Skip to main content Accessibility help
×
Hostname: page-component-586b7cd67f-t8hqh Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-24T03:53:59.607Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

14 - Millionaires and Mobility: Inequality and Investment Migration Programs

from Part III - Citizenship

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  12 November 2021

Tesseltje de Lange
Affiliation:
Radboud Universiteit Nijmegen
Willem Maas
Affiliation:
York University, Toronto
Annette Schrauwen
Affiliation:
Universiteit van Amsterdam
Get access

Summary

A substantial industry has pushed forward the market for multiple citizenships. Drawing on extensive empirical research, this chapter investigates investment migration programs in practice by analyzing their constitution and evolution within a global market. This chapter identifies the underlying dynamics of supply and demand, rethinking the literature on citizenship in three areas: inter-country differences in citizenship’s benefits, privileged access for elites, and the decisive influence of third-party actors on citizenship policy. Within this theoretical landscape, the empirical analysis unpacks how these programs emerged within a broader field constituted by immigrant investor visas and discretionary economic citizenship. It reveals how this field conditioned the development and spread of formal programs, and the roles of geopolitical inequalities, industry actors, and extraterritorial rights in this change. The conclusion shows how incorporating jus pecuniae into our understanding of citizenship revises conventional assumptions in two domains: inequality and third-party actors.

Type
Chapter
Information
Money Matters in Migration
Policy, Participation, and Citizenship
, pp. 247 - 262
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2021

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Alstadsaeter, Annette, Johannesen, Niels, and Zucman, Gabriel. 2017. “Tax Evasion and Inequality.” National Bureau of Economic Research Working Paper 23805. www.nber.org/papers/w23772Google Scholar
Balta, Evren and Özlem, Altan-Olcay. 2016. “Strategic Citizens of America: Transnational Inequalities and Transformation of Citizenship.Ethnic and Racial Studies 39, no. 6 (May 2): 939957.Google Scholar
Barclays Wealth and Investment Management. 2014. “Wealth Insights: The Rise of the Global Citizen?Barclays Wealth Insights 18.Google Scholar
Beardsley, Brent, Holley, Bruce, Jaafar, Miriam, Kessler, Daniel, Muxi, Federico, Naumann, Matthias, Rogg, Jürgen, Tang, Tjun, Xavier, André, and Zakrzewski, Anna. 2017. “Global Wealth 2017: Transforming the Client Experience.” The Boston Consulting Group.Google Scholar
Brubaker, Rogers. 1992. Citizenship and Nationhood in France and Germany. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cook-Martín, David. 2013. The Scramble for Citizens: Dual Nationality and State Competition for Immigrants. Stanford: Stanford University Press.Google Scholar
Cooley, Alexander and Heathershaw, John. 2018. Dictators without Borders: Power and Money in Central Asia. New Haven: Yale University Press.Google Scholar
Credit Suisse. 2014. “Global Wealth Report 2014.” Credit Suisse Group.Google Scholar
Credit Suisse 2016. “Global Wealth Report 2016.” Credit Suisse Group.Google Scholar
de Lange, Tesseltje. 2019. “Intersecting Policies of Innovation and Entrepreneurship Migration in the EU and the Netherlands.” In Carrera, S., den Hertog, L., Panizzon, M., and Kostakopoulou, D. (eds.), EU External Migration Policies in an Era of Global Mobilities: Intersecting Policy Universes, pp. 224243. Leiden: Brill.Google Scholar
de Lange, Tesseltje 2018. “Welcoming Talent? A Comparative Study of Immigrant Entrepreneurs’ Entry Policies in France, Germany and the Netherlands.Comparative Migration Studies 6 no. 27: 118.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
European Commission. 2019. “Investor Citizenship and Residence Schemes in the European Union.” Report from the Commission to the European Parliament, the Council, the European Economic and Social Committee, and the Committee of the Regions. COM(2019) 23 final.Google Scholar
Fong, Vanessa. 2011. Paradise Redefined: Transnational Chinese Students and the Quest for Flexible Citizenship in the Developed World. Stanford: Stanford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ford, Richard. 1999. “Law’s Territory (A History of Jurisdiction).” Michigan Law Review 97, no. 4: 843930.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Freund, Caroline. 2016. Rich People Poor Countries: The Rise of Emerging-Market Tycoons and Their Mega Firms. Assisted by Oliver, Sarah. Washington, DC: Peterson Institute for International Economics.Google Scholar
Goodman, David, ed. 2008. The New Rich in China: Future Rulers, Present Lives. 1st edition. London and New York: Routledge.Google Scholar
Harpaz, Yossi. 2015. “Ancestry into Opportunity: How Global Inequality Drives Demand for Long-Distance European Union Citizenship.Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies 41, no. 13 (November 10): 20812104.Google Scholar
Harpaz, Yossi 2019. “Ancestry into Opportunity: How Global Inequality Drives Demand for Long-Distance Citizenship.Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies. 41(13): 20182104.Google Scholar
Joppke, Christian. 2010. “The Inevitable Lightening of Citizenship.European Journal of Sociology / Archives Européennes de Sociologie 51, no. 1 (April): 932.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Liu-Farrer, Gracia. 2009. “Educationally Channeled International Labor Mobility: Contemporary Student Migration from China to Japan.International Migration Review. 43(1): 178204.Google Scholar
Novokmet, Filip, Piketty, Thomas, and Zucman, Gabriel. 2017. “From Soviets to Oligarchs: Inequality and Property in Russia, 1905–2016.” National Bureau of Economic Research Working Paper 23712.Google Scholar
Osburg, John. 2013. Anxious Wealth: Money and Morality Among China’s New Rich. Stanford: Stanford University Press.Google Scholar
Palan, Ronen, Murphy, Richard, and Chavagneux, Christian. 2009. Tax Havens: How Globalization Really Works. Cornell Studies in Money. Ithaca: Cornell University Press.Google Scholar
Piketty, Thomas, Yang, Li, and Zucman, Gabriel. 2017. “Capital Accumulation, Private Property, and Rising Inequality in China, 1978–2015.” WID.world Working Paper Series 2017/6.Google Scholar
Scherrer, Amandine and Thirion, Elodie. 2018. “Citizenship by Investment (CBI) and Residency by Investment (RBI) Schemes in the EU.” www.europarl.europa.eu/thinktank/en/document.html?reference=EPRS_STU(2018)627128Google Scholar
Spiro, Peter J. 2008. Beyond Citizenship: American Identity After Globalization. Oxford, New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Surak, Kristin. 2016. “Global Citizenship 2.0: The Growth of Citizenship by Investment Programs.” Investment Migration Working Papers 2016/3.Google Scholar
Surak, Kristin 2020a. “What Money Can Buy: Citizenship by Investment on a Global Scale.” In Deepening Divides: How Borders and Boundaries Drive Our World Apart, Fassin, Didier, ed. London: Pluto Press.Google Scholar
Surak, Kristin 2020b. “Millionaire Mobility and the Sale of Citizenship.” Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies. DOI: 10.1080/1369183X.2020.1758554CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Surak, Kristin 2020c. “Who Wants to Buy a Visa? Comparing Residence by Investment Programs in the European Union.” Journal of Contemporary European Studies. DOI: 10.1080/14782804.2020.1839742Google Scholar
Surak, Kristin 2021. “Marketizing Sovereign Prerogatives: How to Sell Citizenship.” European Journal of Sociology. Forthcoming.Google Scholar
Surak, Kristin and Tsuzuki, Yusuke. 2021. “Are Golden Visas a Golden Opportunity? Assessing the Economic Outcomes of Residence by Investment Programs in the European Union.” Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies. DOI: 10.1080/1369183X.2021.1915755CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tintori, Guido. 2012. “More than One Million Individuals Got Italian Citizenship Abroad in Twelve Years (1998–2010).” RSCAS Citizenship News (blog), http://eudo-citizenship.eu/news/citizenship-news/748-more-than-one-million-individuals-got-italian-citizenship-abroad-in-the-twelve-years-1998-2010%3E.Google Scholar
Wealth-X, and Arton Capital. 2014. “A Shrinking World: Global Citizenship for UNHW Individuals.” www.artoncapital.com/documents/publications/Arton-Capital-Wealth-X-Report-web.pdfGoogle Scholar

Save book to Kindle

To save this book to your Kindle, first ensure [email protected] is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

Available formats
×

Save book to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

Available formats
×

Save book to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

Available formats
×