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134 - Management of upper urinary tract calculi

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  12 January 2010

John G. Pattaras
Affiliation:
Emory University, School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA
Michael F. Lubin
Affiliation:
Emory University, Atlanta
Robert B. Smith
Affiliation:
Emory University, Atlanta
Thomas F. Dodson
Affiliation:
Emory University, Atlanta
Nathan O. Spell
Affiliation:
Emory University, Atlanta
H. Kenneth Walker
Affiliation:
Emory University, Atlanta
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Summary

The term “endourology” was adopted for the minimally invasive endoscopic surgery of upper urinary calculus disease. Since the introduction of shock wave lithotripsy, this modality has become the most common form of stone therapy as it allows virtual hands-off treatment for radio opaque calculi. Owing to the technological advances of endourologic procedures such as ureteroscopy and percutaneous nephrolithotomy, the incidence of open kidney stone surgery is almost non-existent. Despite the evolution of surgical intervention for nephrolithiasis, it is important to note that the medical management and prevention of complicated urolithiasis remains difficult.

Nephrolithiasis affects as much as 12% of the population in industrialized nations. Urolithiasis patients will agree that the sensation of stone passage is perhaps the most painful and intense experience of their lives. Urolithiasis may present as hematuria (ranging from asymptomatic microscopic hematuria to painful gross hematuria), abdominal/flank/back pain, urinary tract infection, renal failure, or an incidental radiologic finding. Decompression of the acutely obstructed system with either cystoscopic stenting or percutaneous nephrostomy drainage is emergently mandatory for patients with a solitary kidney, infected obstruction, immunocompromised state (diabetes, AIDS, transplant), history of renal insufficiency, and worsening renal function.

The absolute minimum work-up of the potential nephrolithiasis patient should include: general history, determination of any prior history or family history of nephrolithiasis, physical examination, urine analysis (and culture for any hematuria, pyuria, fevers, or elevated WBC count), and radiologic examination if clinically warranted.

Type
Chapter
Information
Medical Management of the Surgical Patient
A Textbook of Perioperative Medicine
, pp. 793 - 795
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2006

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References

Collado, S. A., Huget, P. J., Monreal, G. F.et al. Renal hematoma as a complication of extracorporeal shockwave lithotripsy. Scand. J. Urol. Nephrol. 1999; 33(3): 171–175.Google Scholar
Menon, M., Parulkar, B., & Drach, G. Urinary lithiasis: etiology, diagnosis and medical management. In Walsh, P., Retik, A., Vaughn, E. D.et al., eds. Campbell's Urology, 7th edn. Philadelphia, PA: W. B. Saunders, 1998: 2659–2733.Google Scholar
Segura, J. W., Preminger, G. H., Assimos, D. G., et al. The American Urological Association. Ureteral Stones Clinical Guidelines Panel summary report on the management of ureteral calculi. J. Urol. 1997; 158(5): 1915–1921.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Segura, J. W., Preminger, G. H., Assimos, D. G.et al. The American Urological Association Nephrolithiasis Clinical Guidelines Panel. Nephrolithiasis Clinical Guidelines Panel summary report on the management of staghorn calculi. J. Urol. 1994; 151(6): 1648–1651.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

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