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Chapter 5 - Lava flows

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  05 March 2013

By
Andrew J. L. Harris
Edited by
Sarah A. Fagents ,
Tracy K. P. Gregg  and
Rosaly M. C. Lopes
Sarah A. Fagents
Affiliation:
University of Hawaii, Manoa
Tracy K. P. Gregg
Affiliation:
State University of New York, Buffalo
Rosaly M. C. Lopes
Affiliation:
NASA-Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California
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Summary

Overview

There are many types of lava flow emplacement models. One type of numeric model aims to apply and link equations that describe lava flow cooling rates, rheology, and dynamics to simulate lava flow spreading. Generally applied to basaltic lava flow emplacement, it is this type of model that we consider here. Within this model type, we can define two simulation sub-types: volume- and cooling-limited. By applying and linking laws governing the ability of a Bingham fluid to spread under the influence of gravity, both volume- and cooling-limited simulations spread control volumes across a digital topography. Volume-limited approaches spread and thin a finite erupted volume until a sheet with a critical thickness defined by the lava yield strength is attained. For a cooling-limited model, heat losses due to radiation, convection, and conduction are estimated to calculate core cooling and crystallization rates. These can be used to estimate the rheological properties (viscosity, yield strength) of the lava. Rheological properties can be used to estimate flow thickness through a yield strength model, as well as velocity using the Jeffreys or Navier–Stokes equations. Such flow simulation models rely, in turn, on well-constrained models that define and link lava flow heat loss, cooling rates, crystallinity, rheology, velocity, and thickness.

Lava flows and lava flow models

Following the classic lava channel morphological model of Lipman and Banks (1987), an active lava flow system can be split into two principal components: a feeder system, which is either a channel or tube, and a zone of dispersed lava flow supplied by the feeder system. Within this system, a range of lava types, defined by their characteristic surface morphologies (including ˈaˈa, pahoehoe, transitional, blocky, and inflationary), can build a range of flow field architectures spanning simple, single-unit lava flows to compound lava flow fields comprising hundreds to hundreds of thousands of individual lava flow units (e.g., Walker, 1972; Kilburn and Lopes, 1988; Mattox et al., 1993).

Type
Chapter
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Modeling Volcanic Processes
The Physics and Mathematics of Volcanism
 , pp. 85 - 106
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2013

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