Bibliography

Edward Aspinall; Meredith L. Weiss; Allen Hicken; Paul D. Hutchcroft

doi:10.1017/9781009075015.012

Bibliography

Published online by Cambridge University Press: 04 August 2022

Allen Hicken and

Edward Aspinall: Affiliation:
Australian National University, Canberra
Meredith L. Weiss: Affiliation:
State University of New York, Albany
Allen Hicken: Affiliation:
University of Michigan, Ann Arbor
Paul D. Hutchcroft: Affiliation:
Australian National University, Canberra

Book contents

Get access

Summary

A summary is not available for this content so a preview has been provided. Please use the Get access link above for information on how to access this content.

Image of the first page of this content. For PDF version, please use the ‘Save PDF’ preceeding this image.'

Type: Chapter
Information: Mobilizing for Elections
Patronage and Political Machines in Southeast Asia
, pp. 273 - 296

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/9781009075015.012 [Opens in a new window]

Publisher: Cambridge University Press

Print publication year: 2022

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Abinales, Patricio N. 2000. Making Mindanao: Cotabato and Davao in the Formation of the Nation State. Quezon City: Ateneo de Manila University Press.Google Scholar

Abinales, Patricio N. 2016. “War and Peace in Muslim Mindanao: Critiquing the Orthodoxy.” In Mindanao: The Long Journey to Peace and Prosperity, edited by Hutchcroft, Paul D., 39–62. Mandaluyong City: Anvil.Google Scholar

Abueva, Jose Veloso. 1970. “The Philippines: Tradition and Change.” Asian Survey 10(1): 56–64.CrossRef Google Scholar

Aeria, Andrew. 2005. “Sarawak: State Elections and Political Patronage.” In Elections and Democracy in Malaysia, edited by Puthucheary, Mavis and Othman, Norani, 118–52. Bangi: Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Press.Google Scholar

Albertus, Michael, Diaz-Cayeros, Alberto, Magaloni, Beatriz, and Weingast, Barry R.. 2016. “Authoritarian Survival and Poverty Traps: Land Reform in Mexico.” World Development 77: 154–70.Google Scholar

Alesina, Alberto, Baqir, Reza, and Easterly, William. 1999. “Public Goods and Ethnic Divisions.” The Quarterly Journal of Economics 114(1): 1243–84.CrossRef Google Scholar

Alesina, Alberto, and La Ferrara, Eliana. 2002. “Who Trusts Others?” Journal of Public Economics 85: 207–34.CrossRef Google Scholar

Allen, Nathan W. 2015. “Clientelism and the Personal Vote in Indonesia.” Electoral Studies 37: 73–85.Google Scholar

Amante, Maragtas S. V. 2019. “Philippines Unionism: Worker Voice, Representation, and Pluralism in Industrial Relations.” In New Labor Movements in Emerging Countries [trans. from Japanese], edited by Ota, Hitoshi, 63–103. Tokyo: IDE-JETRO.Google Scholar

Andaya, Barbara Watson, and Andaya, Leonard Y.. 2001. A History of Malaysia, 2nd ed. Honolulu: University of Hawai’i Press.Google Scholar

Anderson, Benedict R. O’G. 1983. “Old State, New Society: Indonesia’s New Order in Historical Perspective.” Journal of Asian Studies 43(3): 477–96.Google Scholar

Anderson, Benedict R. O’G. 1988. “Cacique Democracy in the Philippines: Origins and Dreams.” New Left Review I/169: 3–33.Google Scholar

Anderson, Benedict R. O’G. 1990. “Murder and Progress in Modern Siam.” New Left Review I/181: 33–48.Google Scholar

Anderson, Bobby. 2015. Papua’s Insecurity: State Failure in Indonesia’s Periphery. Honolulu: East-West Center.Google Scholar

Anek, Laothamatas. 1996. “A Tale of Two Democracies: Conflicting Perceptions of Elections and Democracy in Thailand.” In The Politics of Elections in Southeast Asia, edited by Taylor, R. H., 201–33. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Antlöv, Hans, Wetterberg, Anna, and Dharmawan, Leni. 2016. “Village Governance, Community Life, and the 2014 Village Law in Indonesia.” Bulletin of Indonesian Economic Studies 52(2): 161–83.Google Scholar

Aquino, Tetchie D. 2019. “Compostela Valley Province: Machine, Logistics, and Solicitations.” In Electoral Dynamics in the Philippines: Money Politics, Patronage, and Clientelism at the Grassroots, edited by Hicken, Allen, Aspinall, Edward, and Weiss, Meredith, 297–308. Singapore: NUS Press.Google Scholar

Arguillas, Carolyn O. 2019. “Countdown: Justice for Ampatuan 58: The Poor Get Poorer, Ampatuans Get Richer as IRA Billions Pour In.” Philippines Center for Investigative Journalism, December 8 [first published March 30, 2010]. https://pcij.org/article/3651/maguindanao-gets-poorer-as-ampatuans-get-richer.Google Scholar

Arifianto, Alexander R. 2019. “Indonesia’s Election Leaves a Polarised Nation.” East Asia Forum, May 1. www.eastasiaforum.org/2019/05/01/indonesias-election-leaves-a-polarised-nation/.Google Scholar

Aspinall, Edward. 2009a. “Combatants to Contractors: The Political Economy of Peace in Aceh.” Indonesia 87: 1–34.Google Scholar

Aspinall, Edward. 2009b. Islam and Nation: Separatist Rebellion in Aceh, Indonesia. Stanford: Stanford University Press.Google Scholar

Aspinall, Edward. 2011. “Democratization and Ethnic Politics in Indonesia: Nine Theses.” Journal of East Asian Studies 11(2): 289–319.Google Scholar

Aspinall, Edward. 2013. “How Indonesia Survived: Comparative Perspectives on State Disintegration and Democratic Integration.” In Democracy and Islam in Indonesia, edited by Künkler, Mirjam and Stepan, Alfred, 126–46. New York: Columbia University Press.Google Scholar

Aspinall, Edward. 2014a. “Parliament and Patronage.” Journal of Democracy 25(4): 96–110.Google Scholar

Aspinall, Edward. 2014b. “When Brokers Betray: Clientelism, Social Networks, and Electoral Politics in Indonesia.” Critical Asian Studies 46(4): 545–70.Google Scholar

Aspinall, Edward. 2015. “Oligarchic Populism: Prabowo Subianto’s Challenge to Indonesian Democracy.” Indonesia 99(1): 1–28.Google Scholar

Aspinall, Edward. 2019. “Lessons from a Neighbor: The Negative Consequences of Indonesia’s Shift to the Open List.” In Strong Patronage, Weak Parties: The Case for Electoral Redesign in the Philippines, edited by Hutchcroft, Paul D., 93–108. Mandaluyong City: Anvil.Google Scholar

Aspinall, Edward, and Hicken, Allen. 2020. “Guns for Hire and Enduring Machines: Clientelism beyond Parties in Indonesia and the Philippines.” Democratization 27(1): 137–56.Google Scholar

Aspinall, Edward, Hicken, Allen, Scambary, James, and Weiss, Meredith L.. 2018. “Timor-Leste Votes: Parties and Patronage.” Journal of Democracy 29(1): 153–67.Google Scholar

Aspinall, Edward, Savirani, Amalinda, and White, Sally. 2021. “Women’s Political Representation in Indonesia: Who Wins and How?” Journal of Current Southeast Asian Affairs 40(1): 3–27.Google Scholar

Aspinall, Edward, and van Klinken, Gerry, eds. 2011. The State and Illegality in Indonesia. Leiden: KITLV Press.Google Scholar

Aspinall, Edward, and Sukmajati, Mada, eds. 2015. Politik Uang di Indonesia: Patronase dan Klientelisme pada Pemilu Legislatif 2014 [Money Politics in Indonesia: Patronage and Clientelism in the 2014 Legislative Election]. Yogyakarta: Research Centre for Politics and Government, University of Gadjah Mada.Google Scholar

Aspinall, Edward, and Sukmajati, Mada, 2016. Electoral Dynamics in Indonesia: Money Politics, Patronage and Clientelism at the Grassroots. Singapore: NUS Press.Google Scholar

Aspinall, Edward, and Mietzner, Marcus. 2019. “Nondemocratic Pluralism in Indonesia.” Journal of Democracy 30(4): 4–18.CrossRef Google Scholar

Aspinall, Edward, and Uhaib As’ad, Muhammad. 2015. “The Patronage Patchwork: Village Brokerage Networks and the Power of the State in an Indonesian Election.” Bijdragen tot de Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde. 171(2–3): 165–95.Google Scholar

Aspinall, Edward, and Uhaib As’ad, Muhammad. 2016. “Understanding Family Politics: Successes and Failures of Political Dynasties in Regional Indonesia.” South East Asia Research 24(3): 420–35.Google Scholar

Aspinall, Edward, Rohman, Noor, Hamdi, Ahmad Zainul, Rubaidi, , and Triantini, Zusiana Elly. 2017. “Vote Buying in Indonesia: Candidate Strategies, Market Logic and Effectiveness.” Journal of East Asian Studies 17(1): 1–27.Google Scholar

Aspinall, Edward, and Berenschot, Ward. 2019. Democracy for Sale: Elections, Clientelism, and the State in Indonesia. Ithaca: Cornell University Press.Google Scholar

Auerbach, Adam Michael. 2016. “Clients and Communities: The Political Economy of Party Network Organization and Development in India’s Urban Slums.” World Politics 68(1): 111–48.Google Scholar

Auerbach, Adam Michael. 2019. Demanding Development: The Politics of Public Goods Provision in India’s Urban Slums. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Auerbach, Adam, and Thachil, Tariq. 2018. “How Clients Select Brokers: Competition and Choice in India’s Slums.” American Political Science Review 112(4): 775–91.Google Scholar

Auerbach, Adam, and Thachil, Tariq. 2023. Migrants and Machines: How Party Networks Form in Urban India. Princeton: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar

Auyero, Javier. 2000. “The Logic of Clientelism in Argentina: An Ethnographic Account.” Latin American Research Review 35(3): 55–81.Google Scholar

Baez, Javier E., Camacho, Adriana, Conover, Emily, and Zárate, Román A.. 2012. “Conditional Cash Transfers, Political Participation, and Voting Behavior.” IZA Discussion Paper Series. Bonn, Germany: IZA.Google Scholar

Barter, Shane J. 2011. “The Free Aceh Elections? The 2009 Legislative Contests in Aceh.” Indonesia 91: 113–30.Google Scholar

Berenschot, Ward. 2014. “Political Fixers and India’s Patronage Democracy.” In Patronage as Politics in South Asia, edited by Piliavsky, Anastasia, 196–217. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Berenschot, Ward. 2018. “The Political Economy of Clientelism: A Comparative Study of Indonesia’s Patronage Democracy.” Comparative Political Studies 51(2): 1563–593.Google Scholar

Berenschot, Ward, and Aspinall, Edward. 2020. “How Clientelism Varies: Comparing Patronage Democracies.” Democratization. 27(1): 1–19.Google Scholar

Bernama. 2018. “Election Court Nullifies BN’s Victory in Cameron Highlands,” Bernama, November 30. www.bernama.com/en/news.php?id=1670585.Google Scholar

Bernama. 2019. “PM Warns of Those Out to Topple Gov’t for Fighting Corruption,” Bernama, May 5. www.malaysiakini.com/news/474907.Google Scholar

Bernama. 2021. “UMNO Membership at 3.35 Million, Still Biggest Political Party – Sec-Gen,” Bernama, March 28. www.bernama.com/en/news.php?id=1946322.Google Scholar

Birnir, Jóhanna Kristín. 2007. Ethnicity and Electoral Politics. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Bjarnegård, Elin. 2013. Gender, Informal Institutions and Political Recruitment: Explaining Male Dominance in Parliamentary Representation. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.Google Scholar

Bland, Ben. 2019. “Politics in Indonesia: Resilient Democracy, Defective Democracy.” Lowy Institute, April 10. www.lowyinstitute.org/publications/politics-indonesia-resilient-elections-defective-democracy.Google Scholar

Borromeo-Bulao, Mary Joyce. 2019. “Naga City, Camarines Sur: An Alternative Mode of Politics under Strain.” In Electoral Dynamics in the Philippines: Money Politics, Patronage and Clientelism at the Grassroots, edited by Hicken, Allen, Aspinall, Edward, and Weiss, Meredith, 187–203. Singapore: NUS Press.Google Scholar

Brierley, Sarah. 2021. “Combining Patronage and Merit in Public Sector Recruitment.” Journal of Politics 83(1): 182–197. https://doi.org/10.1086/708240.Google Scholar

Brierley, Sarah. 2020. “Unprincipled Principals: Co-opted Bureaucrats and Corruption in Ghana.” American Journal of Political Science 64(2): 209–22.Google Scholar

Brown, Colin. 2003. A Short History of Indonesia: The Unlikely Nation? Sydney: Allen & Unwin.Google Scholar

Bruno Manser Fund. 2012. The Taib Timber Mafia: Facts and Figures on Politically Exposed Persons (PEPs) from Sarawak, Malaysia. Basel: Bruno Manser Fund.Google Scholar

Brusco, Valeria, Nazareno, Marcelo, and Stokes, Susan C.. 2004. “Vote Buying in Argentina.” Latin American Research Review 39(2): 66–88.Google Scholar

Buehler, Michael. 2009. “Suicide and Progress in Modern Nusantara.” Inside Indonesia 97, www.insideindonesia.org/suicide-and-progress-in-modern-nusantara.Google Scholar

Butt, Simon. 2019. “Amendments spell disaster for the KPK.” Indonesia at Melbourne. September 18. https://indonesiaatmelbourne.unimelb.edu.au/amendments-spell-disaster-for-the-kpk/.Google Scholar

Calimbahin, Cleo. 2019. “First District of Makati: Signs of an Electoral Backslide and Challenges to a Local Dynasty.” In Electoral Dynamics in the Philippines: Money Politics, Patronage and Clientelism at the Grassroots, edited by Hicken, Allen, Aspinall, Edward, and Weiss, Meredith, 134–50. Singapore: NUS Press.Google Scholar

Caliwan, Christopher Lloyd. 2019a. “Election Gun Ban Ends, 6.3K Violators Nabbed: PNP.” Philippine News Agency, June 13. www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1072236.Google Scholar

Caliwan, Christopher Lloyd. 2019b. “Election-related Violence Down by 60%: PNP.” Philippine News Agency. www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1069778.Google Scholar

Callahan, William. 2005. “The Discourse of Vote Buying and Political Reform in Thailand.” Pacific Affairs 78(1): 95–113.Google Scholar

Callahan, William A., and McCargo, Duncan. 1996. “Vote-Buying in Thailand’s Northeast: The July 1995 General Elections.” Asian Survey 36(4): 376–92.Google Scholar

Calvo, Ernesto, and Murillo, Maria Victoria. 2004. “Who Delivers? Partisan Clients in the Argentine Electoral Market.” American Journal of Political Science 48(4): 742–57.Google Scholar

Canare, T. A., Mendoza, R. U., & Lopez, M. A. 2018. “An Empirical Analysis of Vote Buying among the Poor: Evidence from Elections in the Philippines.” South East Asia Research 26(1): 58–84.Google Scholar

Capuno, Joseph J. 2017. “Tugs of War: Local Governments, National Government.” Public Policy Journal (Center for Integrative and Development Studies, University of the Philippines) 16 and 17: 98–116.Google Scholar

Caraway, Teri L. and Ford, Michele. 2020. Labor and Politics in Indonesia. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Caraway, Teri L., Ford, Michele, and Nugroho, Hari. 2015. “Translating Membership into Power at the Ballot Box? Trade Union Candidates and Worker Voting Patterns in Indonesian National Elections.” Democratization 22(7): 1296–316.Google Scholar

Carlson, Matthew. 2007. Money Politics in Japan: New Rules, Old Practices. Boulder: Lynne Reiner Press.Google Scholar

Case, William. 1999. “Politics Beyond Anwar: What’s New?” Asian Journal of Political Science 7(1): 1–19.Google Scholar

Casiple, Ramon C. 2019. “The Political Party Development Bill: Strengthening Parties Toward the Goal of Strengthening Philippine Democracy.” In Strong Patronage, Weak Parties: The Case for Electoral Redesign in the Philippines, edited by Hutchcroft, Paul D., 111–30. Mandaluyong City, Philippines: Anvil.Google Scholar

Central Intelligence Agency. n.d. The World Factbook. www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/.Google Scholar

Chan Tsu Chong. 2018. “Democratic Breakthrough in Malaysia – Political Opportunities and the Role of Bersih.” Journal of Current Southeast Asian Affairs 37(3): 109–37.Google Scholar

Chandra, Kanchan. 2004. Why Ethnic Parties Succeed: Patronage and Ethnic Head Counts in India. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Chauchard, Simon. 2018. “Electoral Handouts in Mumbai Elections: The Cost of Political Competition.” Asian Survey 58(2): 341–64.Google Scholar

Chin, James. 2001. “Unequal Contest: Federal–State Relations under Mahathir.” In Mahathir’s Administration: Performance and Crisis in Governance, edited by Leong, Ho Khai and Chin, James, 28–61. Singapore: Times.Google Scholar

Chin, James. 2015. “Exporting the BN/UMNO Model: Politics in Sabah and Sarawak.” In Routledge Handbook of Contemporary Malaysia, edited by Weiss, Meredith L., 83–92. New York: Routledge.Google Scholar

Chiok, Phaik Fern. 2014. “Arau, Perlis: The Irresistible Charm of Warlords, Women and Rewards?” In Electoral Dynamics in Malaysia: Findings from the Grassroots, edited by Weiss, Meredith L., 17–33. Singapore: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies.Google Scholar

Choi, Ina, and Fukuoka, Yuki. 2015. “Co-opting Good Governance Reform: The Rise of a Not-so-reformist Leader in Kebumen, Central Java.” Asian Journal of Political Science. 23(1): 83–101.Google Scholar

Choong, Pui Yee. 2014. “Kepong and Titiwangsa, Kuala Lumpur: Messages or Money?” In Electoral Dynamics in Malaysia: Findings from the Grassroots, edited by Weiss, Meredith L., 125–38. Singapore: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies.Google Scholar

Chua, Yvonne T., and Cruz, Booma. 2004. “Pork Is a Political, Not a Developmental Tool.” Philippine Center for Investigative Journalism, September 6. https://old.pcij.org/stories/pork-is-a-political-not-a-developmental-tool/.Google Scholar

Connors, Michael Kelly. 2003. Democracy and National Identity in Thailand. London: RoutledgeCurzon.Google Scholar

Coronel, Sheila S. 1998. Pork and Other Perks: Corruption and Governance in the Philippines. Pasig: Philippine Center for Investigative Journalism.Google Scholar

Corstange, Daniel. 2009. “Sensitive Questions, Truthful Answers? Modeling the List Experiment with LISTIT.” Political Analysis 17(1): 45–63.Google Scholar

Costa, Robert, and Rucker, Philip. 2020. “Trump Casts Himself as Pandemic Patron, Personalizing the Government’s Spread of Cash and Supplies,” Washington Post, April 10.Google Scholar

Cox, Gary W., and McCubbins, Mathew D.. 2001. “The Institutional Determinants of Policy Outcomes.” In Presidents, Parliaments, and Policy, edited by Haggard, Stephan and McCubbins, Matthew D., 21–63. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Cox, Gary W., and Thies, Michael F.. 1998. “The Cost of Intraparty Competition: The Single, Nontransferable Vote and Money Politics in Japan.” Comparative Political Studies 31(3): 267–91.Google Scholar

Cramb, Rob. 2016. “The Political Economy of Large-scale Oil Palm Development in Sarawak.” In The Oil Palm Complex: Smallholders, Agribusiness and the State in Indonesia and Malaysia, edited by Cramb, Rob and McCarthy, John F., 189–246. Singapore: NUS Press.Google Scholar

Cribb, Robert, and Brown, Colin. 1995. Modern Indonesia: A History Since 1945. London: Longman.Google Scholar

Crouch, Harold. 1979. “Patrimonialism and Military Rule in Indonesia.” World Politics 31(4): 571–87.Google Scholar

Crouch, Harold. 1988. The Army and Politics in Indonesia. Rev. ed. Ithaca: Cornell University Press.Google Scholar

Crouch, Harold. 1996. Government and Society in Malaysia. Ithaca: Cornell University Press.Google Scholar

Cruz, Cesi. 2019. “Social Networks and the Targeting of Vote Buying.” Comparative Political Studies 52(3): 382–411.Google Scholar

Cruz, Cesi, and Tolentino, Charis. “Gender, Social Recognition, and Political Influence”. Working Paper, 2019.Google Scholar

Cruz, Cesi, and Schneider, Christina J.. 2017. “Foreign Aid and Undeserved Credit Claiming.” American Journal of Political Science 61(2): 396–408.Google Scholar

Cruz, R. G. 2016. “Why Duterte is Popular among Wealthy, Middle Class Voters.” ABS CBN, May 1. https://news.abs-cbn.com/halalan2016/focus/04/30/16/why-duterte-is-popular-among-wealthy-middle-class-voters.Google Scholar

Cruz, Booma, and Chua, Yvonne T.. 2004. “Legislators Feed on Pork.” Philippine Center for Investigative Journalism, September 7. https://old.pcij.org/stories/legislators-feed-on-pork/.Google Scholar

Cullinane, Michael. 2003. Ilustrado Politics: Filipino Elite Responses to American Rule, 1898–1908. Quezon City: Ateneo de Manila University Press.Google Scholar

Daby, Mariela. 2020. “The Gender Gap in Political Clientelism: Problem-Solving Networks and the Division of Political Work in Argentina.” Comparative Political Studies 54(2): 215–44.Google Scholar

Darwin, Rizkika Lhena. 2016. “Bireuen, Aceh: The Aftermath of Post-conflict Politics and the Decline of Partai Aceh.” In Electoral Dynamics in Indonesia, edited by Aspinall, Edward and Sukmajati, Mada, 39–53. Singapore: NUS Press.Google Scholar

Darwin, Rizkika Lhena. 2017. “The Power of Female Brokers: Local Elections in North Aceh.” Contemporary Southeast Asia 39(3): 532–51.Google Scholar

Davidson, Jamie S. 2018. Indonesia: Twenty Years of Democracy. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

de Dios, Emmanuel S., and Hutchcroft, Paul D.. 2002. “Philippine Political Economy: Examining Current Challenges in Historical Perspective.” In Balisacan, Arsenio and Hill, Hal, eds., The Philippine Economy: Development, Policies, and Challenges, 45–75. Quezon City: Ateneo de Manila University Press.Google Scholar

De La, O, Ana, L. 2012. “Do Conditional Cash Transfers Affect Electoral Behavior? Evidence from a Randomized Experiment in Mexico.” American Journal of Political Science 57(1): 1–14.Google Scholar

Derichs, Claudia, and Thompson, Mark R.. 2013. Dynasties and Female Political Leaders in Asia: Gender, Power and Pedigree. Berlin: LIT Verlag.Google Scholar

Dewi, Sita W., Harjanto, S. L., and Purba, Olivia D.. 2016. “Central and South Jakarta: Social Welfare and Constituency Service in the Metropolis.” In Electoral Dynamics in Indonesia, edited by Aspinall, Edward and Sukmajati, Mada, 167–83. Singapore: NUS Press.Google Scholar

Diaz-Cayeros, Alberto, Estévez, Federico, and Magaloni, Beatriz. 2016. The Political Logic of Poverty Relief: Electoral Strategies and Social Policy in Mexico. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Dixit, Avinash, and Londregan, John. 1996. “The Determinants of Success of Special Interests in Redistributive Politics.” The Journal of Politics 58(4): 1132–55.Google Scholar

Dongoran, Hussein Abri. 2021. “Tsunami dari Juliari,” Tempo¸ January 23. https://majalah.tempo.co/read/laporan-utama/162405/kegelisahan-anggota-komisi-viii-dpr-terseret-kasus-bansos.Google Scholar

Dunning, Thad, and Stokes, Susan. 2007. “Persuasion vs. Mobilization.” Paper presented at Conference on Elections and Distribution, October 25–26, Yale University.Google Scholar

Eifert, Benn, Miguel, Edward, and Posner, Daniel N.. 2010. “Political Competition and Ethnic Identification in Africa.” American Journal of Political Science 54: 494–510.Google Scholar

Emmerson, Donald K. 1978. “The Bureaucracy in Political Context: Weakness in Strength.” In Political Power and Communications in Indonesia, edited by Jackson, Karl D. and Pye, Lucian W., 82–136. Berkeley: University of California Press.Google Scholar

Faisal, S. Hazis. 2015. “Patronage, Power and Prowess: Barisan Nasional’s Equilibrium Dominance in East Malaysia.” Kajian Malaysia: Journal of Malaysian Studies 33(2): 1–24.Google Scholar

Faisal, S. Hazis. 2020. “Elite Fragmentation and Party Splits: Explaining the Breakdown of UMNO in Malaysia’s 14^th General Election.” In Toward a New Malaysia? The 2018 Election and Its Aftermath, edited by Weiss, Meredith L. and Faisal, S. Hazis, 41–60. Singapore: NUS Press.Google Scholar

Fealy, Greg. 2008. “Consuming Islam: Commodified Religion and Aspirational Pietism in Contemporary Indonesia.” In Expressing Islam: Religious Life and Politics in Indonesia, edited by Fealy, Greg and White, Sally, 15–39. Singapore: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies.Google Scholar

Fealy, Greg, and Bush, Robin. 2014. “The Political Decline of Traditional Ulama in Indonesia.” Asian Journal of Social Science 42: 536–60.Google Scholar

Fearon, James D. 1999. “Why Ethnic Politics and ‘Pork’ Tend to Go Together.” Paper presented at University of Chicago, May 21–23.Google Scholar

Fearon, James D. 2003. “Ethnic and Cultural Diversity By Country.” Journal of Economic Growth 8(2): 195–222.Google Scholar

Feith, Herbert. 1962. The Decline of Constitutional Democracy in Indonesia. Ithaca: Cornell University Press.Google Scholar

Finan, Frederico, and Schechter, Laura. 2012. “Vote‐buying and Reciprocity.” Econometrica 80(2): 863–81.Google Scholar

Fossati, Diego. 2019. “The Resurgence of Ideology in Indonesia: Political Islam, Aliran and Political Behaviour.” Journal of Current Southeast Asian Affairs. 38(2): 119–48.Google Scholar

Fossati, Diego, Aspinall, Edward, Muhtadi, Burhanuddin, and Warburton, Eve. 2020. “Ideological Representation in Clientelistic Democracies: The Indonesian Case.” Electoral Studies 63: 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.electstud.2019.102111.Google Scholar

Fraser, Nancy. 2000. “Rethinking Recognition.” New Left Review 3: 107–20.Google Scholar

Fried, Brian J. 2012. “Distributive Politics and Conditional Cash Transfers: The Case of Brazil’s Bolsa Família.” World Development 40(5): 1042–53.Google Scholar

Fukuoka, Yuki, and Djani, Luky. 2015. “Revisiting the Rise of Jokowi: The Triumph of Reformasi or an Oligarchic Adaptation of Post-clientelist Initiatives?” South East Asia Research 24(2): 204–21.Google Scholar

Fukuyama, Francis. 1995. Trust: The Social Virtues and the Creation of Prosperity. New York: The Free Press.Google Scholar

Funston, John. 2016. “UMNO – From Hidup Melayu to Ketuanan Melayu.” In The End of UMNO? Essays on Malaysia’s Dominant Party, edited by Welsh, Bridget (e-book). Petaling Jaya: SIRD.Google Scholar

Furnivall, J. S. 1956. Colonial Policy and Practice: A Comparative Study of Burma and Netherlands India. New York: NUS Press. Original edition, 1948.Google Scholar

Gallego, Jorge. 2015. “Self-enforcing Clientelism.” Journal of Theoretical Politics 27: 401–27.Google Scholar

Gans‐Morse, Jordan, Mazzuca, Sebastian, and Nichter, Simeon. 2014. “Varieties of Clientelism: Machine Politics During Elections.” American Journal of Political Science 58(2): 415–32.Google Scholar

Geertz, Clifford. 1959. “The Javanese Village.” In Local, Ethnic, and National Loyalties in Village Indonesia, edited by Skinner, G. William, 34–51. New Haven: Yale University Press.Google Scholar

Gera, Weena. 2020. “Heightened Contradictions: Duterte and Local Autonomy in the Era of COVID-19.” New Mandala, June 5. www.newmandala.org/heightened-contradictions-duterte-and-local-autonomy-in-the-era-of-covid-1/.Google Scholar

Gera, Weena, and Hutchcroft, Paul D.. 2021. “Duterte’s Tight Grip over Local Politicians: Can It Endure?” New Mandala, February 19. www.newmandala.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/02/Central-Local-Relations-under-Duterte.pdf.Google Scholar

Gottlieb, Jessica, and Larreguy, Horacio. 2016. “An Informational Theory of Electoral Targeting: Evidence from Senegal.” Working Paper, Harvard University/Texas A&M. http://cpd.berkeley.edu/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/GL_SenegalElectoralBehavior-1.pdf.Google Scholar

Glassman, Jim. 2010. “The Provinces Elect Governments, Bangkok Overthrows Them: Urbanity, Class and Post-democracy in Thailand.” Urban Studies 47(6): 1301–23.Google Scholar

Golden, Miriam A. 2003. “Electoral Connections: The Effects of the Personal Vote on Political Patronage, Bureaucracy and Legislation in Postwar Italy.” British Journal of Political Science 33(2): 189–212.Google Scholar

Golden, Miriam, and Min, Brian. 2013. “Distributive Politics Around the World.” Annual Review of Political Science 16: 73–99.Google Scholar

Golden, Miriam A., and Chang, Eric C. C.. 2001. “Competitive Corruption: Factional Conflict and Political Malfeasance in Postwar Italian Christian Democracy.” World Politics 53(4): 588–622.Google Scholar

Gomez, Edmund Terence. 2012. “Monetizing Politics: Financing Parties and Elections in Malaysia.” Modern Asian Studies 46(5): 1370–97.Google Scholar

Gomez, Edmund Terence. 2014. “Malaysia’s Political Economy: Ownership and Control of the Corporate Sector.” In Misplaced Democracy: Malaysian Politics and People, edited by Lemière, Sophie, 245–81. Petaling Jaya: SIRD.Google Scholar

Gomez, Edmund Terence, and Jomo, K. S.. 1997. Malaysia’s Political Economy: Politics, Patronage and Profits. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Gonzalez‐Ocantos, Ezequiel, De Jonge, Chad Kiewiet, Meléndez, Carlos, Osorio, Javier, and Nickerson, David W.. 2012. “Vote Buying and Social Desirability Bias: Experimental Evidence from Nicaragua.” American Journal of Political Science 56(1): 202–17.Google Scholar

Gottlieb, Jessica, and Larreguy, Horacio A.. 2016. “An Informational Theory of Electoral Targeting: Evidence from Senegal.” Working paper. http://cpd.berkeley.edu/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/.GL_SenegalElectoralBehavior-1.pdf.Google Scholar

Greene, Kenneth F. 2021. “Campaign Effects and the Elusive Swing Voter in Modern Machine Politics.” Comparative Political Studies 54(1): 77–109. https://doi.org/10.1177/0010414020919919.Google Scholar

Grimmer, Justin, Messing, Solomon, and Westwood, Sean J.. 2012. “How Words and Money Cultivate a Personal Vote: The Effect of Legislator Credit Claiming on Constituent Credit Allocation.” American Political Science Review 106(4): 703–19.Google Scholar

Gurr, Ted Robert. 2000. People Versus States: Minorities at Risk in the New Century. Washington, DC: United States Institute of Peace.Google Scholar

Habyarimana, James, Humphreys, Macartan, Posner, Daniel N., and Weinstein, Jeremy M.. 2007. “Why Does Ethnic Diversity Undermine Public Goods Provision?” American Political Science Review 101(4): 709–25.Google Scholar

Hadiz, Vedi R. 2010. Localising Power in Post-Authoritarian Indonesia: A Southeast Asia Perspective. Stanford: Stanford University Press.Google Scholar

Hale, Henry. 2007. “Correlates of Clientelism: Political Economy, Politicized Ethnicity, and Post-Communist Transition.” In Patrons, Clients, and Policies: Patterns of Democratic Accountability and Political Competition, edited by Kitschelt, Herbert and Wilkinson, Steven I., 227–50. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Hall, Anthony. 2012. “The Last Shall Be First: Political Dimensions of Conditional Cash Transfers in Brazil.” Journal of Policy Practice 11(1–2): 25–41.Google Scholar

Hariyanto, Ibnu. 2019. “Kasus Bowo Sidik, KPK Geledah Ruang Kerja Mendag Enggartiasto Lukita.” Detik, April 29. https://news.detik.com/berita/d-4529176/kasus-bowo-sidik-kpk-geledah-ruang-kerja-mendag-enggartiasto-lukita Google Scholar

Hatherell, Michael. 2019. Political Representation in Indonesia: The Emergence of the Innovative Technocrats. New York: Routledge.Google Scholar

Hendrawan, Adrianus, Aspinall, Edward, and Berenschot, Ward. 2021. “Parties as Pay-off Seekers: Pre-Electoral Coalitions in a Patronage Democracy.” Electoral Studies. 69: 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.electstud.2020.102238 Google Scholar

Heng Pek, Koon. 1996. “Chinese Responses to Malay Hegemony in Peninsular Malaysia 1957–96.” Tonan Ajia Kenkyu [Southeast Asian Studies] 34(3): 32–55.Google Scholar

Heng Pek, Koon. 1997. “The New Economic Policy and the Chinese Community in Peninsular Malaysia.” The Developing Economies 35(3): 262–92.Google Scholar

Hicken, Allen D. 2007. “How Do Rules and Institutions Encourage Vote Buying?” In Elections for Sale: The Causes and Consequences of Vote Buying, edited by Schaffer, Frederic Charles, 47–60. Boulder: Lynne Rienner Publishers.Google Scholar

Hicken, Allen D. 2009. Building Party Systems in Developing Democracies. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Hicken, Allen D. 2011. “Clientelism.” Annual Review of Political Science 14(1): 289–310.Google Scholar

Hicken, Allen D. 2014. “Party and Party System Institutionalization in the Philippines.” In Party System Institutionalization in Asia: Democracies, Autocracies, and the Shadows of the Past, edited by Hicken, Allen and Kuhonta, Erik, 307–27. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Hicken, Allen D. 2017. “The Political Party System.” In Routledge Handbook of the Contemporary Philippines, edited by Thompson, Mark R. and Batalla, Eric Vincent C., 38–54. London: Routledge.Google Scholar

Hicken, Allen D. 2019a. “Why (and How) Electoral Systems Shape Development Outcomes.” In Strong Patronage, Weak Parties: The Case for Electoral System Redesign in the Philippines, edited by Hutchcroft, Paul D., 27–40. Mandaluyong City, Philippines: Anvil.Google Scholar

Hicken, Allen D. 2019b. “When Does Electoral System Reform Occur?” In Strong Patronage, Weak Parties: The Case for Electoral System Redesign in the Philippines, edited by Hutchcroft, Paul D., 59–95. Mandaluyong City, Philippines: Anvil.Google Scholar

Hicken, Allen, Aspinall, Edward, and Weiss, Meredith, eds. 2019. Electoral Dynamics in the Philippines: Money Politics, Patronage, and Clientelism at the Grassroots. Singapore: NUS Press.Google Scholar

Hicken, Allen, Aspinall, Edward, Weiss, Meredith, and Muhtadi, Burhanuddin. 2022. “Buying Brokers: Electoral Handouts beyond Clientelism in a Weak-party State.” World Politics 74(1): 77–120. DOI: 10.1017/S0043887121000216.Google Scholar

Hicken, Allen, Atkinson, James, and Ravanilla, Nico. 2015. “Pork and Typhoons: The Influence of Political Connections on Disaster Response in the Philippines.” In Building Inclusive Democracies in ASEAN, edited by Mendoza, Ronald U., Teehankee, Julio C., Beja, Edsel L. Jr., La Vina, Antonio G. M., and Villamejor-Mendoza, Maria Fe, 74–101. Mandaluyong City, Philippines: Anvil.Google Scholar

Hicken, Allen, Hutchcroft, Paul, Weiss, Meredith, and Aspinall, Edward. 2019. “Introduction: The Local Dynamics of the National Election in the Philippines.” In Electoral Dynamics in the Philippines: Money Politics, Patronage and Clientelism at the Grassroots, edited by Hicken, Allen, Aspinall, Edward, and Weiss, Meredith, 1–42. Singapore: NUS Press.Google Scholar

Hicken, Allen, Leider, Stephen, Ravanilla, Nico, and Yang, Dean. 2018. “Temptation in Vote Selling: Evidence from a Field Experiment in the Philippines.” Journal of Development Economics 131(March): 1–14.Google Scholar

Hicken, Allen, and Nathan, Noah L.. 2020. “Clientelism’s Red Herrings: Dead Ends and New Directions in the Study of Non-Programmatic Politics.” Annual Review of Political Science 23: 277–294. DOI: 10.1146/annurev-polisci-050718-032657.Google Scholar

Hicken, Allen, and Ravanilla, Nico. 2021. “Poverty, Social Networks, and Clientelism.” Working paper.Google Scholar

Hilgers, Tina. 2008. “Causes and Consequences of Political Clientelism: Mexico’s PRD in Comparative Perspective.” Latin American Politics and Society 50(4): 123–53.Google Scholar

Hilley, John. 2001. Malaysia: Mahathirism, Hegemony and the New Opposition. New York: Zed.Google Scholar

Hillman, Ben. 2017. “Increasing Women’s Parliamentary Representation in Asia and the Pacific: The Indonesian Experience.” Asia & the Pacific Policy Studies 4(1): 38–49.Google Scholar

Ho Khai Leong. 1992. “The Malaysian Chinese Guilds and Associations as Organized Interests in Malaysian Politics.” Working Paper #04, Department of Political Science, National University of Singapore.Google Scholar

Ho Yi Jian. 2014. “Gelang Patah, Johor: Did Lim Kit Siang Truly Win His Last Gamble?” In Electoral Dynamics in Malaysia: Findings from the Grassroots, edited by Weiss, Meredith L., 167–80. Singapore: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies.Google Scholar

Holland, Alisha C., and Palmer-Rubin, Brian. 2015. “Beyond the Machine: Clientelist Brokers and Interest Organizations in Latin America.” Comparative Political Studies 48(9): 1186–122.Google Scholar

Holmes, Ronald. 2019. “The Centrality of Pork Amidst Weak Institutions: Presidents and the Persistence of Particularism in Post-Marcos Philippines (1986–2016).” PhD dissertation, Australian National University.Google Scholar

Hooker, Virginia Matheson. 2004. “Reconfiguring Malay and Islam in Contemporary Malaysia.” In Contesting Malayness: Malay Identity across Boundaries, edited by Barnard, Timothy P., 149–67. Singapore: Singapore University Press.Google Scholar

Horowitz, Donald L. 1986. Ethnic Groups in Conflict. Berkeley: University of California Press.Google Scholar

Horowitz, Donald L. 2014. “Ethnic Power Sharing: Three Big Problems.” Journal of Democracy 25(2): 5–20.Google Scholar

Horowitz, Donald L. 2018. “Interethnic Vote Pooling, Institutional Frailty, and the Malaysian Elections of 2018.” International Journal of Constitutional Law Blog. June 22. www.iconnectblog.com/2018/06/interethnic-vote-pooling-institutional-frailty-and-the-malaysian-elections-of-2018/.Google Scholar

Huber, John D. 2017. Exclusion by Elections: Inequality, Ethnic Identity, and Democracy. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Hunter, Murray. 2019. “Malaysian Civil Service’s Cancerous Culture,” Asia Sentinel, October 23. www.asiasentinel.com/p/malaysian-civil-service-cancerous-culture.Google Scholar

Hutchcroft, Paul D. 1998. Booty Capitalism: The Politics of Banking in the Philippines. Ithaca: Cornell University Press.Google Scholar

Hutchcroft, Paul D. 2000. “Colonial Masters, National Politicos, and Provincial Lords: Central Authority and Local Autonomy in the American Philippines, 1900–1913.” Journal of Asian Studies 59(2): 277–306.Google Scholar

Hutchcroft, Paul D. 2003. Review of Capital, Coercion, and Crime by John T. Sidel. Pacific Review 76(3): 505–07.Google Scholar

Hutchcroft, Paul D. 2008. “The Arroyo Imbroglio in the Philippines.” Journal of Democracy 19(1): 141–55.Google Scholar

Hutchcroft, Paul D. 2012. “Re-Slicing the Pie of Patronage: The Politics of the Internal Revenue Allotment in the Philippines, 1991–2010.” Philippine Review of Economics 49(1) (June): 109–34.Google Scholar

Hutchcroft, Paul D. 2014a. “Dreams of Redemption: Localist Strategies of Political Reform in the Philippines.” In Social Difference and Constitutionalism in Pan-Asia, edited by Williams, Susan H., 75–108. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Hutchcroft, Paul D. 2014b. “Linking Capital and Countryside: Patronage and Clientelism in Japan, Thailand, and the Philippines.” In Political Clientelism, Social Policy, and the Quality of Democracy, edited by Brun, Diego Abente and Diamond, Larry, 174–203. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins Press.Google Scholar

Hutchcroft, Paul D. 2017. “Federalism in Context: Laying the Foundations for a Problem-Driven Process of Political Reform.” In Debate on Federal Philippines: A Citizen’s Handbook, edited by Mendoza, Ronald U., 81–108. Quezon City: Ateneo de Manila University Press.Google Scholar

Hutchcroft, Paul D. 2019a. “Electoral System Redesign: An Opportunity for Effective Political Reform in the Philippines.” In Strong Patronage, Weak Parties: The Case for Electoral System Redesign in the Philippines, edited by Hutchcroft, Paul D., 1–25. Mandaluyong City, Philippines: Anvil.Google Scholar

Hutchcroft, Paul D., ed. 2019b. Strong Patronage, Weak Parties: The Case for Electoral Redesign in the Philippines. Mandaluyong City, Philippines: Anvil.Google Scholar

Hutchcroft, Paul D., and Rocamora, Joel. 2012. “Patronage-Based Parties and the Democratic Deficit in the Philippines: Origins, Evolution, and the Imperatives of Reform.” In Routledge Handbook of Southeast Asian Politics, edited by Robison, Richard, 97–119. London: Routledge.Google Scholar

ICG. 2009. “The Philippines: After the Maguindanao Massacre.” International Crisis Group, Briefing 98/Asia, December 21. www.crisisgroup.org/asia/south-east-asia/philippines/philippines-after-maguindanao-massacre.Google Scholar

ICG. 2019. “The Philippines: Militancy and the New Bangsamoro.” International Crisis Group, Report 301/Asia, June 27. www.crisisgroup.org/asia/south-east-asia/philippines/301-philippines-militancy-and-new-bangsamoro.Google Scholar

Ichino, Nahomi, and Nathan, Noah L.. 2013. “Crossing the Line: Local Ethnic Geography and Voting in Ghana.” American Political Science Review 107(2): 344–61.Google Scholar

Iga, Tsukasa. 2017. “Political Economy of Affordable Housing in Malaysia.” Kyoto Review of Southeast Asia 22. https://kyotoreview.org/yav/affordable-housing-imalaysia/.Google Scholar

Ismanto, Gandung, and Thaha, Idris. 2016. “Banten: Islamic Parties, Networks and Patronage.” In Electoral Dynamics in Indonesia, edited by Aspinall, Edward and Sukmajati, Mada, 137–54. Singapore: NUS Press.Google Scholar

Jensen, Peter Sandholt, and Justesen, Mogens K.. 2014. “Poverty and Vote Buying: Survey-based Evidence from Africa.” Electoral Studies 33: 220–32.Google Scholar

Jesudason, James V. 1999. “The Resilience of One-Party Dominance in Malaysia and Singapore” In The Awkward Embrace: One-Party Domination and Democracy, edited by Giliomee, Hermann and Simkins, Charles, 127–74. Amsterdam: Harwood Academic Publishers.Google Scholar

Johnson, Chalmers. 1986. “Tanaka Kakuei, Structural Corruption, and the Advent of Machine Politics in Japan.” The Journal of Japanese Studies 12(1): 1–28.Google Scholar

Jomo, K. S., and Gomez, E. T.. 2000. “The Malaysian Development Dilemma.” In Rents, Rentseeking and Economic Development: Theory and Evidence in Asia, edited by Khan, Mushtaq H. and Jomo, K. S., 274–303. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Kabullah, Muhammad Ichsan, and Fajri, M. Nurul. 2021. “Neo-ibuism in Indonesian Politics: Election Campaigns of Wives of Regional Heads in West Sumatra in 2019.” Journal of Current Southeast Asian Affairs 40(1): 136–55.Google Scholar

Kapur, Devesh, and Vaishnav, Milan eds. 2018. Costs of Democracy: Political Finance in India. New Delhi: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar

Kawanaka, Takeshi. 1998. “The Robredo Style: Philippine Local Politics in Transition.” Kasarinlan: The Philippine Journal of Third World Studies, 13(3): 5–36.Google Scholar

Kawanaka, Takeshi. 2002. Power in a Philippine City. IDE Occasional Papers Series No. 38. Chiba: Institute of Developing Economies.Google Scholar

Kenawas, Yoes C. 2018. “Twenty Years After Suharto: Dynastic Politics and Signs of Subnational Authoritarianism.” Kyoto Review of Southeast Asia 24. https://kyotoreview.org/issue-24/twenty-years-after-suharto-dynastic-politics-and-signs-of-subnational-authoritarianism/.Google Scholar

Kenny, Paul D. 2015. “The Origins of Patronage Politics: State Building, Centrifugalism, and Decolonization.” British Journal of Political Science 45(1): 141–71.Google Scholar

Kenny, Paul D., Hawkins, Kirk, and Ruth, Saskia. 2016. “Populist Leaders Undermine Democracy in these 4 Ways. Would a President Trump?” Washington Post, August 18, 2016. www.washingtonpost.com/news/monkey-cage/wp/2016/08/18/populists-undermine-democracy-in-these-4-ways-would-president-trump/?utm_term=.af9da5bb3a5a.Google Scholar

Kerkvliet, Benedict J. 1977. The Huk Rebellion: A Study of Peasant Revolt in the Philippines. Berkeley: University of California Press.Google Scholar

Khatijah, Sidek. 1995. Memoir Khatijah Sidek: Puteri Kesateria Bangsa. Bangi: Penerbit Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia.Google Scholar

Kitschelt, Herbert. 2000. “Linkages between Citizens and Politicians in Democratic Polities.” Comparative Political Studies. 33(6–7): 845–79.Google Scholar

Kitschelt, Herbert. 2007. “The Demise of Clientelism in Affluent Capitalist Democracies.” In Patrons, Clients and Policies: Patterns of Democratic Accountability and Political Competition, edited by Kitschelt, Herbert and Wilkinson, Steven I., 298–321. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Kitschelt, Herbert, and Kselman, Daniel M.. 2013. “Economic Development, Democratic Experience, and Political Parties’ Linkage Strategies.” Comparative Political Studies 46(11): 1453–84.Google Scholar

Kitschelt, Herbert, and Wilkinson, Steven I.. 2007. “Citizen–Politician Linkages: An Introduction.” In Patrons, Clients, and Policies: Patterns of Democratic Accountability and Political Competition, edited by Kitschelt, Herbert and Wilkinson, Steven I., 1–49. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Kloos, David. 2020. “Personal Touch, Professional Style: Women in Malaysian Islamist Politics.” In Towards a New Malaysia: The 2018 Election and Its Aftermath, edited by Weiss, Meredith L. and Hazis, Faisal S., 171–93. Singapore: NUS Press.Google Scholar

Kramon, Eric. 2016. “Electoral Handouts as Information.” World Politics 68(3): 454–98.Google Scholar

Kurer, Oskar. 2007. “Why do Papua New Guinean Voters Opt for Clientelism? Democracy and Governance in a Fragile State.” Pacific Economic Bulletin 22(1): 39–53.Google Scholar

Labonne, Julien. 2013. “The Local Electoral Impacts of Conditional Cash Transfers: Evidence from a Field Experiment.” Journal of Development Economics 104: 73–88.Google Scholar

Landé, Carl H. 1965. Leaders, Factions, and Parties: The Structure of Philippine Politics. New Haven: Southeast Asia Studies, Yale University.Google Scholar

Landé, Carl H. 1973. “Networks and Groups in Southeast Asia: Some Observations of the Group Theory of Politics.” American Political Science Review 67(1): 103–27.Google Scholar

Lara, Francisco J. Jr. 2016. “The Shadow Economy and Strongman Rule in Mindanao.” In Mindanao: The Long Journey to Peace and Prosperity, edited by Hutchcroft, Paul D., 243–72. Mandaluyong City, Philippines: Anvil.Google Scholar

Lara, Pancho. 2009. “The Ruthless Political Entrepreneurs of Muslim Mindanao.” Pime Philippines, December 2. https://pimephilippines.wordpress.com/2009/12/02/the-ruthless-political-entrepreneurs-of-muslim-mindanao/.Google Scholar

Larreguy, Horacio, Marshall, John, and Querubin, Pablo. 2016. “Parties, Brokers, and Voter Mobilization: How Turnout Buying Depends upon the Party’s Capacity to Monitor Brokers.” American Political Science Review 110(1): 160–79.Google Scholar

Latiph, Acram. 2019. “Lanao del Sur: Gold, Goons, Guns, and Genealogy.” In Electoral Dynamics in the Philippines: Money Politics, Patronage, and Clientelism at the Grassroots, edited by Hicken, Allen, Aspinall, Edward and Weiss, Meredith, 309–31. Singapore: NUS Press.Google Scholar

Lemarchand, René. 1972. “Political Clientelism and Ethnicity in Tropical Africa: Competing Solidarities in Nation-Building.” American Political Science Review 66(1): 68–90.Google Scholar

Liddle, R. William. 1999. “Regime: The New Order.” In Indonesia Beyond Suharto: Polity, Economy, Society, Transition. edited by Emmerson, Donald K., 39–70. Armonk: M.E. Sharpe.Google Scholar

Lindberg, Staffan I. 2010. “What Accountability Pressures Do MPs in Africa Face and How Do They Respond? Evidence From Ghana.” The Journal of Modern African Studies 48(1): 117–42.Google Scholar

Linos, Elizabeth. 2013. “Do Conditional Cash Transfer Programs Shift Votes? Evidence from the Honduran PRAF.” Electoral Studies 32: 864–74.Google Scholar

Liow, Joseph Chinyong. 2009. Piety and Politics: Islamism in Contemporary Malaysia. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar

Lipset, Seymour M., and Rokkan, Stein, 1967. “Cleavage Structures, Party Systems, and Voter Alignment.” In Party Systems and Voter Alignments: Cross-National Perspectives, edited by Seymour, M. Lipset and Stein, Rokkan, 1–64. New York: Free Press.Google Scholar

Loh, Francis Kok Wah. 2005. “Strongmen and Federal Politics in Sabah.” In Elections and Democracy in Malaysia, edited by Puthucheary, Mavis and Norani, Othman, 70–117. Bangi: Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Press.Google Scholar

Macalandag, Regina E. 2019. “First District of Bohol: Tradition, Innovation, and Women’s Agency in Local Patronage Politics.” In Electoral Dynamics in the Philippines: Money Politics, Patronage, and Clientelism at the Grassroots, edited by Hicken, Allen, Aspinall, Edward and Weiss, Meredith, 242–58. Singapore: NUS PressGoogle Scholar

Magaloni, Beatriz. 2006. Voting for Autocracy: Hegemonic Party Survival and Its Demise in Mexico. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Mahsun, Muhammad. 2016. “Palembang, South Sumatra: Aspiration Funds and Pork Barrel Politics.” In Electoral Dynamics in Indonesia, edited by Aspinall, Edward and Sukmajati, Mada, 120–37. Singapore: NUS Press.Google Scholar

Mahsun, Muhammad. 2017. “Peasants and Politics: Achievements and Limits of Popular Agency in Batang, Central Java.” Contemporary Southeast Asia 39(3): 470–90.Google Scholar

Mahsun, Muhammad, Elizabeth, Misbah Zulfa, and Mufrikhah, Solkhah. 2021. “Female Candidates, Islamic Women’s Organizations, and Clientelism in the 2019 Indonesian Elections.” Journal of Current Southeast Asian Affairs 40(1): 73–92.Google Scholar

Malaysiakini. 2015. “PM: More Money for BN MPs Next Year.” Malaysiakini, August 16. www.malaysiakini.com/news/308789.Google Scholar

Malaysiakini. 2019. “Jakoa Head Apologizes for Project Signboards,” Malaysiakini, January 25. www.malaysiakini.com/news/461747.Google Scholar

Malley, Michael. 1999. “Regime: The New Order.” In Indonesia Beyond Suharto: Polity, Economy, Society, Transition. edited by Emmerson, Donald K., 71–105. Armonk, New York: M.E. Sharpe.Google Scholar

Manderson, Lenore. 1977. “The Shaping of the Kaum Ibu (Women’s Section) of the United Malays National Organization.” Signs 3(1): 210–28.Google Scholar

Mangada, Ladylyn Lim. 2019. “Leyete: Where Only the Wealthy and Powerful Survive.” In Electoral Dynamics in the Philippines: Money Politics, Patronage and Clientelism at the Grassroots, edited by Hicken, Allen, Aspinall, Edward, and Weiss, Meredith, 207–23. Singapore: NUS Press.Google Scholar

Manor, James. 2013. “Post-clientelist Initiatives.” In Democratization in the Global South: International Political Economy, edited by Stokke, Kristian and Törnquist, Olle, 243–53. London: Palgrave Macmillan.Google Scholar

Mares, Isabela, and Young, Lauren E.. 2018. “The Core Voter’s Curse: Clientelistic Threats and Promises in Hungarian Elections.” Comparative Political Studies 51(11): 1441–71.Google Scholar

Mas’udi, Wawan. 2016. “Creating Legitimacy in Decentralized Indonesia: Joko ‘Jokowi’ Widodo’s Path to Legitimacy in Solo, 2005–2012.” PhD dissertation. University of Melbourne.Google Scholar

Mas’udi, Wawan, and Kurniawan, Nanang Indra. 2017. “Programmatic Politics and Voter Preferences: The 2017 Election in Kulon Progo, Yogyakarta.” Contemporary Southeast Asia 39(3): 449–69.Google Scholar

Mayhew, David R. 1974. Congress: The Electoral Connection. New Haven: Yale University Press.Google Scholar

McCoy, Alfred W. 1989. “Quezon’s Commonwealth: The Emergence of Philippine Authoritarianism.” In Philippine Colonial Democracy, edited by Paredes, Ruby R., 114–60. New Haven: Yale University Southeast Asia Studies.Google Scholar

McCoy, Alfred W. 1993. “‘An Anarchy of Families’: The Historiography of State and Family in the Philippines.” In An Anarchy of Families: State and Family in the Philippines, edited by , McCoy, 1–32. Madison: University of Wisconsin Center for Southeast Asian Studies.Google Scholar

McElwain, Kenneth Mori. 2014. “Party System Institutionalization in Japan.” In Party System Institutionalization in Asia, edited by Hicken, Allen and Kuhonta, Erik Martinez, 74–107. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

McIndoe, Alastair. 2010. “Philippines Gun Ban Kicks Off Amid Campaign Violence.” Time, January 13.Google Scholar

McKenna, Thomas M. 1998. Muslim Rulers and Rebels: Everyday Politics and Armed Separatism in the Southern Philippines. Berkeley: University of California Press.CrossRef Google Scholar

Mendoza, Ronald U., Beja, Edsel L. Jr., Venida, Victor S., and Yap, David B.. 2016. “Political Dynasties and Poverty: Measurement and Evidence of Linkages in the Philippines.” Oxford Development Studies 44(2): 189–201.Google Scholar

Mietzner, Marcus. 2009. “Indonesia’s 2009 Elections: Populism, Dynasties and the Consolidation of the Party System.” Sydney: Lowy Institute for International Policy.Google Scholar

Mietzner, Marcus. 2010. “Indonesia’s Direct Elections: Empowering the Electorate or Entrenching the New Order Oligarchy?” In Soeharto’s New Order and Its Legacy: Essays in Honour of Harold Crouch, edited by Aspinall, Edward and Fealy, Greg, 173–90. Canberra: ANU EPress.Google Scholar

Mietzner, Marcus. 2011. “Funding Pilkada: Illegal Campaign Financing in Indonesia’s Local Elections.” In State and Illegality in Indonesia, eds. Aspinall, Edward and van Klinken, Gerry, 123–38. Leiden: KITLV Press.Google Scholar

Mietzner, Marcus. 2013. Money, Power, and Ideology: Political Parties in Post-Authoritarian Indonesia. Singapore: NUS Press.Google Scholar

Mietzner, Marcus. 2020. “Indonesian Parties Revisited: Systematic Exclusivism, Electoral Personalisation and Declining Intra-Party Democracy.” In Democracy in Indonesia: From Stagnation to Regression?, edited by Power, Thomas and Warburton, Eve, 191–209. Singapore: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies.Google Scholar

Milne, R. S. 1973. “Patrons, Clients and Ethnicity: The Case of Sarawak and Sabah in Malaysia.” Asian Survey 13(10): 891–907.Google Scholar

Miranda, Armida R. 2019. “First District of Laguna: A Tale of Two Cities.” In Electoral Dynamics in the Philippines: Money Politics, Patronage, and Clientelism at the Grassroots, edited by Hicken, Allen, Aspinall, Edward, and Weiss, Meredith, 117–33. Singapore: NUS Press.Google Scholar

Mojares, Resil B. 1986. The Man Who Would be President: Serging Osmeña and Philippine Politics. Cebu: Maria Cacao Publishers.Google Scholar

Monsod, Toby C. 2016. “Human Development in the Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao: Trends, Traps, and Immediate Challenges.” In Mindanao: The Long Journey to Peace and Prosperity, edited by Hutchcroft, Paul D., 199–241. Mandaluyong City, Philippines: Anvil.Google Scholar

Mubarakan, Munzalan. 2014. “Kisah lain caleg stress … blokir jalan dan bongkar atap pasar.” Simomot, April 11, 2014. https://simomot.com/2014/04/11/ulah-caleg-gagal-dari-blokir-jalan-sampai-meminta-kembali-sumbangannya-weleh-weleehh/.Google Scholar

Muhajir, Ahmad. 2009. “Tuan Guru and Politics in South Kalimantan: Islam in the 2005 Gubernatorial Elections.” MA thesis, Australian National University.Google Scholar

Muhtadi, Burhanuddin. 2018. “Buying Votes in Indonesia: Partisans, Personal Networks, and Winning Margins.” PhD dissertation, Australian National University.Google Scholar

Muhtadi, Burhanuddin. 2019. Vote Buying in Indonesia: The Mechanics of Electoral Bribery. Singapore: Palgrave Macmillan.Google Scholar

Muñoz, Paula. 2019. Buying Audiences: Clientelism and Electoral Campaigns when Parties Are Weak. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Muñoz, Paula. 2014. “An Informational Theory of Campaign Clientelism: The Case of Peru.” Comparative Politics 47(1): 79–98.Google Scholar

Mustafa, Mochamad. 2017. “Democratic Decentralisation and Good Governance: The Political Economy of Procurement Reform in Decentralised Indonesia.” PhD dissertation, University of Adelaide.Google Scholar

Ghazali, N. Faizal. 2017. “What’s Wrong with PAS Logo on S’gor Gov’t Aid Envelopes?” Malaysiakini, October 29. www.malaysiakini.com/news/399968.Google Scholar

Halim, N. Fakhrull. 2019. “Harapan Biggest Culprit in Semenyih Polls Offences – Bersih,” Malaysiakini, March 8. www.malaysiakini.com/news/467100.Google Scholar

Nagaraj, Shyamala, Nai-Peng, Tey, Chiu-Wan, Ng, Kiong-Hock, Lee, and Pala, Jean. 2015. “Counting Ethnicity in Malaysia: The Complexity of Measuring Diversity.” In Social Statistics and Ethnic Diversity: Cross-National Perspectives in Classifications and Identity Politics, edited by Simon, Patrick, Piché, Victor, and Gagnon, Amélie A., 143–73. New York: Springer.Google Scholar

Nathan, Noah L. 2016. “Local Ethnic Geography, Expectations of Favoritism, and Voting in Urban Ghana.” Comparative Political Studies 49(14): 1896–929.Google Scholar

Nathan, Noah L. 2019. Electoral Politics and Africa’s Urban Transition: Class and Ethnicity in Ghana. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Ng Tien Eng. 2003. “The Contest for Chinese Votes: Politics of Negotiation or Politics of Pressure?” In New Politics in Malaysia, edited by Wah, Francis Loh Kok and Saravanamuttu, Johan, 87–106. Singapore: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies.Google Scholar

Ngu Ik, Tien. 2021. “The Politics of Food Aid in Sarawak, Malaysia.” Contemporary Southeast Asia 43(1): 83–89.Google Scholar

Nichter, Simeon. 2008. “Vote Buying or Turnout Buying? Machine Politics and the Secret Ballot.” American Political Science Review 102(1): 19–31.Google Scholar

Nichter, Simeon. 2018. Votes for Survival: Relational Clientelism in Latin America. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Nichter, Simeon, and Peress, Michael. 2017. “Request Fulfilling: When Citizens Demand Clientelist Benefits.” Comparative Political Studies 50(8): 1086–117.Google Scholar

Noble, Gregory W. 2010. “The Decline of Particularism in Japanese Politics.” Journal of East Asian Studies 10(2): 239–73.Google Scholar

Nolan, Cillian. 2016. “Papua’s Central Highlands: The Noken System, Brokers and Fraud.” In Electoral Dynamics in Indonesia, edited by Aspinall, Edward and Sukmajati, Mada, 398–415. Singapore: NUS Press.Google Scholar

Nolasco, Margie A. 2019. “Second District of Camarines Norte: Are Patronage Politics a Socio-Political Condition or Cultural Syndrome?” In Electoral Dynamics in the Philippines: Money Politics, Patronage, and Clientelism at the Grassroots, edited by Hicken, Allen, Aspinall, Edward, and Weiss, Meredith, 81–96. Singapore: NUS Press.Google Scholar

Noor’ain, Aini. 2017. “Stakan: Much Ado About Postal Votes?” In Electoral Dynamics in Sarawak: Contesting Developmentalism and Rights, edited by Weiss, Meredith L. and Puyok, Arnold, 43–65. Singapore: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies.Google Scholar

Novaes, Lucas M. 2018. “Disloyal Brokers and Weak Parties.” American Journal of Political Science 62: 84–98.Google Scholar

Nugroho, Argoposo Cahyo. 2016. “Tangerang, Banten: Women Candidates in the Shadow of Men.” In Electoral Dynamics in Indonesia: Money Politics, Patronage, and Clientelism at the Grassroots, edited by Aspinall, Edward and Sukmajati, Mada, 154–66. Singapore: NUS Press.Google Scholar

Ong, Elvin. 2015. “Complementary Institutions in Authoritarian Regimes: The Everyday Politics of Constituency Service in Singapore.” Journal of East Asian Studies 15(3):361–90.Google Scholar

Pancho, Neil. 2019. “Compostela Valley Province: Machine, Logistics, and Solicitations.” In Electoral Dynamics in the Philippines: Money Politics, Patronage, and Clientelism at the Grassroots, edited by Hicken, Allen, Aspinall, Edward, and Weiss, Meredith, 281–96. Singapore: NUS Press.Google Scholar

Paskarina, Caroline. 2016. “Bandung, West Java: Silaturahmi, Personalist Networks and Patronage Politics.” In Electoral Dynamics in Indonesia, edited by Aspinall, Edward and Sukmajati, Mada, 203–16. Singapore: NUS Press.Google Scholar

Patunru, Arianto A., McCulloch, Neil, and von Luebke, Christian. 2012. “A Tale of Two Cities: The Political Economy of Local Investment Climates in Indonesia.” Journal of Development Studies 48(7): 799–816.Google Scholar

Penchan, Charoensuthipan. 2019. “Vote-buying ‘Rampant’ Says Watchdog.” Bangkok Post, March 25.Google Scholar

Pepinsky, Thomas B. 2007. “Malaysia: Turnover without Change.” Journal of Democracy, 18(1): 113–27.Google Scholar

Pepinsky, Thomas B. 2017. “Regions of Exception.” Perspectives on Politics 15(4): 1034–52.Google Scholar

Piattoni, Simona. 2001. “Clientelism in Historical and Comparative Perspective.” In Clientelism, Interests, and Democratic Representation: The European Experience in Historical and Comparative Perspective, edited by Piattoni, Simona, 1–30. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Posner, Daniel N. 2005. Institutions and Ethnic Politics in Africa. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Pradhanawati, Ari, Tawakkal, George Towar, and Garner, Andrew D.. 2019. “Voting their Conscience: Poverty, Education, Social Pressure and Vote Buying in Indonesia.” Journal of East Asian Studies 19(1): 19–38.Google Scholar

Prajak, Kongkirati. 2013. “Bosses, Bullets and Ballots: Electoral Violence and Democracy in Thailand, 1975–2011.” PhD dissertation, Australian National University.Google Scholar

Prajak, Kongkirati. 2014. “The Rise and Fall of Electoral Violence in Thailand: Changing Rules, Structures and Power Landscapes, 1997–2011.” Contemporary Southeast Asia 36 (3): 386–416.Google Scholar

Prasad, Karolina. 2015. Identity Politics and Elections in Malaysia and Indonesia Ethnic Engineering in Borneo. Abingdon: Routledge.Google Scholar

Prihatini, Ella S. 2019. “Electoral (In)equity.” Inside Indonesia 135. www.insideindonesia.org/electoral-in-equity.Google Scholar

Pulse Asia. 2019a. Ulat ng Bayan June 2019 survey.Google Scholar

PulseAsia. 2019b. “Report of voting buying in the Philippines over time.” Internal report of historical survey results shared with authors.Google Scholar

Putnam, Robert. 1993. Making Democracy Work: Civic Traditions in Modern Italy. Princeton: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar

Puyok, Arnold. 2006. “Voting Pattern and Issues in the 2006 Sarawak State Assembly Election in the Ba’ Kelalan Constituency.” Asian Journal of Political Science 14(2): 212–28.Google Scholar

Puyok, Arnold. 2014. “Kota Marudu and Keningau, Sabah: Personality, Patronage and Parochial Politics.” In Electoral Dynamics in Malaysia: Findings from the Grassroots, edited by Weiss, Meredith L., 167–80. Singapore: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies.Google Scholar

Rappler. 2013. “46 Killed, 50 Wounded in Poll Violence.” May 12. www.rappler.com/nation/politics/elections-2013/28933-election-violence-fatalities-wounded.Google Scholar

Ravanilla, Nico. 2017. “Motives in Pork Distribution:Partisan Bias or Patronage?” Working Paper.Google Scholar

Ravanilla, Nico. 2019. “The Multi-Member Plurality System in the Philippines and Its Implications.” In Strong Patronage, Weak Parties: The Case for Electoral Redesign in the Philippines, edited by Hutchcroft, Paul D., 169–87. Mandaluyong City, Philippines: Anvil.Google Scholar

Ravanilla, Nico, Haim, Dotan, and Hicken, Allen. 2021. “Brokers, Social Networks, Reciprocity, and Clientelism.” American Journal of Political Science https://doi-org.proxy.lib.umich.edu/10.1111/ajps.12604.Google Scholar

Reyes, Socorro L. 2019. “Gender and the Electoral System: What Works for Women.” In Strong Patronage, Weak Parties: The Case for Electoral Redesign in the Philippines, edited by Hutchcroft, Paul D., 72–86. Mandaluyong City, Philippines: Anvil.Google Scholar

Ridwan. 2016. “North Jayapura, Papua: Buying the Voters and Buying the Administrators.” In Electoral Dynamics in Indonesia, edited by Aspinall, Edward and Sukmajati, Mada, 383–99. Singapore: NUS Press.Google Scholar

Robison, Richard, and Hadiz, Vedi R.. 2004. Reorganising Power in Indonesia: The Politics of Oligarchy in an Age of Markets. London: Routledge.Google Scholar

Rocina, Jose Aims R. 2019. “Muntinlupa City: The Use of Monikers as a Manifestation of Programmatic Politics.” In Electoral Dynamics in the Philippines: Money Politics, Patronage, and Clientelism at the Grassroots, edited by Hicken, Allen, Aspinall, Edward, and Weiss, Meredith, 151–67. Singapore: NUS Press.Google Scholar

Rodan, Garry. 2014. “Civil Society Activism and Political Parties in Malaysia: Differences Over Local Representation.” Democratization 21(5): 824–45.Google Scholar

Rohaniza, Idris, and Babulal, Veena. 2018. “Wanita Umno Starts Own Countdown to GE14.” New Straits Times. March 15. www.nst.com.my/news/politics/2018/03/345549/wanita-umno-starts-own-countdown-ge14.Google Scholar

Rohi, Rudi. 2016. “East Nusa Tenggara: Patronage Politics, Clientelism and the Hijacking of Social Trust.” In Electoral Dynamics in Indonesia, edited by Aspinall, Edward and Sukmajati, Mada, 363–82. Singapore: NUS Press.Google Scholar

Rohman, Noor. 2016. “Pati, Central Java: Targets, Techniques and Meanings of Vote Buying.” In Electoral Dynamics in Indonesia, edited by Aspinall, Edward and Sukmajati, Mada, 233–48. Singapore: NUS Press.Google Scholar

Rosenbluth, Frances McCall, and Thies, Michael F.. 2010. Japan Transformed: Political Change and Economic Restructuring. Princeton: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar

Ross, Michael L. 2001. Timber Booms and Institutional Breakdown in Southeast Asia. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Rubaidi. 2016. “East Java: New Clientelism and the Fading of Aliran Politics.” In Electoral Dynamics in Indonesia: Money Politics, Patronage and Clientelism at the Grassroots, edited by Aspinall, Edward and Sukmajati, Mada, 264–78. Singapore: NUS Press.Google Scholar

Rueda, Miguel R. 2015. “Buying Votes with Imperfect Local Knowledge and a Secret Ballot.” Journal of Theoretical Politics 27(3): 428–56.Google Scholar

Rueda, Miguel R. 2017. “Small Aggregates, Big Manipulation: Vote Buying Enforcement and Collective Monitoring.” American Journal of Political Science 61(1): 163–77.Google Scholar

Ryter, Loren. 2009. “Their Moment in the Sun: The New Indonesian Parliamentarians from the Old OKP.” In State of Authority: State in Society in Indonesia, edited by van Klinken, Gerry and Barker, Joshua, 181–218. Ithaca: Cornell Southeast Asia Program Publications.Google Scholar

Samuels, David J. 1999. “Incentives to Cultivate a Party Vote in Candidate-Centric Electoral Systems: Evidence From Brazil.” Comparative Political Studies 32(4): 487–518.Google Scholar

Sandberg, Johan, and Tally, Engel. 2015. “Politicisation of Conditional Cash Transfers: The Case of Guatemala.” Development Policy Review 33(4): 503–22.Google Scholar

Sarawak Report. 2020. “Making Political Capital Out of the Covid Crisis?” Sarawak Report, March 20. www.sarawakreport.org/2020/03/making-political-capital-out-of-the-covid-crisis/.Google Scholar

Sauler, Erika. 2016. “30 Killed, 22 Hurt in Election Violence – CHR.” Philippine Daily Inquirer, May 12. http://newsinfo.inquirer.net/785237/30-killed-22-hurt-in-election-violence-chr.Google Scholar

Savirani, Amalinda. 2016. “Bekasi, West Java: From Patronage to Interest Group Politics?” In Electoral Dynamics in Indonesia: Money Politics, Patronage, and Clientelism at the Grassroots, edited by Aspinall, Edward and Sukmajati, Mada, 184–201. Singapore: NUS Press.Google Scholar

Savirani, Amalinda, and Aspinall, Edward. 2017. “Adversarial Linkages: The Urban Poor and Electoral Politics in Jakarta.” Journal of Current Southeast Asian Affairs. 36(3): 3–34.Google Scholar

Schaffer, Frederic. 2005. “Clean Elections and the Great Unwashed: Vote Buying and Voter Education in the Philippines.” Paper No. 21. Princeton, NJ: School of Social Sciences, Institute for Advanced Study.Google Scholar

Schaffer, Frederic, ed. 2007a. Elections for Sale: The Causes and Consequences of Vote Buying. Boulder: Lynne Rienner.Google Scholar

Schaffer, Frederic, 2007b. “Lessons Learned.” In Elections for Sale: The Causes and Consequences of Vote Buying, edited by Schaffer, Frederic Charles, 183–200, Boulder: Lynne Rienner.Google Scholar

Schaffer, Frederic, 2008. The Hidden Costs of Clean Election Reform. Ithaca: Cornell University Press.Google Scholar

Scharff, Michael. 2011. Building Trust and Promoting Accountability: Jesse Robredo and Naga City, Philippines, 1988–1998. Princeton: Innovations for Successful Societies.Google Scholar

Scheiner, Ethan. 2008. “Does Electoral System Reform Work? Electoral System Lessons from Reforms of the 1990s.” Annual Review of Political Science 11: 161–81.Google Scholar

Scott, James C. 1969. “Corruption, Machine Politics, and Political Change.” American Political Science Review 63(4): 1142–58.Google Scholar

Scott, James C. 1972. “Patron-Client Politics and Political Change in Southeast Asia.” American Political Science Review 66(1): 91–113.Google Scholar

Shantz, Arthur Alan. 1972. “Political Parties: The Changing Foundations of Philippine Democracy.” PhD dissertation, University of Michigan.Google Scholar

Sharifah Syahirah S. S. 2013. “Gender Roles in The 13th Malaysian General Election (GE13): Descriptive, Substantive & Surrogacy Representation Analysis.” Paper presented at Seminar Media dan Pilihanraya Umum 2013, Kuala Lumpur, July 4.Google Scholar

Shefter, Martin. 1977. “Party and Patronage: Germany, England, and Italy.” Politics and Society 7: 403–51.Google Scholar

Shefter, Martin. 1994. Political Parties and the State: The American Historical Experience. Princeton: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar

Shekhar, Vibhanshu. 2008. “Malay Majoritarianism and Marginalised Indians.” Economic and Political Weekly 43(8): 22–25.Google Scholar

Sherlock, Stephen. 2010. “The Parliament in Indonesia’s Decade of Democracy: People’s Forum or Chamber of Cronies?” In Problems of Democratisation in Indonesia: Elections, Institutions and Society, edited by Aspinall, Edward and Mietzner, Marcus, 160–78. Singapore: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies.Google Scholar

Shin, Jae Hyeok. 2015. “Voter Demands for Patronage: Evidence from Indonesia.” Journal of East Asian Studies 15(1): 127–51.Google Scholar

Sidel, John T. 1993. “Walking in the Shadow of the Big Man: Justiniano Montano and Failed Dynasty Building in Cavite, 1935–1972.” In An Anarchy of Families: State and Family in the Philippines, edited by McCoy, Alfred W., 109–61. Madison: University of Wisconsin Center for Southeast Asian Studies.Google Scholar

Sidel, John T. 1999. Capital, Coercion, and Crime. Stanford: Stanford University Press.Google Scholar

Sjahrir, Bambang Suharnoko, Kis-Katos, Krisztina, and Schulze, Günther G.. 2013. “Political Budget Cycles in Indonesia at the District Level.” Economics Letters 120: 342–45.Google Scholar

Slater, Dan. 2004. “Indonesia’s Accountability Trap: Party Cartels and Presidential Power After Democratic Transition.” Indonesia 78: 61–92.Google Scholar

Smith, T. E. 1962. “The Local Authority Elections 1961 in the Federation of Malaya.” Journal of Commonwealth Political Studies 1(2): 153–55.Google Scholar

Spater, Jeremy, and Erik, Wibbels. 2018. “Social Density, Clientelism and Vote Banking.” Unpublished manuscript. https://sites.duke.edu/spater/files/2019/08/Spater_Wibbels_Social_Density_Clientelism_4–15-19.pdf.Google Scholar

Sta. Romana, Michelle. 2019. “Fourth District of Laguna: A Tale of Two Parties.” In Electoral Dynamics in the Philippines: Money Politics, Patronage, and Clientelism at the Grassroots, edited by Hicken, Allen, Aspinall, Edward, and Weiss, Meredith, 97–116. Singapore: NUS Press.Google Scholar

Stange, Gunnar, and Patock, Roman. 2010. “From Rebels to Rulers and Legislators: The Political Transformation of the Free Aceh Movement (GAM) in Indonesia.” Journal of Current Southeast Asian Affairs 29(1): 95–120.Google Scholar

Stark, Jan. 2004. “Constructing an Islamic Model in Two Malaysian States: PAS Rule in Kelantan and Terengganu,” Sojourn 19(1): 51–75.Google Scholar

Stokes, Susan. 2005. “Perverse Accountability: A Formal Model of Machine Politics With Evidence From Argentina.” American Political Science Review 99(3): 315–25.Google Scholar

Stokes, Susan C., Dunning, Thad, Nazareno, Marcelo, and Brusco, Valeria. 2013. Brokers, Voters, and Clientelism: The Puzzle of Distributive Politics. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Suaedy, Ahmad. 2014. “The Role of Volunteers and Political Participation in the 2012 Jakarta Gubernatorial Election.” Journal of Current Southeast Asian Affairs 33(1): 111–38.Google Scholar

Sutherland, Heather. 1979. The Making of a Bureaucratic Elite: The Colonial Transformation of the Javanese Priyayi. Singapore: Heinemann Educational Books.Google Scholar

Sulaiman, Teuku Muhammad Jafar. 2016. “Bener Meriah, Aceh: Money Politics and Ethnicity in a New Electoral District.” In Electoral Dynamics in Indonesia: Money Politics, Patronage and Clientelism at the Grassroots, edited by Aspinall, Edward and Sukmajati, Mada, 54–69. Singapore: NUS Press.Google Scholar

Swamy, Arun R. 2016. “Can Social Protection Weaken Clientelism? Considering Conditional Cash Transfers as Political Reform in the Philippines.” Journal of Current Southeast Asian Affairs 35(1): 59–90.Google Scholar

Szwarcberg, Mariela. 2012. “Uncertainty, Political Clientelism, and Voter Turnout in Latin America: Why Parties Conduct Rallies in Argentina.” Comparative Politics 45(1): 88–106.Google Scholar

Szwarcberg Daby, Mariela. 2016. “The Gender Gap in Clientelism: Outlines for a Research Agenda.” Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the American Political Science Association. Philadelphia, PA, September 1–4.Google Scholar

Tadem, Eduardo Climaco. 2012. “Development and Distress in Mindanao: A Political Economy Overview.” Asian Studies (Philippines) 48(1&2): 19–34.Google Scholar

tan beng hui, Maznah Mohamad, and Ng, Cecilia. 2018. “Still a Long Way to Go: GE14, Women and Political Representation.” In Regime Change in Malaysia, edited by Loh, Francis and Netto, Anil, 282–93. Petaling Jaya: SIRD.Google Scholar

Tans, Ryan. 2012. Mobilizing Resources, Building Coalitions: Local Power in Indonesia. East-West Center Policy Studies No. 64, Honolulu.Google Scholar

Tawakkal, George Towar Ikbal, Damayanti, Ratnaningsih, Subekti, Tia, Alfian, Faqih, and Garner, Andrew D.. 2020. “Social Networks and Brokerage Behavior in Indonesian elections: Evidence from Central Java.” Asian Affairs: An American Review 47(4): 227–244.Google Scholar

Teehankee, Julio C. 2012. “Clientelism and Party Politics in the Philippines.” In Party Politics in Southeast Asia: Clientelism and Electoral Competition in Indonesia, Thailand and the Philippines, edited by Tomsa, Dirk and Ufen, Andreas, 186–214. New York: Routledge.Google Scholar

Teehankee, Julio C. 2019. “Untangling the Party List System.” In Strong Patronage, Weak Parties: The Case for Electoral Redesign in the Philippines, edited by Hutchcroft, Paul D., 151–67. Mandaluyong City, Philippines: Anvil.Google Scholar

Teehankee, Julio C., and Cleo Anne, A. Calimbahin, eds. 2022. Patronage Democracy in the Philippines: Clans, Clients, and Competition in Local Elections. Quezon City: Ateneo de Manila University Press.Google Scholar

Templeman, Kharis Ali. 2012. “The Origins and Decline of Dominant Party Systems: Taiwan’s Transition in Comparative Perspective.” PhD dissertation, University of Michigan.Google Scholar

Teo, Sue Ann. 2014. “Balik Pulau, Penang: Home Run for the Home Boys.” In Electoral Dynamics in Malaysia: Findings from the Grassroots, edited by Weiss, Meredith L., 65–80. Singapore: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies.Google Scholar

Thompson, Mark R. 1995. The Anti-Marcos Struggle: Personalistic Rule and Democratic Transition in the Philippines. New Haven: Yale University Press.Google Scholar

Thompson, Mark R. 2016. “Bloodied Democracy: Duterte and the Death of Liberal Reformism in the Philippines.” Journal of Current Southeast Asian Affairs 35(3): 39–68.Google Scholar

Thompson, Mark R. 2019. “The Rise of Illiberal Democracy in the Philippines: Duterte’s Early Presidency.” In From Aquino II to Duterte (2010–2018): Change, Continuity – and Rupture, edited by Deinla, Imelda and Dressel, Björn, 39–54. Singapore: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies.Google Scholar

Tomacruz, Sofia. 2019. “Threats, Vote-buying in Bangsamoro Region on Eve of Midterm Polls.” Rappler. May 12. www.rappler.com/nation/politics/elections/2019/230383-bangsamoro-region-threats-vote-buying-2019Can-philippine-midterm-elections.Google Scholar

Tomsa, Dirk. 2008. Party Politics and Democratization in Indonesia: Golkar in the Post-Suharto Era. Abingdon: Routledge.Google Scholar

Tomsa, Dirk, and Ufen, Andreas eds. 2013. Party Politics in Southeast Asia: Clientelism and Electoral Competition in Indonesia, Thailand and the Philippines. Abingdon: Routledge.Google Scholar

Tony Paridi Bagang. 2014. “Beaufort, Sabah. Whither Lajim’s Popularity?” In Electoral Dynamics in Malaysia: Findings from the Grassroots, edited by Weiss, Meredith L., 223–33. Singapore: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies.Google Scholar

Trajano, Julius Cesar I., and Kenawas, Yoes C.. 2013. “Indonesia and the Philippines: Political Dynasties in Democratic States.” RSIS Commentaries, No. 18. Singapore: Nanyang Technological University.Google Scholar

Transparency International. 2010. Reforming Political Financing in Malaysia. Kuala Lumpur: Transparency International–Malaysia.Google Scholar

Tumandao, Donabel S. 2019. “Second District of Leyte: Money, Machinery, and Issues in Fighting Local Dynasties in the 2016 Election.” In Electoral Dynamics in the Philippines: Money Politics, Patronage, and Clientelism at the Grassroots, edited by Hicken, Allen, Aspinall, Edward, and Weiss, Meredith, 224–41. Singapore: NUS Press.Google Scholar

Ufen, Andreas. 2006. “Political Parties in Post-Suharto Indonesia: Between Politik Aliran and ‘Philippinisation.’” Working Paper 37 (December). Hamburg: German Institute for Global and Area Studies.Google Scholar

Ufen, Andreas. 2013. “Lipset and Rokkan in Southeast Asia: Indonesia in Comparative Perspective.” In Party Politics in Southeast Asia: Clientelism and Electoral Competition in Indonesia, Thailand and the Philippines, edited by Tomsa, Dirk and Ufen, Andreas, 40–61. Abingdon: Routledge.Google Scholar

van Klinken, Gerry. 2007. Communal Violence and Democratization in Indonesia: Small Town Wars. New York: Routledge.Google Scholar

Van Zyl, Albert. 2010. “What Is Wrong with the Constituency Development Funds?” IBP Budget Brief 3(10). International Budget Partnership.Google Scholar

Varkkey, Helena. 2015. “Natural Resource Extraction and Political Dependency: Malaysia as a Rentier State.” In Routledge Handbook of Contemporary Malaysia, edited by Weiss, Meredith L., 189–99. New York: Routledge.Google Scholar

Varshney, Ashutosh. 2002. Ethnic Conflict and Civic Life: Hindus and Muslims in India. New Haven: Yale University Press.Google Scholar

von Luebke, Christian. 2009. “The Political Economy of Local Governance: Findings from an Indonesian Field Study.” Bulletin of Indonesian Economic Studies 45(2): 201–30.Google Scholar

Walker, Andrew. 2012. Thailand’s Political Peasants: Power in the Modern Rural Economy. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press.Google Scholar

Wardani, Sri Budi Eko, and Subekti, Valina Singka. 2021. “Political Dynasties and Women Candidates in Indonesia’s 2019 Election.” Journal of Current Southeast Asian Affairs 40(1): 28–49Google Scholar

Washida, Hidekuni. 2019. Distributive Politics in Malaysia: Maintaining Authoritarian Party Dominance. New York: Routledge.Google Scholar

Weiss, Meredith L. 2006. Protest and Possibilities: Civil Society and Coalitions for Political Change in Malaysia. Stanford: Stanford University Press.Google Scholar

Weiss, Meredith L. 2009. “Edging Toward a New Politics in Malaysia: Civil Society at the Gate?” Asian Survey 49(5): 741–58.Google Scholar

Weiss, Meredith L. 2013. “Malaysia’s 13th General Elections.” Asian Survey 53(6): 1135–58.Google Scholar

Weiss, Meredith L. ed. 2014. Electoral Dynamics in Malaysia: Findings from the Grassroots. Singapore: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies.Google Scholar

Weiss, Meredith L. 2019a. “Duelling Networks: Relational Clientelism in Electoral-Authoritarian Malaysia.” Democratization 27(1): 100–18.Google Scholar

Weiss, Meredith L. 2019b. “Money, Malfeasance, and a Malaysian Election.” In Missed Signs or Late Surge: Malaysia’s 14th General Election and the Defeat of Barisan Nasional, edited by Hutchinson, Francis and Hwok-Aun, Lee, 131–50. Singapore: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies.Google Scholar

Weiss, Meredith L. 2020a. “Legacies of the Cold War in Malaysia: Anything but Communism.” Journal of Contemporary Asia 50(4): 511–29.Google Scholar

Weiss, Meredith L. 2020b. ”The Road Ahead: How to Transform Malaysia’s Regime.” In Toward a New Malaysia? The 2018 Election and Its Aftermath, edited by Weiss, Meredith L. and Hazis, Faisal S., 246–66. Singapore: NUS Press.Google Scholar

Weiss, Meredith L. 2020c. The Roots of Resilience: Party Machines and Grassroots Politics in Southeast Asia. Ithaca: Cornell University Press.Google Scholar

Weiss, Meredith L., Hoe-Yeong, Loke, and Choa, Luenne Angela. 2016. “The 2015 General Election and Singapore’s Political Forecast: White Clouds, Blue Skies.” Asian Survey 56(6): 859–78.Google Scholar

Weiss, Meredith L. and Puyok, Arnold, eds. 2017. Electoral Dynamics in Sarawak: Contesting Developmentalism and Rights. Singapore: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies.Google Scholar

Weitz-Shapiro, Rebecca. 2009. “Choosing Clientelism: Political Competition, Poverty, and Social Welfare Policy in Argentina,” SSRN Scholarly Paper (Rochester, NY: Social Science Research Network, 2009), 7, https://papers.ssrn.com/abstract=1450238.Google Scholar

Weitz-Shapiro, Rebecca. 2012. “What Wins Votes: Why Some Politicians Opt Out of Clientelism.” American Journal of Political Science 56(3): 568–83.Google Scholar

Weitz-Shapiro, Rebecca. 2014. Curbing Clientelism in Argentina: Politics, Poverty, and Social Policy. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Welsh, Bridget. 2006. “Malaysia’s Sarawak State Elections 2006: Understanding a Break in the BN Armor.” Report prepared for the National Democratic Institute.Google Scholar

Widoyoko, J. Danang. 2010. “The Education Sector: The Fragmentation and Adaptability of Corruption.” In State and Illegality in Indonesia, edited by Aspinall, Edward and van Klinken, Gerry, 165–88. Leiden: KITLV Press.Google Scholar

Wilkinson, Steven I. 2014. “Patronage Politics in Post-Independence India.” In Patronage as Politics in South Asia, edited by Piliavsky, Anastasia, 259–80. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Wilson, Ian Douglas. 2015. The Politics of Protection Rackets in Post-New Order Indonesia: Coercive Capital, Authority and Street Politics. New York: Routledge.Google Scholar

Winters, Jeffrey. 2013. “Oligarchy and Democracy in Indonesia.” Indonesia 96: 11–33.Google Scholar

Wong, Chin Huat. 2020. “Reconsidering Malaysia’s First-Past-the-Post Electoral System: Malpractices and Mismatch.” In Toward a New Malaysia? The 2018 Election and Its Aftermath, edited by Weiss, Meredith L. and Hazis, Faisal S., 211–45. Singapore: NUS Press.Google Scholar

Woo, Kuan Heong. 2015. “Recruitment Practices in the Malaysian Public Sector: Innovations or Political Responses?” Journal of Public Affairs Education 21(2): 229–46.Google Scholar

Wood, Terence. 2014. “Ties that Unbind? Ethnic Identity, Social Rules and Electoral Politics in Solomon Islands.” PhD dissertation, Australian National University.Google Scholar

Wright, Tom, and Brown, Ken. 2015. “Malaysia’s 1MDB Scandal: Political Intrigue, Billions Missing and International Scrutiny.” Wall Street Journal, October 23.Google Scholar

Wurfel, David. 1988. Filipino Politics: Development and Decay. Ithaca: Cornell University Press.Google Scholar

Yeo, Kim Wah. 1982. The Politics of Decentralization: Colonial Controversy in Malaya, 1920–1929. Kuala Lumpur: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar

Yeoh, Seng Guan. 2015. “The Great Transformation: Urbanisation and Urbanism in Malaysia.” In Routledge Handbook of Contemporary Malaysia, edited by Weiss, Meredith L., 249–59. New York: Routledge.Google Scholar

Yeoh, Tricia. 2012. States of Reform: Governing Selangor and Penang. Penang: Penang Institute.Google Scholar

Yeong, Pey Jung. 2018. “How Women Matter: Gender Representation in Malaysia’s 14th General Election.” The Round Table 107(6): 771–86.Google Scholar

You, Jong-sung. 2015. Democracy, Inequality and Corruption: Korea, Taiwan and the Philippines Compared. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Book contents

Bibliography

Summary

Access options

References

Save book to Kindle

Save book to Dropbox

Save book to Google Drive