Small and mid-sized carnivores

doi:10.1017/CBO9780511615757.008

7 - Small and mid-sized carnivores

Published online by Cambridge University Press: 15 December 2009

Steven W. Buskirk and

William J. Zielinski

Edited by

Cynthia J. Zabel and

Robert G. Anthony

Show author details

Steven W. Buskirk: Affiliation:
Dept. of Zoology and Physiology, University of Wyoming, Laramie, Wyoming 82071, USA
William J. Zielinski: Affiliation:
USDA Forest Service, Redwood Sciences Laboratory, 1700 Bayview Drive, Arcata, California 95519, USA
Cynthia J. Zabel: Affiliation:
Pacific Southwest Research Station
Robert G. Anthony: Affiliation:
Oregon State University

Book contents

Get access

Summary

The small and mid-sized carnivores (Carnivora), or mesocarnivores of western forests comprise 16 species (coyote (Canis latrans), red fox (Vulpes vulpes), gray fox (Urocyon cinereoargenteus), ringtail (Bassariscus astutus), raccoon (Procyon lotor), marten (Martes americana), fisher (M. pennanti), ermine (Mustela erminea), long-tailed weasel (M. frenata), mink (M. vison), wolverine (Gulo gulo), northern river otter (Lontra canadensis), western spotted skunk (Spilogale gracilis), striped skunk (Mephitis mephitis), Canadian lynx (Lynx canadensis), and bobcat (Lynx rufus)). The term “forest carnivores” denotes a smaller group of four species – the marten, fisher, lynx, and wolverine – and is only marginally descriptive, inasmuch as it excludes many carnivores that live in forests, and includes the wolverine, which can thrive in the complete absence of trees. The species we consider here represent four (or five (Dragoo and Honeycutt 1997)) taxonomic families and are characterized by adult body weights typically <20 kg. Other mesocarnivores, including the kit fox (Vulpes macrotis), swift fox (V. velox), least weasel (Mustela nivalis), black-footed ferret (M. nigripes), and badger (Taxidea taxus), occur in the West, occupy habitats near forest edges, and may be conservation concerns. However, they are plains or grassland specialists or, in the case of the least weasel, very poorly known, and cannot be characterized in terms of their needs for forest attributes. So, they are not treated here.

Our understanding of the ecology of carnivores in western coniferous forests varies markedly.

Type: Chapter
Information: Mammal Community Dynamics
Management and Conservation in the Coniferous Forests of Western North America
, pp. 207 - 249

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511615757.008 [Opens in a new window]

Publisher: Cambridge University Press

Print publication year: 2003

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Alexander, L. F., , B. J. Verts, and , T. P. Farrell. 1994. Diet of ringtails (Bassariscus astutus) in Oregon. Northwestern Naturalist 75:97–101CrossRef Google Scholar

Allen, A. W. 1984. Habitat suitability index models: mink. US Fish and Wildlife Service FWS/OBS-82/10.61 Revised. 19pp

Apps, C. D. 2000. Space-use, diet, demographics, and topographic associations of lynx in the southern Canadian Rocky Mountains: a study. Pages 351–371 in L. F. Ruggiero, K. B. Aubry, S. W. Buskirk, G. M. Koehler, C. J. Krebs, K. S. McKelvey, and J. R. Squires, editors. Ecology and Conservation of Lynx in the United States. University Press of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado, USA

Aubry, K. B. 1983. The Cascade red fox: distribution, taxonomy, zoogeography and ecology. Dissertation. University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA

Aubry, K. B. 1984. The recent history and present distribution of the red fox in Washington. Northwest Science 58:69–79Google Scholar

Aubry, K. B. and , D. B. Houston. 1992. Distribution and status of the fisher (Martes pennanti) in Washington. Northwestern Naturalist 73:69–79CrossRef Google Scholar

Aubry, K. B., F. E. Wahl, J. Von Kienast, T. J. Catton, and S. G. Armentrout. 1997. Use role of remote video cameras for the detection of forest carnivores and in radio-telemetry studies of fishers. Pages 350–361 in G. Proulx, H. N. Bryant, and P. M. Woodard, editors. Martes: Taxonomy, Ecology, Techniques, and Management. Provincial Museum of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada

Aubry, K. B., G. M. Koehler, and J. R. Squires. 2000. Ecology of Canada lynx in southern boreal forests. Pages 373–396 in L. F. Ruggiero, K. B. Aubry, S. W. Buskirk, G. M. Koehler, C. J. Krebs, K. S. McKelvey, and J. R. Squires, editors. Ecology and Conservation of Lynx in the United States. University Press of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado, USA

Aubry, K. B., J. P. Hayes, B. L. Biswell, and B. G. Marcot. 2003. The ecological role of tree-dwelling mammals in western coniferous forests. Pages 405–443 in C. J. Zabel and R. G. Anthony, editors. Mammal Community Dynamics. Management and Conservation in the Coniferous Forests of Western North America. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK

Bailey, V. 1936. The mammals and life zones of Oregon. North American Fauna 55: 1–416CrossRef Google Scholar

Baker, J. M. 1992. Habitat use and spatial organization of pine marten on southern Vancouver Island, British Columbia. M. S. Thesis. Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada

Banci, V. A. 1987. Ecology and behavior of wolverine in Yukon. M. S. Thesis. University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada

Banci, V. A. 1994. Wolverine. Pages 99–127 in L. F. Ruggiero, K. B. Aubry, S. W. Buskirk, L. J. Lyon, and W. J. Zielinski, editors. The scientific basis for conserving forest carnivores, American marten, fisher, lynx, and wolverine in the western United States. USDA Forest Service General Technical Report RM-254, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA

Ben-David, M., , T. A. Hanley, and , D. M. Schell. 1998. Fertilization of terrestrial vegetation by spawning Pacific salmon: the role of flooding and predator activity. Oikos 83:47–55CrossRef Google Scholar

Berger, J., , P. B. Stacey, , L. Bellis, and , M. P. Johnson. 2001. A mammalian predator-prey imbalance: grizzly bear and wolf extinction affect avian neotropical migrants. Ecological Applications 11:947–960Google Scholar

Birks, J. D. S. and , I. J. Linn. 1982. Studies of home range of the feral mink (Mustela vison). Symposia of the Zoological Society of London 49:231–257Google Scholar

Bissonette, J. A. and S. Broekhuizen. 1995. Martes populations as indicators of habitat spatial patterns: the need for a multiscale approach. Pages 95–121 in W. Z. Lidicker, Jr., editor. Landscape Approaches in Mammalian Ecology and Conservation. University of Minnesota Press, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA

Bissonette, J. A., D. J. Harrison, C. D. Hargis, and T. G. Chapin. 1997. The influence of spatial scale and scale-sensitive properties on habitat selection by American marten. Pages 368–385 in J. A. Bissonette, editor. Wildlife and Landscape Ecology. Springer-Verlag, New York, NY, USA

Blus, L. J. and , C. J. Henny. 1990. Lead and cadmium concentrations in mink from northern Idaho. Northwest Science 64:219–223Google Scholar

Bradley, P. V. 1986. Ecology of river otters in Nevada. M. S. Thesis, University of Nevada, Reno, NV, USA

Buck, S., C. Mullis, and A. Mossman. 1994. Habitat use by fishers in adjoining heavily and lightly harvested forest. Pages 368–376 in S. W. Buskirk, A. S. Harestad, M. G. Raphael, and R. A. Powell, editors. Martens, Sables, and Fishers: Biology and Conservation. Cornell University Press, Ithaca, New York, USA

Buskirk, S. W. 1984. Seasonal use of resting sites by marten in southcentral Alaska. Journal of Wildlife Management 48:950–953CrossRef Google Scholar

Buskirk, S. W. 1994. The refugium concept and the conservation of forest carnivores. Pages 242–245 in Proceedings of the XXI International Congress of Game Biologists, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada

Buskirk, S. W. 1999. Mesocarnivores of Yellowstone. Pages 165–187 in T. W. Clark, A. P. Curlee, S. C. Minta, and P. M. Kareiva, editors. Carnivores in Ecosystems: the Yellowstone Experience. Yale University Press, New Haven, Connecticut, USA

Buskirk, S. W. and , S. O. MacDonald. 1984. Seasonal food habits of marten in south-central Alaska. Canadian Journal of Zoology 62:944–950CrossRef Google Scholar

Buskirk, S. W. and R. A. Powell. 1994. Habitat ecology of fishers and American martens. Pages 283–296 in S. W. Buskirk, A. S. Harestad, M. G. Raphael, and R. A. Powell, editors. Martens, Sables, and Fishers: Biology and Conservation. Cornell University Press, Ithaca, New York, USA

Buskirk, S. W. and L. F. Ruggiero. 1994. American marten. Pages 38–73 in L. F. Ruggiero, K. B. Aubry, S. W. Buskirk, L. J. Lyon, and W. J. Zielinski, editors. The scientific basis for conserving forest carnivores, American marten, fisher, lynx, and wolverine in the western United Statees. U. S. Forest Service General Technical Report RM-254, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA

Buskirk, S. W., L. F. Ruggiero, and C. J. Krebs. 2000. Habitat fragmentation and interspecific competition: implications for lynx conservation. Pages 83–100 in L. F. Ruggiero, K. B. Aubry, S. W. Buskirk, G. M. Koehler, C. J. Krebs, K. S. McKelvey, and J. R. Squires, editors. Ecology and Conservation of Lynx in the United States. University Press of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado, USA

Buskirk, S. W., L. F. Ruggiero, K. B. Aubry, D. E. Pearson, J. R. Squires, and K. S. McKelvey. 2000. Comparative ecology of lynx in North America. Pages 397–417 in L. F. Ruggiero, K. B. Aubry, S. W. Buskirk, G. M. Koehler, C. J. Krebs, K. S. McKelvey, and J. R. Squires, editors. Ecology and Conservation of Lynx in the United States. University Press of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado, USA

Carey, A. B. and , J. E. Kershner. 1997. Spilogale gracilis in upland forests of western Washington and Oregon. Northwestern Naturalist 77:29–34CrossRef Google Scholar

Carroll, C. 1997. Predicting the distribution of the fisher (Martes pennanti) in northwestern California, USA, using survey data and GIS modeling. M. S. Thesis. Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, USA

Carroll, C., , W. J. Zielinski, and , R. F. Noss. 1999. Using presence-absence data to build and test spatial habitat models for the fisher in the Klamath Region, U. S. A.Conservation Biology 13:1344–1359CrossRef Google Scholar

Carroll, C., P. C. Paquet, and R. F. Noss. 1999. Modeling Carnivore Habitat in the Rocky Mountain Region: a Literature Review and Suggested Strategy. World Wildlife Fund, Toronto, Ontario, Canada

Carroll, C., , R. F. Noss, and , P. C. Paquet. 2001. Carnivores as focal species for conservation planning in the Rocky Mountain region. Ecological Applications 11:961–980CrossRef Google Scholar

Casey, T. M. and , K. K. Casey. 1979. Thermoregulation of arctic weasels. Physiological Zoology 52:153–164CrossRef Google Scholar

Chamberlain, M. J., , K. M. Hodges, , B. D. Leopold, and , T. S. Wilson. 1999. Survival and cause-specific mortality of adult raccoons in central Mississippi. Journal of Wildlife Management 63:880–888CrossRef Google Scholar

Chapin, T. G., , D. J. Harrison, and , D. D. Katnik. 1998. Influence of landscape pattern on habitat use by American marten in an industrial forest. Conservation Biology 12:1327–1337CrossRef Google Scholar

Clark, T. W. and S. C. Minta. 1994. Greater Yellowstone's Future: Prospects for Ecosystem Science, Management, and Policy. Homestead Press, Moose, Wyoming, USA

Clark, T. W., , A. P. Curlee, and , R. P. Reading. 1996. Crafting effective solutions to the large carnivore conservation problem. Conservation Biology 10:940–948CrossRef Google Scholar

Cooperrider, A., R. F. Noss, H. H. Welsh, Jr., C. Carroll, W. Zielinski, D. Olson, S. K. Nelson, and B. G. Marcot. 1999. Terrestrial fauna of redwood forests. Pages 119–163 in R. F. Noss, editor. The Redwood Forest. Island Press, Washington DC, USA

Copeland, J. P. 1996. Biology of the wolverine in central Idaho. M. S. Thesis. University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho, USA

Corn, J. G. and , M. G. Raphael. 1992. Habitat characteristics at marten subnivean access sites. Journal of Wildlife Management 56:442–448CrossRef Google Scholar

Crabb, W. D. 1941. Food habits of the prairie spotted skunk in southeastern Iowa. Journal of Mammalogy 22:349–364CrossRef Google Scholar

Crabb, W. D. 1948. The ecology and management of the prairie spotted skunk in Iowa. Ecological Monographs 18:201–232CrossRef Google Scholar

Crabtree, R. 1993. Gray ghost of the Beartooth. Yellowstone Science 1(spring):13–16Google Scholar

Crooks, K. R. and , M. E. Soulé. 1999. Mesopredator release and avifaunal extinctions in a fragmented system. Nature 400:563–566CrossRef Google Scholar

Crooks, K. R. and , D. Van Vuren. 1995. Resource utilization by 2 insular endemic mammalian carnivores, the island fox and island spotted skunk. Oecologia 104:301–307CrossRef Google Scholar

de Vos, A. 1951. Ecology and management of fisher and marten in Ontario. Ontario Department of Lands and Forests, Technical Bulletin, Wildlife Service 1: 1–90

Dixon, J. 1924. A closed season needed for fisher, marten and wolverine in California. California Department of Fish and Game 11:23–25Google Scholar

Dorney, R. S. 1954. Ecology of marsh raccoons. Journal of Wildlife Management 18: 217–225CrossRef Google Scholar

Dragoo, J. W. and , R. L. Honeycutt. 1997. Systematics of mustelid-like carnivores. Journal of Mammalogy 78:426–443CrossRef Google Scholar

Edelmann, F. and , J. Copeland. 1999. Wolverine distribution in the northwestern United States and a survey in the Seven Devils Mountains of Idaho. Northwest Science 73:295–300Google Scholar

Erlinge, S., , G. Goransson, , G. Hogstedt, , G. Jansson, , O. Liberg, , J. Loman, , I. N. Nilsson, , T. Von Schantz, and , M. Sylven. 1984. Can vertebrate predators regulate their prey?American Naturalist 123:125–133CrossRef Google Scholar

Fagerstone, K. A. 1987. Black-footed ferret, long-tailed weasel, short-tailed weasel, and least weasel. Pages 549–573 in M. Novak, J. A. Baker, M. E. Obbard, and B. Malloch, editors. Wild Furbearer Management and Conservation in North America. Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources, Toronto, Ontario, Canada

Fahrig, L. and , J. Paloheimo. 1988. Effect of spatial arrangement of habitat patches on local population size. Ecology 69:468–475CrossRef Google Scholar

Fitzgerald, B. M. 1977. Weasel predation on a cyclic population of the montane vole (Microtus montanus) in California. Journal of Animal Ecology 46:367–397CrossRef Google Scholar

Foran, D. R., , S. C. Minta, and , K. S. Heinemeyer. 1997. DNA-based analysis of hair to identify species, gender, and individuals for population research and monitoring. Wildlife Society Bulletin 25:840–847Google Scholar

Foreman, D., J. Davis, D. Johns, R. Noss, and M. E. Soule. 1992. The Wildlands Project mission statement. Wild Earth (special issue) 2–3

Forman, R. T. T. and , L. E. Alexander. 1998. Roads and their major ecological effects. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 29:207–231CrossRef Google Scholar

Fuller, A. K. 1999. Influence of selection harvesting on American marten and their primary prey in northcentral Maine. M. S. Thesis. University of Maine, Orono, Maine, USA

Fuller, T. K. 1978. Variable home-range sizes of female gray foxes. Journal of Mammalogy 59:446–449CrossRef Google Scholar

Fuller, T. K., , W. E. Berg, and , D. W. Kuehn. 1985. Survival rates and mortality factors of adult bobcats in north-central Minnesota. Journal of Wildlife Management 49:292–296CrossRef Google Scholar

Gardner, C. L. 1985. The ecology of wolverines in southcentral Alaska. M. S. Thesis. University of Alaska, Fairbanks, Alaska, USA

Gehrt, S. D. 2003. Raccoon and allies. In G. Feldhamer, B. Thompson, and J. Chapman, editors. Wild Mammals of North America. Second Edition. Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore, Maryland, USA: in press

Gibilisco, C. J. 1994. Distributional dynamics of modern Martes in North America. Pages 59–71 in S. W. Buskirk, A. S. Harestad, M. G. Raphael, and R. A. Powell, editors. Martens, Sables, and Fishers: Biology and Conservation. Cornell University Press, Ithaca, New York, USA

Gilbert, F. F. and R. Allwine. 1991. Small mammal communities in the Oregon Cascade Range. Pages 269–284 in Wildlife and Vegetation of Unmanaged Douglas-fir Forests. USDA Forest Service General Technical Report PNW-285, Portland, Oregon, USA

Godin, A. J. 1982. Striped and hooded skunks. Pages 674–687 in J. A. Chapman and G. A. Feldhamer, editors. Wild Mammals of North America. Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore, Maryland, USA

Goszczyński, J. 1977. Connections between predatory birds and mammals and their prey. Acta Theriologica 22:399–430CrossRef Google Scholar

Grenfell, W. E. and , M. Fasenfest. 1979. Winter food habits of fishers, Martes pennanti, in northwestern California. California Fish and Game 65:186–189Google Scholar

Grinnell, J., J. S. Dixon, and J. M. Linsdale. 1937. Fur-bearing Mammals of California: their Natural History, Systematic Status, and Relations to Man. Volumes 1, 2. University of California Press, Berkeley, California, USA

Hagmeier, E. M. 1956. Distribution of marten and fisher in North America. Canadian Field-Naturalist 70:149–168Google Scholar

Hamilton, W. J. Jr. 1933. The weasels of New York. American Midland Naturalist 14:289–344CrossRef Google Scholar

Hargis, C. D., , J. A. Bissonette, and , D. L. Turner. 1999. Influence of forest fragmentation and landscape pattern on American martens. Journal of Applied Ecology 36:157–172CrossRef Google Scholar

Harlow, H. J. and , S. W. Buskirk. 1991. Comparative serum and urine chemistry of fasting white-tailed prairie dogs (Cynomys leucurus) and American martens (Martes americana): representative fat and lean-bodied animals. Physiological Zoology 64:1261–1278CrossRef Google Scholar

Harrison, R. L. 1997. A comparison of gray fox ecology between residential and undeveloped rural landscapes. Journal of Wildlife Management 61:112–122CrossRef Google Scholar

Harrison, S. and A. D. Taylor. 1997. Empirical evidence for metapopulation dynamics. Pages 27–42 in I. Hanski and M. E. Gilpin, editors. Metapopulation Biology: Ecology, Genetics, and Evolution. Academic Press, San Diego, California, USA

Hartman, L. H. and , D. S. Eastman. 1999. Distribution of introduced raccoons Procyon lotor on the Queen Charlotte Islands: implications for burrow-nesting seabirds. Biological Conservation 88:1–13CrossRef Google Scholar

Hash, H. S. 1987. Wolverine. Pages 575–585 in M. Novak, J. A. Baker, M. E. Obbard, and B. Malloch, editors. Wild Furbearer Management and Conservation in North America. Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources, Ontario, Canada

Hatler, D. F. 1976. The coastal mink on Vancouver Island, British Columbia. PhD Thesis, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada

Hawley, V. D. and , F. E. Newby. 1957. Marten home ranges and population fluctuations in Montana. Journal of Mammalogy 38:174–184CrossRef Google Scholar

Hayes, J. P. and , S. P. Cross. 1987. Characterization of logs used by western red-backed voles, Clethrionomys californicus, and deer mice, Peromyscus maniculatus. Canadian Field-Naturalist 101:543–546Google Scholar

Heinemeyer, K. S. 1993. Temporal dynamics in the movements, habitat use, activity, and spacing of reintroduced fishers in northwestern Montana. M. S. Thesis. University of Montana, Missoula, Montana, USA

Henke, S. E. and , F. C. Bryant. 1999. Effects of coyote removal on the faunal community in western Texas. Journal of Wildlife Management 63:1066–1081CrossRef Google Scholar

Hodges, K. E. 2000. Ecology of snowshoe hares in southern boreal and montane forests. Pages 163–206 in L. F. Ruggiero, K. B. Aubry, S. W. Buskirk, G. M. Koehler, C. J. Krebs, K. S. McKelvey, and J. R. Squires, editors. Ecology and Conservation of Lynx in the United States. University Press of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado, USA

Hodgman, T. P., , D. J. Harrison, , D. D. Katnik, and , K. D. Elowe. 1994. Survival in an intensively trapped marten population in Maine. Journal of Wildlife Management. 58:593–600CrossRef Google Scholar

Hooven, E. F. and , H. C. Black. 1976. Effects of some clear-cutting practices on small-mammal populations in western Oregon. Northwest Science 50:189–208Google Scholar

Hornocker, M. G. and , H. S. Hash. 1981. Ecology of the wolverine in northwestern Montana. Canadian Journal of Zoology 59:1286–1301CrossRef Google Scholar

Jedrzejewska, B. and W. Jedrzejewski. 1998. Predation in Vertebrate Communities: the Białowieża Primeval Forest as a Case Study. Ecological Studies. Volume 135, Springer-Verlag, New York, New York, USA

Johnson, C. B. 1985. Use of coastal habitat by mink on Prince of Wales Island, Alaska. M. S. Thesis, University of Alaska, Fairbanks, Alaska, USA

Jones, J. L. and E. O. Garton. 1994. Selection of successional stages by fishers in northcentral Idaho. Pages 377–388 in S. W. Buskirk, A. S. Harestad, M. G. Raphael, and R. A. Powell, editors. Martens, Sables, and Fishers: Biology and Conservation. Cornell University Press, Ithaca, New York, USA

Kelly, G. M. 1977. Fisher (Martes pennanti) biology in the White Mountain National Forest and adjacent areas. Dissertation. University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, USA

King, C. 1984. Immigrant Killers: Introduced Predators and the Conservation of Birds in New Zealand. Oxford University Press, New York, New York, USA

Klug, R. R. 1996. Occurrence of Pacific fisher in the redwood zone of northern California and the habitat attributes associated with their detection. M. S. Thesis. Humboldt State University, Arcata, California, USA

Koehler, G. M. and , M. G. Hornocker. 1991. Seasonal resource use among mountain lions, bobcats, and coyotes. Journal of Mammalogy 72:391–396CrossRef Google Scholar

Krebs, C. J., , S. Boutin, , R. Boonstra, , A. R. E. Sinclair, , J. N. M. Smith, , M. R. T. Dale, and , M. R. Turkington. 1995. Impact of food and predation on the snowshoe hare cycle. Science 269:1112–1115CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Krebs, J. W., , M. L. Wilson, and , J. E. Childs. 1995. Rabies – epidemiology, prevention and future research. Journal of Mammalogy 76:681–694CrossRef Google Scholar

Krohn, W. B., , K. D. Elowe, and , R. B. Boone. 1995. Relations between fishers, snow, and martens: development and evaluation of two hypotheses. Forestry Chronicle 71:97–105CrossRef Google Scholar

Krohn, W. B., W. J. Zielinski, and R. B. Boone. 1997. Relations among fishers, snow, and martens in California: results from small-scale spatial comparisons. Pages 211–232 in G. Proulx, H. N. Bryant, and P. M. Woodard, editors. Martes: Taxonomy, Ecology, Techniques, and Management. Provincial Museum of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada

Kucera, T. E., , W. J. Zielinski, and , R. M. Barrett. 1995. The current distribution of American marten, Martes americana, in California. California Fish and Game 81:96–103Google Scholar

Lambeck, R. J. 1997. Focal species: a multi-species umbrella for nature conservation. Conservation Biology 11:849–856CrossRef Google Scholar

Larsen, D. N. 1983. Habitats, movements, and foods of river otters in coastal southeastern Alaska. M. S. Thesis, University of Alaska, Fairbanks, Alaska, USA

Latham, R. M. 1952. The fox as a factor in the control of weasel populations. Journal of Wildlife Management 16:516–517CrossRef Google Scholar

Levins, R. 1968. Evolution in Changing Environments. Princeton University Press, Princeton, New Jersey, USA

Lewis, J. C. and , W. J. Zielinski. 1996. Historical harvest and incidental capture of fishers in California. Northwest Science 70:291–297Google Scholar

Lewis, J. C., , R. T. Golightly, and , R. M. Jurek. 1995. Introduction of non-native red foxes in California: implications for the Sierra Nevada red fox. Transactions of the Western Section of the Wildlife Society 31:29–32Google Scholar

Lindenmayer, D. B. and , R. C. Lacy. 1995. Metapopulation viability of arboreal marsupials in fragmented old-growth forests: comparisons among species. Ecological Applications 5:183–199CrossRef Google Scholar

Lovallo, M. J. and , E. M. Anderson. 1996. Bobcat movements and home ranges relative to roads in Wisconsin. Wildlife Society Bulletin 24:71–76Google Scholar

Magoun, A. J. and , J. P. Copeland. 1998. Characteristics of wolverine reproductive den sites. Journal of Wildlife Management 62:1313–1320CrossRef Google Scholar

Maj, M. and E. O. Garton. 1994. Fisher, lynx, wolverine: summary of distribution information. Pages 169–175 in L. F. Ruggiero, K. B. Aubry, S. W. Buskirk, L. J. Lyon, and W. J. Zielinski, editors. The scientific basis for conserving forest carnivores, American marten, fisher, lynx, and wolverine in the western United Statees. USDA Forest Service General Technical Report RM-254, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA

Martin, S. K. 1994. Feeding ecology of American martens and fishers. Pages 297–315 in S. W. Buskirk, A. S. Harestad, M. G. Raphael, and R. A. Powell, editors. Martens, Sables, and Fishers: Biology and Conservation. Cornell University Press, Ithaca, New York, USA

Maser, C., B. R. Mate, J. Franklin, and C. T. Dyfress. 1981. Natural history of Oregon Coast mammals. USDA Forest Service General Technical Report PNW-133, Portland, Oregon, USA

Matson, P. A. and , M. D. Hunter. 1992. The relative contributions of top-down and bottom-up forces in population and community ecology. Ecology 73:723CrossRef Google Scholar

Mattson, D. J., , R. R. Knight, and , B. M. Blanchard. 1992. Cannibalism and predation on black bears by grizzly bears in the Yellowstone ecosystem, 1975–1990. Journal of Mammalogy 73:422–425CrossRef Google Scholar

McCord, C. M. 1974. Selection of winter habitat by bobcats (Lynx rufus) on the Quabbin Reservation, Massachusetts. Journal of Mammalogy 55:428–437CrossRef Google Scholar

McKelvey, K. S., K. B. Aubry, and Y. K. Ortega. 2000a. History and distribution of lynx in the contiguous United States. Pages 207–264 in L. F. Ruggiero, K. B. Aubry, S. W. Buskirk, G. M. Koehler, C. J. Krebs, K. S. McKelvey, and J. R. Squires, editors. Ecology and Conservation of Lynx in the United States. University Press of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado, USA

McKelvey, K. S., Y. K. Ortega, G. M. Koehler, K. B. Aubry, and J. D. Brittell. 2000b. Canada lynx habitat and topographic use patterns in north-central Washington: a reanalysis. Pages 307–336 in L. F. Ruggiero, K. B. Aubry, S. W. Buskirk, G. M. Koehler, C. J. Krebs, K. S. McKelvey, and J. R. Squires, editors. Ecology and Conservation of Lynx in the United States. University Press of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado, USA

McLaren, B. E. and , R. O. Peterson. 1994. Wolves, moose and tree rings on Isle Royale. Science 266:1555–1558CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

McShea, W. J., J. H. Rappole, and H. B. Underwood. 1997. The Science of Overabundance: Deer Ecology and Population Management. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington DC, USA

Melquist, W. E. and A. E. Dronkert. 1987. River otter. Pages 627–641 in M. Novak, J. A. Baker, M. E. Obbard, and B. Malloch, editors. Wild Furbearer Management and Conservation in North America. Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources, Ontario, Canada

Melquist, W. E. and , M. G. Hornocker. 1983. Ecology of river otters in west central Idaho. Wildlife Monographs 83:1–60Google Scholar

Melquist, W. E., J. S. Whitman, and M. G. Hornocker. 1981. Resource partitioning and coexistence of sympatric mink and river otter populations. Pages 187–220 in J. A. Chapman and D. Pursley, editors. Worldwide Furbearer Conference Proceedings, Volume 1. Frostburg, Maryland, USA

Miller, S. D. 1980. The ecology of the bobcat in south Alabama. Dissertation, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama, USA

Mills, L. S., , M. E. Soulé, and , D. F. Doak. 1993. The keystone species concept in ecology and conservation. BioScience 43:219–224CrossRef Google Scholar

Minta, S. C., P. M. Kareiva, and A. P. Curlee. 1999. Carnivore research and conservation: learning from history and theory. Pages 323–404 in T. W. Clark, S. C. Minta, P. K. Karieva, and A. P. Curlee, editors. Carnivores in Ecosystems: the Yellowstone Experience. Yale University Press, New Haven, Connecticut, USA

Mladenoff, D. J., , T. A. Sickley, , R. G. Haight, and , A. P. Wydeven. 1995. A regional landscape analysis and prediction of favorable gray wolf habitat in the northern Great Lakes region. Conservation Biology 9:279–294CrossRef Google Scholar

Mowat, G., K. G. Poole, and M. O'Donoghue. 2000. Ecology of lynx in northern Canada and Alaska. Pages 265–306 in L. F. Ruggiero, K. B. Aubry, S. W. Buskirk, G. M. Koehler, C. J. Krebs, K. S. McKelvey, and J. R. Squires, editors. Ecology and Conservation of Lynx in the United States. University Press of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado, USA

Murray, D. L. and , S. Boutin. 1991. The influence of snow on lynx and coyote movements: does morphology affect behavior?Oecologia 88:463–469CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Noon, B. R. and , K. S. McKelvey. 1996. Management of the spotted owl: a case history in conservation biology. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 27:135–162CrossRef Google Scholar

Noss, R. F. 1992. The Wildland Project: land conservation strategy. Wild Earth (special issue) 1:10–25Google Scholar

Noss, R. F. and A. Y. Cooperrider. 1996. Saving Nature's Legacy: Protecting and Restoring Biodiversity. Island Press, Washington DC, USA

Noss, R. F., , H. B. Quigley, , M. G. Hornocker, , T. Merrill, and , P. C. Paquet. 1996. Conservation biology and carnivore conservation in the Rocky Mountains. Conservation Biology 10:949–963CrossRef Google Scholar

O'Donoghue, M., , S. Boutin, , C. J. Krebs, , G. Zuleta, , D. L. Murray, and , E. J. Hofer. 1998. Functional responses of coyotes and lynx to the snowshoe hare cycle. Ecology 79:1193–1208CrossRef Google Scholar

Organ, J. F. 1989. Mercury and PCB residues in Massachusetts river otters: comparisons on a watershed basis. Dissertation, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts, USA

Orloff, S. 1988. Present distribution of ringtails in California. California Fish and Game 74:196–202Google Scholar

Orr, R. T. 1943. Altitudinal record for the spotted skunk in California. Journal of Mammalogy 24:270CrossRef Google Scholar

Osowski, S. L., , L. W. Brewer, , O. E. Baker, and , G. P. Cobb. 1995. The decline of mink in Georgia, North Carolina, and South Carolina: the role of contaminants. Archives of Environmental Contaminants and Toxicology 29:418–423CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Palma, L., , P. Beja, and , M. Rodrigues. 1999. The use of sighting data to analyse Iberian lynx habitat and distribution. Journal of Applied Ecology 36:812–824CrossRef Google Scholar

Palomares, F., , P. Gaona, , P. Ferreras, and , M. Delibes. 1995. Positive effects on game species of top predators by controlling smaller predator populations: an example with lynx, mongooses, and rabbits. Conservation Biology 9:294–304CrossRef Google Scholar

Paragi, T. F., , W. N. Johnson, , D. D. Katnik, and , A. J. Magoun. 1996. Marten selection of postfire seres in the Alaskan taiga. Canadian Journal of Zoology 74:2226–2237CrossRef Google Scholar

Payer, D. C. 1999. Influence of timber harvesting and trapping on habitat selection and demographic characteristics of American marten. Dissertation. University of Maine, Orono, Maine, USA

Poglayen-Neuwall, I. and , D. E. Toweill. 1988. Bassariscus astutus. Mammalian Species 327:1–8CrossRef Google Scholar

Polis, G. A. and , D. R. Strong. 1996. Food web complexity and community dynamics. American Naturalist 147:813–846CrossRef Google Scholar

Potvin, F., , L. Belanger, and , K. Lowell. 2000. Marten habitat selection in a clear-cut boreal landscape. Conservation Biology 14:844–857CrossRef Google Scholar

Powell, R. A. 1979. Fishers, population models, and trapping. Wildlife Society Bulletin 7:149–154Google Scholar

Powell, R. A. 1993. The Fisher: Life History, Ecology and Behavior. 2nd edition. University of Minnesota Press, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA

Powell, R. A. and W. J. Zielinski. 1994. Fisher. Pages 38–73 in L. F. Ruggiero, K. B. Aubry, S. W. Buskirk, L. J. Lyon, and W. J. Zielinski, editors. The Scientific Basis for Conserving Forest Carnivores: American marten, fisher, lynx, and wolverine in the western United Statees. USDA Forest Service General Technical Report RM-254, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA

Primm, S. A. and , T. W. Clark 1996. Making sense of the policy process for carnivore conservation. Conservation Biology 10:1036–1045CrossRef Google Scholar

Pulliam, H. R. 1996. Sources and sinks: empirical evidence and population consequences. Pages 45–69 in O. E. Rhodes, R. K. Chesser, and M. H. Smith, editors. Population Biology in Ecological Space and Time. University of Chicago Press, Chicago, Illinois, USA

Quick, H. F. 1951. Notes on the ecology of weasels in Gunnison County, Colorado. Journal of Mammalogy 32:281–290CrossRef Google Scholar

Ralls, K. and , P. J. White. 1995. Predation of San Joaquin kit foxes by larger canids. Journal of Mammalogy 76:723–729CrossRef Google Scholar

Reid, D. G., , T. E. Code, , A. C. H. Reid, and , S. M. Herrero. 1994. Spacing, movements, and habitat selection of the river otter in boreal Alberta. Canadian Journal of Zoology 72:1314–1324CrossRef Google Scholar

Riley, S. P. D. 1999. Spatial organization, food habits and disease ecology of bobcats (Lynx rufus) and gray foxes (Urocyon cinereoargenteus) in national park areas in urban and rural Marin County, California. Dissertation, University of California, Davis, California, USA

Robitaille, J. and , K. Aubry. 2000. Occurrence and activity of American martens, Martes americana, in relation to roads and other routes. Acta Theriologica 45:137–143CrossRef Google Scholar

Rogers, C. M. and , M. J. Caro. 1998. Song sparrows, top carnivores, and nest predation: a test of the mesopredator release hypothesis. Oecologia 116:227–233CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Rolley, R. E. 1987. Bobcat. Pages 671–681 in M. Novak, J. A. Baker, M. E. Obbard, and B. Malloch, editors. Wild Furbearer Management and Conservation in North America. Ontario Ministry of Natural Resouces, Ontario, Canada

Rolley, R. E. and , W. D. Warde. 1985. Bobcat habitat use in southeastern Oklahoma. Journal of Wildife Management 49:913–920CrossRef Google Scholar

Rosenberg, K. V. and R. G. Raphael. 1986. Effects of forest fragmentation on vertebrates in Douglas-fir forests. Pages 263–272 in J. Verner, M. L. Morrison, C. J. Ralph, editors. Wildlife 2000: Modeling Habitat Relationships of Terrestrial Vertebrates. University of Wisconsin Press, Madison, Wisconsin, USA

Roy, K. D. 1991. Ecology of reintroduced fishers in the Cabinet Mountains of northwest Montana. M. S. Thesis. University of Montana, Missoula, Montana, USA

Ruggiero, L. F. and K. S. McKelvey. 2000. Toward a defensible lynx conservation strategy: a framework for planning in the face of uncertainty. Pages 5–19 in L. F. Ruggiero, K. B. Aubry, S. W. Buskirk, G. M. Koehler, C. J. Krebs, K. S. McKelvey, and J. R. Squires, editors. 2000. Ecology and Conservation of Lynx in the United States. University Press of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado, USA

Ruggiero, L. F., , D. E. Pearson, and , S. E. Henry. 1998. Characteristics of American marten den sites in Wyoming. Journal of Wildlife Management 62:663–673CrossRef Google Scholar

Ryszkowski, L., , J. Gozczyński, and , J. Truszkowski. 1973. Trophic relationships of the common vole in cultivated fields. Acta Theriologica 18:125–165CrossRef Google Scholar

Samuel, D. E. and B. B. Nelson. 1982. Foxes: Vulpes vulpes and allies. Pages 475–490 in J. A. Chapman, and G. A. Feldhamer, editors. Wild Mammals of North America: Biology, Management, and Economics. Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore, Maryland, USA

Sanderson, G. C. 1987. Raccoon. Pages 487–499 in M. Novak, J. A. Baker, M. E. Obbard, and B. Malloch, editors. Wild Furbearer Management and Conservation in North America. Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources, Ontario, Canada

Schamel, D. and , D. M. Tracy. 1986. Encounters between arctic foxes, Alopex lagopus, and red foxes, Vulpes vulpes. Canadian Field-Naturalist 100:562–563Google Scholar

Schempf, P. F. and M. White. 1977. Status of six furbearer populations in the mountains of northern California. Unpublished report to USDA Forest Service, Pacific Southwest Region, San Francisco, California, USA

Schneider, R. 1997. Simulated spatial dynamics of martens in response to habitat succession in the Western Newfoundland Model Forest. Pages 419–436 in G. Proulx, H. N. Bryant, and P. M. Woodard, editors. Martes: Taxonomy, Ecology, Techniques and Management. Provincial Museum of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada

Seglund, A. E. 1995. The use of resting sites by the Pacific fisher. M. S. Thesis. Humboldt State University, Arcata, CA, USA

Sherburne, S. S. and , J. A. Bissonette. 1993. Squirrel middens influence marten (Martes americana) use of subnivean access points. American Midland Naturalist 129:204–207CrossRef Google Scholar

Simms, D. A. 1979. North American weasels: resource utilization and distribution. Canadian Journal of Zoology 57:504–520CrossRef Google Scholar

Soulé, M. E. and J. Terborgh. 1999. Continental Conservation: Scientific Foundations of Regional Reserve Networks. Island Press, Washington DC, USA

Soulé, M. E., , D. T. Bolger, , A. C. Alberts, , J. Wright, , M. Sorice, and , S. Hill. 1988. Reconstructed dynamics of rapid extinctions of chaparral-requiring birds in urban habitat islands. Conservation Biology 2:75–92CrossRef Google Scholar

Sovada, M. A., , A. B. Sargeant, and , J. W. Grier. 1995. Differential effects of coyotes and red foxes on duck nest success. Journal of Wildlife Management 59:1–9CrossRef Google Scholar

Spencer, W. D., , R. H. Barrett, and , W. J. Zielinski. 1983. Marten habitat preferences in the northern Sierra Nevada. Journal of Wildlife Management 47:1181–1186CrossRef Google Scholar

Stephenson, R. O., , D. V. Grangaard, and , J. Burch. 1991. Lynx, Felis lynx, predation on red foxes, Vulpes vulpes, caribou, Rangifer tarandus, and Dall sheep, Ovis dalli, in Alaska. Canadian Field-Naturalist 105:255–262Google Scholar

Strickland, M. A. 1994. Harvest management of fishers and American martens. Pages 149–164 in S. W. Buskirk, A. S. Harestad, M. G. Raphael, and R. A. Powell, editors. Martens, Sables, and Fishers: Biology and Conservation. Cornell University Press, Ithaca, New York, USA

Strickland, M. A., C. W. Douglas, M. Novak, and N. P. Hunziger. 1982. Fisher. Pages 586–598 in J. A. Chapman, and G. A. Feldhamer, editors. Wild Mammals of North America: Biology, Management, and Economics. Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore, MD, USA

Strickland, M. A., C. W. Douglas, M. Novak, and N. P. Hunziger. 1982. Marten. Pages 599–612 in J. A. Chapman, and G. A. Feldhamer, editors. Wild Mammals of North America: Biology, Management, and Eeconomics. Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore, Maryland, USA

Stuewer, F. W. 1943. Raccoons: their habits and management in Michigan. Ecological Monographs 13:203–257CrossRef Google Scholar

Svendsen, G. E. 1982. Weasels. Pages 613–628 in J. A. Chapman, and G. A. Feldhamer, editors. Wild Mammals of North America: Biology, Management, and Economics. Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore, Maryland, USA

Szumski, M. J. 1998. The effects of mining-related metals contamination on piscivorous mammals along the upper Clark Fork River, Montana. Dissertation, University of Wyoming, Laramie, Wyoming, USA

Taylor, S. L. and , S. W. Buskirk. 1994. Forest microenvironments and resting energetics of the American marten Martes americana. Ecography 17:249–256CrossRef Google Scholar

Terborgh, J. 1992. Maintenance of diversity in tropical forests. Biotropica 24:283–292CrossRef Google Scholar

Terborgh, J., J. A. Estes, P. Paquet, K. Ralls, D. Boyd-Heger, B. J. Miller, and R. F. Noss. 1999. The role of top carnivores in regulating terrestrial ecosystems. Pages 39–64 in M. E. Soulé, and J. Terborgh, editors. Continental Conservation: Scientific Foundations of Regional Reserve Networks. Island Press, Washington DC, USA

Thompson, I. D. 1986. Diet choice, hunting behavior, activity patterns, and ecological energetics of marten in natural and logged areas. Dissertation. Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada

Thompson, I. D. 1994. Marten populations in uncut and logged boreal forests in Ontario. Journal of Wildlife Management 58:272–279CrossRef Google Scholar

Thompson, I. D. and A. S. Harestad. 1994. Effects of logging on American martens, and models for habitat management. Pages 355–367 in S. W. Buskirk, A. S. Harestad, M. G. Raphael, and R. A. Powell, editors. Martens, Sables, and Fishers: Biology and Conservation. Cornell University Press, Ithaca, New York, USA

Thurber, J. M., , R. O. Peterson, , J. D. Woolington, and , J. A. Vucetich. 1992. Coyote coexistence with wolves on the Kenai Peninsula, Alaska. Canadian Journal of Zoology 70:2494–2498CrossRef Google Scholar

Thurber, J. M., , R. O. Peterson, , T. D. Drummer, and , S. A. Thomasma. 1994. Gray wolf response to refuge boundaries and roads in Alaska. Wildlife Society Bulletin 22:61–68Google Scholar

Todd, A. W., , L. B. Keith, and , C. A. Fischer. 1981. Population ecology of coyotes during a fluctuation of snowshoe hares. Journal of Wildlife Management 45:629–640CrossRef Google Scholar

Trapp, G. R. 1978. Comparative behavioral ecology of the ringtail and gray fox in southwest Utah. Carnivore 1:3–32Google Scholar

Trapp, G. R. and D. L. Hallberg. 1975. Ecology of the gray fox (Urocyon cinereoargenteus): a review. Pages 164–178 in M. W. Fox, editor. The Wild Canids. Van Reinhold Co., New York, New York, USA

Twining, H. and , A. Hensley. 1947. The status of pine martens in California. California Fish and Game 33:133–137Google Scholar

Tyson, E. L. 1950. Summer food habits of the raccoon in southwest Washington. Journal of Mammalogy 31:448–449CrossRef Google Scholar

USDA Forest Service and USDI Bureau of Land Management. 1994. Final supplemental environmental impact statement on management of habitat for late-successional and old-growth forest related species within the range of the Northern Spotted Owl. USDA Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Region, Portland, Oregon, USA

USDA Forest Service. 1996. Status of the Interior Columbia Basin: summary of scientific findings. US Forest Service General Technical Report PNW-GTR-385

USDA Forest Service. 2001. Sierra Nevada Forest plan amendment. Final environmental impact statement. Pacific Southwest Region, Vallejo, CA, USA

Verts, B. J. 1967. The Biology of the Striped Skunk. University of Illinois Press, Urbana, Illinois, USA

Verts, B. J. and L. N. Carraway. 1998. Land Mammals of Oregon. University of California Press, Berkeley, California, USA

Vitousek, P. 1988. Diversity and biological invasions of oceanic islands. Pages 181–189 in E. O. Wilson, and F. M. Peter, editors. Biodiversity. National Academy Press, Washington DC, USA

Voigt, D. R. 1987. Red fox. Pages 379–392 in M. Novak, J. A. Baker, M. E. Obbard, and B. Malloch, editors. Wild Furbearer Management and Conservation in North America. Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources, Ontario, Canada

Wade-Smith, J. and B. J. Verts. 1982. Mephitis mephitis. Mammalian Species173:1–7

Weaver, J. L., , P. C. Paquet, and , L. F. Ruggiero. 1996. Resilience and conservation of large carnivores in the Rocky Mountains. Conservation Biology 10:964–976CrossRef Google Scholar

Weckwerth, R. P. and , V. D. Hawley. 1962. Marten food habits and population fluctuations in Montana. Journal of Wildlife Management 26:55–74CrossRef Google Scholar

Weir, R. D. and A. S. Harestad. 1997. Landscape-level selectivity by fishers in south-central British Columbia. Pages 252–264 in G. Proulx, H. N. Bryant, and P. M. Woodard, editors. Martes: Taxonomy, Ecology, Techniques and Management. Provincial Museum of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada

White, P. J., and , R. A. Garrott. 1997. Factors regulating kit fox populations. Canadian Journal of Zoology 75:1982–1988CrossRef Google Scholar

Wilcomb, M. J. 1948. Fox populations and food habits in relation to game birds in the Willamette Valley, Oregon. M. S. Thesis. Oregon State College, Corvallis, Oregon, USA

Willey, R. B. and , R. E. Richards. 1974. The ringtail (Bassariscus astutus): vocal repertoire and Colorado distribution. Journal of the Colorado-Wyoming Academy of Science 7(5):58Google Scholar

Wilson, D. E. 1982. Wolverine. Pages 644–652 in J. A. Chapman and G. A. Feldhamer, editors. Wild Mammals of North America. Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore, Maryland, USA

Wisz, M. S. 1999. Islands in the Big Sky: equilibrium biogeography of isolated mountain ranges in Montana. M. S. Thesis, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado, USA

Wren, C. D. 1985. Probable case of mercury poisoning in a wild otter, Lutra canadensis, in northwestern Ontario. Canadian Field-Naturalist 99:112–114Google Scholar

Wright, S. 1978. Evolution and the Genetics of Populations. Volume 4. University of Chicago Press, Chicago, Illinois, USA

Wright, S. J., , M. E. Gompper, and , B. DeLeon. 1994. Are large predators keystone species in neotropical forests? The evidence from Barro Colorado Island. Oikos 71:279–294CrossRef Google Scholar

Yeager, L. E. and , W. H. Elder. 1945. Pre- and post-hunting season foods of raccoons on an Illinois goose refuge. Journal of Wildlife Management 9:48–56CrossRef Google Scholar

Zezulak, D. S. and , R. G. Schwab. 1979. A comparison of density, home range, and habitat utilization of bobcat populations at Lava Beds and Joshua Tree national monuments, California. Bobcat Research Conference, National Wildlife Federation Scientific and Technical Series 6:74–79Google Scholar

Zielinski, W. J. 1995. Track plates. Pages 67–86 in W. J. Zielinski, and T. E. Kucera, editors. American marten, fisher, lynx, and wolverine: survey methods for their detection. U. S. Forest Service, General Technical Report PSW-157, Albany, California, USA

Zielinski, W. J., and T. E. Kucera. 1995. American marten, fisher, lynx, and wolverine: survey methods for their detection. U. S. Forest Service General Technical Report PSW-157 Albany, California, USA

Zielinski, W. J. and , H. B. Stauffer. 1996. Monitoring Martes populations in California: survey design and power analysis. Ecological Applications 6:1254–1267CrossRef Google Scholar

Zielinski, W. J., , W. D. Spencer, and , R. D. Barrett. 1983. Relationship between food habits and activity patterns of pine martens. Journal of Mammalogy 64:387–396CrossRef Google Scholar

Zielinski, W. J., , T. E. Kucera, and , R. H. Barrett. 1995. The current distribution of fisher, Martes pennanti, in California. California Fish and Game 81:104–112Google Scholar

Zielinski, W. J., R. L. Truex, C. V. Ogan, and K. Busse. 1997. Detection surveys for fishers and American Martens in California, 1989–1994: Summary and interpretations. Pages 372–394 in G. Proulx, H. N. Bryant, and P. M. Woodward, editors. Martes: Taxonomy, Ecology, Techniques and Management. Provinicial Museum of Alberta Edmonton, Canada

Zielinski, W. J., , N. P. Duncan, , E. C. Farmer, , R. L. Truex, , A. P. Clevenger, and , R. H. Barrett. 1999. Diet of fishers (Martes pennanti) at the southernmost extent of their range. Journal of Mammalogy 80:961–971CrossRef Google Scholar

Zielinski, W. J., , K. M. Slauson, , C. R. Carroll, , C. J. Kent, and , D. G. Kudrna. 2001. Status of American martens in coastal forests of the Pacific states. Journal of Mammalogy 82:478–4902.0.CO;2>CrossRef Google Scholar

Book contents

7 - Small and mid-sized carnivores

Summary

Access options

References

Save book to Kindle

Save book to Dropbox

Save book to Google Drive