Skip to main content Accessibility help
×
Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-94fs2 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-05T04:09:54.885Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

6 - Expanding protection space in Libya and Tunisia after the Arab Spring

Reflections on UNHCR’s evolving role in mixed migration

from Part I - Multilevel cooperation in the Mediterranean

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  18 December 2015

Francesca Ippolito
Affiliation:
Università degli Studi di Cagliari, Italy
Seline Trevisanut
Affiliation:
Universiteit Utrecht, The Netherlands
Get access

Summary

Image of the first page of this content. For PDF version, please use the ‘Save PDF’ preceeding this image.'
Type
Chapter
Information
Migration in the Mediterranean
Mechanisms of International Cooperation
, pp. 136 - 170
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2016

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Anderson, L. (2011), ‘Demystifying the Arab Spring: parsing the differences between Tunisia, Egypt, and Libya’, Foreign Affairs 90, 2.Google Scholar
Ambroso, G. (2012), ‘Bordering on a crisis’, Forced Migration Review, 39 www.fmreview.org/en/north-africa/ambroso.pdf [Accessed on 1.07.2014].Google Scholar
African Union and European Union (2013), Report, Access to International Protection for Asylum-seekers, Refugees and IDPs, www.africa-eu-partnership.org/sites/default/files/documents/20130424_final_report_mme_international_protection_meeting_en.pdf [Accessed on 20.03.2014].Google Scholar
Agence Europe (12 June 2010), EU/Libya: Negotiating session in Tripoli on 9 June marked by ‘complex’ discussion on immigration and political aspects, http://global.factiva.com/ha/default.aspx [Accessed. 25.08.2010].Google Scholar
Al Arabiya (2014), UN official says 300 killed during Tunisian uprising, torture still continues, http://english.alarabiya.net/articles/2011/05/22/150022.html [Accessed on 17.07.2014].Google Scholar
Altai (2013), Mixed Migration: Libya at the Crossroads. Available online from: www.refworld.org/pdfid/52b43f594.pdf [Accessed on 2.05.2014].Google Scholar
Amnesty International (2013), Libya: Scapegoats of fear: Rights of refugees, asylum-seekers and migrants abused in Libya. Available from: www.amnesty.org/en/library/info/MDE19/007/2013/en [Accessed on 24.07.2013].Google Scholar
Amnesty International (2011), Egypt Rises, Killing, detentions and torture in the 25 January revolution. Available online at: www.amnesty.org/en/library/asset/MDE12/027/2011/en/b33cf2ea-e057-4a34-905b-46a897c4fe6d/mde120272011en.pdf [Accessed on 10.07.2014].Google Scholar
BBC (9 June 2010), Libya EU discuss illegal immigration, cooperation, http://global.factiva.com/ha/default.aspx [Accessed 25.08.2010].Google Scholar
Betts, A., (2006), ‘Towards a Mediterranean Solution? Implications for the Region of Origin’, International Journal of Refugee Law, 18(3/4), pp.652676.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Betts, A. (2011), Lessons from North Africa for Global Migration Governance, paper presented to the Transatlantic Council on Migration, Lisbon, 1–2 June 2011.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Boose, J. W. (2012), ‘Democratization and Civil Society: Libya, Tunisia and the Arab Spring’, International Journal of Social Science and Humanity, 2(4), 310315.Google Scholar
Boubakri, H. (2013), Revolution and International Migration in Tunisia, Migration Policy Centre; MPC Research Report; 2013/04, www.migrationpolicycentre.eu/ [Accessed on 10.07.2014].Google Scholar
Boswell, C. (2003), ‘The “external dimension” of EU immigration and asylum policy’, International Affairs, 79(3), pp. 619638.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Carrera, S., den Hertog, L. & Parkin, J. (2012), EU Migration Policy in the wake of the Arab Spring. What prospects for EU-Southern Mediterranean Relations?, MEDPRO Technical Report No. 15/August 2012 storage.globalcitizen.net/data/topic/knowledge/uploads/2013060615735705681_Carrera,%20Sergio%20et%20al.%20%282012%29.EU%20Migration%20Policy%20in%20the%20Wake%20of%20the%20Arab%20Spring.pdf [Accessed on 10.07.2014].Google Scholar
Castles, S., de Haas, H. & Miller, M. J. (2014). International Population Movements in the Modern World, Hampshire: Macmillan.Google Scholar
Cavatorta, F. (2012), Arab Spring: The Awakening of Civil Society. A General Overview, Available online at: www.iemed.org/observatori-en/arees-danalisi/arxius-adjunts/anuari/med.2012/Cavatorta_en.pdf [Accessed on 11.07.2014].Google Scholar
Davenport, C. & Moore, W. H. (2012), ‘The Arab Spring, Winter, and Back Again? (Re) Introducing the Dissent-Repression Nexus with a Twist’, International Interactions, 38(5), pp. 704713.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Deane, S. (2013), Transforming Tunisia: the role of civil society in Tunisia’s transition.Google Scholar
De Haas, H. (2006). Trans-Saharan migration to North Africa and the EU: historical roots and current trends. Migration Policy Institute, Migration Information Source.Google Scholar
Crisp, J. (2008), ‘Beyond the Nexus: UNHCR’s evolving perspective on refugee protection and international migration’, New Issues in Refugee Research, UNHCR Working Paper No. 155, Geneva.Google Scholar
Economic Forum of the Western Mediterranean (no date), 5+5 Dialogue, Chronology of the main meetings (2003–2013), http://westmediterraneanforum.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/09/131017_chronology5+51.pdf [Accessed on 18.10.2014].Google Scholar
Economist (14 January 2014), Transition in Tunisia, A success story? www.economist.com/blogs/pomegranate/2014/01/transition-tunisia [Accessed on 15.10.2014].Google Scholar
Economist (5 July 2014), The tragedy of the Arabs, Available online at: www.economist.com/news/leaders/21606284-civilisation-used-lead-world-ruinsand-only-locals-can-rebuild-it [Accessed on 10.07.2014].Google Scholar
ECRE (2013), ‘Deaths at sea off the Italian Coast – Calls for safe channels for refugees to reach Europe’, www.ecre.org/component/content/article/70-weekly-bulletin-articles/445-deaths-at-sea-off-the-italian-coast-call-for-safe-channels-for-refugees-to-reach-europe.html [Accessed on 20.02.2015].Google Scholar
EU Business (2013), EU action in the fields of migration and asylum, www.eubusiness.com/topics/immigration/migration-asylum [Accessed on 20.03.2014].Google Scholar
European Commission (2003), Towards more accessible, equitable and managed asylum systems, COM (2003) 315 final.Google Scholar
European Commission (2008), Policy Plan on Asylum: An Integrated Approach to Protection across the EU, COM (2008) 360 final, europa.eu/legislation_summaries/justice_freedom_security/free_movement_of_persons_asylum_immigration/jl0002_en.htm [Accessed on 15.10.2014].Google Scholar
European Commission (2010a), Libya, Strategy Paper & National Indicative Programme, 2011–2013, http://ec.europa.eu/world/enp/pdf/country/2011_enpi_csp_nip_libya_en.pdf [Accessed 20.03.2010].Google Scholar
European Commission (2010b), European Commission and Libya agree a Migration Cooperation agenda during high level visit to boost EU-Libya relations, http://europa.eu/rapid/pressReleasesAction.do?reference=MEMO/10/472&format=HTML&aged=0&language=EN&guiLanguage=en [Accessed 11.10.2010].Google Scholar
European Commission (2011a), Communication from the Commission to the European Parliament, the Council, the European Economic and Social Committee and the Committee of the Regions, COMM(2011), 292/3, A dialogue for migration, mobility and security with the southern Mediterranean countries, http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=COM:2011:0292:FIN:EN:PDF [Accessed on 20.03.2014].Google Scholar
European Commission (2011b), Communication from the Commission to the European Parliament, the Council, the European Economic and Social Committee and the Committee of the Regions, A partnership for democracy and shared prosperity with the Southern Mediterranean, http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=COM:2011:0200:FIN:en:PDF [Accessed on 1 March 2015].Google Scholar
European Commission (2013), Communication from the Commission from the European Parliament and the Council on the work of the Task Force, Brussels 4.12.2013, COM (2013) 869 final, http://ec.europa.eu/dgs/home-affairs/what-is-new/news/news/docs/20131204_communication_on_the_work_of_the_task_force_mediterranean_en.pdf [Accessed on 12.04.2014].Google Scholar
European Commission (2014a), EU and Tunisia establish their Mobility Partnership, Brussels, 3 March 2014, http://europa.eu/rapid/press-release_IP-14–208_en.htm [Accessed on 21.04.2014].Google Scholar
European Commission (2014b), Report from the Commission to the European Parliament, the Council, the European Economic and Social Committee and the Committee of the Regions Report on the implementation of the Global Approach to Migration and Mobility 2012–2013, Brussels, 21.2.2014 COM (2014) 96 final, http://ec.europa.eu/dgs/home-affairs/e-library/documents/policies/international-affairs/general/docs/gamm_implementation_report_2012_2013_en.pdf [Accessed on 26.04.2014].Google Scholar
European Commission (2014c), Implementation of the Communication on the Work of the Task Force Mediterranean, Commission Staff working Document, Brussels, 22.5.2014 SWD(2014) 173 final PART 2/2, www.europarl.europa.eu/meetdocs/2014_2019/documents/libe/dv/com_swd(2014)0173(par2)_/com_swd(2014)0173(par2)_en.pdf [Accessed on 20.01.2015].Google Scholar
European Parliament (2014), European Parliament resolution of 23 October 2013 on migratory flows in the Mediterranean, with particular attention to the tragic events off Lampedusa, www.europarl.europa.eu/sides/getDoc.do?type=TA&language=EN&reference=P7-TA-2013–448 [Accessed on 25.04.2014].Google Scholar
European Union (no date), EU Border Assistance Mission in Libya, www.eeas.europa.eu/csdp/missions_operations/eubam-libya/eubam_factsheet_en.pdf [Accessed on 26.04.2014].Google Scholar
European Union (2011), EU High Representative Catherine Ashton visits Tripoli and opens European Union Delegation, www.consilium.europa.eu/uedocs/cms_data/docs/pressdata/EN/foraff/126032.pdf [Accessed on 25.04.2014].Google Scholar
European Union (2006), 10 years after the Barcelona Declaration? http://europa.eu/rapid/pressReleasesAction.do?reference=MEMO/05/442&format=HTML&aged=0&language=EN&guiLanguage=en [Accessed on 22.07.2006].Google Scholar
European University Institute (2013), Migration Facts Tunisia, www.migrationpolicycentre.eu/docs/fact_sheets/Factsheet%20Tunisia.pdf [Accessed on 13.10.2014].Google Scholar
Feller, E. (2011), Foreword, in UNHCR, (2011), Refugee Protection and Mixed migration: The 10-Point Plan in action, February 2011, www.unhcr.org/cgi-bin/texis/vtx/home/opendocPDFViewer.html?docid=4d52864b9&query=Refugee%20Protection%20in%20International%20Law [Accessed on 20.03.2014].Google Scholar
Feller, E. (2013), ‘Mediterranean migration: a comprehensive response’, Forced Migration Review, FMR 26, pp.5456.Google Scholar
Foundation for the Future (2013), Study on civil society organizations in Tunisia, http://foundationforfuture.org/en/Portals/0/Publications/Etude%20SC%20english%20Version%20Finale.pdf [Accessed on 20.10.2014].Google Scholar
Foundation for the Future (2011), Assessing Needs of Civil Society in Libya: an analysis of the current needs and challenges of the Civil Society in Libya, Available from: http://foundationforfuture.org/en/Portals/0/PDFs/ASSESSING%20NEEDS%20OF%20CIVIL%20SOCIETY%20IN%20LIBYA.pdf [Accessed on 4.10.2013].Google Scholar
Garlick, M. & van Selm, J. (2012), From commitment to practice: the EU response, www.fmreview.org/north-africa/garlick-vanselm.html [Accessed on 20.03.2014].Google Scholar
Gerbaudo, P. (2012), Tweets and the streets: Social media and contemporary activism. Pluto Press.Google Scholar
Gil-Bazo, M.-T. (2006), ‘The Practice of Mediterranean States in the context of the European Union’s Justice and Home Affairs External Dimension. The Safe Third Country Concept Revisited’, International Journal of Refugee Law, 18 (3–4), pp.571600.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Goodwin-Gill, G. (2001), Article 31 of the 1951 Convention relating to the Status of Refugees: Non-penalization, Detention and Protection, A paper prepared at the request of the Department of International Protection for the UNHCR Global Consultations, October 2001, www.refworld.org/pdfid/3bf9123d4.pdf [Accessed on 20.03.2014].Google Scholar
Goodwin-Gill, G. (2011), ‘The Right to Seek Asylum: Interception at Sea and the Principle of Non-Refoulement’, International Journal of Refugee Law, 23 (3), pp. 443457.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Guterres, A. (2010). ‘Refugee Protection and International Migration in the Gulf of Aden Region’, Statements by High Commissioner, 8 September 2010, www.unhcr.org/4cb6cc035.html [Accessed on 1 February 2015].Google Scholar
Hamood, S. (2008), ‘EU–Libya Cooperation on Migration: A Raw Deal for Refugees and Migrants?’, Journal of Refugee Studies, 21(1), pp.1942.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Howard, P. N. & Hussain, M. M. (2013), Democracy’s fourth wave?: digital media and the Arab Spring. Oxford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Howe, T. (2012), Refugee protection and international migration, achievements, challenges and lessons learnt from UNHCR’s 10-point plan project, Division of International Protection, www.unhcr.org/4f2666749.html [Accessed on 20.03.2014].Google Scholar
Human Rights Watch (2014), The Problem with Tunisia’s New Constitution, www.hrw.org/news/2014/02/03/problem-tunisia-s-new-constitution [Accessed on 9.07.2014].Google Scholar
Human Rights Watch (2013), No Easy Fix for Europe’s Asylum Policy, www.hrw.org/news/2013/10/24/no-easy-fix-europes-asylum-policy [Accessed on 20.01.2014].Google Scholar
ICMPD, Europol and Frontex (2007), Arab and European Partner States Working Document on the Joint Management of Mixed Migration Flows, Mediterranean Transit Migration (MTM) Dialogue, towards a comprehensive response to mixed migration flows, www.iom.int/files/live/sites/iom/files/What-We-Do/docs/Towards-a-Comprehensive-Response-to-Mixedmigration-Flows-en.pdf [Accessed on 21.04.2014].Google Scholar
ICMPD (2010), A comprehensive survey of migration flows and institutional capabilities in Libya, http://mawgeng.unblog.fr/files/2010/03/libyasurveyreportelectronicversionedited.pdf [Accessed on 6.04.2014].Google Scholar
ICRC, Annual Report, Tunis (Regional), www.icrc.org/spa/assets/files/annual-report/current/icrc-annual-report-tunis.pdf [Accessed on 20.01.2015].Google Scholar
IDMC (2011), ‘Many IDPs return but concerns persist for certain displaced groups’, Overview, 7 November 2011, www.internal-displacement.org/middle-east-and-north-africa/libya/2011/many-idps-return-but-concerns-persist-for-certain-displaced-groups [Accessed on 20.02.2015].Google Scholar
IOM (2011), IOM Response to the Libyan crisis, External Situation Report – 10 October2011, www.iom.int/jahia/webdav/shared/shared/mainsite/media/docs/reports/IOM-sitrep-MENA.pdf [Accessed on 25.04.2014].Google Scholar
IOM (2012), Migrants caught in crisis: the IOM experience in Libya, http://publications.iom.int/bookstore/free/MigrationCaughtinCrisis_forweb.pdf [Accessed on 20.01.2015].Google Scholar
Lacher, W. (2014), Libya’s transition: towards collapse, SWP Comments 2014/C25, May 2014, www.swp-berlin.org/en/publications/swp-comments-en/swp-aktuelle-details/article/libyas_transition_towards_collapse.html [Accessed on 20.02.2015].Google Scholar
Lauterpacht, E. & Bethlehem, D. (2003), ‘The Scope and Content of the Principle of Non-refoulement’ in Feller, E., Türk, V. and Nicholson, F., Refugee Protection in International Law, UNHCR’s Global Consultations on International Protection, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 78177.Google Scholar
Lesch, A. M. (2014), ‘Troubled Political Transitions: Tunisia, Egypt and Libya’, Middle East Policy, 21(1), 6274.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Loescher, G. (2013), ‘UNHCR at Fifty, Refugee Protection and World PoliticsSteiner, N., Gibney, M. & Loescher, G. (2013), Problems of protection: The UNHCR, refugees, and human rights, Routledge.Google Scholar
Klepp, S. (2010), ‘A contested asylum system: The European Union between refugee protection and border control in the Mediterranean Sea’, European Journal of Migration and Law, 12(1), pp.121.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Klug, A. (2014), ‘Strengthening the protection of migrants and refugees in distress at sea through international cooperation and burden-sharing’, International Journal of Refugee Law, 26(1), pp. 4864.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Koser, K. (2012) Migration, Displacement and the Arab Spring: Lessons to Learn, www.refworld.org/docid/4f6c387b2.html [Accessed on 10.07.2014].Google Scholar
Koser, K. (2011), Responding to Migration from Complex Humanitarian Emergencies: Lessons Learned from Libya Briefing Paper, Chatham House, www.chathamhouse.org/sites/default/files/1111bp_koser.pdf [Accessed on 20.01.2014].Google Scholar
Mikail, B. (2013), Civil society and foreign donors in Libya, www.fride.org/publication/1144/civil-society-and-foreign-donors-in-libya [Accessed on 4.10.2013].Google Scholar
Migration Policy Centre (2013a), Libya, The Demographic-Economic Framework of Migration, The Legal Framework of Migration, The Socio-Political Framework of Migration, www.migrationpolicycentre.eu/docs/migration_profiles/Libya.pdf [Accessed on 11.07.2014].Google Scholar
Migration Policy Centre (2013b), Tunisia, The Demographic-Economic Framework of Migration, the Legal Framework of Migration, The Socio-Political Framework of Migration, www.migrationpolicycentre.eu/docs/migration_profiles/Tunisia.pdf [Accessed on 15.10.2014].Google Scholar
Moreno-Lax, V. (2011), ‘Seeking Asylum in the Mediterranean: Against a Fragmentary Reading of EU Member States’ Obligations Accruing at Sea’, International Journal of Refugee Law, 23(2), pp.174220.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Naik, A. & Laczko, F. (2012), ‘The bittersweet return home’, North Africa and displacement 2011–2012, Forced Migration Review, Issue 39, June 2012, www.fmreview.org/north-africa.pdf [Accessed on 20.02.2015].Google Scholar
Otto, J. M., Carlisle, J & Ibrahim, S. (2013), Searching for Justice in Post-Gaddafi Libya, Van Vollenhoven Institute, Leiden University, https://openaccess.leidenuniv.nl/bitstream/handle/1887/21634/Otto%20JM,%20%20 J%20Carlisle,%20 J%20and%20S%20Ibrahim%202013%20Searching%20for%20Justice%20in%20Post-Gaddafi%20Libya.pdf?sequence=2 [Accessed on 3.10.2013].Google Scholar
Perrin, D. (2011), Arab Revolts and Migration: Behind the Mediterranean Wall, the Unity of Europe, in IE Med, Mediterranean Yearbook, www.iemed.org/observatori-en/arees-danalisi/arxius-adjunts/anuari/med.2011/Perrin_en.pdf [Accessed on 3.10.2013].Google Scholar
Pickard, D. (2014), ‘Prospects for Implementing Democracy in Tunisia’, Mediterranean Politics, 19(2).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pliez, O. (2004), La nouvelle Libye, géopolitique, espaces et sociétés au lendemain de l’embargo, Karthala-Iremam.Google Scholar
Prashad, V. (2012), Arab Spring, Libyan Winter, AK Press.Google Scholar
Romanet, J. L. (2014), Libya: One Step Forward, Two Steps Backwards, temi.repubblica.it/limes-heartland/libya-one-step-forward-two-steps-backwards/2040?printpage=undefined [Accessed on 21.10.2014].Google Scholar
Rishmawi, M. (2007), Overview of civil society in the Arab world, Praxis Paper No. 20. October, www.intrac.org/data/files/resources/421/Praxis-Paper-20-Overview-of-Civil-Society-in-the-Arab-World.pdf [Accessed on 21.10.2014].Google Scholar
Vandewalle, D. (2012), After Qaddafi, www.stjoe.k12.in.us/ourpages/auto/2012/9/18/56929194/After%20Qaddafi.pdf [Accessed on 10.07.2014].Google Scholar
Van der Klaauw, J. (2007), ‘Multidimensional Migration Challenges in North Africa’, in ‘Enhancing Southern Capacity: Rhetoric and Reality’, Forced Migration Review, 28, pp.1315, Available online at: www.fmreview.org/FMRpdfs/FMR28/contents.pdf [Accessed on 20.01.2014].Google Scholar
Van der Klaauw, J. (2010), ‘Refugee rights in times of mixed migration: evolving status and protection issues’, Refugee Survey Quarterly, 28(4), pp.5986.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sika, N. (2009), Irregular migration in North Africa: Libya, Tunisia and Algeria, http://pidegypt.org/download/migration-conf/Irregular%20Migration%20in%20North%20Africa.pdf [Accessed on 10.07.2014].Google Scholar
The Carter Center (2014), The Carter Center Welcomes Human Rights Protections in Tunisia’s New Constitution; Calls for Immediate Steps to Implement, www.cartercenter.org/news/pr/tunisia-041014.html [Accessed on 10.07.2014].Google Scholar
The Guardian, (2013), Libyan revolution casualties lower than expected, says new government, theguardian.com/world/2013/jan/08/libyan-revolution-casualties-lower-expected-government [Accessed on 12.07.2014].Google Scholar
Totten, M. J. (2012), ‘Arab Spring or Islamist Winter’, World Affairs, 174(5), pp. 2342.Google Scholar
Triandafyllidou, A. & Dimitriadi, A. (2014), ‘Governing Irregular Migration and Asylum at the Borders of Europe: Between Efficiency and Protection’, Istituto Affari Internazionali, No. 6 May 2014, www.iai.it/sites/default/files/ImaginingEurope_06.pdf [Accessed on 20 February 2015].Google Scholar
Turk, V. & Eyster, E. (2010), ‘Strengthening Accountability in UNHCR’, International Journal of Refugee Law, 22(2), pp. 159172.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
UNHCR (1950), Statute of the Office of the High Commissioner for Refugees, www.unhcr.org/4d944e589.pdf [Accessed on 30.01.2015].Google Scholar
UNHCR (2002), UNHCR Country Operations Plan 2002 – Tunisia, 1 August 2001, http://www.refworld.org/docid/3b7bbf9961.html [Accessed 5.04.2014].Google Scholar
UNHCR (2006), Refugee Protection and Mixed Migration: the 10-Point Plan in Action. Available at: http://www.refworld.org/docid/4d9430ea2.html [Accessed on 20.01.2014].Google Scholar
UNHCR (2007a), UN High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), Refugee Protection and Mixed Migration: A 10-Point Plan of Action, January 2007, Rev.1, www.refworld.org/docid/45b0c09b2.html [Accessed on 24.04.2014].Google Scholar
UNHCR (2007b), Guterres opens international dialogue on asylum and migration, Press release, 11 December 2007, http://www.unhcr.org/475eb18e4.html [Accessed on 17.10.2014].Google Scholar
UNHCR (2008a), Libya Fact-sheet – December 2008, www.altrodiritto.unifi.it/frontier/asilo/libya.pdf [Accessed 06.04.2014].Google Scholar
UNHCR (2008b), Update on UNHCR’s operations in the Middle East and North Africa Executive Committee 2008 (Revised version), www.unhcr.org/48dcfcd42.pdf [Accessed on 07.04.2014].Google Scholar
UNHCR (2009), UNHCR policy on refugee protection in urban areas, September 2009, www.unhcr.org/4ab356ab6.html [Accessed 5.10.2014].Google Scholar
UNHCR (2010a), Executive Committee of the High Commissioner’s Programme, Note on International Protection, www.refworld.org/cgi-bin/texis/vtx/rwmain?page=search&docid=4caaeabe2&skip=0&query=Executive%20Committee%202010 [Accessed 5.10.2014].Google Scholar
UNHCR (2010b), UNHCR Tunisia: Fact Sheet, August 2010, www.refworld.org/docid/4caee1b42.html [Accessed 17.10.2014].Google Scholar
UNHCR (2011a), Submission by the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees for the Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights’ Compilation Report – Universal Periodic Review: TUNISIA, www.refworld.org/pdfid/4ecb79572.pdf [Accessed 17.10.2014].Google Scholar
UNHCR (2011b), Remarks by the UN High Commissioner for Refugees to the EU Justice and Home Affairs Council, Statements by High Commissioner, 24 February 2011, www.supportunhcr.org/print/4de8e3bb9.html [Accessed on 05.04.2014].Google Scholar
UNHCR (2011c), Executive Committee of the High Commissioner’s Programme, Standing Committee, 51st meeting, Notes on international protection, www.unhcr.org/4de4f6fc9.html [Accessed on 05.04.2014].Google Scholar
UNHCR (2011d), Refugee Protection and Mixed Migration: The 10-Point Plan in action, February 2011, www.refworld.org/docid/4d9430ea2.html [Accessed on 05.04.2014].Google Scholar
UNHCR (2011e), Submission by the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees in the Case of Hirsi and Others v. Italy (Application no. 27765/09), www.refworld.org/pdfid/4d92d2c22.pdf [Accessed on 06.04.2014].Google Scholar
UNHCR (2011f), UNHCR Supplementary Budget: The Libya Situation, 2011, www.unhcr.org/4d710ad49.pdf [Accessed on 6.04.2014].Google Scholar
UNHCR (2011g), Update no. 30, Humanitarian situation in Libya and the Neighbouring Countries, 22 June 2011, www.unhcr.org/4e0201a09.html [Accessed on 17.10.2014].Google Scholar
UNHCR (2011h), Protection considerations with regard to people fleeing from Libya – UNHCR’s recommendations (as at 29 March 2011) Update No. 1, www.unhcr.org/4d67fab26.html [Accessed on 21.03.2014].Google Scholar
UNHCR (2011i), UNHCR Global Report 2011, Tunisia, www.unhcr.org/4fc880ad0.html [Accessed on 18.07.2014].Google Scholar
UNHCR (2011l), Update no 25, Humanitarian Situation in Libya and the Neighbouring Countries 18 May 2011, www.unhcr.org/4dd61ebc9.pdf [Accessed on 17.07.2014].Google Scholar
UNHCR (2011m), UNHCR Projected Resettlement needs 2012, www.unhcr.org/4f0fff0d9.pdf [Accessed on 17.10.2014].Google Scholar
UNHCR (2011n), UNHCR Southern Tunisia weekly update, August 1 2011, Issue 2 www.unhcr.org/4e37c5356.pdf [Accessed on 17.10.2014].Google Scholar
UNHCR (2011o), UNHCR Mission statement, www.unhcr.org/pages/49ed83046.html [Accessed on 20.01.2015].Google Scholar
UNHCR (2011p), UNHCR intervention before the European Court of Human Rights in the case of Hirsi and Others v. Italy, 22 June 2011, Application no. 27765/09, www.refworld.org/docid/4e0356d42.html [Accessed on 30.01.2015].Google Scholar
UNHCR (2012), Libya, UNHCR Global Report, www.unhcr.org/4fc880ac13.html [Accessed on 17.10.2014].Google Scholar
UNHCR (2012), Tunisia, UNHCR Global Report, www.unhcr.org/4fc880ad0.html [Accessed on 20.02.2015].Google Scholar
UNHCR (2013a), Leaving Libya, A review of UNHCR’s Emergency operation in Tunisia and Egypt, 2011–2012, www.unhcr.org/516427249.html [Accessed on 11.07,2014].Google Scholar
UNHCR (2013b), Shousha, two years later: solutions for the refugees in Tunisia, http://acnur.es/PDF/shousha_camp_closure_factsheet_20140307112336.pdf [Accessed on 17.10.2014].Google Scholar
UNHCR (2013d), Inputs to the eleventh coordination meeting on migration by UNHCR, www.un.org/en/development/desa/population/migration/events/coordination/11/docs/UNHCR_Paper_11th_Coord_Meeting_on_Intl_Mig_15022013_final.pdf [Accessed on 1.03.2015].Google Scholar
UNHCR (2014a), Global Trends 2013: Global forced displacement tops 50 million for the first time in post-World War II era, www.unhcr.org/53a155bc6.html [Accessed on 17.10.2014].Google Scholar
UNHCR (2014b), External update – May 2014, www.unhcr.org/538484ab9.pdf [Accessed on 15.10.2014].Google Scholar
UNHCR (2014c), UNHCR Central Mediterranean Sea Initiative (CMSI): EU solidarity for rescue-at-sea and protection of refugees and migrants, 13 May 2014, www.refworld.org/docid/538d73704.html [Accessed 30.01.2015].Google Scholar
UN Human Rights Council, Report of the Special Rapporteur on the human rights of migrants, Francois Crépeau, Twenty-third session, Agenda item 3, Addendum, Mission to Tunisia, www.ohchr.org/Documents/Issues/…/A.HRC.23.46.Add.1_Tunisia.doc [Accessed on 1.03.2015].Google Scholar
UN News Centre (2014), Recent political, security tensions threaten Libya’s transition, warns UN envoy, www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?NewsID=47995#.U71PaqNFtM8 [Accessed on 10.07.2014].Google Scholar
UN Security Council Resolution (2011a) Resolution 1970 (2011) Adopted by the Security Council at its 6491st meeting, on 26 February 2011, http://daccess-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/N11/245/58/PDF/N1124558.pdf?OpenElement [Accessed on 10.07.2014].Google Scholar
UN Security Council Resolution (2011b) Resolution 1973 (2011) Adopted by the Security Council at its 6498th meeting, on 17 March 2011, http://daccess-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/N11/268/39/PDF/N1126839.pdf?OpenElement [Accessed on 10.07.2014].Google Scholar
UNSMIL (2013), Torture and death in detention in Libya, http://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/TortureDeathsDetentionLibya.pdf [Accessed on 3.10.2013].Google Scholar
US State Department (2013), Tunisia 2013 Human Rights Report, www.state.gov/documents/organization/220590.pdf [Accessed on 1.03.2015].Google Scholar
Williams, R. (2012), ‘Dispossession and displacement in Libya’, North Africa and displacement 2011–2012, Forced Migration Review, Issue 39, June 2012, www.fmreview.org/north-africa.pdf [Accessed on 20.02.2015].Google Scholar

Save book to Kindle

To save this book to your Kindle, first ensure [email protected] is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

Available formats
×

Save book to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

Available formats
×

Save book to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

Available formats
×