Book contents
- Frontmatter
- Contents
- Contributors
- Chapter 1 Introduction
- Chapter 2 Magma chamber dynamics and thermodynamics
- Chapter 3 The dynamics of dike propagation
- Chapter 4 Dynamics of magma ascent in the volcanic conduit
- Chapter 5 Lava flows
- Chapter 6 Unsteady explosive activity
- Chapter 7 Unsteady explosive activity
- Chapter 8 Sustained explosive activity
- Chapter 9 Modeling tephra sedimentation from volcanic plumes
- Chapter 10 Pyroclastic density currents
- Chapter 11 Magma–water interactions
- Chapter 12 Deep-sea eruptions
- Chapter 13 Volcano–ice interactions
- Chapter 14 Modeling lahar behavior and hazards
- Chapter 15 Introduction to quantitative volcano seismology
- Chapter 16 Volcano acoustics
- Chapter 17 Planetary volcanism
- Index
- Plate section
- References
Chapter 11 - Magma–water interactions
Published online by Cambridge University Press: 05 March 2013
Book contents
- Frontmatter
- Contents
- Contributors
- Chapter 1 Introduction
- Chapter 2 Magma chamber dynamics and thermodynamics
- Chapter 3 The dynamics of dike propagation
- Chapter 4 Dynamics of magma ascent in the volcanic conduit
- Chapter 5 Lava flows
- Chapter 6 Unsteady explosive activity
- Chapter 7 Unsteady explosive activity
- Chapter 8 Sustained explosive activity
- Chapter 9 Modeling tephra sedimentation from volcanic plumes
- Chapter 10 Pyroclastic density currents
- Chapter 11 Magma–water interactions
- Chapter 12 Deep-sea eruptions
- Chapter 13 Volcano–ice interactions
- Chapter 14 Modeling lahar behavior and hazards
- Chapter 15 Introduction to quantitative volcano seismology
- Chapter 16 Volcano acoustics
- Chapter 17 Planetary volcanism
- Index
- Plate section
- References
Summary
Overview
Magma–water interaction is an unavoidable consequence of the hydrous nature of the Earth’s crust, and may take place in environments ranging from submarine to desert regions, producing volcanic features ranging from passively effused lava to highly explosive events. Hydrovolcanism is the term that describes this interaction at or near the Earth’s surface, and it encompasses the physical and chemical dynamics that determine the resulting intrusive or extrusive behavior, and the character of eruptive products and deposits. The development of physical theory describing the energetics and the hydrodynamics (dynamics of fluids and solids at high strain rates) of magma–water interaction relies on an understanding of the physics of water behavior in conditions of rapid heating, the physics of magma as a material of complex rheology, and the physics of the interaction between the two, as well as detailed field observations and interpretation of laboratory experiments. Of primary importance to address are the nature of heat exchange between the magma and water during interaction, the resulting fragmentation of the magma, and the constraints on system energetics predicted by equilibrium and non-equilibrium thermodynamics. Taken together, these approaches elucidate the relationships among aqueous environment, interaction physics, and eruptive phenomena and landforms.
Introduction: magma and the hydrosphere
The vast majority of volcanic eruptions take place under water because most volcanism concentrates at mid-oceanic ridges where new oceanic crust is produced. By definition, every kind of extrusive subaqueous volcanism on Earth is hydrovolcanic since some degree of water interaction must take place. The hydrosphere also exists in continental areas, as the consequence not only of lakes and rivers, but also of groundwater and hydrous fluids that circulate in joints and faults in the upper crust and fill pore space in sedimentary rocks. Such locations are typically referred to as geohydrological environments. As a consequence, subaerial volcanism is commonly influenced by magma–water interaction. Chapter 12 describes deep-sea eruptions in greater detail, whereas this chapter focuses on magma–water interaction in surface and near-surface environments.
- Type
- Chapter
- Information
- Modeling Volcanic ProcessesThe Physics and Mathematics of Volcanism, pp. 230 - 257Publisher: Cambridge University PressPrint publication year: 2013
References
, , , , and (2008). Phreatomagmatic explosions of rhyolitic magma: experimental and field evidence. Journal of Geophysical Research, 113, B11201, doi:.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
and (1988). Liquid-vapor relations in the critical region of the system NaCl-H2O from 380 to 415°C: a refined determination of the critical point and two-phase boundary of seawater. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 52, 2121–2126.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, and (1975). Fragmentation in thermal explosions. Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer, 17, 331–339.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
(1976). Mechanisms of deep sea volcanism in the South Pacific. In Researches in Geochemistry 2, ed. . New York: John Wiley & Sons, pp. 453–491.Google Scholar
(1974). A model for fuel-coolant interaction. Journal of Physics D: Applied Physics, 7, 1441–1457.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, and (1969). Thermodynamic properties of water to 1000˚C and 10 000 bars. Geological Society of America Special Paper, 132, 1–96.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
and (1998). Physics of thermohydraulic explosions. Physics Reviews E, 57(5), 5726–5729.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, , and (1998). Thermal conductivity of a volcanic rock material (olivine-melilitite) in the temperature range between 288 and 1470 K. Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, 80, 293–302.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, and (1999). Identifying modes of magma/water interaction from the surface features of ash particles. Nature, 401, 688–690.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, , , and (2000). Determination of thermal conductivity of natural silicate melts. Applied Physics Letters, 77, 1810–1812.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, , , and (2002). Thermohydraulic explosions in phreatomagmatic eruptions as evidenced by the comparison between pyroclasts and products from Molten Fuel Coolant Interaction experiments. Journal of Geophysical Research, 107, doi: .CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, , and (2005). Analysis of thermohydraulic explosion energetics. Journal of Applied Physics, 98, 043524, doi:.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, , , , and (2006). Stress induced brittle fragmentation of magmatic melts: Theory and experiments. Journal of Geophysical Research, 111, B08204, doi:.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
(1963). Pillow breccias and their aquagene tuffs: Quadra Island, British Columbia. American Journal of Science, 71, 48–71.Google Scholar
(1981). Phenomenological modelling of the triggering phase of small-scale steam explosion experiments. Nuclear Science and Engineering, 78, 154–170.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
(1980). Recent developments in the understanding of energetic molten fuel-coolant interactions. Nuclear Safety, 21, 319–337.Google Scholar
(1982). Rapid intrusion of magma into wet rock: ground water flow due to pressure increases. Journal of Geophysical Research, 87, 7739–7756.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, , and (2001). Statistical analysis of textural data from complex pyroclastic sequences: Implications for fragmentation processes of the Agnano Monte Spina Tephra (4.1 ka), Phlegraean Fields, southern Italy. Bulletin of Volcanology, 63, 443–461.Google Scholar
(1979). The initiation of melt fragmentation in fuel-coolant interactions. Nuclear Science and Engineering, 72, 347–356.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, , et al. (2003). Thermophysical properties of a volcanic rock material. High Temperatures – High Pressures, 34, 561–668.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
and (1970). Base-surge bed forms in maar volcanoes. American Journal of Science, 268, 157–180.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, and (1983). Evolution of the Fossa cone, Vulcano. Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, 17, 329–360.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
(1931). The aqueous chilling of basaltic lava on the Columbia River Plateau. American Journal of Science, 21, 281–300.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
(1982). Local inertial effects in dynamic fragmentation. Journal of Applied Physics, 53, 322–523.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
(1985). Fragmentation under impulsive stress loading. In Fragmentation by Blasting, ed. and . Society for Experimental Mechanics, Brookfield Center, pp. 63–72.Google Scholar
and (1981). Thermodynamic anomalies at critical points of fluids. Annual Reviews of Physical Chemistry, 32, 233–265.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
(1971). Tuff rings: examples from the Fort Rock-Christmas Lake Valley, south-central Oregon. Journal of Geophysical Research, 76, 5615–5626.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
and (1985). . Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 245 pp.
and (1991). Fragmentation processes in explosive volcanic eruptions. In Sedimentation in Volcanic Settings, ed. and , Society of Sedimentary Geology Special Publication, 45, 19–26.Google Scholar
and (1981). Required initial conditions for energetic steam explosions. In Fuel–Coolant Interactions. New York: American Society of Mechanical Engineers, Report HTD-V19.Google Scholar
and (1990). Statistical Models for the Fracture of Disordered Media, Amsterdam: North-Holland.Google Scholar
(1977). Fugacity and activity of molecular species in supercritical fluids. In Thermodynamics in Geology, ed. . Dordrecht, Holland: Reidel, pp. 161–181.Google Scholar
and (1975). Submarine basaltic volcanism: morphometric parameters for discriminating hyaloclastites from hyalotuffs. Bulletin of Volcanology, 39, 441–465.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
(1949). Steam Blast Volcanic Eruptions; a Study of Mount Pelée in Martinique as a Type Volcano. Hawaii Volcano Observatory, 4th Special Report. Honolulu: The Hawaiian Volcano Research Association, 137.
and (1979). Isentropic decompression of fluids from crustal and mantle pressures. Journal of Geophysical Research, 84, 1611–1620.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
(1986). Magma-water interactions in subaqueous and emergent basaltic volcanism. Bulletin of Volcanology, 48, 275–290.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
and (1959). Fluid Mechanics: Volume 6, Course of Theoretical Physics. New York: Pergamon.Google Scholar
G. (2007). Generation of fine hydromagmatic ash by growth and disintegration of glassy rinds. Journal of Geophysical Research, 112, B02203, doi:.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, , , and (2000). Phreatomagmatic fragmentation. In Encyclopedia of Volcanism, ed. . London: Academic Press, pp. 431–445.Google Scholar
, and (1971). Hydrothermal explosion craters in Yellowstone National Park. Geological Society of America Bulletin, 82, 723–740.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
and (1980). Late Quaternary hydrothermal explosion breccias at Kawerau geothermal field, New Zealand. Bulletin of Volcanology, 43, 1–13.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
(1940). Subglacial volcanic activity in ancient and recent times. Folia Geographica Danica, 1, no. 2.Google Scholar
(1974). Phreatic eruptions and maars. In Physical Volcanology, ed. , , , and . New York: Elsevier, pp. 289–310.Google Scholar
, , , Jr. and (1989). The relationship between standing waves, pressure pulse propagation and the critical flow rate in two-phase mixtures. Journal of Heat Transfer, 111, 467–473.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, , and (1997). Role of heater thermal response in reactor thermal limits during oscillatory two-phase flows. Nuclear Science and Engineering, 125, 75–83.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, , et al. (2010). Experiments on the heat discharge at the dynamic magma-water-interface. Geophysical Research Letters, 37, L20311, doi: CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, and (1980). Ukinrek maars, Alaska, II. Deposits and formation of the 1977 craters. Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, 7, 39–65.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
(1959). Le volcanisme de l’isle de Faial et l’éruption de volcan de Capelinhos. Memorandum 4, 100 pp.Google Scholar
and (1983). Hydrovolcanism: basic considerations and review. Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, 17, 1–29.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
(1968). Structure and products of subaquatic volcanoes in Iceland. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, 18, 1–16.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, Bü and (2006). Non-Newtonian viscosity of basaltic magma. Geophysical Research Letters, 33, L02303, doi:.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, , , and (2011). Heat source or heat sink: What dominates behavior of non-explosive magma-water interaction?Journal of Geophysical Research, 116, B09203, doi:.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
and (1962). The system H2O-NaCl at elevated temperatures and pressures. American Journal of Science, 260, 115–141.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
(1958). L’éruption 1957–1958 et la tectonique de Faial (Azores). Annales de la Sociéte Géologique de Belgique, 67, 14–49.Google Scholar
(1995). The study of steam explosion in nuclear systems. Nuclear Engineering Design, 155, 1–26.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
(1964). Surtsey, the New Island in the North Atlantic. Reykjavik: Almenna Bokofelagid.Google Scholar
and (1986). Thermodynamics of Point Defects and Their Relation with Bulk Properties. Amsterdam: North-Holland.Google Scholar
and (1971). Base surges and their deposits: Capelinhos and Taal Volcanoes. Journal of Geophysical Research, 76, 5596–5614.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
(1938). Ash Formations of the Island of Hawaii. Hawaii Volcano Observatory, 3rd Special Report. Honolulu: Hawaiian Volcano Research Association, 183 pp.Google Scholar
(1996). Impure coolants and interaction dynamics of phreatomagmatic eruptions. Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, 74, 155–170.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
(1983). Mechanisms of hydrovolcanic pyroclast formation: grain-size, scanning electron microscopy, and experimental results. Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, 17, 31–63.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
(1986). Explosive magma-water interactions: thermodynamics, explosion mechanisms, and field studies. Bulletin of Volcanology, 48, 245–264.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
(1987). Chemical and textural surface features of pyroclasts from hydrovolcanic eruption sequences. In Clastic Particles, ed. . New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold, pp. 79–97.Google Scholar
H. (1993). Hidrovolcanismo. In Nuevas Tendencias: La Volcanologia Actual, ed. and . Madrid: Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas, pp. 99–196.Google Scholar
(2003). Water/magma interaction: physical considerations for the deep submarine environment. In Submarine Explosive Volcanism, American Geophysical Union Monograph, 140, 25–49.CrossRef
and (1992). Volcanology and Geothermal Energy. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.Google Scholar
and (1984). Experimental studies of hydromagmatic volcanism. In Explosive Volcanism: Inception, Evolution, and Hazards. Washington: National Academy Press, pp. 158–169.Google Scholar
and (1983). Hydrovolcanic explosions II. Evolution of basaltic tuff rings and tuff cones. American Journal of Science 283, 385–413.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, and (1995a). Analysis of fuel-coolant interaction experimental analogs of hydrovolcanism. In Intense Multiphase Interactions, ed. and . Proceedings of US (NSF) Japan (JSPS) Joint Seminar, Santa Barbara, CA, pp. 287–317.Google Scholar
, and (1995b). Eruptive mechanisms of the Neapolitan Yellow Tuff interpreted from stratigraphy, chemistry, and granulometry. Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, 67, 263–290.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
and (1994). A thermodynamic theory of dynamic fragmentation. International Journal of Impact Engineering, 15, 385–394.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
and (1994). The prediction of 2D thermal detonations and resulting damage potential. Nuclear Engineering Design, 155, 289–309.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
and (1966). Physics of Shock Waves and High-Temperature Hydrodynamic Phenomena, Volumes I and II. New York: Academic Press.Google Scholar
(1998). Phreatomagmatic explosions. In From Magma to Tephra, ed. and . Developments in Volcanology, 4. Amsterdam: Elsevier, pp. 25–54.Google Scholar
and (2002). Dynamic mingling of magma and liquefied sediments. In Peperite, ed. , and . Amsterdam: Elsevier, pp. 37–44.Google Scholar
and (2003). Phreatomagmatic explosions in subaqueous eruptions. In Explosive Subaqueous Volcanism, ed. , and . American Geophysical Union Monograph, 140. Washington, pp. 51–60.Google Scholar
, and (1991). Quantitative experiments on phreatomagmatic explosions. Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, 48, 341–358.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, , and (1997a). Fragmentation of basaltic melt in the course of explosive volcanism. Journal of Geophysical Research, 107, 803–814.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, and (1997b). Brittle reaction of a high temperature ion melt. Europhysics Letters, 38, 285–289.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, , and (2003). The volcanic ash problem. Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, 122, 1–5.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 41
- Cited by