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Published online by Cambridge University Press: 05 April 2013
This chapter highlights a few of the emerging techniques of near-surface applied geophysics. The discussion is designed to provide the reader with a sense of some of the latest developments in this rapidly growing discipline. The emergent techniques studied here include surface nuclear magnetic resonance, time-lapse microgravity, induced seismicity studies, landmine discrimination, GPR interferometry, and the seismoelectric method. There are many other advances being made, or that will be made in the near future, beyond those described in this chapter; the interested reader is advised to keep watch on the topical journals and conferences.
Surface nuclear magnetic resonance
The surface nuclear magnetic resonance (sNMR) technique is a relatively new geophysical method that can directly sense spatial variations in subsurface water content to depths of ~ 150 m. The sNMR technique holds promise to open new and exciting avenues in groundwater resource investigations. The method is based on the interaction of an applied magnetic field with the magnetic moments of the hydrogen nuclei, or protons, in groundwater. The sNMR concept was first described in a patent by Varian (1962), followed by pioneering field work of Russian geoscientists during the 1970s and 1980s.
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