Skip to main content Accessibility help
×
Hostname: page-component-586b7cd67f-2brh9 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-24T06:11:30.198Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

15 - Are Citizenship by Investment Programs Legitimate? Suggesting Some Assessment Methods

from Part III - Citizenship

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  12 November 2021

Tesseltje de Lange
Affiliation:
Radboud Universiteit Nijmegen
Willem Maas
Affiliation:
York University, Toronto
Annette Schrauwen
Affiliation:
Universiteit van Amsterdam
Get access

Summary

The Maltese 2014 citizenship by investment program (CIP) was considered by both politicians and scholars equivalent to ‘selling’ the core status of the European Union (EU), and therefore was received with strong criticism: ‘Programs corrupt democracy’, ‘they undermine citizenship’, and ‘CIPs increase global inequality’ are some of the critiques that the several articles published on the topic have raised. However, despite the attention obtained in the academia, no method has been suggested yet to assess the legitimacy of this kind of programs that currently exist all over the world. The purpose of this chapter is to fill this gap by suggesting some methods to assess the legitimacy of CIPs. The starting point will be a distinction between the common meanings of the term ‘legitimacy’. The aim is to set the scene for a more in-depth debate as well as to prove that actors participating in the current discussion may be running the risk of talking past each other. This chapter presents a way to reduce this risk by arguing for applying the methods assessing legitimacy as tantamount to lawfulness.

Type
Chapter
Information
Money Matters in Migration
Policy, Participation, and Citizenship
, pp. 263 - 278
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2021

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Bauböck, R. (2014). What is wrong with selling citizenship? It corrupts democracy! In Should citizenship be for sale? EUI Working Paper RSCAS, 2014/1. Available at: https://cadmus.eui.eu/bitstream/handle/1814/29318/RSCAS_2014_01.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=yGoogle Scholar
Boatca, M. (2015). Commodification of citizenship. Global inequalities and the modern transmission of property. In Wallerstein, I., Chase-Dunn, C., and Suter, C., eds., Overcoming Global Inequalities, London: Routledge, Taylor & Francis Group, 318.Google Scholar
Borna, S., and Stearns, J. M. (2002). The ethics and efficacy of selling national citizenship. Journal of Business Ethics, 37, 193207.Google Scholar
Carrera Núñez, S. (2014). How much does EU citizenship cost? The Maltese citizenship-for-sale affair: A breakthrough for sincere cooperation in citizenship of the union? CEPS Paper in Liberty and Security in Europe, 64, 154.Google Scholar
Džankić, J. (2012). The Pros and Cons of Ius Pecuniae: Investor citizenship in comparative perspective [Working Paper]. http://cadmus.eui.eu//handle/1814/21476Google Scholar
Džankić, J. (2015). Investment-based citizenship and residence programmes in the EU. http://cadmus.eui.eu/bitstream/handle/1814/34484/RSCAS_2015_08.pdfGoogle Scholar
Frank, R. (November 3, 2011). Surge in Rich Chinese Who ‘Invest’ in U.S. Citizenship. The Wall Strate Journal. https://blogs.wsj.com/wealth/2011/11/09/surge-in-rich-chinese-who-invest-in-u-s-citizenship/Google Scholar
Maas, W. (2016). European governance of citizenship and nationality. Journal of Contemporary European Research, 12(1), 532551.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mahasneh, N. (2014). Subject matter and consideration of the contract: The approaches of the 2010 UNIDROIT PICC, the 1980 CISG, and the 1976 Civil Code of Jordan. Uniform Law Review – Revue de Droit Uniforme, 19(3), 390410. https://doi.org/10.1093/ulr/unu025Google Scholar
Mindus, P. and Prats, E. (2018). La cittadinanza «a pagamento» nell’Unione europea. Quaderni costituzionali, 1, 246252. https://doi.org/10.1439/89202Google Scholar
Prats, E. (2019). Citizenship by investment programmes: Express naturalisation for bulky wallets. An arbitrary de jure stratification? Revista de Derecho Político, 106, 347377.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Shachar, A. (2014). Dangerous liaisons: Money and citizenship. In Should citizenship be for sale? EUI Working Paper RSCAS, 2014/1. Available at: https://cadmus.eui.eu/bitstream/handle/1814/29318/RSCAS_2014_01.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=yGoogle Scholar
Shachar, A. (2018). The marketization of citizenship in an age of restrictionism. Ethics & International Affairs, 32(01), 313. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0892679418000059CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Shachar, A., Bauböck, R., Bloemraad, I., and Vink, M. P. (eds.). (2017). The Oxford Handbook of Citizenship (1st ed.). New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Stern, J. (2011). Ius pecuniae—Staatsbürgerschaft zwischen ausreichendem Lebensunterhalt, Mindestsicherung und Menschenwürde. In Migration und Integration – wissenschaftliche Perspektiven aus Österreich (pp. 5574).Google Scholar
Surak, K. (2016). Global citizenship 2.0. The growth of citizenship by investment programs. Investment migration working paper 2016/3. http://investmentmigration.org/download/global-citizenship-2–0-growth-citizenship-investment-programs/Google Scholar
Tanasoca, A. (2016). Citizenship for sale. European Journal of Sociology, 57(01), 169195. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0003975616000059Google Scholar

Save book to Kindle

To save this book to your Kindle, first ensure [email protected] is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

Available formats
×

Save book to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

Available formats
×

Save book to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

Available formats
×