Skip to main content Accessibility help

We use cookies to distinguish you from other users and to provide you with a better experience on our websites. Close this message to accept cookies or find out how to manage your cookie settings.

Close cookie message
×
Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-dh8gc Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-05T04:03:51.298Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

2 - Channel-scale erosional bedforms in bedrock and in loose granular material: character, processes and implications

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  04 May 2010

By
Paul A. Carling ,
Jürgen Herget ,
Julia K. Lanz ,
Keith Richardson  and
Andrea Pacifici
Edited by
Devon M. Burr ,
Paul A. Carling  and
Victor R. Baker
Devon M. Burr
Affiliation:
University of Tennessee
Paul A. Carling
Affiliation:
University of Southampton
Victor R. Baker
Affiliation:
University of Arizona
Get access

Summary

Summary

High-energy fluid flows such as occur in large water floods can produce large-scale erosional landforms on Earth and potentially on Mars. These forms are distinguished from depositional forms in that structural and stratigraphical aspects of the sediments or bedrock may have a significant influence on the morphology of the landforms. Erosional features are remnant, in contrast to the depositional (constructional) landforms that consist of accreted waterborne sediments. A diversity of erosional forms exists in fluvial channels on Earth at a range of scales that includes the millimetre and the kilometre scales. For comparison with Mars and given the present-day resolution of satellite imagery, erosional landforms at the larger scales can be identified. Some examples include: periodic transverse undulating bedforms, longitudinal scour hollows, horseshoe scour holes around obstacles, waterfalls, plunge pools, potholes, residual streamlined hills, and complexes of channels. On Earth, many of these landforms are associated with present day or former (Quaternary) proglacial landscapes that were host to jökulhlaups (e.g. Iceland, Washington State Scablands, Altai Mountains of southern Siberia), while on Mars they are associated with landscapes that were likely host to megafloods produced by enormous eruptions of groundwater. The formative conditions of some erosional landforms are not well understood, yet such information is vital to interpreting the genesis and palaeohydraulic conditions of past megaflood landscapes. Correct identification of some landforms allows estimation of their genesis, including palaeohydraulic conditions. Kasei Valles, Mars, perhaps the largest known bedrock channel landscape, provides spectacular examples of some of these relationships.

Type
Chapter
Information
Megaflooding on Earth and Mars , pp. 13 - 32
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2009

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Allen, J.R.L. (1965). Scour marks in snow. Journal of Sedimentary Petrology, 35, 331–338.Google Scholar
Allen, J.R.L. (1969). Erosional current marks of weakly cohesive mud beds. Journal of Sedimentary Petrology, 39, 607–623.Google Scholar
Allen, J.R.L. (1971a). Transverse erosional marks of mud and rock: their physical basis and geological significance. Sedimentary Geology, 5, 167–385.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Allen, J.R.L. (1971b). Bed forms due to mass transfer in turbulent flows: a kaleidoscope of phenomena. Journal of Fluid Mechanics, 49, 49–63.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Allen, J.R.L. (1984). Sedimentary Structures: Their Character and Physical Basis. Amsterdam: Elsevier.Google Scholar
Allen, J.R.L. (1987). Streamwise erosional structures in muddy sediments: Severn Estuary, Southwestern UK. Geografiska Annaler, 69A, 37–46.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Allen, J.E., Burns, M. and Sargent, S.C. (1986). Cataclysms on the Columbia. Portland: Timber Press.Google Scholar
Alt, D. (2001). Glacial Lake Missoula and Its Humongous Flood, Missoula, Montana: Mountain Press Company.Google Scholar
Ängeby, O. (1951). Pothole erosion in recent waterfalls. Lund Studies in Geography, Series A. Physical Geography, 2, 1–34.Google Scholar
Arndt, R.E.A. (1981). Cavitation in fluid machinery and hydraulic structures. Annual Reviews of Fluid Mechanics, 13, 273–328.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ashley, G.M., Renwick, W.H. and Haag, G.H. (1988). Channel form and process in bedrock and alluvial reaches of the Raritan River, New Jersey. Geology, 16, 436–439.2.3.CO;2>CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Baker, V.R. (1973a). Paleohydrology and Sedimentology of Lake Missoula Flooding in Eastern Washington. Geological Society of America Special Paper 144.
Baker, V.R. (1973b). Erosional forms and processes for the catastrophic Pleistocene Missoula floods in eastern Washington. In Fluvial Geomorphology, ed. Morisawa, M.. State University of New York, Binghamton, NY, pp. 123–148.Google Scholar
Baker, V.R. (1978a). The Spokane Flood Debate. In The Channeled Scabland: A Guide to the Geomorphology of the Columbia Basin, Washington, eds. Baker, V.R. and Nummedal, D.. Prepared for the Comparative Planetary Geology Field Conference held in the Columbia Basin June 5–8, 1978, pp. 9–30.
Baker, V.R. (1978b). Large-scale erosional and depositional features of the Channeled Scabland. In The Channeled Scabland: A Guide to the Geomorphology of the Columbia Basin, Washington, eds. Baker, V.R. and Nummedal, D.. Washington: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, pp. 81–115.Google Scholar
Baker, V.R. (1978c). Paleohydraulics and hydrodynamics of scabland floods. In The Channeled Scabland: A Guide to the Geomorphology of the Columbia Basin, Washington, eds. Baker, V.R. and Nummedal, D.. Washington: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, pp. 59–79.Google Scholar
Baker, V.R. (1979). Erosional processes in channelized water flows on Mars. Journal of Geophysical Research, 84, 7985–7993.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Baker, V.R. (1982). The Channels of Mars. Austin, TX: University Texas Press.Google Scholar
Baker, V.R. (1988). Flood erosion. In Flood Geomorphology, eds. Baker, V.R., Kochel, R.C. and Patton, P.C.. New York: Wiley, pp. 81–95.Google Scholar
Baker, V.R. (2008). The Spokane Flood debates: historical background and philosophical perspective. In History of Geomorphology and Quaternary Geology, eds. Grapes, R.H., Oldroyd, D. and Grigelis, A.. London: Geological Society, Special Publication 301, pp. 33–50.Google Scholar
Baker, V.R. and Bunker, R.C. (1985). Cataclysmic late Pleistocene flooding from glacial lake Missoula: a review. Quaternary Science Review, 4, 1–41.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Baker, V.R. and Kale, V.S. (1998). The role of extreme floods in shaping bedrock channels. In Rivers Over Rock: Fluvial Processes in Bedrock Channels, eds. Tinkler, K.J. and Wohl, E.E.. Geophysical Monographs 107. Washington D.C.: American Geophysical Union.Google Scholar
Baker, V.R. and Milton, , , D.J. (1974). Erosion by catastrophic floods on Mars and Earth, Icarus, 23, 27–41.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Baker, V.R. and Pickup, G. (1987). Flood geomorphology of the Katherine Gorge, Northern Territory, Australia. Geological Society of America Bulletin, 98, 635–646.2.0.CO;2>CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Baker, V.R., Greeley, R., Komar, P.D., Swanson, D.A. and Waitt, R.B. (1987). Columbia and Snake River plains. In Geomorphic Systems of North America, ed. Graf, W.L.. Boulder: Geological Society of America, pp. 403–468.Google Scholar
Baker, V.R., Benito, G. and Rudoy, A.N. (1993). Paleohydrology of Late Pleistocene superflooding, Altay Mountains, Siberia. Science, 259, 348–350.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Barnes, H.L. (1956). Cavitation as a geological agent. American Journal of Science, 254, 493–505.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Baulig, H. (1913). Le plateaux de lave du Washington Central et la Grand ‘Coulee’. Annales de Geographie, 22, 149–159.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bean, D.A. (2003). Characteristics of mega-furrows on the continental rise seaward of the Sigbee Escarpment, Gulf of Mexico. Abstract. In Siltstones, Mudstones and Reservoir Characteristics, eds. E.D. Scott and A.H. Bouma, p. 111.
Beyer, R.A., McEwen, A.S. and Kirk, R.L. (2003). Meter-scale slopes of candidate MER landing sites from point photoclinometry. Journal of Geophysical Research, 108 (E12), 8085. doi:10.1029/2003JE002120.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Blank, H.R. (1958). Pothole grooves in the bed of the James River, Mason County, Texas. Texas Journal of Science, 10, 292–301.Google Scholar
Blondeaux, P. (2001). Mechanics of coastal forms. Annual Reviews of Fluid Mechanics, 33, 339–370.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Blumberg, P.N. and Curl, R.L. (1974). Experimental and theoretical studies of dissolution roughness. Journal of Fluid Mechanics, 5, 735–742.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bradwell, T. (2005). Bedrock mega grooves in Assynt, NW Scotland. Geomorphology, 65, 195–204.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bretz, JH. (1923a). Glacial drainage on the Columbia Plateau. Geological Society of America Bulletin, 34, 573–608.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bretz, JH. (1923b). The Channeled Scabland of the Columbia Plateau. Journal of Geology, 31, 617–649.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bretz, JH. (1924). The Dalles type of river channel. Journal of Geology, 32, 139–149.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bretz, JH. (1928). Bars of the Channeled Scabland. Geological Society of America Bulletin, 39, 643–702.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bretz, JH. (1930a). Lake Missoula and the Spokane flood. Geological Society of America Bulletin, 41, 92–93.Google Scholar
Bretz, JH. (1930b). Valley deposits immediately west of the Channeled Scabland. Journal of Geology, 38, 385–422.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bretz, JH. (1932). The Grand Coulee. American Geographical Society, Special Publication 15.Google Scholar
Bretz, JH., Smith, H.T.U. and Neff, G.E. (1956). Channeled Scabland of Washington; new data and interpretations. Geological Society of America Bulletin, 67, 957–1049.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Breusers, H.N.C. and Raudkivi, A.J. (1991). Scouring, IAHR Hydraulic Structures Design Manual, Vol. 2. Rotterdam, the Netherlands: Balkema.Google Scholar
Breusers, H.N.C., Nicollet, G. and Shen, H.W. (1977). Local scour around cylindrical piers. Journal of Hydraulic Research, 15, 211–252.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bridge, J.S. (2003). Rivers and Floodplains: Forms, Processes and Sedimentary Record. Oxford: Blackwell.Google Scholar
Bryant, W.R. (2000). Megafurrows on the continental rise south of the Sigsbee Escarpment, northwest Gulf of Mexico. Abstract. AAPG Annual Meeting Program, 9, A18.Google Scholar
Bunte, K. and Poesen, J. (1994). Effects of rock fragment size and cover on overland flow hydraulics, local turbulence and sediment yield on an erodible soil surface. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms, 19, 115–135.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Burr, D.M., Carling, P.A., Beyer, R.A. and Lancaster, N. (2004). Flood-formed dunes in Athabasca Valles, Mars: morphology, modeling, and implications. Icarus, 171, 68–83.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Calkins, F.C. (1905). Geology and Water Resources of a Portion of East-central Washington. U.S. Geological Survey Water-Supply Paper 118.
Canals, M., Urgeles, R. and Calafat, A.M. (2000). Deep sea-floor evidence of past ice streams, off the Antarctic peninsula. Geology, 28, 31–34.2.0.CO;2>CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Canals, M., Puig, P., Durrieu de Madron, X.et al. (2006). Flushing submarine canyons. Nature, 444, 354–357.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Carling, P.A. (1999). Subaqueous gravel dunes. Journal of Sedimentary Research, 69, 534–545.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Carling, P.A. and Tinkler, K. (1998). Conditions for the entrainment of cuboid boulders in bedrock streams: an historical review of literature with respect to recent investigations. In Rivers over Rock, eds. Wohl, E. and Tinkler, K.. American Geophysical Union, pp. 19–34.Google Scholar
Carling, P.A., Hoffmann, M. and Blatter, A.S. (2002a). Initial motion of boulders in bedrock channels. In Ancient Floods, Modern Hazards: Principles and Applications of Paleoflood Hydrology, Water Science and Applications Volume 5, pp. 147–160. American Geophysical Union.Google Scholar
Carling, P.A., Hoffmann, M., Blatter, A.S. and Dittrich, A. (2002b). Drag of emergent and submerged regular obstacles in turbulent flow above bedrock surface. In Rock Scour due to Falling High-Velocity Jets, eds. Schleiss, A.J. and Bollaert, E.. Lausanne: Swets and Zeitlinger/Balkema, pp. 83–94.Google Scholar
Carling, P.A., Kirkbride, A.D., Parnachov, S.V., Borodavko, P.S. and Berger, G.W. (2002c). Late-Quaternary catastrophic flooding in the Altai Mountains of south-central Siberia: a synoptic overview and an introduction to flood deposits sedimentology. In Flood and Megaflood Processes and Deposits: Recent and Ancient Examples, eds. Martini, P.I., Baker, V.R. and Garzon, G.. International Association of Sedimentologists, Special Publication 32, 17–35.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Carling, P.A., Tych, W. and Richardson, K. (2005). The hydraulic scaling of step-pool systems. In River, Coastal and Estuarine Morphodynamics, Vol. 1, eds. Parker, G. and Garcia, M.H.. New York: Balkema, Taylor and Francis, pp. 55–63.Google Scholar
Carr, M.H. (1979). Formation of Martian flood features by release of water from confined aquifers. Journal of Geophysical Research, 84, 2995–3007.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Carr, M.H. and Malin, M.C. (2000). Meter-scale characteristics of Martian channels and valleys. Icarus, 146, 366–386.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Carrivick, J.L., Russell, A.J. and Tweed, F.S. (2004). Geomorphological evidence for jókulhlaups from Kverfjöll volcano, Iceland. Geomorphology, 63, 81–102 doi: 10.1016/j.geomorph.2004.03.006.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Coleman, J.M. (1969). Brahmaputra River: channel processes and sedimentation. Sedimentary Geology, 3, 129–239.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Curl, R.L. (1966). Deducing flow velocity in cave conduits from scallops. Bulletin of the National Speleological Society, 36, 1–5.Google Scholar
Dahl, R. (1965). Plastically sculptured detail forms on rock surfaces in northern Nordland, Norway. Geografiska Annaler, 47, 83–140.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dawson, W.L. (1898). Glacial phenomena in Okanogan County, Washington. American Geology, 22, 203–217.Google Scholar
Dowdeswell, J.A., O'Cofaigh, C. and Pudsey, C.J. (2004). Thickness and extent of the subglacial till layer beneath an Antarctic ice stream. Geology, 32, 13–16. doi:10.1130/G19864.1.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dury, G.H. (1970). A re-survey of the Hawkesbury River, New South Wales, after one hundred years. Australian Geographical Studies, 8, 121–132.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dzulynski, S. and Walton, E.K. (1965). Sedimentary Features of Flysch and Greywackes. London: Elsevier.Google Scholar
El Baz, F., Breed, C. S., Grolier, M.J. and McCauley, J. F. (1979). Yardangs on Mars and Earth, Journal of Geophysical Research, 84, 8205–8221.Google Scholar
Elfström, A. (1987). Large boulder deposits and catastrophic floods. Geografiska Annaler, A69, 101–121.Google Scholar
Elston, E.D. (1917). Potholes: their variety, origin and significance (I). Scientific Monthly, 5, 554–567.Google Scholar
Elston, E.D. (1918). Potholes: their variety, origin and significance (II). Scientific Monthly, 6, 37–51.Google Scholar
Embleton, C. and King, C.A.M. (1968). Glacial and Periglacial Geomorphology. New York: St. Martin's Press.Google Scholar
Ettema, R., Melville, B.W. and Barkdoll, B. (1998). Scale effect in pier-scour experiments. Journal of Hydraulic Engineering, 124, 639–642.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Evans, I.S. (2003). Scale-specific landforms and aspects of the land surface. In Concepts and Modelling in Geomorphology: International Perspectives, eds. Evans, I.S., Dikau, R., Tokunaga, E., Ohmori, H. and Hirano, M.. Tokyo: Terrapub, pp. 61–84.Google Scholar
Fay, H. (2002). Formation of ice block obstacle marks during the November 1996 glacier-outburst flood (jökulhlaup), Skeidararsandur, southern Iceland. In Flood and Megaflood Processes and Deposits: Recent and Ancient Examples, eds. Martini, I.P., Baker, V.R. and Garzon, G.. International Association of Sedimentologists, Special Publication 32, 85–97.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fildani, A., Normark, W.R., Kostic, S. and Parker, G. (2006). Channel formation by flow stripping: large-scale scour features along the Monterey East Channel and their relation to sediment waves. Sedimentology, 53, 1265–1287.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Goudie, , , A.S. (1999). Wind erosional landforms: yardangs and pans. In Aeolian Environments, Sediments and Landforms, eds. Goudie, A.S., Livingstone, I. and Stokes, S.. Chichester: Wiley, pp. 167–180.Google Scholar
Greeley, R. and Iversen, J.D. (1985). Wind as a Geological Process: On Earth, Mars, Venus and Titan. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gupta, A. (2004). The Mekong River: morphology, evolution and palaeoenvironment. Journal of Geological Society of India, 64, 525–533.Google Scholar
Gupta, A., Kale, V.S. and Rajaguru, S.N. (1999). The Narmanda River, India, through space and time. In Variety of Fluvial Form, eds. Miller, A.J. and Gupta, A.. Chichester: Wiley.Google Scholar
Hancock, G.S., Anderson, R.S. and Whipple, K.X. (1998). Beyond power: bedrock river incision process and form. In Rivers Over Rock: Fluvial Processes in Bedrock Channels, eds. Tinkler, K.J. and Wohl, E.E.. Geophysical Monograph 107. Washington, DC: American Geophysical Union.Google Scholar
Harding, H.T. (1929). Possible supply of water for the channeled scablands. Science, 69, 188–190.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hartmann, W.K. (1977). Relative crater production rates on planets, Icarus, 31, 260–276.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hartmann, W.K. and Neukum, G. (2001). Cratering chronology and the evolution of Mars. Space Science Reviews, 96, 165–194.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hassan, M.A. and Woodsmith, R.D. (2004). Bed load transport in an obstruction-formed pool in a forest gravelbed stream. Geomorphology, 58, 203–221.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Herget, J. (2005). Reconstruction of Ice-dammed Lake Outburst Floods in the Altai Mountains, Siberia. Geological Society of America, Special Paper 386. Boulder: Geological Society of America.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hoffman, N. (2000). White Mars: a new model for Mars' surface and atmosphere based on CO2, Icarus, 146, 326–342.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hoffmans, G.J.C.M. and Verheij, H.J. (1997). Scour Manual. Rotterdam: Balkema.Google Scholar
Ikeda, H. (1978). Large-scale grooves formed by scour on cohesive mud surfaces. Bulletin of the Environmental Research Center, University of Tsukuba, 2, 91–95 (in Japanese).Google Scholar
Ivanov, , , B.A. (2001). Mars and Moon cratering ratio estimates. In Chronology and Evolution of Mars, eds. Kallenbach, R., Geiss, J., Hartmann, W.K.. Space Science Series of ISSI, Space Science Review 96, 87–104.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jennings, J.N. (1985). Karst Geomorphology. Oxford: Blackwell.Google Scholar
Johnson, J.P. and Whipple, K.X. (2007). Feedback between erosion and sediment transport in experimental bedrock channels. Earth Surface Processes and Land forms, 32, 1048–1062.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Johnson, P.A. (1995). Comparison of pier-scour equations using field data. Journal of Hydraulic Engineering, 121, 626–629.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Karcz, I. (1968). Fluviatile obstacle marks from the wadis of the Negev (southern Israel). Journal of Sedimentary Petrology, 38, 1000–1012.Google Scholar
Keller, E.A. and Melhorn, W.N. (1978). Rhythmic spacing and origin of pools and riffles. Geological Society of America Bulletin, 89, 723–730.2.0.CO;2>CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kennedy, , , J.F. (1963). The mechanics of dunes and antidunes in erodible-bed channels. Journal of Fluid Mechanics, 16, 521–544.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kereszturi, A. (2005). Cross-sectional and longitudinal profiles of valleys and channels in Xanthe Terra on Mars, Journal of Geophysical Research, 110, E12S17, doi:10.1029/2005JE002454.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kidson, R., Richards, K.S. and Carling, P. A. (2005). Reconstructing the 1-in-100-year flood in Northern Thailand. Geomorphology, 70, 279–295.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
King, P.B. (1927). Corrosion and corrasion on Barton Creek, Austin, Texas. Journal of Geology, 35, 631–638.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kobor, J.S. and Roering, J.J. (2004). Systematic variation of bedrock channel gradients in the central Oregon Coast Range: implications for rock uplift and shallow landsliding. Geomorphology, 62, 239–256.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kodama, Y. and Ikeda, H. (1984). An experimental study on the formation of Yakama Potholes. In Research Report of “Yakama Potholes”, Special Natural Commemoration. Yakama Research Association, Yanadani Village, Ehime Prefecture, Japan (in Japanese).Google Scholar
Komar, P.D. (1983). Shape of streamlined islands on Earth and Mars: experiments and analyses of the minimum drag form. Geology, 11, 651–654.2.0.CO;2>CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kor, P.S.G. and Cowell, D.W. (1998). Evidence for catastrophic subglacial meltwater sheetflood events on the Bruce Peninsula, OntarioCanadian Journal of Earth Sciences, 35, 1180–1202.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kor, P.S.G., Shaw, J.A. and Sharpe, D.R. (1991). Erosion of bedrock by subglacial meltwater, Georgia Bay, Ontario: a regional review. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, 28, 623–642.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Koyama, T. and Ikeda, H. (1998). Effect of riverbed gradient on bedrock channel configuration: a flume experiment. Proceedings of the Environmental Research Center, Tsukuba University, Japan, 23, 25–34 (in Japanese).Google Scholar
Kunert, M. and Coniglio, M. (2002). Origin of vertical shafts in bedrock along the Eramosa River valley near Guelph, southern Ontario. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, 39, 43–52.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Landers, M.N., Mueller, D.S. and Martin, G.R. (1996). Bridge Scour Data Management System User's Manual. U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 95–754.
Lanz, J.K. (2004). Geometrische, morphologische und stratigraphische Untersuchungen ausgewählter Outflow Channel der Circum-Chryse-Region, Mars, mit Methoden der Fernerkundung. Dissertation an der Freien Universität Berlin, Forschungsbericht 2004–02, Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt e.V.
Lanz, J.K., Hebenstreit, R. and Jaumann, R. (2000). Martian channels and their geomorphologic development as revealed by MOLA. Abstract. Second International Conference on Mars Polar Science and Exploration, p. 102.Google Scholar
Leibovich, S. (2001). Langmuir circulation and instability. On-line Encylopedia Ocean Sciences, doi:10.1006/rwos.2001.0141.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lucchitta, B.K. (1982). Ice sculpture in the Martian outflow channels. Journal of Geophysical Research, 87, 9951–9973.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lucchitta, B.K. (2001). Antarctic ice streams and outflow channels on Mars. Geophysical Research Letters, 28, 403–406.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lucchitta, B.K. and Anderson, D.M. (1980). Martian outflow channels sculptured by glaciers. NASA Technical Memorandum, 81776, 271–273.Google Scholar
Lucchitta, B.K., Anderson, D.M. and Shojii, H. (1981). Did ice streams carve the martian outflow channels?Nature, 290, 759–763.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Malde, H.E. (1968). The Catastrophic Late Pleistocene Bonneville Flood in the Snake River Plain, Idaho. U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 596.
Maxson, J.H. (1940). Fluting and faceting of rock fragments. Journal of Geology, 48, 717–751.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Maxson, J.H. and Campbell, I. (1935). Stream fluting and stream erosion. Journal of Geology, 43, 729–744.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Melville, B.W. and Coleman, S.E. (2000). Bridge Scour. Highlands Ranch: Water Resources Publications.Google Scholar
Montgomery, D.R. and Gran, K.B. (2001). Downstream variation in the width of bedrock channels. Water Resources Research, 37, 1841–1846.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nelson, D.M. and Greeley, R. (1999). Geology of Xanthe Terra outflow channels and the Mars Pathfinder landing site. Journal of Geophysical Research, 104, 8653–8669.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nemec, W., Lorenc, M.W. and Alonso, J.S. (1982). Pothole granite terrace in the Rio Salor valley, western Spain: a study of bedrock erosion by floods. Tecniterrae, S-286, October–November 1982.Google Scholar
Neukum, G. and Hiller, K. (1981). Martian ages. Journal of Geophysical Research, 86, 3097–3121.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Neukum, G. and Wise, D.U. (1976a). Mars: a standard crater curve and possible new time scale, Science, 194, 1381–1387.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Neukum, G. and Wise, D.U. (1976b). Mars: A Standard Crater Size-frequency Distribution Curve and a Possible New Time Scale. NASA Technical Memorandum, TM X – 74316.
Neukum, G., Basilevsky, A.T.Chapman, M.G.et al., and the ,HRSC Co-Investigator Team (2007). The geologic evolution of Mars: episodicity of resurfacing events and ages from cratering analysis of image data and correlation with radiometric ages of Martian meteorites. Lunar and Planetary Science ConferenceXXXVIII, abstract 2271.Google Scholar
Nummedal, D. (1978). The role of liquefaction in channel development on Mars. In Reports of Planetary Geology and Geophysics Program 1977–1978, NSA TM-79729, 257–259.
Pardee, J.T. (1942). Unusual currents in Glacial Lake Missoula, Montana. Geological Society of America Bulletin, 53, 1569–1600.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Parker, S. (1838). Journal of an Exploring Tour Beyond the Rocky Mountains. Published privately, Auburn, NY.Google Scholar
Parker, T.J. (1994). Martian paleolakes and oceans. Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Geological Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angles.
Parker, T.J., Gorsline, D.S., Saunders, R.S., Pieri, D.C. and Schneeberger, D.M. (1993). Coastal geomorphology of the Martian Northern Plains. Journal of Geophysical Research, 98, 11061–11078.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Patton, P.C. and Baker, V.R. (1978). New evidence for pre-Wisconsin flooding in the Channeled Scabland of eastern Washington. Geology, 6, 567–571.2.0.CO;2>CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Peabody, F.E. (1947). Current crescents in the Triassic Moenkopie Formation. Journal of Sedimentary Petrology, 17, 73–76.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Reineck, H.-E. and Singh, I.B. (1980). Depositional Sedimentary Environments, 2nd edn. Berlin: Springer.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rice, J.W., Parker, T.J., Russell, A.J. and Knudsen, O. (2002). Morphology of fresh outflow channel deposits on Mars. Lunar and Planetary Science, XXXIII, 2026.pdf.Google Scholar
Richardson, P.D. (1968). The generation of scour marks near obstacles. Journal of Sedimentary Petrology, 38, 965–970.Google Scholar
Richardson, K. and Carling, P.A. (2005). A Typology of Sculpted Forms in Open Bedrock Channels. Geological Society of America Special Paper 392.CrossRef
Richardson, E.V. and Davis, S.R. (2001). Evaluating Scour at Bridges. Hydraulic Engineering Circular HEC 18, 4th edn.
Robinson, M.S. and Tanaka, K.L. (1990). Magnitude of a catastrophic flood event at Kasei Vallis, Mars. Geology, 18, 902–905.2.3.CO;2>CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Russell, I.C. (1893). Geological reconnaissance in central Washington. U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin, 108.Google Scholar
Russell, A.J. (1993). Obstacle marks produced by flow around stranded ice blocks during a glacier outburst flood (jökulhlaup) in west Greenland. Sedimentology, 40, 1091–1111.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Salisbury, R.D. (1901). Glacial work in the western mountains in 1901. Journal of Geology, 9, 721–724.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sato, S., Matsuura, H. and Mayazaki, M. (1987). Potholes in Shikoku, Japan, part 1. Potholes and their hydrodynamics in the Kurokawa River, Ehime. Memoirs of the Faculty of Education of Ehime University, Natural Science, 7, 127–190.Google Scholar
Selby, M.J. (1985). Earth's Changing Surface. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Sevon, W.D. (1988). Exotically sculpted diabase. Pennsylvania Geology, 20, 2–7.Google Scholar
Shaw, J. (1994). Hairpin erosional marks, horseshoe vortices and subglacial erosion. Sedimentary Geology, 91, 269–283.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Shen, H.W. (1971). Scour near piers. In River Mechanics, Vol. II, ed. Shen, H.W.. Fort Collins, CO.Google Scholar
Shepherd, R.G. and Schumm, S.A. (1974). Experimental study of river incision. Geological Society of America Bulletin, 85, 257–268.2.0.CO;2>CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Shrock, R.R. (1948). Sequence In Layered Rocks. New York: McGraw-Hill Book Co.Google Scholar
Sklar, L. and Dietrich, W.E. (1998). River longitudinal profiles and bedrock incision models: streampower and the influence of sediment supply. In Rivers Over Rock: Fluvial Processes in Bedrock Channels, eds. Tinkler, K.J. and Wohl, E.E.. Geophysical Monograph 107, Washington, DC: American Geophysical Union, pp. 237–260.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sklar, L. and Dietrich, W. E. (2001). Sediment and rock strength controls on river incision into bedrock. Geology, 29, 1087–1090.2.0.CO;2>CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sparks, B.W. (1972). Global Geomorphology. Harlow, UK: Longman.Google Scholar
Springer, G.S. and Wohl, E.E. (2002). Empirical and theoretical investigations of sculpted forms in Buckeye Creek Cave, West Virginia. Journal of Geology, 110, 469–481.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Thompson, D.M. (2001). Random controls on semi-rhythmic spacing of pools and riffles in constriction-dominated rivers. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms, 26, 1195–1212.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tinkler, K.J. (1997). Indirect velocity measurements from standing waves in rockbed rivers. Journal of Hydraulic Engineering, 123, 918–921.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tinkler, K.J. and Wohl, E.E. (1998a). A primer on bedrock channels. In Rivers Over Rock: Fluvial Processes in Bedrock Channels, eds. Tinkler, K.J. and Wohl, E.E.. Geophysical Monograph 107, Washington, DC: American Geophysical Union, pp. 1–18.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tinkler, K.J. and Wohl, E.E. (1998b). Field studies of bedrock channels. In Rivers Over Rock: Fluvial Processes in Bedrock Channels, eds. Tinkler, K.J. and Wohl, E.E.. Geophysical Monograph 107, Washington, DC: American Geophysical Union, pp. 261–277.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tómasson, H. (1996). The jókulhlaup from Katla in 1918. Annals of Glaciology, 22, 249–254.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Waitt, R.B. (1972). Revision of Missoula flood history in Columbia Valley between Grand Coulee Dam and Wenatchee, Washington. Geological Society of America, Abstracts with Programs, 4, 255–256.Google Scholar
Waitt, R.B. (1977a). Missoula flood sans Okanogan lobe. Geological Society of America, Abstracts with Programs, 9, 770.Google Scholar
Waitt, R.B. (1977b). Guidebook to Quaternary Geology of the Columbia, Wenatchee, Peshastin and Upper Yakima Valleys, West Central Washington. U.S. Geological Survey Open-file Report 77–753.
Weissel, J.K. and Seidl, M.A. (1998). Inland propogation of erosional escarpments and river profile evolution across the southeast Australian passive continental margin. In Rivers Over Rock: Fluvial Processes in Bedrock Channels, eds. Tinkler, K.J. and Wohl, E.E.. Geophysical Monograph 107, Washington, DC: American Geophysical Union, pp. 189–206.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wende, R. (1999). Boulder bedforms in jointed-bedrock channels. In Varieties of Fluvial Form, eds. Miller, A.J. and Gupta, A.. Chichester, UK: Wiley.Google Scholar
Werner, F., Unsöld, G., Koopmann, B. and Stefanon, A. (1980). Field observations and flume experiments on the nature of comet marks. Sedimentary Geology, 26, 233–262.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Whipple, K.X., Hancock, G.S. and Anderson, R.S. (2000). River incision into bedrock: mechanics and relative efficacy of plucking, abrasion and cavitation. Geological Society of America Bulletin, 112, 490–503.2.0.CO;2>CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wilkinson, S.N., Keller, R.J. and Rutherford, I.D. (2004). Phase-shifts in shear stress as an explanation for the maintenance of pool-riffle sequences. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms, 29, 737–753.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Williams, R.M., Phillips, R.J. and Malin, M.C. (2000). Flow rates and duration within Kasei Valles, Mars: implications for the formation of a martian ocean, Geophysical Research Letters, 27, 1073–1076.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wohl, E.E. (1992a). Gradient irregularity in the Herbert Gorge of northeastern Australia. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms, 17, 69–84.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wohl, E.E. (1992b). Bedrock benches and boulder bars: floods in the Burdekin Gorge of Australia. Geological Society of America Bulletin, 104, 770–778.2.3.CO;2>CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wohl, E.E. (1993). Bedrock channel incision along Piccaninny Creek, Australia. Australian Journal of Geology, 101, 749–761.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wohl, E. E. (1998). Bedrock channel morphology in relation to erosional processes. In Rivers Over Rock: Fluvial Processes in Bedrock Channels, eds. Tinkler, K.J. and Wohl, E.E.. Geophysical Monograph 107, Washington, DC: American Geophysical Union, pp. 133–151.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wohl, E.E. (1999). Incised bedrock channels. Incised River Channels, eds. Darby, S.E. and Simon, A.. Chichester, UK: Wiley, pp. 133–151.Google Scholar
Wohl, E.E. (2000). Substrate influences on step-pool sequences in the Christopher Creek drainage, Arizona. Journal of Geology, 108, 121–129.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wohl, E.E. and Achyuthan, A. (2002). Substrate influences on incised-channel morphology. Journal of Geology, 110, 115–120.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wohl, E.E. and Grodek, T. (1994). Channel bed-steps along Nahal-Yael, Negev Desert, Israel. Geomorphology, 9, 117–126.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wohl, E.E. and Ikeda, H. (1997). Experimental simulation of channel incision into a cohesive substrate at varying gradients. Geology, 25, 295–298.2.3.CO;2>CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wohl, E.E. and Ikeda, H. (1998). Patterns of bedrock channel erosion on the Boso Peninsula, Japan. Journal of Geology, 106, 331–345.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wohl, E. and Legleiter, C.J. (2003). Controls on pool characteristics along a resistant-boundary channel. Journal of Geology, 111, 103–114.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wohl, E.E., Greenbaum, N., Schick, A.P. and Baker, V.R. (1994). Controls on bedrock channel incision along Nahal Paran, Israel. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms, 19, 1–13.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wohl, E.E., Thomspon, D.M. and Miller, A.J. (1999). Canyons with undulating walls. Geological Society of America Bulletin, 111, 949–959.2.3.CO;2>CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wolman, M.G. and Miller, J. P (1960). Magnitude and frequency of forces in geomorphic processes. Journal of Geology, 68, 54–74.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Save book to Kindle

To save this book to your Kindle, first ensure [email protected] is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

Available formats
×

Save book to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

Available formats
×

Save book to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

Available formats
×