cleveland, Ohio and followed to 20 years of age.

Definitions and review of methodology in studies of growth of preterm infants

The methodology used in the majority of studies has been to compare the mean growth measures of preterm infants, or rates of subnormal growth, to those of a term-born normal-birth-weight control population, or to national growth norms.

Type
Chapter
Information
Neonatal Nutrition and Metabolism , pp. 640 - 653
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2006

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Ehrenkranz, R. A., Younes, N., Lemons, J. A.et al.Longitudinal growth of hospitalized very low birth weight infants. Pediatrics 1999;104:280–9.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Embleton, N. E., Pang, N., Cooke, R. J.Postnatal malnutrition and growth retardation: an inevitable consequence of current recommendations in preterm infants. Pediatrics 2001;107:270–3.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Barker, D. J. P.Mothers, Babies and Health in Later Life. Edinburgh: Churchill Livingston; 1998.Google Scholar
Forsen, T., Eriksson, J. G., Tuomilehto, J., Osmond, C., Barker, D. J. P.Growth in utero and during childhood among women who develop coronary heart disease: longitudinal study. Br. Med. J. 1999;319:1403–7.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Law, C.Adult obesity and growth in childhood. Br. Med. J. 2001;323:1320–1.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cianfarani, S., Germani, D., Branca, F.Low birthweight and adult insulin resistance: the “catch-up growth” hypothesis. Arch. Dis. Child. Fetal Neonatal Edn. 1999;81:F71–3.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Fall, C. H. D., Osmond, C., Barker, D. J. P.et al.Fetal and infant growth and cardiovascular risk factors in women. Br. Med. J. 1995;310:428–32.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Douglas, J. W. B., Mogford, C.The results of a national inquiry into the growth of premature children from birth to 4 years. Arch. Dis. Child. 1953;28:436–45.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ford, G., Rickards, A., Kitchen, W. H., Ryan, M. M., Lissenden, J. V.Relationship of growth and psychoneurologic status of 2-year-old children of birthweight 500–999 g. Early Hum. Dev. 1986;13:329–37.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Doyle, L. W., Ford, G. W., Abadilla, B., Warne, G. L., Callanan, C.Assessment of short stature in very low birthweight children. J. Paediatr. Child Health 1993;29:411–14.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Astbury, J., Orgill, A. A., Bajuk, B., Yu, V. Y. H.Sequelae of growth failure in appropriate for gestational age, very low-birthweight infants. Dev. Med. Child Neurol. 1986;28:472–9.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ross, G., Lipper, E. G., Auld, P. A. M.Growth achievement of very low birth weight premature children at school age. J. Pediatr. 1990;117:307–9.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Qvigstad, E., Verloove-Vanhorick, S. P., Ens-Dokkum, M. H.et al.Prediction of height achievement at five years of age in children born very preterm or with very low birth weight: continuation of catch-up growth after two years of age. Acta Pædiatr. 1993;82:444–8.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hack, M., Merkatz, I. R., Gordon, D., Jones, P. K., Fanaroff, A. A.The prognostic significance of postnatal growth in low birth weight infants. Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 1982;143:693–9.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hack, M., Merkatz, I. R., McGrath, S. K., Jones, P. K., Fanaroff, A. A.Catch-up growth in very low birthweight infants: clinical correlates. Am. J. Dis. Child. 1984;138:370–5.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hack, M., Weissman, B., Borawski-Clark, E.Catch-up growth during childhood among very-low -birth-weight children. Arch Pediatr. Adolesc. Med. 1996;150:1122–9.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hack, M., Breslau, N., Weissman, B.et al.Effect of very low birth weight and subnormal head size on cognitive abilities at school age. New Engl. J. Med. 1991;325:231–7.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hack, M., Schluchter, M., Cartar, L.et al.Growth of very low birthweight infants to age 20 years. Pediatrics [serial online]. 2003;112:e30–8. http://www.pediatrics.org/cgi/content/full/112/1/e30.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Arnold, C. C., Kramer, M. S., Hobbs, C. A., McLean, F. H., Usher, R. H.Very low birth-weight: a problematic cohort for epidemiologic studies of very small or immature neonates. Am. J. Epidemiol. 1991;134:604–13.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Casey, P. H., Kraemer, H. C., Bernbaum, J., Yogman, M. W., Sells, J. C.Growth status and growth rates of a varied sample of low birth weight, preterm infants: a longitudinal cohort from birth to three years of age. J. Pediatr. 1991;119:599–605.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Powls, A., Botting, N., Cooke, R. W. I., Pilling, D., Marlow, N.Growth impairment in very low birth weight children at 12 years: correlation with perinatal and outcome variables. Arch. Dis. Child. 1996;75:F152–7.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ford, G. W., Doyle, L. W., Davis, N. M., Callanan, C.Very low birth weight and growth into adolescence. Arch. Pediatr. Adolesc. Med. 2000;154:778–84.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Elliman, A., Bryan, E., Walker, J., Harvey, D.The growth of low-birth-weight children. Acta Pædiatr. 1992;81:311–14.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Saigal, S., Stoskopf, B. L., Streiner, D. L., Burrows, E.Physical growth and current health status of infants who were of extremely low birth weight and controls at adolescence. Pediatrics 2001;108:407–15.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Finnström, O., Otterblad, P., Sedin, G.et al.Neurosensory outcome and growth at three years in extremely low birthweight infants: follow-up results from the Swedish national prospective study. Acta Pædiatr. 1998;87:1055–60.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Doyle, L. W.Growth and respiratory health in adolescence of the extremely low-birth weight survivor. Clin. Perinatol. 2000;27:421–32.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wang, Z., Sauve, R. S.Assessment of postneonatal growth in VLBW infants: selection of growth references and age adjustment for prematurity. Can. J. Public Health. 1998;89:109–14.Google ScholarPubMed
Alexander, G. R., Himes, J. H., Kaufman, R. B., Mor, J., Kogan, M.A United States National Reference for fetal growth. Obstet. Gynecol. 1996;87:163–8.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Zhang, J., Bowes, W. A. Jr.Birth-weight-for-gestational-age patterns by race, sex, and parity in the United States population. Obstet. Gynecol. 1995;86:200–8.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kramer, M. S., Platt, R. W., Wen, S. W.et al.A new and improved population-based Canadian reference for birth weight for gestational age. Pediatrics [serial online] 2001;108:1–7. http://www.pediatric.org/cig/content/full/108/2/e35.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Usher, R., McLean, F.Intrauterine growth of live-born Caucasian infants at sea level: standards obtained from measurements in 7 dimensions of infants born between 25 and 44 weeks of gestation. Pediatrics 1969;74:901–10.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Dombrowski, M. P., Wolfe, H. M., Brans, Y. W., Saleh, A. A. A., Sokol, R. J.Neonatal morphometry: relation to obstetric, pediatric, and menstrual estimates of gestational age. Am. J. Dis. Child. 1992;146:852–6.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Fewtrell, M. S., Cole, T. J., Bishop, N. J., Lucas, A.Neonatal factors predicting childhood height in preterm infants: evidence for a persisting effect of early metabolic bone disease. J. Pediatr. 2000;137:668–73.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hamill, P. V., Drizd, T. A., Johnson, C. L.Physical growth: National Center for Health Statistics percentiles. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 1979;32:607–29.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kuczmarski, R. J., Ogden, C. L., Grummer-Strawn, L. M.et al.CDC growth charts: United States Advance data from vital and health statistics. No. 314. Hyattsville, MD: National Center for Health Statistics; 2000.Google Scholar
Cole, T. J., Freeman, J. V., Preece, M. A.British 1990 growth reference centiles for weight, height, body mass index and head circumference fitted by maximum penalized likelihood. Stat. Med. 1998;17:407–29.3.0.CO;2-L>CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cole, T. J., Paul, A. A., Whitehead, R. G.Weight reference charts for British long-term breastfed infants. Acta Pædiatr. 2002;91:1296–300.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Casey, P. H., Kraemer, H. C., Bernbaum, J.et al.Growth patterns of low birth weight preterm infants: a longitudinal analysis of a large, varied sample. J. Pediatr. 1990;117:298–307.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Guo, S. S., Wholihan, K., Roche, A. F., Chumlea, W. C.Weight-for-length reference data for preterm, low-birth-weight infants. Arch Pediatr. Adolesc. Med. 1996;150:964–70.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sherry, B., Mei, Z., Grummer-Strawn, L., Dietz, W. H.Evaluation of and recommendations for growth references for very low birth weight (<1500 grams) infants in the United States. Pediatrics 2003;111:750–8.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kelleher, K. J., Casey, P. H., Bradley, R. H.et al.Risk factors and outcomes for failure to thrive in low birth weight preterm infants. Pediatrics 1993;91:941–8.Google ScholarPubMed
Atkinson, S. A., Brunton, J. A., Wauben, I. P.et al.Assessment of preterm infant's growth after term corrected age: should reference standards be based on growth of term or premature infants?Pediatr. Res. 1995;37:301A.Google Scholar
Cole, T. J.Presenting information on growth distance and conditional velocity in one chart: practical issues of chart design. Stat. Med. 1998;17:2697–707.3.0.CO;2-O>CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Goldenberg, R. L., Cliver, S. P.Small for gestational age and intrauterine growth restriction: definitions and standards. Clin. Obstet. Gynecol. 1997;40:704–14.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Casey, P. H., Kelleher, K. J., Bradley, R. H.et al.A multifaceted intervention for infants with failure to thrive. Arch. Pediatr. Adolesc. Med. 1994;148:1071–7.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ong, K. K., Ahmed, M. L., Emmett, P. M.et al.Association between postnatal catch-up growth and obesity in childhood: prospective cohort study. Br. Med. J. 2000;320:967–71.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Prader, A., Tanner, J. M., Harnack, G. A.Catch-up growth following illness or starvation: an example of developmental canalization in man. J. Pediatr. 1963;62:646–59.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Albertsson-Wikland, K., Wennergren, G., Wennergren, M., Vilbergsson, G., Rosberg, S.Longitudinal follow-up of growth in children born small for gestational age. Acta Pædiatr. 1993; 82:438–43.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wilson, P. N., Osbourne, D. F.Compensatory growth after undernutrition in mammals and birds. Biol. Rev. 1959;35:324–63.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ong, K. K. L., Preece, M. A., Emmett, P. M., Ahmed, M. L., Dunger, D. B.Size at birth and early childhood growth in relation to maternal smoking, parity and infant breast-feeding: longitudinal birth cohort study and analysis. Pediatr. Res. 2002;52:863–7.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ashworth, A.Growth rates in children recovering from protein-calorie malnutrition. Br. J. Nutr. 1969;23:835–45.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ounsted, M., Sleigh, G.The infant's self-regulation of food intake and weight gain. Difference in metabolic balance after growth constraint or acceleration in utero. Lancet 1975;1:1393–7.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Dreizen, S., Spirakis, C. N., Stone, R. E.A comparison of skeletal growth and maturation in undernourished and well-nourished girls before and after menarche. J. Pediatr. 1967;70:256–63.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Galler, J. R., Ramsey, F., Solimano, G.A follow-up study of the effects of early malnutrition on subsequent development. I. Physical growth and sexual maturation during adolescence. Pediatr. Res. 1985;19:518–23.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Stoch, M. B., Smyth, P. M.15-year developmental study on effects of severe undernutrition during infancy on subsequent physical growth and intellectual functioning. Arch. Dis. Child. 1976;51:327–36.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Steckel, R. H.The remarkable catch-up growth of American slaves. Ann. Hum. Biol. 1987;14:111–32.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bukowski, R., Gahn, D., Denning, J., Saade, G.Impairment of growth in fetuses destined to deliver preterm. Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 2001;185:463–7.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Fewtrell, M. S., Morley, R., Abbott, R. A.et al.Double-blind, randomized trial of long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acid supplementation in formula fed to preterm infants. Pediatrics 2002;110:73–82.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
O'Connor, D. L., Hall, R., Adamkin, D.et al.Growth and development in preterm infants fed long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids: a prospective, randomized controlled trial. Pediatrics 2001;108:359–71.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Yeh, T. F., Lin, Y. J., Huang, C. C.et al.Early dexamethasone therapy in preterm infants: a follow-up study. Pediatrics [serial online]. 1998;101:1–8. http://www.pediatrics.org/cgi/content/full/101/5/e7.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wood, N. S., Costeloe, K., Gibson, A. T.et al.The EPICure Study: Growth and associated problems in children born at 25 weeks or less gestational age. Arch. Dis. Child. 2003;88:F492–500.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bracewell, M. A., Marlow, N., Wolke, D.Catch-up growth in extremely preterm children at 6 years. Pediatr. Res. 2003;53:352A.Google Scholar
Finnström, O., Otterblad, P., Sedin, G.et al.Neurosensory outcome and growth at three years in extremely low birthweight infants: follow-up results from the Swedish national prospective study. Acta Pædiatr. 1998;87:1055–60.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
O'Callaghan, M. J., Burns, Y., Gray, P.et al.Extremely low birth weight and control infants at 2 years corrected age: a comparison of intellectual abilities, motor performance, growth and health. Early Hum. Dev. 1995;40:115–25.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Dusick, A., Vohr, B., Steichen, J., Wright, L., Mele, L.Factors affecting growth outcome at 18 months in extremely low birthweight (ELBW) infants. Pediatr. Res. 1998;43:213A.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bucher, H. U., Killer, C., Ochsner, Y., Vaihinger, S., Fauchere, J.Growth, developmental milestones and health problems in the first 2 years in very preterm infants compared with term infants: a population based study. Eur. J. Pediatr. 2002;161:151–6.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Peralta-Carcelen, M., Jackson, D. S., Goran, M. I.et al.Growth of adolescents who were born at extremely low birth weight without major disability. J. Pediatr. 2000;136:633–40.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hirata, T., Bosque, E.When they grow up: the growth of extremely low birth weight (≤1000 gm) infants at adolescence. J. Pediatr. 1998;132:1033–5.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Weiler, H. A., Yuen, C. K., Seshia, M. M.Growth and bone mineralization of young adults weighing less than 1500 g at birth. Early Hum. Dev. 2002;67:101–12.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ross, G., Krauss, A. N., Auld, P. A. M.Growth achievement in low-birth-weight premature infants: relationship to neurobehavioral outcome at one year. J. Pediatr. 1983;103:105–8.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Amin, H., Singhal, N., Sauve, R. S.Impact of intrauterine growth restriction on neurodevelopmental and growth outcomes in very low birthweight infants. Acta Pædiatr. 1997;86:306–14.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sauve, R. S., Geggie, J. H.Growth and dietary status of preterm and term infants during the first two years of life. Can. J. Public Health 1991;82:95–100.Google ScholarPubMed
Lucas, A., Fewtrell, M. S., Morley, R.et al.Randomized trial of nutrient-enriched formula versus standard formula for postdischarge preterm infants. Pediatrics 2001;107:703–11.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cooke, R. J., Embleton, N. D., Griffin, I. J., Wells, J. C., McCormick, K. P.Feeding preterm infants after hospital discharge: growth and development at 18 months of age. Pediatr. Res. 2001;49:719–22.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Markestad, T., Fitzhardinge, P.Growth and development in children recovering from bronchopulmonary dysplasia. J. Pediatr. 1981;98:597–602.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Yu, V., Orgill, A., Lim, S.Growth and development of very low-birth-weight infants recovering from bronchopulmonary dysplasia. Arch. Dis. Child. 1983;58:791–4.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Tudehope, D. I., Burns, Y., O'Callaghan, M., Mohay, H., Silcock, A.The relationship between intrauterine and postnatal growth on the subsequent psychomotor development of very low birthweight (VLBW) infants. Aust. Paediatr. J. 1983;19:3–8.Google ScholarPubMed
Lemons, P. K., Lemons, J. A.Transition to breast/bottle feedings: the premature infant. J. Am. Coll. Nutr. 1996;15:126–35.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
DeWitt, S. J., Sparks, J. W., Swank, P. B.et al.Physical growth of low birthweight infants in the first year of life: impact of maternal behaviors. Early Hum. Dev. 1997;47:19–34.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Teranishi, H., Nakagawa, H., Marmot, M.Social class difference in catch up growth in a national British cohort. Arch. Dis. Child. 2001;84:218–21.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Seed, P. T., Ogundipe, E. M., Wolfe, C. D. A.Ethnic differences in the growth of low-birthweight infants. Paediatr. Perinat. Epidemiol. 2000;14:4–13.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Stevenson, D. K., Verter, J., Fanaroff, A. A.et al.Sex differences in outcomes of very low birthweight infants: the newborn male disadvantage. Arch. Dis. Child. Fetal Neonatal Edn. 2000;83:F182–5.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Paz, I., Seidman, D. S., Danon, Y. L.et al.Are children born small for gestational age at increased risk of short stature?Am. J. Dis. Child. 1993;147:337–9.Google ScholarPubMed
Ericson, A., Kallen, B.Very low birthweight boys at the age of 19. Arch. Dis. Child. Fetal Neonatal Edn. 1998;78:F171–4.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hack, M., Flannery, D. J., Schluchter, M.et al.Outcomes in young adulthood for very-low birth weight infants. New Engl. J. Med. 2002;346:149–57.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mortaz, M., Fewtrell, M. S., Cole, T. J., Lucas, A.Birth weight, subsequent growth, and cholesterol metabolism in children 8–12 years old born preterm. Arch. Dis. Child. 2001;84:212–17.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Singhal, A., Fewtrell, M., Cole, T. J., Lucas, A.Low nutrient intake and early growth for later insulin resistance in adolescents born preterm. Lancet 2003;361:1089–97.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Singhal, A., Farooqi, I. S., O'Rahilly, S.et al.Early nutrition and leptin concentrations in later life. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 2002;75:993–9.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Victora, C. G., Barros, F. C., Horta, B. L., Martorell, R.Short-term benefits of catch-up growth for small-for-gestational-age infants. Int. J. Epidemiol. 2001;30:1325–30.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Eriksson, J.Commentary: early ‘catch-up’ growth is good for later health. Int. J. Epidemiol. 2001;30:1330–1.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Save book to Kindle

To save this book to your Kindle, first ensure [email protected] is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

  • Growth outcomes of preterm and very low birth weight infants
    • By Maureen Hack, Department of Pediatrics, Case Western Reserve University, and Rainbow Babies and Children's Hospital, University Hospitals of Cleveland, Cleveland, OH, Lydia Cartar, Department of Pediatrics, Case Western Reserve University, and Rainbow Babies and Children's Hospital, University Hospitals of Cleveland, Cleveland, OH
  • Patti J. Thureen, University of Colorado at Denver and Health Sciences Center
  • Edited by William W. Hay, University of Colorado at Denver and Health Sciences Center
  • Book: Neonatal Nutrition and Metabolism
  • Online publication: 10 December 2009
  • Chapter DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511544712.046
Available formats
×

Save book to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

  • Growth outcomes of preterm and very low birth weight infants
    • By Maureen Hack, Department of Pediatrics, Case Western Reserve University, and Rainbow Babies and Children's Hospital, University Hospitals of Cleveland, Cleveland, OH, Lydia Cartar, Department of Pediatrics, Case Western Reserve University, and Rainbow Babies and Children's Hospital, University Hospitals of Cleveland, Cleveland, OH
  • Patti J. Thureen, University of Colorado at Denver and Health Sciences Center
  • Edited by William W. Hay, University of Colorado at Denver and Health Sciences Center
  • Book: Neonatal Nutrition and Metabolism
  • Online publication: 10 December 2009
  • Chapter DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511544712.046
Available formats
×

Save book to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

  • Growth outcomes of preterm and very low birth weight infants
    • By Maureen Hack, Department of Pediatrics, Case Western Reserve University, and Rainbow Babies and Children's Hospital, University Hospitals of Cleveland, Cleveland, OH, Lydia Cartar, Department of Pediatrics, Case Western Reserve University, and Rainbow Babies and Children's Hospital, University Hospitals of Cleveland, Cleveland, OH
  • Patti J. Thureen, University of Colorado at Denver and Health Sciences Center
  • Edited by William W. Hay, University of Colorado at Denver and Health Sciences Center
  • Book: Neonatal Nutrition and Metabolism
  • Online publication: 10 December 2009
  • Chapter DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511544712.046
Available formats
×